1
|
Goldstein Ferber S, Weller A, Ben-Shachar M, Klinger G, Geva R. Development of the Ontogenetic Self-Regulation Clock. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:993. [PMID: 35055184 PMCID: PMC8778416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, there is no overarching proposition for the ontogenetic-neurobiological basis of self-regulation. This paper suggests that the balanced self-regulatory reaction of the fetus, newborn and infant is based on a complex mechanism starting from early brainstem development and continuing to progressive control of the cortex over the brainstem. It is suggested that this balance occurs through the synchronous reactivity between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, both which originate from the brainstem. The paper presents an evidence-based approach in which molecular excitation-inhibition balance, interchanges between excitatory and inhibitory roles of neurotransmitters as well as cardiovascular and white matter development across gestational ages, are shown to create sympathetic-parasympathetic synchrony, including the postnatal development of electroencephalogram waves and vagal tone. These occur in developmental milestones detectable in the same time windows (sensitive periods of development) within a convergent systematic progress. This ontogenetic stepwise process is termed "the self-regulation clock" and suggest that this clock is located in the largest connection between the brainstem and the cortex, the corticospinal tract. This novel evidence-based new theory paves the way towards more accurate hypotheses and complex studies of self-regulation and its biological basis, as well as pointing to time windows for interventions in preterm infants. The paper also describes the developing indirect signaling between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the corticospinal tract. Finally, the paper proposes novel hypotheses for molecular, structural and functional investigation of the "clock" circuitry, including its associations with other biological clocks. This complex circuitry is suggested to be responsible for the developing self-regulatory functions and their neurobehavioral correlates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sari Goldstein Ferber
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (A.W.); (R.G.)
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
| | - Aron Weller
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (A.W.); (R.G.)
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
| | - Michal Ben-Shachar
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
| | - Gil Klinger
- Department of Neonatology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikvah 4920235, Israel;
| | - Ronny Geva
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (A.W.); (R.G.)
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Smart scaffolds based on shape memory polymer (SMPs) have been increasingly studied in tissue engineering. The unique shape actuating ability of SMP scaffolds has been utilized to improve delivery and/or tissue defect filling. In this regard, these scaffolds may be self-deploying, self-expanding, or self-fitting. Smart scaffolds are generally thermoresponsive or hydroresponsive wherein shape recovery is driven by an increase in temperature or by hydration, respectively. Most smart scaffolds have been directed towards regenerating bone, cartilage, and cardiovascular tissues. A vast variety of smart scaffolds can be prepared with properties targeted for a specific tissue application. This breadth of smart scaffolds stems from the variety of compositions employed as well as the numerous methods used to fabricated scaffolds with the desired morphology. Smart scaffold compositions span across several distinct classes of SMPs, affording further tunability of properties using numerous approaches. Specifically, these SMPs include those based on physically cross-linked and chemically cross-linked networks and include widely studied shape memory polyurethanes (SMPUs). Various additives, ranging from nanoparticles to biologicals, have also been included to impart unique functionality to smart scaffolds. Thus, given their unique functionality and breadth of tunable properties, smart scaffolds have tremendous potential in tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Pfau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Melissa A Grunlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The intent of this review is to critically consider the data that support the concept of programming and its implications. Birth weight and growth trajectories during childhood are associated with cardiometabolic disease in adult life. Both extremes, low and high birth weight coupled with postnatal growth increase the early presence of cardiometabolic risk factors and vascular imprinting, crucial elements of this framework. Data coming from epigenetics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiota added relevant information and contribute to better understanding of mechanisms as well as development of biomarkers helping to move forward to take actions. Research has reached a stage in which sufficiently robust data calls for new initiatives focused on early life. Prevention starting early in life is likely to have a very large impact on reducing disease incidence and its associated effects at the personal, economic, and social levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Empar Lurbe
- From the Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia (E.L.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (E.L.)
| | - Julie Ingelfinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Mass General Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bates ML, Levy PT, Nuyt AM, Goss KN, Lewandowski AJ, McNamara PJ. Adult Cardiovascular Health Risk and Cardiovascular Phenotypes of Prematurity. J Pediatr 2020; 227:17-30. [PMID: 32931771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Bates
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Division of Neonatology, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Philip T Levy
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Anne Monique Nuyt
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kara N Goss
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Adam J Lewandowski
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Division of Neonatology, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang H, Kuhn C, Kolben T, Ma Z, Lin P, Mahner S, Jeschke U, von Schönfeldt V. Early Life Oxidative Stress and Long-Lasting Cardiovascular Effects on Offspring Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technologies: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155175. [PMID: 32707756 PMCID: PMC7432066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has rapidly developed and is now widely practised worldwide. Both the characteristics of ART (handling gametes/embryos in vitro) and the infertility backgrounds of ART parents (such as infertility diseases and unfavourable lifestyles or diets) could cause increased oxidative stress (OS) that may exert adverse influences on gametogenesis, fertilisation, and foetation, even causing a long-lasting influence on the offspring. For these reasons, the safety of ART needs to be closely examined. In this review, from an ART safety standpoint, the origins of OS are reviewed, and the long-lasting cardiovascular effects and potential mechanisms of OS on the offspring are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.Y.); (C.K.); (T.K.); (Z.M.); (P.L.); (S.M.); (V.v.S.)
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.Y.); (C.K.); (T.K.); (Z.M.); (P.L.); (S.M.); (V.v.S.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kolben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.Y.); (C.K.); (T.K.); (Z.M.); (P.L.); (S.M.); (V.v.S.)
| | - Zhi Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.Y.); (C.K.); (T.K.); (Z.M.); (P.L.); (S.M.); (V.v.S.)
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.Y.); (C.K.); (T.K.); (Z.M.); (P.L.); (S.M.); (V.v.S.)
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.Y.); (C.K.); (T.K.); (Z.M.); (P.L.); (S.M.); (V.v.S.)
