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Camargo A, Ramírez JD, Kiu R, Hall LJ, Muñoz M. Unveiling the pathogenic mechanisms of Clostridium perfringens toxins and virulence factors. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2341968. [PMID: 38590276 PMCID: PMC11057404 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2341968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens causes multiple diseases in humans and animals. Its pathogenic effect is supported by a broad and heterogeneous arsenal of toxins and other virulence factors associated with a specific host tropism. Molecular approaches have indicated that most C. perfringens toxins produce membrane pores, leading to osmotic cell disruption and apoptosis. However, identifying mechanisms involved in cell tropism and selective toxicity effects should be studied more. The differential presence and polymorphisms of toxin-encoding genes and genes encoding other virulence factors suggest that molecular mechanisms might exist associated with host preference, receptor binding, and impact on the host; however, this information has not been reviewed in detail. Therefore, this review aims to clarify the current state of knowledge on the structural features and mechanisms of action of the major toxins and virulence factors of C. perfringens and discuss the impact of genetic diversity of toxinotypes in tropism for several hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Camargo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raymond Kiu
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Lindsay J. Hall
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Instituto de Biotecnología-UN (IBUN), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Titball RW. The Molecular Architecture and Mode of Action of Clostridium perfringens ε-Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:180. [PMID: 38668605 PMCID: PMC11053738 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens ε-toxin has long been associated with a severe enterotoxaemia of livestock animals, and more recently, was proposed to play a role in the etiology of multiple sclerosis in humans. The remarkable potency of the toxin has intrigued researchers for many decades, who suggested that this indicated an enzymatic mode of action. Recently, there have been major breakthroughs by finding that it is a pore-forming toxin which shows exquisite specificity for cells bearing the myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL) receptor. This review details the molecular structures of the toxin, the evidence which identifies MAL as the receptor and the possible roles of other cell membrane components in toxin binding. The information on structure and mode of action has allowed the functions of individual amino acids to be investigated and has led to the creation of mutants with reduced toxicity that could serve as vaccines. In spite of this progress, there are still a number of key questions around the mode of action of the toxin which need to be further investigated.
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Kumar S, Behera SK, Gururaj K, Chaurasia A, Murmu S, Prabha R, Angadi UB, Pawaiya RS, Rai A. In silico mutation of aromatic with aliphatic amino acid residues in Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX) reduces its binding efficiency to Caprine Myelin and lymphocyte (MAL) protein receptors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2257-2269. [PMID: 37129165 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2204362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxaemia (ET) is a severe disease that affects domestic ruminants, including sheep and goats, and is caused by Clostridium perfringens type B and D strains. The disease is characterized by the production of Epsilon toxin (ETX), which has a significant impact on the farming industry due to its high lethality. The binding of ETX to the host cell receptor is crucial, but still poorly understood. Therefore, the structural features of goat Myelin and lymphocytic (MAL) protein were investigated and defined in this study. We induced the mutations in aromatic amino acid residues of ETX and substituted them with aliphatic residues at domains I and II. Subsequently, protein-protein interactions (PPI) were performed between ETX (wild)-MAL and ETX (mutated)-MAL protein predicting the domain sites of ETX structure. Further, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies were performed for both complexes to investigate the dynamic behavior of the proteins. The binding efficiency between 'ETX (wild)-MAL protein' and 'ETX (mutated)-MAL protein complex' interactions were compared and showed that the former had stronger interactions and binding efficiency due to the higher stability of the complex. The MD analysis showed destabilization and higher fluctuations in the PPI of the mutated heterodimeric ETX-MAL complex which is otherwise essential for its functional conformation. Such kind of interactions with mutated functional domains of ligands provided much-needed clarity in understanding the pre-pore complex formation of epsilon toxin with the MAL protein receptor of goats. The findings from this study would provide an impetus for designing a novel vaccine for Enterotoxaemia in goats.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Kumaresan Gururaj
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | | | - Sneha Murmu
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratna Prabha
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - U B Angadi
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anil Rai
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Ertik O, Yanardag R. The evaluations of the inhibition of orlistat on Clostridium perfringens sialidase (NanI) activity by in vitro and in silico approaches. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301634. [PMID: 38156512 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is a bacterium that causes serious problems in humans and animals such as food poisoning, gas gangrene and infections. C. perfringens has three sialidases (NanH, NanI, NanJ) and inhibition of NanI constitutes an approach in the treatment of C. perfringens since NanI provides the carbohydrate source necessary for the growth of bacteria. In our study, the inhibition effect of some drugs belonging to different drug groups on NanI activity was investigated. Among these drugs, orlistat (0.21±0.05 μM) was determined to have a lower IC50 value than the positive control quercetin (15.58±1.59 μM). It was determined in vitro by spectrofluorometric method. Additionally, NanI molecular docking studies with orlistatand quercetin were performed using iGemdock, DockThor and SwissDock. Orlistat (-93.93, -8.649 and -10.03 kcal/mol, respectively) was found to have a higher binding affinity than quercetin (-92.68, -7.491 and -8.70 kcal/mol, respectively), and the results were in line with in vitro studies. The results may suggest that orlistat is a molecule with drug potential for C. perfringens because it inhibits the drug target NanI, and that the inhibition efficiency can be increased by studies with orlistat derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Ertik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Refiye Yanardag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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Guzior DV, Okros M, Shivel M, Armwald B, Bridges C, Fu Y, Martin C, Schilmiller AL, Miller WM, Ziegler KM, Sims MD, Maddens ME, Graham SF, Hausinger RP, Quinn RA. Bile salt hydrolase acyltransferase activity expands bile acid diversity. Nature 2024; 626:852-858. [PMID: 38326608 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are steroid detergents in bile that contribute to the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins while shaping the gut microbiome because of their antimicrobial properties1-4. Here we identify the enzyme responsible for a mechanism of BA metabolism by the gut microbiota involving amino acid conjugation to the acyl-site of BAs, thus producing a diverse suite of microbially conjugated bile acids (MCBAs). We show that this transformation is mediated by acyltransferase activity of bile salt hydrolase (bile salt hydrolase/transferase, BSH/T). Clostridium perfringens BSH/T rapidly performed acyl transfer when provided various amino acids and taurocholate, glycocholate or cholate, with an optimum at pH 5.3. Amino acid conjugation by C. perfringens