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.Y.); (C.K.); (T.K.); (Z.M.); (P.L.); (S.M.); (V.v.S.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)821-400-165505
| | - Viktoria von Schönfeldt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (H.Y.); (C.K.); (T.K.); (Z.M.); (P.L.); (S.M.); (V.v.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arefin S, Buchanan S, Hobson S, Steinmetz J, Alsalhi S, Shiels PG, Kublickiene K, Stenvinkel P. Nrf2 in early vascular ageing: Calcification, senescence and therapy. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 505:108-118. [PMID: 32097628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Under normal physiological conditions, free radical generation and antioxidant defences are balanced, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) usually act as secondary messengers in a plethora of biological processes. However, when this balance is impaired, oxidative stress develops due to imbalanced redox homeostasis resulting in cellular damage. Oxidative stress is now recognized as a trigger of cellular senescence, which is associated with multiple chronic 'burden of lifestyle' diseases, including atherosclerosis, type-2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease and vascular calcification; all of which possess signs of early vascular ageing. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), termed the master regulator of antioxidant responses, is a transcription factor found to be frequently dysregulated in conditions characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that activation of Nrf2 may be beneficial in protecting against vascular senescence and calcification. Both natural and synthetic Nrf2 agonists have been introduced as promising drug classes in different phases of clinical trials. However, overexpression of the Nrf2 pathway has also been linked to tumorigenesis, which highlights the requirement for further understanding of pathways involving Nrf2 activity, especially in the context of cellular senescence and vascular calcification. Therefore, comprehensive translational pre-clinical and clinical studies addressing the targeting capabilities of Nrf2 agonists are urgently required. The present review discusses the impact of Nrf2 in senescence and calcification in early vascular ageing, with focus on the potential clinical implications of Nrf2 agonists and non-pharmacological Nrf2 therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samsul Arefin
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Buchanan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl CRC, ICS, MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sam Hobson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Steinmetz
- Rheumatology Unit, Dep. of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shno Alsalhi
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Research Center, Salahaddin University-Erbil, 44001 Erbil, Kurdistan-Region, Iraq
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl CRC, ICS, MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shen R, Yu Y, Lan R, Yu R, Yuan Z, Xia Z. The cardiovascular toxicity induced by high doses of gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin in zebrafish. Environ Pollut 2019; 254:112861. [PMID: 31454568 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
As a new type of pollutant, fluoroquinolones (FQs) antibiotics are ubiquitous in environment and have some threat to human health and ecological environment. Their ecological toxicity to the environment urgently need to be assessed. Therefore, we firstly explored the toxic effects and possible mechanism of cardiovascular toxicity induced by gatifloxacin (GTFX) and ciprofloxacin (CPFX) using zebrafish model. After 24 h exposure, the zebrafish treated with GTFX showed pericardial edema which was further investigated by histopathological examination, while CPFX exposure did not induce morphological abnormalities. However, both of them induced cardiac dysfunction, such as decreased heart rate and cardiac output which was showed a positive correlation with the concentration. To better understand the possible molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish, we investigated the transcriptional level of genes related to calcium signaling pathway and cardiac muscle contraction. The results indicated that the expression of ATPase (atp2a1l) and cardiac troponin C (tnnc1a) genes were significantly inhibited, the expression of calcium channel (cacna1ab) gene showed slight promoted trend after CPFX exposure. For zebrafish treated with GTFX, the expression of atp2a1l genes was also significantly inhibited, while the expression of tnnc1a genes was slightly inhibited and cacna1ab genes expression had no obvious effect. The present study firstly revealed that GTFX exposure can induce morphological and functional abnormalities on the cardiovascular system of zebrafish. Though CPFX exposure did not induce morphological abnormalities, the function of cardiovascular system was still damaged. Mechanistically, this toxicity might result from the pressure of down-regulation of genes associated with calcium signaling pathway and cardiac muscle contraction. The results of this study can provide a valuable theoretical basis for the establishment of FQs environmental quality standards in water environment, environmental drug regulation and risk management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Shen
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; College of Bioengineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Yichang Yu
- Research Center of Environmental Engineering Technology, Chongqing Academy of Environmental Science, Chongqing 401120, PR China
| | - Rong Lan
- College of Bioengineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Ran Yu
- College of Bioengineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Ze Yuan
- College of Bioengineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Zhining Xia
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Duchemin AL, Vignes H, Vermot J, Chow R. Mechanotransduction in cardiovascular morphogenesis and tissue engineering. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:106-116. [PMID: 31586750 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular morphogenesis involves cell behavior and cell identity changes that are activated by mechanical forces associated with heart function. Recently, advances in in vivo imaging, methods to alter blood flow, and computational modelling have greatly advanced our understanding of how forces produced by heart contraction and blood flow impact different morphogenetic processes. Meanwhile, traditional genetic approaches have helped to elucidate how endothelial cells respond to forces at the cellular and molecular level. Here we discuss the principles of endothelial mechanosensitity and their interplay with cellular processes during cardiovascular morphogenesis. We then discuss their implications in the field of cardiovascular tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Duchemin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Helene Vignes
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.
| | - Renee Chow
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
García-Padilla C, Domínguez JN, Aránega AE, Franco D. Differential chamber-specific expression and regulation of long non-coding RNAs during cardiac development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech 2019; 1862:194435. [PMID: 31678627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.194435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular development is governed by a complex interplay between inducting signals such as Bmps and Fgfs leading to activation of cardiac specific transcription factors such as Nkx2.5, Mef2c and Srf that orchestrate the initial steps of cardiogenesis. Over the last decade we have witnessed the discovery of novel layers of gene regulation, i.e. post-transcriptional regulation exerted by non-coding RNAs. The function role of small non coding RNAs has been widely demonstrated, e.g. miR-1 knockout display several cardiovascular abnormalities during embryogenesis. More recently long non-coding RNAs have been also reported to modulate gene expression and function in the developing heart, as exemplified by the embryonic lethal phenotypes of Fendrr and Braveheart knock out mice, respectively. In this study, we investigated the differential expression profile during cardiogenesis of previously reported lncRNAs in heart development. Our data revealed that Braveheart, Fendrr, Carmen display a preferential adult expression while Miat, Alien, H19 preferentially display chamber-specific expression at embryonic stages. We also demonstrated that these lncRNAs are differentially regulated by Nkx2.5, Srf and Mef2c, Pitx2 > Wnt > miRNA signaling pathway and angiotensin II and thyroid hormone administration. Importantly isoform-specific expression and distinct nuclear vs cytoplasmic localization of Braveheart, Carmen and Fendrr during chamber morphogenesis is observed, suggesting distinct functional roles of these lncRNAs in atrial and ventricular chambers. Furthermore, we demonstrate by in situ hybridization a dynamic epicardial, myocardial and endocardial expression of H19 during cardiac development. Overall our data support novel roles of these lncRNAs in different temporal and tissue-restricted fashion during cardiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Padilla
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Jorge N Domínguez
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Amelia E Aránega