BSH/T was diverse, including all proteinaceous amino acids except proline and aspartate. MCBA production was widespread among gut bacteria, with strain-specific amino acid use. Species with similar BSH/T amino acid sequences had similar conjugation profiles and several bsh/t alleles correlated with increased conjugation diversity. Tertiary structure mapping of BSH/T followed by mutagenesis experiments showed that active site structure affects amino acid selectivity. These MCBA products had antimicrobial properties, where greater amino acid hydrophobicity showed greater antimicrobial activity. Inhibitory concentrations of MCBAs reached those measured natively in the mammalian gut. MCBAs fed to mice entered enterohepatic circulation, in which liver and gallbladder concentrations varied depending on the conjugated amino acid. Quantifying MCBAs in human faecal samples showed that they reach concentrations equal to or greater than secondary and primary BAs and were reduced after bariatric surgery, thus supporting MCBAs as a significant component of the BA pool that can be altered by changes in gastrointestinal physiology. In conclusion, the inherent acyltransferase activity of BSH/T greatly diversifies BA chemistry, creating a set of previously underappreciated metabolites with the potential to affect the microbiome and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas V Guzior
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Maxwell Okros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Madison Shivel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bruin Armwald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christopher Bridges
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yousi Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christian Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anthony L Schilmiller
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Wendy M Miller
- Corewell Health, William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn M Ziegler
- Corewell Health, William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Matthew D Sims
- Corewell Health, William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Michael E Maddens
- Corewell Health, William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Stewart F Graham
- Corewell Health, William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
- Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Robert P Hausinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert A Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Nagahama M, Takehara M, Seike S, Sakaguchi Y. Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity of Clostridium perfringens Iota-Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:695. [PMID: 38133199 PMCID: PMC10747272 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is composed of two separate proteins: a binding protein (Ib) that recognizes a host cell receptor and promotes the cellular uptake of a catalytic protein and (Ia) possessing ADP-ribosyltransferase activity that induces actin cytoskeleton disorganization. Ib exhibits the overall structure of bacterial pore-forming toxins (PFTs). Lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) is defined as a host cell receptor for Ib. The binding of Ib to LSR causes an oligomer formation of Ib in lipid rafts of plasma membranes, mediating the entry of Ia into the cytoplasm. Ia induces actin cytoskeleton disruption via the ADP-ribosylation of G-actin and causes cell rounding and death. The binding protein alone disrupts the cell membrane and induces cytotoxicity in sensitive cells. Host cells permeabilized by the pore formation of Ib are repaired by a Ca2+-dependent plasma repair pathway. This review shows that the cellular uptake of iota-toxin utilizes a pathway of plasma membrane repair and that Ib alone induces cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nagahama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan; (M.T.); (Y.S.)
| | - Masaya Takehara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan; (M.T.); (Y.S.)
| | - Soshi Seike
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiko Sakaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan; (M.T.); (Y.S.)
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Ogbu CP, Kapoor S, Vecchio AJ. Structural Basis of Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin Activation and Oligomerization by Trypsin. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:637. [PMID: 37999500 PMCID: PMC10674488 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CpE) is a β-pore forming toxin that disrupts gastrointestinal homeostasis in mammals by binding membrane protein receptors called claudins. Although structures of CpE fragments bound to claudins have been determined, the mechanisms that trigger CpE activation and oligomerization that lead to the formation of cytotoxic β-pores remain undetermined. Proteolysis of CpE in the gut by trypsin has been shown to play a role in this and subsequent cytotoxicity processes. Here, we report solution structures of full-length and trypsinized CpE using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and crystal structures of trypsinized CpE and its C-terminal claudin-binding domain (cCpE) using X-ray crystallography. Mass spectrometry and SAXS uncover that removal of the CpE N-terminus by trypsin alters the CpE structure to expose areas that are normally unexposed. Crystal structures of trypsinized CpE and cCpE reveal unique dimer interfaces that could serve as oligomerization sites. Moreover, comparisons of these structures to existing ones predict the functional implications of oligomerization in the contexts of cell receptor binding and β-pore formation. This study sheds light on trypsin's role in altering CpE structure to activate its function via inducing oligomerization on its path toward cytotoxic β-pore formation. Its findings can incite new approaches to inhibit CpE-based cytotoxicity with oligomer-disrupting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex J. Vecchio
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (C.P.O.); (S.K.)
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Aono R, Emi S, Okabe-Watanabe K, Nariya H, Matsunaga N, Hitsumoto Y, Katayama S. Autolysin as a fibronectin receptor on the cell surface of Clostridium perfringens. Anaerobe 2023; 83:102769. [PMID: 37544355 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clostridium perfringens causes food poisoning and gas gangrene, a serious wound-associated infection. C. perfringens cells adhere to collagen via fibronectin (Fn). We investigated whether the peptidoglycan hydrolase of C. perfringens, i.e., autolysin (Acp), is implicated in Fn binding to C. perfringens cells. METHODS This study used recombinant Acp fragments, human Fn and knockout mutants (C. perfringens 13 acp::erm and HN13 ΔfbpC ΔfbpD). Ligand blotting, Western blotting analysis, and complementation tests were performed. The Fn-binding activity of each mutant was evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS From an Fn-binding assay using recombinant Acp fragments, Fn was found to bind to the catalytic domain of Acp. In mutant cells lacking Acp, Fn binding was significantly decreased, but was restored by the complementation of the acp gene. There are three known kinds of Fn-binding proteins in C. perfringens: FbpC, FbpD, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. We found no difference in Fn-binding activity between the mutant cells lacking both FbpC and FbpD (SAK3 cells) and the wild-type cells, indicating that these Fn-binding proteins are not involved in Fn binding to C. perfringens cells. CONCLUSIONS We found that the Acp is an Fn-binding protein that acts as an Fn receptor on the surface of C. perfringens cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyo Aono
- Department of Material Science, School of Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shogo Emi
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Kanako Okabe-Watanabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288 Matsushima, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nariya
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Jumonji University, 2-1-28 Sugasawa, Niiza-shi, Saitama, 352-8510, Japan
| | - Nozomu Matsunaga
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hitsumoto
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Seiichi Katayama
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.
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Rodrigues Rodrigues R, Freitas Motta J, Alves Ferreira MR, Moreira Júnior C, Ferreira Alves ML, Costa AV, Andrade Bilhalva M, Amaral Donassolo R, Cancela Galvão C, Silva Martins FM, Masiero Salvarani F, Rochedo Conceição F. Immunization of sheep with a recombinant vaccine containing immunogenic nontoxic domains of Clostridium perfringens alpha and beta toxins. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106269. [PMID: 37516212 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (types A and C) can cause several diseases by secreting alpha (CPA) and beta (CPB) exotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract. Although vaccination is the main measure of immunization against C. perfringens, available vaccines have limitations in terms of productivity and safety. Thus, recombinant vaccines are an important, more effective, practical, and safer strategy in the immunization of animals. In this study, we evaluated the immunization of sheep with recombinant Escherichia coli bacterins expressing CPA and CPB complete proteins (co-administered), the immunogenic nontoxic domains rCPA-C247-370 and rCPB-C143-311 co-administered or fused as a bivalent chimera (rCPBcAc). For this, in silico analysis was performed to design rCPBcAc, considering the stability of the mRNA (-278.80 kcal/mol), the degree of antigenicity (0.7557), the epitopes of the B cell ligand, and different physicochemical characteristics. All proteins were expressed in vitro. In vivo, animals vaccinated with the co-administered antigens rCPA + rCPB and rCPA-C+ rCPB-C (200 μg each) had mean CPA and CPB neutralizing antitoxin titers of 4, 10, 4.8, and 14.4 IU/mL, respectively, while those vaccinated with 200 μg of rCPBcAc chimera (approximately 100 μg of each antigen) had titers of <4 and 12 IU/mL of CPA and CPB antitoxins, respectively, 56 days after the administration of the first dose. In addition, the chimera was considered to be immunogenic for inducing antitoxin titers using the half dose. In this study, we presented a new recombinant antigen potentially applicable for vaccines against the CPA and CPB toxins for preventing diseases caused by Clostridium perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rodrigues Rodrigues
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline Freitas Motta
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Clóvis Moreira Júnior
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariliana Luiza Ferreira Alves
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense, IFSul, Campus Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Vitória Costa
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Miguel Andrade Bilhalva
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael Amaral Donassolo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cleideanny Cancela Galvão
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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10
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Sakaguchi Y, Kobayashi K, Takehara M, Nagahama M. Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin requires acid sphingomyelinase for cellular entry. Anaerobe 2023; 82:102753. [PMID: 37308057 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin is considered to be a crucial agent in enterotoxemia in domestic animals. Epsilon-toxin enters host cells via endocytosis and results in the formation of late endosome/lysosome-derived vacuoles. In the present study, we found that acid sphingomyelinase promotes the internalization of epsilon-toxin in MDCK cells. METHODS We measured the extracellular release of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) by epsilon-toxin. We examined the role of ASMase in epsilon-toxin-induced cytotoxicity using selective inhibitors and knockdown of ASMase. Production of ceramide after toxin treatment was determined by immunofluorescence technique. RESULTS Blocking agents of ASMase and exocytosis of lysosomes inhibited this epsilon-toxin-induced vacuole formation. Lysosomal ASMase was liberated to extracellular space during treatment of the cells with epsilon-toxin in the presence of Ca2+. RNAi-mediated attenuation of ASMase blocked epsilon-toxin-induced vacuolation. Moreover, incubation of MDCK cells with epsilon-toxin led to production of ceramide. The ceramide colocalized with lipid raft-binding cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) in the cell membrane, indicating that conversion of lipid raft associated sphingomyelin to ceramide by ASMase facilitates lesion of MDCK cells and internalization of epsilon-toxin. CONCLUSIONS Based on the present results, ASMase is required for efficient internalization of epsilon-toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Sakaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho 180, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho 180, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Masaya Takehara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho 180, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagahama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho 180, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
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Shetty SV, Mazzucco MR, Winokur P, Haigh SV, Rumah KR, Fischetti VA, Vartanian T, Linden JR. Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin Binds to and Kills Primary Human Lymphocytes. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:423. [PMID: 37505692 PMCID: PMC10467094 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX) is the third most lethal bacterial toxin and has been suggested to be an environmental trigger of multiple sclerosis, an immune-mediated disease of the human central nervous system. However, ETX cytotoxicity on primary human cells has not been investigated. In this article, we demonstrate that ETX preferentially binds to and kills human lymphocytes expressing increased levels of the myelin and lymphocyte protein MAL. Using flow cytometry, ETX binding was determined to be time and dose dependent and was highest for CD4+ cells, followed by CD8+ and then CD19+ cells. Similar results were seen with ETX-induced cytotoxicity. To determine if ETX preference for CD4+ cells was related to MAL expression, MAL gene expression was determined by RT-qPCR. CD4+ cells had the highest amount of Mal gene expression followed by CD8+ and CD19+ cells. These data indicate that primary human cells are susceptible to ETX and support the hypothesis that MAL is a main receptor for ETX. Interestingly, ETX bindings to human lymphocytes suggest that ETX may influence immune response in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V. Shetty
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA (T.V.)
| | - Michael R. Mazzucco
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA (T.V.)
| | - Paige Winokur
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuro-Endocrinology Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sylvia V. Haigh
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA (T.V.)
| | - Kareem Rashid Rumah
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vincent A. Fischetti
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timothy Vartanian
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA (T.V.)
| | - Jennifer R. Linden
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA (T.V.)