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Islas JF, Moreno-Cuevas JE. A MicroRNA Perspective on Cardiovascular Development and Diseases: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2075. [PMID: 30018214 PMCID: PMC6073753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the latest research pertaining to MicroRNAs (miRs) related to cardiovascular diseases. In today's molecular age, the key clinical aspects of diagnosing and treating these type of diseases are crucial, and miRs play an important role. Therefore, we have made a thorough analysis discussing the most important candidate protagonists of many pathways relating to such conditions as atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and congenital heart disorders. We approach miRs initially from the fundamental molecular aspects and look at their role in developmental pathways, as well as regulatory mechanisms dysregulated under specific cardiovascular conditions. By doing so, we can better understand their functional roles. Next, we look at therapeutic aspects, including delivery and inhibition techniques. We conclude that a personal approach for treatment is paramount, and so understanding miRs is strategic for cardiovascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Francisco Islas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Grupo de Investigación con Enfoque Estratégico en Bioingeniería y Medicina Regenerativa, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey, NL 64710, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Eugenio Moreno-Cuevas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Grupo de Investigación con Enfoque Estratégico en Bioingeniería y Medicina Regenerativa, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey, NL 64710, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cypher AD, Fetterman B, Bagatto B. Vascular parameters continue to decrease post-exposure with simultaneous, but not individual exposure to BPA and hypoxia in zebrafish larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 206-207:11-16. [PMID: 29454160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
How fish respond to hypoxia, a common stressor, can be altered by simultaneous exposure to pollutants like bisphenol A (BPA), a plasticizer. BPA is cardiotoxic and interferes with the hypoxia inducible factor pathway (HIF-1α), therefore disrupting the hypoxic response. Co-exposure to hypoxia and BPA also causes severe bradycardia and reduced cardiac output in zebrafish larvae. The purpose of this work was to determine how the cardiovascular effects of co-exposure vary with BPA concentration and persist beyond exposure. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 100 μg/L of BPA during normoxia (>6.0 mg/L O2) and hypoxia (2.0 ± 0.5 mg/L O2) between 1 h post fertilization (hpf) and late hatching (72-96 hpf). Heart rate, cardiac output, and red blood cell (RBC) velocity were determined through video microscopy and digital motion analysis at late hatching and 10 days post fertilization (dpf), several days post exposure. In comparison to the hypoxic control, RBC velocity was 25% lower with 0.01 μg/L BPA and hypoxia at late hatching. At 10 dpf, the difference in RBC velocity between these treatments doubled, despite several days of recovery. This coincided with a 24% thinner outer diameter for caudal vein but no effect on cardiac or developmental parameters. Statistical interactions between BPA and oxygen concentration were found for arterial RBC velocity at both ages. Because the co-occurrence of both stressors is extremely common, it would be beneficial to understand how BPA and hypoxia interact to affect cardiovascular function during and after exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian Bagatto
- The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The size, hemodynamics, and function of cardiovascular structures change dramatically from the early fetal life to late adolescence. The principal determinants of cardiovascular dimensions are related to the blood flow needed to meet metabolic demands. This demand is in turn tightly related to body size and body composition, keeping in mind that various tissues may have different metabolic rates. There is no simple model that links cardiac dimensions with a single body size measurement. Consequently, despite abundant scientific literature, few studies have proposed pediatric reference values that efficiently and completely account for the effect of body size. Other factors influence cardiovascular size and function in children, including sex. The influence of sex is multifactorial and not fully understood, but differences in body size and body composition play an important role. We will first review the determinants of cardiovascular size and function in children. We then explore the evaluation and normalization of cardiovascular size and function in pediatric cardiology in relation to the growth of cardiovascular structures during childhood, with a particular focus on sex differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Taisto Sarkola
- University of Helsinki, the Helsinki University Central Hospital/Children's Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lund MT, Holm JC, Jespersen T, Holstein-Rathlou NH. [Cardiovascular changes in childhood obesity]. Ugeskr Laeger 2017; 179:V03170265. [PMID: 29108535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 35 years there has been an almost 50% increase in childhood obesity worldwide. Childhood obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adulthood, and in children with overweight or obesity pathologic changes have been found down to the age of two years. These changes are present in vasculature, heart and autonomic nervous system and affect blood pressure control. Overweight and obesity must be prevented, detected and treated at an early age, as even a small weight loss reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease significantly.
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni E Mann
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Faculty of Life & Health Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lopatina EV, Kipenko AV, Penniyaynen VA, Pasatetckaia NA, Tsyrline VA. [Remodeling of Cardiovascular System: Causes and Consequences]. Usp Fiziol Nauk 2016; 47:45-61. [PMID: 27530043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Literature and our data suggest the regulatory action of a number of biologically active substances (catecholamines, cardiac glycosides, β-blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor) on the growth and proliferation of heart cells. By using of organotypic tissue culture has proved that the basis of this regulation is the ability of test substances, receptor- or transducer-mediated signaling to modulate the function of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase. There is a delay in the development of vascular smooth muscle in the late postnatal period in rats with the blockade of the sympathetic nervous system in the prenatal period. The relationship between vascular remodeling and contractile activity is described. It seems that one of the causes of high blood pressure is a remodeling of the cardiovascular system, which precedes the development of hypertension.
Collapse
|
16
|
Novodvorsky P, Watson O, Gray C, Wilkinson RN, Reeve S, Smythe C, Beniston R, Plant K, Maguire R, M. K. Rothman A, Elworthy S, van Eeden FJM, Chico TJA. klf2ash317 Mutant Zebrafish Do Not Recapitulate Morpholino-Induced Vascular and Haematopoietic Phenotypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141611. [PMID: 26506092 PMCID: PMC4624238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Objectives The zinc-finger transcription factor Krϋppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) transduces blood flow into molecular signals responsible for a wide range of responses within the vasculature. KLF2 maintains a healthy, quiescent endothelial phenotype. Previous studies report a range of phenotypes following morpholino antisense oligonucleotide-induced klf2a knockdown in zebrafish. Targeted genome editing is an increasingly applied method for functional assessment of candidate genes. We therefore generated a stable klf2a mutant zebrafish and characterised its cardiovascular and haematopoietic development. Methods and Results Using Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALEN) we generated a klf2a mutant (klf2ash317) with a 14bp deletion leading to a premature stop codon in exon 2. Western blotting confirmed loss of wild type Klf2a protein and the presence of a truncated protein in klf2ash317 mutants. Homozygous klf2ash317 mutants exhibit no defects in vascular patterning, survive to adulthood and are fertile, without displaying previously described morphant phenotypes such as high-output cardiac failure, reduced haematopoetic stem cell (HSC) development or impaired formation of the 5th accessory aortic arch. Homozygous klf2ash317 mutation did not reduce angiogenesis in zebrafish with homozygous mutations in von Hippel Lindau (vhl), a form of angiogenesis that is dependent on blood flow. We examined expression of three klf family members in wildtype and klf2ash317 zebrafish. We detected vascular expression of klf2b (but not klf4a or biklf/klf4b/klf17) in wildtypes but found no differences in expression that might account for the lack of phenotype in klf2ash317 mutants. klf2b morpholino knockdown did not affect heart rate or impair formation of the 5th accessory aortic arch in either wildtypes or klf2ash317 mutants. Conclusions The klf2ash317 mutation produces a truncated Klf2a protein but, unlike morpholino induced klf2a knockdown, does not affect cardiovascular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Novodvorsky
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Watson
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Gray
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert N. Wilkinson
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Reeve
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Smythe
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Beniston
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Plant
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Maguire
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stone Elworthy
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Fredericus J. M. van Eeden
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. A. Chico