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12
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Noruzy Moghadam H, Hemmaty M, Farzin HR, Jamshidian Mojaver M, Jandaghi H, Majidi B. Use of Esienia fetida Worms to Produce Peptone for Clostridium perfringens Vaccine Production. Arch Razi Inst 2023; 78:1041-1047. [PMID: 38028845 PMCID: PMC10657954 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2023.361078.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent with an increase in the human population on the earth, more than ever, the creation of energy and maintenance of health is necessary, and nowadays, various sources of energy supply are being developed. The general global view in this regard is to provide protein and energy from available and cheap sources. Iran is no exception to this general rule, only in the field of ensuring the health of livestock resources every year, about 10 tons of peptone is needed for producing clostridial vaccines. Vermicomposting worms (Esienia fetida) with high protein percentages and rapid reproductions are a suitable source for peptone production. Based on this, the vaccine strain of Clostridium perfringens type D cultivated in two different media contain peptone produced from worms and meat peptone. The growth rate, epsilon toxin (ETX), and alpha toxin (CPA) of Cl. perfringens have been compared in two media. The results showed that the growth rate of bacteria in the worm peptone medium in 48 h was 22% higher than that of the meat peptone. Additionally, the activity of alpha toxin (phospholipase C) was in worm peptone 15% higher than meat peptone during 80 min of measurement. Regarding epsilon toxin lethality, all three mice of the N-worm peptone group died, while all three mice of the meat peptone group survived even 72 h after injection. The average survival time of mice in the N-worm peptone group was 1700 min. Therefore, we suggest the worms' protein is more suitable than industrial meat in peptone production for vicinal propose. To eliminate the need for hydrolyzed protein in the production of vaccines in the future, we suggest an increase in the fields of employment and the development of fertilizer and worm farms in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Noruzy Moghadam
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Hemmaty
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
| | - H R Farzin
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Jamshidian Mojaver
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
| | - H Jandaghi
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
| | - B Majidi
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Pudineh Moarref M, Alimolaei M, Emami T, Koohi MK. Development and evaluation of cell membrane-based biomimetic nanoparticles loaded by Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: a novel vaccine delivery platform for Clostridial-associated diseases. Nanotoxicology 2023; 17:420-431. [PMID: 37695263 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2252899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
As Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) epsilon toxin (ETX) ranks as the third most potent clostridial toxin after botulinum and tetanus toxins, vaccination is necessary for creatures that can be affected by it to be safe from the effects of this toxin. Nowadays, nanostructures are good choices for carriers for biological environments. We aimed to synthesize biomimetic biodegradable nanodevices to enhance the efficiency of the ETX vaccine. For this purpose, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) copolymer loaded with purified epsilon protoxin (proETX) to create nanoparticles called nanotoxins (NTs) and then coated by RBC membrane-derived vesicles (RVs) to form epsilon nanotoxoids (RV-NTs). The resulting RV-NTs shaped smooth spherical surfaces with double-layer core/shell structure with an average particle size of 105.9 ± 35.1 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 97.5% ± 0.13%. Compared with NTs, the RV-NTs were more stable for 15 consecutive days. In addition, although both structures showed a long-term cumulative release, the release rates from RV-NTs were slower than NTs during 144 hours. According to the results of cell viability, ETX loading in PLGA and entrapment in the RBC membrane decreased the toxicity of the toxin. The presence of PLGA enhances the uptake of proETX, and the synthesized structures showed no significant lesion after injection. These results demonstrate that NTs and RV-NTs could serve as an effective vaccine platform to deliver ETX for future in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokarameh Pudineh Moarref
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Alimolaei
- Research and Development Department, Kerman Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kerman, Iran
| | - Tara Emami
- Department of Proteomics and Biochemistry, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazem Koohi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Reder AT. Clostridium epsilon toxin is excessive in multiple sclerosis and provokes multifocal lesions in mouse models. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:169643. [PMID: 37115699 PMCID: PMC10145922 DOI: 10.1172/jci169643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS. In this issue of the JCI, Ma and Sannino et al. show that two strains of intestinal Clostridium perfringens, known to produce epsilon toxin (ETX), were frequently found in patients with MS. Tiny amounts of this toxin added to immunization with myelin antigens provoked MS-like brain lesions in mice. The distribution of these lesions was diffuse, as in MS, in contrast to the spinal cord-restricted lesions of most animal models. ETX bound to endothelial cells of the CNS to enhance immune cell trafficking through the blood-brain barrier into inflammatory brain lessons. ETX also binds to human, but not murine, white blood cells, perhaps altering immune responses. Barrier disruption and changes in immunity due to the toxin could alter the benefits of immune-modulatory MS therapies and are likely to interact with the complex genetics and environmental influences seen in MS.
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15
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Xu J, Li D, Kang L, Liu T, Huang J, Li J, Lv J, Wang J, Gao S, Li Y, Yuan B, Zhao B, Wang J, Xin W. Systematic evaluation of membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles in neutralizing Clostridium perfringens ε-toxin. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:95. [PMID: 36932366 PMCID: PMC10021051 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens ε-toxin (ETX) is the main toxin leading to enterotoxemia of sheep and goats and is classified as a potential biological weapon. In addition, no effective treatment drug is currently available in clinical practice for this toxin. We developed membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles (MNPs) with different membrane origins to neutralize ETX and protect the host from fatal ETX intoxication. We evaluated the safety and therapeutic efficacy of these MNPs in vitro and in vivo. Compared with membranes from karyocytes, such as Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells (N2a cells), membrane from erythrocytes, which do not induce any immune response, are superior in safety. The protective ability of MNPs was evaluated by intravenous injection and lung delivery. We demonstrate that nebulized inhalation is as safe as intravenous injection and that both modalities can effectively protect mice against ETX. In particular, pulmonary delivery of nanoparticles more effectively treated the challenge of inhaled toxins than intravenously injected nanoparticles. Moreover, MNPs can alter the biological distribution of ETX among different organs in the body, and ETX was captured, neutralized and slowly delivered to the liver and spleen, where nanoparticles with ETX could be phagocytized and metabolized. This demonstrates how MNPs treat toxin infections in vivo. Finally, we injected the MNPs into mice in advance to find out whether MNPs can provide preventive protection, and the results showed that the long-cycle MNPs could provide at least a 3-day protection in mice. These findings demonstrate that MNPs provide safe and effective protection against ETX intoxication, provide new insights into membrane choices and delivery routes of nanoparticles, and new evidence of the ability of nanoparticles to provide preventive protection against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Xu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Dongxue Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Lin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Bing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Baohua Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China.
| | - Wenwen Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China.
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16
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Huang J, Zhao B, Liu T, Kang L, Li J, Guo Z, Chen M, Gao S, Wang J, Li Y, Wang J, Xin W. Statins as Potential Preventative Treatment of ETX and Multiple Pore-Forming Toxin-Induced Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065414. [PMID: 36982489 PMCID: PMC10048941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epsilon toxin (ETX), produced by type B and D strains of Clostridium perfringens, can cause fatal enterotoxaemia in ruminant animals, particularly sheep, cattle, and goats. Previous studies show that the cytotoxicity of ETX is dependent on the integrity of lipid rafts, the maintenance of which is ensured by cholesterol. Zaragozic acid (ZA) is a statin drug that reduces the synthesis of squalene, which is responsible for cholesterol synthesis. In this study, ZA significantly reduced the toxicity of ETX in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. We show that ZA does not affect the binding of ETX to MDCK cells, but propidium iodide staining (PI) and Western blotting confirmed that ZA significantly disrupts the ability of ETX to form pores or oligomers in MDCK cells. Additionally, ZA decreased the phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane and increased the Ca2+ influx of the cells. Results of density gradient centrifugation suggest that ZA decreased the number of lipid rafts in MDCK membranes, which probably contributed to the attenuation of pore-formation. Moreover, ZA protected mice against ETX in vivo. All mice pre-treated with ZA for 48 h before exposure to an absolute lethal dose of ETX (6400 ng/kg) survived. In summary, these findings provide an innovative method to prevent ETX intoxication. Considering many pore-forming toxins require lipid rafts, we tested and found ZA also inhibited the toxicity of other toxins such as Clostridium perfringens Net B and β-toxin (CPB) and Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin (Hla). We expect ZA can thus be developed as a broad-spectrum medicine for the treatment of multiple toxins. In addition, other statins, such as lovastatin (LO), also reduced the toxicity of ETX. These findings indicate that statin medicines are potential candidates for preventing and treating multiple toxin-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Life Science Institute, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Baohua Zhao
- Life Science Institute, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zishuo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (W.X.)
| | - Wenwen Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (W.X.)
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17
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Marshall S, McGill B, Morcrette H, Winlove CP, Chimerel C, Petrov PG, Bokori-Brown M. Interaction of Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin with the Plasma Membrane: The Role of Amino Acids Y42, Y43 and H162. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110757. [PMID: 36356007 PMCID: PMC9694948 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (Etx) is a pore forming toxin that causes enterotoxaemia in ruminants and may be a cause of multiple sclerosis in humans. To date, most in vitro studies of Etx have used the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. However, studies using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells engineered to express the putative Etx receptor, myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL), suggest that amino acids important for Etx activity differ between species. In this study, we investigated the role of amino acids Y42, Y43 and H162, previously identified as important in Etx activity towards MDCK cells, in Etx activity towards CHO-human MAL (CHO-hMAL) cells, human red blood cells (hRBCs) and synthetic bilayers using site-directed mutants of Etx. We show that in CHO-hMAL cells Y42 is critical for Etx binding and not Y43 as in MDCK cells, indicating that surface exposed tyrosine residues in the receptor binding domain of Etx impact efficiency of cell binding to MAL-expressing cells in a species-specific manner. We also show that Etx mutant H162A was unable to lyse CHO-hMAL cells, lysed hRBCs, whilst it was able to form pores in synthetic bilayers, providing evidence of the complexity of Etx pore formation in different lipid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye Marshall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Beth McGill
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Helen Morcrette
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - C. Peter Winlove
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Catalin Chimerel
- Automation Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Peter G. Petrov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
- Correspondence: (P.G.P.); (M.B.-B.); Tel.: +44-1392-724139 (P.G.P.)
| | - Monika Bokori-Brown
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Correspondence: (P.G.P.); (M.B.-B.); Tel.: +44-1392-724139 (P.G.P.)
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18
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Liang Q, Cao L, Zhu C, Kong Q, Sun H, Zhang F, Mou H, Liu Z. Characterization of Recombinant Antimicrobial Peptide BMGlv2 Heterologously Expressed in Trichoderma reesei. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810291. [PMID: 36142214 PMCID: PMC9499586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) serve as alternative candidates for antibiotics and have attracted the attention of a wide range of industries for various purposes, including the prevention and treatment of piglet diarrhea in the swine industry. Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Clostridium perfringens are the most common pathogens causing piglet diarrhea. In this study, the antimicrobial peptide gloverin2 (BMGlv2), derived from Bombyx mandarina, was explored to determine the efficient prevention effect on bacterial piglet diarrhea. BMGlv2 was heterologously expressed in Trichoderma reesei Tu6, and its antimicrobial properties against the three bacteria were characterized. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the peptide against E. coli ATCC 25922, S. derby ATCC 13076, and C. perfringens CVCC 2032 were 43.75, 43.75, and 21.86 μg/mL, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of BMGlv2 was not severely affected by high temperature, salt ions, and digestive enzymes. It had low hemolytic activity against rabbit red blood cells, indicating its safety for use as a feed additive. Furthermore, the measurements of the leakage of bacterial cell contents and scanning electron microscopy of C. perfringens CVCC 2032 indicated that BMGlv2 exerted antimicrobial activity by destroying the cell membrane. Overall, this study showed the heterologous expression of the antimicrobial peptide BMGlv2 in T. reesei and verified its antimicrobial properties against three common pathogenic bacteria associated with piglet diarrhea, which can provide a reference for the applications of AMPs as an alternative product in industrial agriculture.