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zizioli D, Tiso N, Guglielmi A, Saraceno C, Busolin G, Giuliani R, Khatri D, Monti E, Borsani G, Argenton F, Finazzi D. Knock-down of pantothenate kinase 2 severely affects the development of the nervous and vascular system in zebrafish, providing new insights into PKAN disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:35-48. [PMID: 26476142 PMCID: PMC4684146 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pantothenate Kinase Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN) is an autosomal recessive disorder with mutations in the pantothenate kinase 2 gene (PANK2), encoding an essential enzyme for Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis. The molecular connection between defects in this enzyme and the neurodegenerative phenotype observed in PKAN patients is still poorly understood. We exploited the zebrafish model to study the role played by the pank2 gene during embryonic development and get new insight into PKAN pathogenesis. The zebrafish orthologue of hPANK2 lies on chromosome 13, is a maternal gene expressed in all development stages and, in adult animals, is highly abundant in CNS, dorsal aorta and caudal vein. The injection of a splice-inhibiting morpholino induced a clear phenotype with perturbed brain morphology and hydrocephalus; edema was present in the heart region and caudal plexus, where hemorrhages with reduction of blood circulation velocity were detected. We characterized the CNS phenotype by studying the expression pattern of wnt1 and neurog1 neural markers and by use of the Tg(neurod:EGFP/sox10:dsRed) transgenic line. The results evidenced that downregulation of pank2 severely impairs neuronal development, particularly in the anterior part of CNS (telencephalon). Whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis of the endothelial markers cadherin-5 and fli1a, and use of Tg(fli1a:EGFP/gata1a:dsRed) transgenic line, confirmed the essential role of pank2 in the formation of the vascular system. The specificity of the morpholino-induced phenotype was proved by the restoration of a normal development in a high percentage of embryos co-injected with pank2 mRNA. Also, addition of pantethine or CoA, but not of vitamin B5, to pank2 morpholino-injected embryos rescued the phenotype with high efficiency. The zebrafish model indicates the relevance of pank2 activity and CoA homeostasis for normal neuronal development and functioning and provides evidence of an unsuspected role for this enzyme and its product in vascular development. Zebrafish pank2 gene is highly expressed in the CNS and the main vascular structures. Pank2 down-regulation severely affects the development of the forebrain. Pank2 down-regulation affects the dorsal aorta, caudal vein and inter-somitic vessels. Pantethine and Coenzyme A restore the normal development in the absence of pank2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zizioli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Adele Guglielmi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Saraceno
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Busolin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Giuliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Deepak Khatri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenio Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borsani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Argenton
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Dario Finazzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Spedali Civili Hospital, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
She ZY, Yang WX. SOX family transcription factors involved in diverse cellular events during development. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:547-63. [PMID: 26340821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In metazoa, SOX family transcription factors play many diverse roles. In vertebrate, they are well-known regulators of numerous developmental processes. Wide-ranging studies have demonstrated the co-expression of SOX proteins in various developing tissues and that they occur in an overlapping manner and show functional redundancy. In particular, studies focusing on the HMG box of SOX proteins have revealed that the HMG box regulates DNA-binding properties, and mediates both the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of SOX proteins and their physical interactions with partner proteins. Posttranslational modifications are further implicated in the regulation of the transcriptional activities of SOX proteins. In this review, we discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the SOX-partner factor interactions and the functional modes of SOX-partner complexes during development. We particularly emphasize the representative roles of the SOX group proteins in major tissues during developmental and physiological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu She
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schmieg N, Thomas C, Yabe A, Lynch DS, Iglesias T, Chakravarty P, Schiavo G. Novel Kidins220/ARMS Splice Isoforms: Potential Specific Regulators of Neuronal and Cardiovascular Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129944. [PMID: 26083449 PMCID: PMC4470590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidins220/ARMS is a transmembrane protein playing a crucial role in neuronal and cardiovascular development. Kidins220/ARMS is a downstream target of neurotrophin receptors and interacts with several signalling and trafficking factors. Through computational modelling, we found two potential sites for alternative splicing of Kidins220/ARMS. The first is located between exon 24 and exon 29, while the second site replaces exon 32 by a short alternative terminal exon 33. Here we describe the conserved occurrence of several Kidins220/ARMS splice isoforms at RNA and protein levels. Kidins220/ARMS splice isoforms display spatio-temporal regulation during development with distinct patterns in different neuronal populations. Neurotrophin receptor stimulation in cortical and hippocampal neurons and neuroendocrine cells induces specific Kidins220/ARMS splice isoforms and alters the appearance kinetics of the full-length transcript. Remarkably, alternative terminal exon splicing generates Kidins220/ARMS variants with distinct cellular localisation: Kidins220/ARMS containing exon 32 is targeted to the plasma membrane and neurite tips, whereas Kidins220/ARMS without exon 33 mainly clusters the full-length protein in a perinuclear intracellular compartment in PC12 cells and primary neurons, leading to a change in neurotrophin receptor expression. Overall, this study demonstrates the existence of novel Kidins220/ARMS splice isoforms with unique properties, revealing additional complexity in the functional regulation of neurotrophin receptors, and potentially other signalling pathways involved in neuronal and cardiovascular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Schmieg
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Thomas
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Arisa Yabe
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - David S. Lynch
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Leonard Wolfson Centre for Experimental Neurology, University College London, 8 Queen Anne Street, London W1G 9LD, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), C/ Arturo Duperier, 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
- CIBERNED (ISCIII), C/ Valderrebollo 5, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Iizuka-Kogo A, Senda T, Akiyama T, Shimomura A, Nomura R, Hasegawa Y, Yamamura KI, Kogo H, Sawai N, Matsuzaki T. Requirement of DLG1 for cardiovascular development and tissue elongation during cochlear, enteric, and skeletal development: possible role in convergent extension. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123965. [PMID: 25860837 PMCID: PMC4393223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dlg1 gene encodes a member of the MAGUK protein family involved in the polarization of epithelial cells. Null mutant mice for the Dlg1 gene (Dlg1-/- mice) exhibit respiratory failure and cyanosis, and die soon after birth. However, the cause of this neonatal lethality has not been determined. In the present study, we further examined Dlg1-/- mice and found severe defects in the cardiovascular system, including ventricular septal defect, persistent truncus arteriosus, and double outlet right ventricle, which would cause the neonatal lethality. These cardiovascular phenotypes resemble those of mutant mice lacking planar cell polarity (PCP) genes and support a recent notion that DLG1 is involved in the PCP pathway. We assessed the degree of involvement of DLG1 in the development of other organs, as the cochlea, intestine, and skeleton, in which PCP signaling has been suggested to play a role. In the organ of Corti, tissue elongation was inhibited accompanied by disorganized arrangement of the hair cell rows, while the orientation of the stereocilia bundle was normal. In the sternum, cleft sternum, abnormal calcification pattern of cartilage, and disorganization of chondrocytes were observed. Furthermore, shortening of the intestine, sternum, and long bones of the limbs was observed. These phenotypes of Dlg1-/- mice involving cellular disorganization and insufficient tissue elongation strongly suggest a defect in the convergent extension movements in these mice. Thus, our present results provide a possibility that DLG1 is particularly required for convergent extension among PCP signaling-dependent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Iizuka-Kogo
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takao Senda
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsu Akiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimomura
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
- The Department of Communication Disorders, School of Psychological Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryuji Nomura
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Hasegawa
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yamamura
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kogo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Sawai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsuzaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kurian L, Aguirre A, Sancho-Martinez I, Benner C, Hishida T, Nguyen TB, Reddy P, Nivet E, Krause MN, Nelles DA, Esteban CR, Campistol JM, Yeo GW, Belmonte JCI. Identification of novel long noncoding RNAs underlying vertebrate cardiovascular development. Circulation 2015; 131:1278-1290. [PMID: 25739401 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical epigenetic regulators with important functions in development and disease. Here, we sought to identify and functionally characterize novel lncRNAs critical for vertebrate development. METHODS AND RESULTS By relying on human pluripotent stem cell differentiation models, we investigated lncRNAs differentially regulated at key steps during human cardiovascular development with a special focus on vascular endothelial cells. RNA sequencing led to the generation of large data sets that serve as a gene expression roadmap highlighting gene expression changes during human pluripotent cell differentiation. Stage-specific analyses led to the identification of 3 previously uncharacterized lncRNAs, TERMINATOR, ALIEN, and PUNISHER, specifically expressed in undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells, cardiovascular progenitors, and differentiated endothelial cells, respectively. Functional characterization, including localization studies, dynamic expression analyses, epigenetic modification monitoring, and knockdown experiments in lower vertebrates, as well as murine embryos and human cells, confirmed a critical role for each lncRNA specific for each analyzed developmental stage. CONCLUSIONS We have identified and functionally characterized 3 novel lncRNAs involved in vertebrate and human cardiovascular development, and we provide a comprehensive transcriptomic roadmap that sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying human embryonic development, mesodermal commitment, and cardiovascular specification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Kurian