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19
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Dorca-Arévalo J, Gómez de Aranda I, Blasi J. New Mutants of Epsilon Toxin from Clostridium perfringens with an Altered Receptor-Binding Site and Cell-Type Specificity. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040288. [PMID: 35448898 PMCID: PMC9031233 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epsilon toxin (Etx) from Clostridium perfringens is the third most potent toxin after the botulinum and tetanus toxins. Etx is the main agent of enterotoxemia in ruminants and is produced by Clostridium perfringens toxinotypes B and D, causing great economic losses. Etx selectively binds to target cells, oligomerizes and inserts into the plasma membrane, and forms pores. A series of mutants have been previously generated to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the toxin and to obtain valid molecular tools for effective vaccination protocols. Here, two new non-toxic Etx mutants were generated by selective deletions in the binding (Etx-ΔS188-F196) or insertion (Etx-ΔV108-F135) domains of the toxin. As expected, our results showed that Etx-ΔS188-F196 did not exhibit the usual Etx binding pattern but surprisingly recognized specifically an O-glycoprotein present in the proximal tubules of the kidneys in a wide range of animals, including ruminants. Although diminished, Etx-ΔV108-F135 maintained the capacity for binding and even oligomerization, indicating that the mutation particularly affected the pore-forming ability of the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Dorca-Arévalo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.d.A.); (J.B.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Inmaculada Gómez de Aranda
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.d.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Juan Blasi
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; (I.G.d.A.); (J.B.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Vidor CJ, Hamiot A, Wisniewski J, Mathias RA, Dupuy B, Awad M, Lyras D. A Highly Specific Holin-Mediated Mechanism Facilitates the Secretion of Lethal Toxin TcsL in Paeniclostridium sordellii. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020124. [PMID: 35202151 PMCID: PMC8878733 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein secretion is generally mediated by a series of distinct pathways in bacteria. Recently, evidence of a novel bacterial secretion pathway involving a bacteriophage-related protein has emerged. TcdE, a holin-like protein encoded by toxigenic isolates of Clostridioides difficile, mediates the release of the large clostridial glucosylating toxins (LCGTs), TcdA and TcdB, and TpeL from C. perfringens uses another holin-like protein, TpeE, for its secretion; however, it is not yet known if TcdE or TpeE secretion is specific to these proteins. It is also unknown if other members of the LCGT-producing clostridia, including Paeniclostridium sordellii (previously Clostridium sordellii), use a similar toxin-release mechanism. Here, we confirm that each of the LCGT-producing clostridia encode functional holin-like proteins in close proximity to the toxin genes. To characterise the respective roles of these holin-like proteins in the release of the LCGTs, P. sordellii and its lethal toxin, TcsL, were used as a model. Construction and analysis of mutants of the P. sordellii tcsE (holin-like) gene demonstrated that TcsE plays a significant role in TcsL release. Proteomic analysis of the secretome from the tcsE mutant confirmed that TcsE is required for efficient TcsL secretion. Unexpectedly, comparative sample analysis showed that TcsL was the only protein significantly altered in its release, suggesting that this holin-like protein has specifically evolved to function in the release of this important virulence factor. This specificity has, to our knowledge, not been previously shown and suggests that this protein may function as part of a specific mechanism for the release of all LCGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum J. Vidor
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.J.V.); (J.W.); (R.A.M.); (M.A.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Audrey Hamiot
- Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, UMR-CNRS 6047, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France; (A.H.); (B.D.)
| | - Jessica Wisniewski
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.J.V.); (J.W.); (R.A.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Rommel A. Mathias
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.J.V.); (J.W.); (R.A.M.); (M.A.)
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Bruno Dupuy
- Laboratoire Pathogenèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, UMR-CNRS 6047, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France; (A.H.); (B.D.)