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| | - Aitor Aguirre
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| | - Ignacio Sancho-Martinez
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| | - Christopher Benner
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| | - Tomoaki Hishida
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| | - Thai B Nguyen
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| | - Pradeep Reddy
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| | - Emmanuel Nivet
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| | - Marie N Krause
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| | - David A Nelles
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| | - Concepcion Rodriguez Esteban
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| | - Josep M Campistol
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory (L.K., A.A., I.S.-M., T.H., T.B.N., P.R., E.N., M.N.K., C.R.E., J.C.I.B.) and Integrative Genomics Core (C.B.), Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla (L.K., T.B.N., D.A.N., G.W.Y.); and Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily consists of a large number of nonselective cation channels with variable degree of Ca(2+)-permeability. The 28 mammalian TRP channel proteins can be grouped into six subfamilies: canonical, vanilloid, melastatin, ankyrin, polycystic, and mucolipin TRPs. The majority of these TRP channels are expressed in different cell types including both excitable and nonexcitable cells of the cardiovascular system. Unlike voltage-gated ion channels, TRP channels do not have a typical voltage sensor, but instead can sense a variety of other stimuli including pressure, shear stress, mechanical stretch, oxidative stress, lipid environment alterations, hypertrophic signals, and inflammation products. By integrating multiple stimuli and transducing their activity to downstream cellular signal pathways via Ca(2+) entry and/or membrane depolarization, TRP channels play an essential role in regulating fundamental cell functions such as contraction, relaxation, proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. With the use of targeted deletion and transgenic mouse models, recent studies have revealed that TRP channels are involved in numerous cellular functions and play an important role in the pathophysiology of many diseases in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, several TRP channels are involved in inherited diseases of the cardiovascular system. This review presents an overview of current knowledge concerning the physiological functions of TRP channels in the cardiovascular system and their contributions to cardiovascular diseases. Ultimately, TRP channels may become potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Yue
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jia Xie
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Albert S Yu
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jonathan Stock
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jianyang Du
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Lixia Yue
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
van Soldt BJ, Metscher BD, Poelmann RE, Vervust B, Vonk FJ, Müller GB, Richardson MK. Heterochrony and early left-right asymmetry in the development of the cardiorespiratory system of snakes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e116416. [PMID: 25555231 PMCID: PMC4282204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake lungs show a remarkable diversity of organ asymmetries. The right lung is always fully developed, while the left lung is either absent, vestigial, or well-developed (but smaller than the right). A 'tracheal lung' is present in some taxa. These asymmetries are reflected in the pulmonary arteries. Lung asymmetry is known to appear at early stages of development in Thamnophis radix and Natrix natrix. Unfortunately, there is no developmental data on snakes with a well-developed or absent left lung. We examine the adult and developmental morphology of the lung and pulmonary arteries in the snakes Python curtus breitensteini, Pantherophis guttata guttata, Elaphe obsoleta spiloides, Calloselasma rhodostoma and Causus rhombeatus using gross dissection, MicroCT scanning and 3D reconstruction. We find that the right and tracheal lung develop similarly in these species. By contrast, the left lung either: (1) fails to develop; (2) elongates more slowly and aborts early without (2a) or with (2b) subsequent development of faveoli; (3) or develops normally. A right pulmonary artery always develops, but the left develops only if the left lung develops. No pulmonary artery develops in relation to the tracheal lung. We conclude that heterochrony in lung bud development contributes to lung asymmetry in several snake taxa. Secondly, the development of the pulmonary arteries is asymmetric at early stages, possibly because the splanchnic plexus fails to develop when the left lung is reduced. Finally, some changes in the topography of the pulmonary arteries are consequent on ontogenetic displacement of the heart down the body. Our findings show that the left-right asymmetry in the cardiorespiratory system of snakes is expressed early in development and may become phenotypically expressed through heterochronic shifts in growth, and changes in axial relations of organs and vessels. We propose a step-wise model for reduction of the left lung during snake evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D. Metscher
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert E. Poelmann
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Vervust
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Freek J. Vonk
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
- NCB Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerd B. Müller
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bursian AV. [Catecholaminergic regulation of autorhythmical viscero- and somatomotor activity in early rat ontogenesis]. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 2014; 50:3-11. [PMID: 25486799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ontogenetic peculiarities of catecholaminergic regulation of three vitally important physiological processes are described: heart beating, respiration, and early somatomotor activity. They are subordinated to the autorhythmical regime and are submitted to modulating effects ofnoradrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms. There are considered age-related changes of this effect whose peculiarity are polar changes of reactions in the process of their maturation from the predominantly excitatory at early stages to predominantly inhibitory ones.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The angiopoietin (Ang) growth factors and the endothelial Tie receptors regulate blood and lymphatic vessel development, and vascular permeability, inflammation, angiogenic remodeling and tumor vascularization in adult tissues. The angiopoietins activate the Tie receptors in unique in trans complexes at endothelial cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts. In addition, integrins have been implicated in the regulation of Ang-Tie signaling. Recent interest has focused on the function of angiopoietin-2 and its inhibition in the tumor vasculature and also in other pathological conditions associated with endothelial dysfunction. Here we review the current understanding of the signaling functions of the Ang-Tie pathway and its potential for future development of targeted vascular therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Eklund
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oulu, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang X, Yan JC, Gong J. [Role of calcineurin/NFATc1 signaling pathway in cardiovascular development]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2012; 40:798-800. [PMID: 23141098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
|
27
|
Pan JY, Zhou SH. The hedgehog signaling pathway, a new therapeutic target for treatment of ischemic heart disease. Pharmazie 2012; 67:475-481. [PMID: 22822532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) protein is involved in angiogenesis and cardiovascular development via activation of the classical ligand-dependent signaling transduction. So its potential therapeutic meaning of Hh signaling proteins to the ischemic heart diseases has been greatly explored. Recent studies show that up-regulated expression of hypoxia-induced factor-1 (HIF-1) and inflamemation in ischemic tissues activate the Hh signaling cascade in a GLI-dependent or independent way, resulting in elevated expression levels of pro-angiogenic and agiogenic factors to facilitate angiogenesis. In addition, Hh signaling pathway activation can promote residual myocardial progenitors, endogenous EPCs and MSCs differentiating into cardiomyocytes, inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis; thirdly, high level of exogenous Hh signaling can reduce myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injuries(I/R). In conclusion, three kinds of mechanisms induced by Hh signaling pathway participate in the heart repair after myocardial ischemia. Therefore, Hh agonists including Hh protein, Hh gene transfer and small molecule agonist could be part of a potential therapeutic strategy for acute or chronic ischemic heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Y Pan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Watkins AJ, Lucas ES, Wilkins A, Cagampang FRA, Fleming TP. Maternal periconceptional and gestational low protein diet affects mouse offspring growth, cardiovascular and adipose phenotype at 1 year of age. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28745. [PMID: 22194901 PMCID: PMC3240629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and animal studies have revealed a strong association between periconceptional environmental factors, such as poor maternal diet, and an increased propensity for cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adult offspring. Previously, we reported cardiovascular and physiological effects of maternal low protein diet (LPD) fed during discrete periods of periconceptional development on 6-month-old mouse offspring. Here, we extend the analysis in 1 year aging offspring, evaluating mechanisms regulating growth and adiposity. Isocaloric LPD (9% casein) or normal protein diet (18% casein; NPD) was fed to female MF-1 mice either exclusively during oocyte maturation (for 3.5 days prior to mating; Egg-LPD, Egg-NPD, respectively), throughout gestation (LPD, NPD) or exclusively during preimplantation development (for 3.5 days post mating; Emb-LPD). LPD and Emb-LPD female offspring were significantly lighter and heavier than NPD females respectively for up to 52 weeks. Egg-LPD, LPD and Emb-LPD offspring displayed significantly elevated systolic blood pressure at 52 weeks compared to respective controls (Egg-NPD, NPD). LPD females had significantly reduced inguinal and retroperitoneal fat pad: body weight ratios compared to NPD females. Expression of the insulin receptor (Insr) and insulin-like growth factor I receptor (Igf1r) in retroperitoneal fat was significantly elevated in Emb-LPD females (P<0.05), whilst Emb-LPD males displayed significantly decreased expression of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) gene compared to NPD offspring. LPD females displayed significantly increased expression of Ucp1 in interscapular brown adipose tissue when compared to NPD offspring. Our results demonstrate that aging offspring body weight, cardiovascular and adiposity homeostasis can be programmed by maternal periconceptional nutrition. These adverse outcomes further exemplify the criticality of dietary behaviour around the time of conception on long-term offspring health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Simmer K, Mori TA. Omega 3 fatty acid supplements and cardiovascular health: commentary on the article by de Jong et al. on page 411. Pediatr Res 2011; 70:325-6. [PMID: 21885935 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31822e63b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
30
|
Abstract
The present study examined the role of cardiovascular regulation in predicting pediatric obesity. Participants for this study included 268 children (141 girls) obtained from a larger ongoing longitudinal study. To assess cardiac vagal regulation, resting measures of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and RSA change (vagal withdrawal) to three cognitively challenging tasks were derived when children were 5.5 years of age. Heart period (HP) and HP change (heart rate (HR) acceleration) were also examined. Height and weight measures were collected when children were 5.5, 7.5, and 10.5 years of age. Results indicated that physiological regulation at age 5.5 was predictive of both normal variations in BMI development and pediatric obesity at age 10.5. Specifically, children with a cardiovascular regulation profile characterized by lower levels of RSA suppression and HP change experienced significantly greater levels of BMI growth and were more likely to be classified as overweight/at-risk for overweight at age 10.5 compared to children with a cardiovascular regulation profile characterized by high levels of RSA suppression and HP change. However, a significant interaction with racial status was found suggesting that the association between cardiovascular regulation profile and BMI growth and pediatric obesity was only significant for African-American children. An autonomic cardiovascular regulation profile consisting of low parasympathetic activity represents a significant individual risk factor for the development of pediatric obesity, but only for African-American children. Mechanisms by which early physiological regulation difficulties may contribute to the development of pediatric obesity are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A Graziano
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kuznetsov VI, Prokof'eva VN. [Hemodynamic indices of children's cardio-vascular system with due regard for their constitutional differences]. Fiziol Cheloveka 2010; 36:72-79. [PMID: 20803953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the study of adaptation of cardio-vascular system of children from 5 to 7 to heightened physical activity with due regard for somatic peculiarities of human organism. A careful account is given to reographic and cyclo-ergometic methods of research under the physical load of heightened power capacities 1 and 1.5 watt per 1 kg body weight. The dosage of physical loads with regard for somatic peculiarities of human organism assists the rise in the standarts of children's functional training. Considerable increase of functional potentialities of children of different somatic types is revealed in the exponents of absolute physical efficiency, transient and systolic amount of blood. Bigger rise of hemodynamic indices have girls in comparison with boys of the same age.
Collapse
|
33
|
KUMANOGOH A, KIKUTANI H. Semaphorins and their receptors: novel features of neural guidance molecules. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2010; 86:611-620. [PMID: 20551597 PMCID: PMC3081170 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins were originally identified as axon guidance cues involved in the development of the nervous system. In recent years, it is emerging that they also participate in various biological systems, including physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we primarily focus on our cumulative findings for the role of semaphorins and their receptors in the regulation of the immune system, while also summarizing recent progress in the context of cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi KUMANOGOH
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi KIKUTANI
- World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Iashchenko AH, Vdovychenko OM. [Gender difference in physical development and functional state of the cardiac-vascular system in children of 12 years old]. Fiziol Zh (1994) 2009; 55:81-85. [PMID: 20201393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It was shown that physical development in the girls of 12 years old somewhat forestall the physical development in the boys of the same age. Average values of the height and massa in the girls of 12 years old are following: 1.57 m +/- 0.15 m and 45.8kg +/- 0.16 kg against 1.55 m +/- 0.04 m and 44.53 kg 0.13 kg in the boys. Average values of heart rate, end diastolic pressure and workability of the left ventriculus in the children of 12 years old are similar in boys and girls, and the average value of stroke volume and power of the left ventriculus in the boys are more. The conclusion was made that the effectivenes of the heart activity in the boys of 12 years old is more than in the girls of the same age.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED Low birth weight (LBW) is a risk factor for hypertension, stroke and coronary heart disease in adults. Mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease may therefore be initiated in early life. Studies to investigate the initiating events and emergence of vascular risk markers in infancy and childhood have been an area of particular interest in recent years. The aim of this review is to focus on the early development of the human vascular tree in relation to LBW. Specific characteristics, including endothelial function, intima-media thickness, microvascular density, arterial dimensions and elasticity, will be discussed. LBW due to different causes--poor foetal growth or preterm birth--results in different patterns of altered development of the vascular system, which can already be seen in infancy. Follow-up studies in children and young adults indicate that vascular compromise in many ways persists in those born either small for gestational age or prematurely. CONCLUSION LBW is associated with structural and functional changes in the vascular tree, which have implications for cardiovascular health in adult life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Norman
- Department for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Condorelli G, Dimmeler S. MicroRNAs: components of an integrated system controlling cardiac development, physiology, and disease pathogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:551-2. [PMID: 18614548 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
37
|
Gootman PM, Gootman N, Turlapaty PD, Yao AC, Buckley BJ, Altura BM. Autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function in neonates. Ciba Found Symp 2008; 83:70-93. [PMID: 6913490 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720653.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The degree of participation of the vascular bed supplied by the superior mesenteric artery in autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function during postnatal maturation was evaluated in piglets, ranging in age from birth to two months. Animals were anaesthetized with 0.25-0.5% halothane in a 50% mixture of N2O and O2, paralysed with decamethonium bromide and artificially ventilated to maintain normal arterial blood gases and pH. Mesenteric arterial flow was recorded continuously with an electromagnetic flow transducer; simultaneously aortic pressure, heart rate, and femoral, renal and carotid flows were monitored. Resistance was calculated as the ratio of mean aortic pressure to mean flow. The central neural regulation of the cardiovascular system was altered: (1) by electrical stimulation of medullary vasoactive sites, (2) by changing the input from visceral or somatic afferents and (3) by subjecting the animals to stress, such as haemorrhage or hypoxia. Postnatal development of adrenergic mechanisms was studied with the aid of adrenergic agonist both in vivo and in vitro (helical strips cut from superior mesenteric artery were placed in an organ bath for isometric tension recordings). Recordings of spontaneous efferent splanchnic discharge permitted a more direct examination of autonomic regulation of the mesenteric vascular bed. The results indicate that the vascular bed supplied by the superior mesenteric artery and innervated by the efferent splanchnic nerve is actively involved in the cardiovascular responses to alterations in the cardiovascular regulatory system. Furthermore, this vascular bed may have an inappropriate response to both feeding and stress such that pathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract may result.