| | - Milena Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.J.V.); (J.W.); (R.A.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.J.V.); (J.W.); (R.A.M.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Xie K, Yan Z, Wang W, Luo R, Gao X, Wang P, Yang Q, Huang X, Zhang J, Yang J, Gun S. ssc-microRNA-132 targets DACH1 to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in Clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin-treated porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Dev Comp Immunol 2022; 127:104270. [PMID: 34582881 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) type C (CPC) is one of the chief pathogens that causes diarrhea in piglets, and C. perfringens beta2 (CPB2) toxin is the main virulence factor of CPC. Our previous research demonstrated that ssc-microR-132 was differentially expressed in ileal tissues of CPC-mediated diarrheic piglets and healthy piglets, which implied a potential role of ssc-microR-132 in this process. Here, we found that ssc-microR-132 was notably down-regulated in CPB2-exposed intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), which was consistent with the ileal tissue expression. Moreover, ssc-microR-132 upregulation alleviated CPB2-induced inflammatory damage and apoptosis in IPEC-J2, whereas ssc-microR-132 knockdown presented the opposite effects. Furthermore, the dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that ssc-microR-132 directly targeted Dachshund homolog 1 (DACH1). Moreover, DACH1 overexpression intensified CPB2-induced inflammatory injury and apoptosis in IPEC-J2. Remarkably, the introduction of DACH1 weakened the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of ssc-microR-132 in CPB2-exposed IPEC-J2. Overall, the results reveal that ssc-microR-132 targeted DACH1 to alleviate CPB2-mediated inflammation and apoptosis in IPEC-J2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Ruirui Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Juanli Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China; Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
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22
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Beier LS, Piontek J, Piontek A, Protze J, Kobelt D, Walther W. Claudin-Targeted Suicide Gene Therapy for Claudin-Overexpressing Tumor Cells by Using Modified Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin (CPE). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2521:173-188. [PMID: 35732998 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2441-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial toxins gain growing attention as potential cancer treatment due to their potent cytotoxic effects. Among the very different toxins with diverse modes of action, the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) is in focus to treat solid cancers. This toxin targets the tight junction proteins claudin-3 and -4 (Cldn-3/4), which are frequently overexpressed in solid cancers. Binding to these claudins induces pore formation in the host cell plasma membrane leading to rapid oncoleaking cell death of tumor cells. Based on this, extending the targeting of CPE beyond Cldn-3/4 is of interest, since other claudins, such as claudin-1 or -5 are often overexpressed in various cancer entities such as non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or papillary thyroid carcinoma. In this chapter we describe the modification of a CPE-encoding vector by structure-directed mutagenesis to either preferentially target Cldn-1 and -5 or to expand targeting to Cldn1-9 for improved broadened cytotoxic targeting of claudin-overexpressing tumors such as but not limited to lung cancer via CPE gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Sophie Beier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Charitè - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Charitè - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Piontek
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Protze
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Kobelt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Walther
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Yang J, Yang Q, Zhang J, Gao X, Luo R, Xie K, Wang W, Li J, Huang X, Yan Z, Wang P, Gun S. N6-Methyladenosine Methylation Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs and mRNAs in IPEC-J2 Cells Treated With Clostridium perfringens beta2 Toxin. Front Immunol 2021; 12:769204. [PMID: 34880865 PMCID: PMC8646102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The n6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is present widely in mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and is related to the occurrence and development of certain diseases. However, the role of m6A methylation in Clostridium perfringens type C infectious diarrhea remains unclear. Methods Here, we treated intestinal porcine jejunum epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells) with Clostridium perfringens beta2 (CPB2) toxin to construct an in vitro model of Clostridium perfringens type C (C. perfringens type C) infectious diarrhea, and then used methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify the methylation profiles of mRNAs and lncRNAs in IPEC-J2 cells. Results We identified 6,413 peaks, representing 5,825 m6A-modified mRNAs and 433 modified lncRNAs, of which 4,356 m6A modified mRNAs and 221 m6A modified lncRNAs were significantly differential expressed between the control group and CPB2 group. The motif GGACU was enriched significantly in both the control group and the CPB2 group. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation analysis showed that the differentially methylated modified mRNAs were mainly enriched in Hippo signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway. In addition, the target genes of the differentially m6A modified lncRNAs were related to defense response to virus and immune response. For example, ENSSSCG00000042575, ENSSSCG00000048701 and ENSSSCG00000048785 might regulate the defense response to virus, immune and inflammatory response to resist the harmful effects of viruses on cells. Conclusion In summary, this study established the m6A transcription profile of mRNAs and lncRNAs in IPEC-J2 cells treated by CPB2 toxin. Further analysis showed that m6A-modified RNAs were related to defense against viruses and immune response after CPB2 toxin treatment of the cells. Threem6A-modified lncRNAs, ENSSSCG00000042575, ENSSSCG00000048785 and ENSSSCG00000048701, were most likely to play a key role in CPB2 toxin-treated IPEC-J2 cells. The results provide a theoretical basis for further research on the role of m6A modification in piglet diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juanli Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruirui Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kaihui Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xian, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, China
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24
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Zhou Y, Wang B, Wang Q, Tang L, Zou P, Zeng Z, Zhang H, Gong L, Li W. Protective Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Lac16 on Clostridium perfringens Infection-Associated Injury in IPEC-J2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212388. [PMID: 34830269 PMCID: PMC8620398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) causes intestinal injury through overgrowth and the secretion of multiple toxins, leading to diarrhea and necrotic enteritis in animals, including pigs, chickens, and sheep. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) Lac16 on C. perfringens infection-associated injury in intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The results showed that L. plantarum Lac16 significantly inhibited the growth of C. perfringens, which was accompanied by a decrease in pH levels. In addition, L. plantarum Lac16 significantly elevated the mRNA expression levels of host defense peptides (HDPs) in IPEC-J2 cells, decreased the adhesion of C. perfringens to IPEC-J2 cells, and attenuated C. perfringens-induced cellular cytotoxicity and intestinal barrier damage. Furthermore, L. plantarum Lac16 significantly suppressed C. perfringens-induced gene expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in IPEC-J2 cells. Moreover, L. plantarum Lac16 preincubation effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of p65 caused by C. perfringens infection. Collectively, probiotic L. plantarum Lac16 exerts protective effects against C. perfringens infection-associated injury in IPEC-J2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Peng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zihan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Huihua Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China;
| | - Li Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China;
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (W.L.)
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (Q.W.); (L.T.); (P.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (W.L.)