Collapse
|
38
|
Pankova NB. [Functional development of the vegetative regulation of the cardiovascular system in human ontogenesis]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2008; 94:267-275. [PMID: 18507155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Using the functional tests method, it was shown that the ontogenetic course of development of the cardiovascular system vegetative regulation after the age 6 years might be conditionally divided into some periods. About the age of 13-14 years, the spectral structure of heart rate variability reached the level of adult humans but is accompanied with features of functional strengthening in regulative systems. About the age of 15-16 years, maturation of indices received in quiet state (heart rate, stroke volume, spectral and statistical parameters of heart rate variability) is reached. At the same time, the functional maturation of heart rate regulating systems was complete thereby providing adaptive response of the organism during the implementation of functional tests. Functional maturation of peripheral blood pressure and the systems of its regulation completed after 16 years.
Collapse
|
39
|
[Comparative analysis of impact of hereditary and environmental factors on development of some parameters of a human's cardiovascular system on different ontogenesis stages (twin studies)]. Georgian Med News 2007;:39-44. [PMID: 18250495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mono- and dizygoted 12-70 year-old twins' permanent ontogenesis on different stages of cardiovascular system had been studied. Zygote was diagnosed with modern methods of research (anthropologic, immune-serologic, mathematic, and dermatogliphic). Altogether 194 couple twins had been examined, from whom 79 couple were monozygotic and 115 - dizygotic. They were divided into three age groups: the first group - of 12-17 year-old, the second - of 30-45 year-old ones, and the third - of 50-70 year-old ones. Modern methods helped to discern importance of genetic and environmental components in whole phenotypic dispersion of cardiac shortening frequency, average arterial pressure, shock and minute volume of heart left ventricle. It was ascertained, already examined hereditary determinacy is conditioned by genetic additive component, and environmental factors are influenced by general family components. With growing of age correlative role of hereditary and environmental factors are either strengthening, or fading. This depends on gender too. Gender dimorphism was also revealed.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Endoglin is an auxiliary receptor for TGFbeta signalling. Heterozygous germline Endoglin mutations have been identified in patients with the vascular abnormality, Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Endoglin is upregulated in endothelial cells during angiogenesis and loss of Endoglin in the mouse results in embryonic lethality at mid-gestation. This phenotype points to an important role of Endoglin in new blood vessel formation but precludes analysis at later stages in development and in postnatal life. To bypass this limitation and allow further investigations of the function of Endoglin we have generated a floxed Endoglin allele in which loxP sites flank exons 5 and 6. Mice homozygous for this allele are normal and in the presence of appropriate Cre lines will allow time and cell specific Endoglin deletion for in vivo analysis of function in cardiovascular development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R. Allinson
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rita L.C. Carvalho
- Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stieneke van den Brink
- Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christine L. Mummery
- Hubrecht Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Uppsalalaan 8, CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Helen M. Arthur
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Correspondence to: Helen Arthur, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in regulating newborn mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and tissue blood flow remains unclear. Although postnatal MAP increases, vascular responsiveness to infused angiotensin II (ANG II) is unchanged, possibly reflecting increased metabolic clearance rate of ANG II (MCR(ANG II)). To address this, we examined MAP, heart rate, plasma ANG II and renin activity (PRA), and MCR(ANG II) in conscious postnatal sheep (n = 9, 5-35 d old) before and during continuous systemic ANG II infusions to measure MCR (ANG II). Postnatal MAP increased (p < 0.02), whereas plasma ANG II decreased from 942 +/- 230 (SEM) to 471 +/- 152 and 240 +/- 70 pg/mL at <10 d, 10-20 d, and 21-35 d postnatally (p = 0.05), respectively. Despite high plasma ANG II, PRA remained elevated, averaging 6.70 +/- 1.1 ng/mL.h throughout the postnatal period, but decreased 35% (p = 0.01) during ANG II infusions. MCR(ANG II) decreased approximately sixfold after birth and averaged 115 mL/min.kg during the first month. Circulating ANG II is markedly increased after birth, reflecting placental removal, high fetal MCR(ANG II), and enhanced RAS activity. Although circulating ANG II decreases as MAP increases, MCR(ANG II) is unchanged, suggesting decreased ANG II production. Persistent vascular smooth muscle (VSM) AT2 receptor subtype (AT2R) expression after birth may modify the hypertensive effects of ANG II postnatally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sithembiso C Velaphi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Postnatal cardiopulmonary adaptations to high altitude constitute a key component of any set of responses developed to face high altitude hypoxia. Such responses are required ultimately to meet the energy demands necessary for adequate functioning at cell and organism level. After a brief insight on general and cardiopulmonary comparative studies in growing and adult organisms, differences and possible explanations for varying cardiopulmonary pathology, pulmonary artery hypertension, persistent right ventricular predominance and subacute high altitude pulmonary hypertension in different populations of children living at high altitude are discussed. Potential long-term implications of early chronic hypoxic exposure on later diseases are also presented. It is hoped that this review will help the practicing physician working at high altitude to make informed decisions concerning individual pediatric patients, specifically with regard to diagnosis and management of altitude-related cardiopulmonary pathology. Finally, plausibility and the knowledge-base of public health interventions to reduce the risks posed by suboptimal or inadequate postnatal cardiopulmonary responses to high altitude are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Huicho
- Departamento Académico de Pediatría, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
van Bezooijen RL, Deruiter MC, Vilain N, Monteiro RM, Visser A, van der Wee-Pals L, van Munsteren CJ, Hogendoorn PCW, Aguet M, Mummery CL, Papapoulos SE, Ten Dijke P, Löwik CWGM. SOST expression is restricted to the great arteries during embryonic and neonatal cardiovascular development. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:606-12. [PMID: 17195180 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial-temporal regulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt activity is essential for normal cardiovascular development, and altered activity of these growth factors causes maldevelopment of the cardiac outflow tract and great arteries. In the present study, we show that SOST, a Dan family member reported to antagonize BMP and Wnt activity, is expressed within the medial vessel wall of the great arteries containing smooth muscle cells. The ascending aorta, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, common carotids, and pulmonary trunk were all associated with SOST expressing smooth muscle cells, while the heart itself, including the valves, and more distal arteries, that is, pulmonary arteries, subclavian arteries, and descending aorta, were negative. SOST was expressed from embryonic day 15.5 up to the neonatal period. SOST expression, however, did not correspond with inhibition of Smad-dependent BMP activity or beta-catenin-dependent Wnt activity in the great arteries. Activity of both signaling pathways was already down-regulated before induction of SOST expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rutger L van Bezooijen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The association of transcriptional coactivators with DNA-binding proteins provides an efficient mechanism to expand and modulate genetic information encoded within the genome. Myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs), including myocardin, MRTF-A/MKL1/MAL, and MRTF-B/MKL2, comprise a family of related transcriptional coactivators that physically associate with the MADS box transcription factor, serum response factor, and synergistically activate transcription. MRTFs transduce cytoskeletal signals to the nucleus, activating a subset of serum response factor-dependent genes promoting myogenic differentiation and cytoskeletal organization. MRTFs are multifunctional proteins that share evolutionarily conserved domains required for actin-binding, homo- and heterodimerization, high-order chromatin organization, and transcriptional activation. Mice harboring loss-of-function mutations in myocardin, MRTF-A, and MRTF-B, respectively, display distinct phenotypes, including cell autonomous defects in vascular smooth muscle cell and myoepithelial cell differentiation and function. This article reviews the molecular basis of MRTF function with particular focus on the role MRTFs play in regulating cardiovascular patterning, vascular smooth muscle cell and cardiomyocyte differentiation and in the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease and vascular proliferative syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Parmacek
- University of Pennsylvania Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
In the developing myocardium, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent neovascularization occurs by division of existing vessels, a process that persists for several weeks following birth. During this remodeling phase, mRNA expression of beta3 integrin in the heart decreases significantly as vessel maturation progresses. However, in male mice lacking beta3, coronary capillaries fail to mature and continue to exhibit irregular endothelial thickness, endothelial protrusions into the lumen, and expanded cytoplasmic vacuoles. Surprisingly, this phenotype was not seen in female beta3-null mice. Enhanced VEGF signaling contributes to the beta3-null phenotype, because these vessels can be normalized by inhibitors of VEGF or Flk-1. Moreover, intravenous injection of VEGF induces a similar angiogenic phenotype in hearts of adult wild-type mice. These findings show a clear vascular phenotype in the hearts of mice lacking beta3 and suggest this integrin plays a critical role in coronary vascular development and the vascular response to VEGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Weis
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0803, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Creemers EE, Sutherland LB, McAnally J, Richardson JA, Olson EN. Myocardin is a direct transcriptional target of Mef2, Tead and Foxo proteins during cardiovascular development. Development 2006; 133:4245-56. [PMID: 17021041 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Myocardin is a transcriptional co-activator of serum response factor (Srf), which is a key regulator of the expression of smooth and cardiac muscle genes. Consistent with its role in regulating cardiovascular development, myocardin is the earliest known marker specific to both the cardiac and smooth muscle lineages during embryogenesis. To understand how the expression of this early transcriptional regulator is initiated and maintained, we scanned 90 kb of genomic DNA encompassing the myocardin gene for cis-regulatory elements capable of directing myocardin transcription in cardiac and smooth muscle lineages in vivo. Here, we describe an enhancer that controls cardiovascular expression of the mouse myocardin gene during mouse embryogenesis and adulthood. Activity of this enhancer in the heart and vascular system requires the combined actions of the Mef2 and Foxo transcription factors. In addition, the Tead transcription factor is required specifically for enhancer activation in neural-crest-derived smooth muscle cells and dorsal aorta. Notably, myocardin also regulates its own enhancer, but in contrast to the majority of myocardin target genes, which are dependent on Srf, myocardin acts through Mef2 to control its enhancer. These findings reveal an Srf-independent mechanism for smooth and cardiac muscle-restricted transcription and provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms responsible for establishing the smooth and cardiac muscle phenotypes during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther E Creemers
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The physiological role of the subtilisin/kexin-like proprotein convertases (PCs) in rodents has been examined through the use of knockout mice. This review will summarize the major in vivo defects that result from the disruption of the expression of their genes. This includes abnormal embryonic development, hormonal disorder, infertility, and/or modified lipid/sterol metabolism. Members of the PC family play a central role in the processing of various protein precursors ranging from hormones and growth factors to bacterial toxins and viral glycoproteins. Proteolysis occurring at basic residues is mediated by the basic amino acid-specific proprotein convertases, namely: PC1/3, PC2, furin, PACE4, PC4, PC5/6, and PC7. In contrast, proteolysis at nonbasic residues is performed by the subtilisin/kexin-like isozyme-1 (SKI-1/S1P) and the newly identified neural apoptosis-regulated convertase-1 (PCSK9/NARC-1). In addition to their requirement for many physiological processes, these enzymes are also involved in various pathologies such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, lipid disorders, infectious diseases, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Scamuffa
- INSERM U716/ Equipe AVENIR, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Cardiovascular malformations are the most common type of birth defect and result in significant mortality worldwide. The etiology for the majority of these anomalies remains unknown. Advances in the characterization of the molecular pathways critical for normal cardiac development have led to the identification of numerous genes necessary for this complex morphogenetic process. This work has aided the discovery of an increasing number of single genes being implicated as the cause of human cardiovascular malformations. This review summarizes normal cardiac development and outlines the recent discoveries of the genetic causes of congenital heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Garg
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Rm. NA8.124, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bagatto B, Francl J, Liu B, Liu Q. Cadherin2 (N-cadherin) plays an essential role in zebrafish cardiovascular development. BMC Dev Biol 2006; 6:23. [PMID: 16719917 PMCID: PMC1523202 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadherins are cell surface adhesion molecules that play important roles in development of vertebrate tissues and organs. We studied cadherin2 expression in developing zebrafish heart using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical methods, and we found that cadherin2 was strongly expressed by the myocardium of the embryonic zebrafish. To gain insight into cadherin2 role in the formation and function of the heart, we analyzed cardiac differentiation and performance in a cadherin2 mutant, glass onion (glo). RESULTS We found that the cadherin2 mutant had enlarged pericardial cavity, disorganized atrium and ventricle, and reduced expression of a ventricular specific marker vmhc. Individual myocardiocytes in the glo mutant embryos became round shaped and loosely aggregated. In vivo measurements of cardiac performance revealed that the mutant heart had significantly reduced heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output compared to control embryos. Formation of the embryonic vascular system in the glo mutants was also affected. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that cadherin2 plays an essential role in zebrafish cardiovascular development. Although the exact mechanisms remain unknown as to the formation of the enlarged pericardium and reduced peripheral blood flow, it is clear that myocardiocyte differentiation and physiological cardiovascular performance is impaired when cadherin2 function is disrupted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bagatto
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessie Francl
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Frappell PB, MacFarlane PM. Development of the respiratory system in marsupials. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 154:252-67. [PMID: 16781204 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2005] [Revised: 04/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Marsupials at birth are small and relatively undeveloped. At birth, the lung in some species is at the canalicular stage of development and though lung diffusion and metabolic rate are strongly correlated, the allometric exponent suggests that smaller newborns have relatively smaller diffusing capacity with respect to their demand for oxygen. Without improvement in functional or structural parameters newborn marsupials are reliant to varying degrees on skin gas exchange to compensate for the immaturity of the lung. Indeed, in some species there is complete reliance on the skin for gas exchange at birth. Nevertheless, with an early dependence on ventilation, the CNS would appear already to contain neurons with properties and connections that permit rhythmic motor output at birth and pulmonary reflexes mature soon after. Despite appropriate neural control and the presence of surfactant, the highly compliant nature of the newborn chest wall results in substantial chest wall distortion during inspiratory effort which reduce the efficacy of the lung for ventilation. This review explores the morpho-functional development of the respiratory system, including oxygen transport and cardiac shunts, and the establishment of convective requirement in marsupials, a group that places emphasis on extended postnatal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P B Frappell
- Adaptational and Evolutionary Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Vic., Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|