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25
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Landajuela A, Braun M, Rodrigues CDA, Martínez-Calvo A, Doan T, Horenkamp F, Andronicos A, Shteyn V, Williams ND, Lin C, Wingreen NS, Rudner DZ, Karatekin E. FisB relies on homo-oligomerization and lipid binding to catalyze membrane fission in bacteria. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001314. [PMID: 34185788 PMCID: PMC8274934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about mechanisms of membrane fission in bacteria despite their requirement for cytokinesis. The only known dedicated membrane fission machinery in bacteria, fission protein B (FisB), is expressed during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis and is required to release the developing spore into the mother cell cytoplasm. Here, we characterized the requirements for FisB-mediated membrane fission. FisB forms mobile clusters of approximately 12 molecules that give way to an immobile cluster at the engulfment pole containing approximately 40 proteins at the time of membrane fission. Analysis of FisB mutants revealed that binding to acidic lipids and homo-oligomerization are both critical for targeting FisB to the engulfment pole and membrane fission. Experiments using artificial membranes and filamentous cells suggest that FisB does not have an intrinsic ability to sense or induce membrane curvature but can bridge membranes. Finally, modeling suggests that homo-oligomerization and trans-interactions with membranes are sufficient to explain FisB accumulation at the membrane neck that connects the engulfment membrane to the rest of the mother cell membrane during late stages of engulfment. Together, our results show that FisB is a robust and unusual membrane fission protein that relies on homo-oligomerization, lipid binding, and the unique membrane topology generated during engulfment for localization and membrane scission, but surprisingly, not on lipid microdomains, negative-curvature lipids, or curvature sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Landajuela
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Martha Braun
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | | | - Thierry Doan
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseilles, France
| | - Florian Horenkamp
- Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Anna Andronicos
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Shteyn
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nathan D Williams
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Chenxiang Lin
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ned S Wingreen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David Z Rudner
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erdem Karatekin
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Université de Paris, SPPIN-Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
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Khan MUZ, Humza M, Yang S, Alvi MA, Iqbal MZ, Zain-ul-Fatima H, Khalid S, Munir T, Cai J. Occurrence and Toxicogenetic Profiling of Clostridium perfringens in Buffalo and Cattle: An Update from Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030212. [PMID: 33805744 PMCID: PMC7999003 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive bacterium that possess seven toxinotypes (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) that are responsible for the production of six major toxins, i.e., α, β, ε, ι, CPE, and NetB. The aim of this study is to find out the occurrence of toxinotypes in buffalo and cattle of Punjab province in Pakistan and their corresponding toxin-encoding genes from the isolated toxinotypes. To accomplish this aim, six districts in Punjab province were selected (i.e., Lahore, Sahiwal, Cheecha Watni, Bhakkar, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Bahawalpur) and a total of 240 buffalo and 240 cattle were selected for the collection of samples. From isolation and molecular analysis (16S rRNA), it was observed that out of seven toxinotypes (A–G), two toxinotypes (A and D) were found at most, whereas other toxinotypes, i.e., B, C, E, F, and G, were not found. The most frequently occurring toxinotype was type A (buffalo: 149/240; cattle: 157/240) whereas type D (buffalo: 8/240 cattle: 7/240) was found to occur the least. Genes encoding toxinotypes A and D were cpa and etx, respectively, whereas genes encoding other toxinotypes were not observed. The occurrence of isolated toxinotypes was studied using response surface methodology, which suggested a considerable occurrence of the isolated toxinotypes (A and D) in both buffalo and cattle. Association between type A and type D was found to be significant among the isolated toxinotypes in both buffalo and cattle (p ≤ 0.05). Correlation was also found to be positive and significant between type A and type D. C. perfringens exhibits a range of toxinotypes that can be diagnosed via genotyping, which is more reliable than classical toxinotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Zafar Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.U.Z.K.); (S.Y.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Muhammad Humza
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shunli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.U.Z.K.); (S.Y.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Zahid Iqbal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Outfall Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Hafiza Zain-ul-Fatima
- Veterinary Research Institute, Zarrar Shaheed Road, Lahore Cantt., Lahore 54810, Pakistan;
| | - Shumaila Khalid
- Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Tahir Munir
- Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.U.Z.K.); (S.Y.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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ISLAM AKMA, NAKATANI M, NAKAJIMA T, KOHDA T, MUKAMOTO M. The cytotoxicity and molecular mechanisms of the Clostridium perfringens NetB toxin. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:187-194. [PMID: 33342969 PMCID: PMC7972886 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The necrotic enteritis toxin B-like (NetB) toxin secreted by Clostridium perfringens is a key virulence agent in the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis, a disease that causes significant economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. NetB was purified from Clostridium perfringens type G (CNEOP004) that was isolated from chickens with necrotic enteritis in Japan. EC50 of this purified NetB toward chicken liver-derived LMH cells was 0.63 µg/ml. In vivo pathogenicity of NetB to chicks produced characteristic lesions of necrotic enteritis. Analysis of the localization of the NetB monomer and oligomer molecules on LMH cells showed that both molecules of the toxin were localized in non-lipid raft regions. Moreover, removal of cholesterol with the cholesterol depletion assay carried out in LMH cells detected both oligomers and monomers of the NetB molecule. These data suggest that the NetB toxin may recognize membrane molecules different from cholesterol in non-raft region. Furthermore, NetB-binding molecules on LMH cell membranes using the toxin overlay assay with immunoblotting showed that protein molecules of different molecular sizes were bound to NetB on non-lipid raft fractions. Further studies are necessary to characterize these protein molecules to examine their specific association with NetB binding and oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- AKM Azharul ISLAM
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology, Osaka Prefecture
University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuki NAKATANI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology, Osaka Prefecture
University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Takayuki NAKAJIMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Osaka Prefecture
University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Tomoko KOHDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology, Osaka Prefecture
University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Masafumi MUKAMOTO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology, Osaka Prefecture
University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Mohiuddin M, Iqbal Z, Siddique A, Liao S, Salamat MKF, Qi N, Din AM, Sun M. Prevalence, Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Clostridium perfringens Type A and D Isolated from Feces of Sheep ( Ovis aries) and Goats ( Capra hircus) in Punjab, Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100657. [PMID: 33066416 PMCID: PMC7602233 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens poses a serious threat to small ruminants by causing moderate to severe enterotoxaemia. Due to its ability to produce a wide arsenal of toxins, it is ranked among the most prevalent and important pathogens in livestock. This study focused on the molecular characterization of different Clostridium perfringens types along with their antimicrobial resistance profile. An overall higher prevalence of C. perfringens (46.1%) was detected based on mPCR among sheep and goats (healthy and diseased) in the Punjab province, Pakistan. The majority of the isolates were characterized as type A (82%), followed by type D (18%). Among the isolates from diseased sheep and goats, 27% were positive for cpa, 49% for cpa and cpb2, 9% for cpa and etx, 15% for cpa, cpb2 and etx. In the case of isolates from healthy sheep and goats, 59% were positive for cpa, 34% for cpb2 and cpa, 4% for cpa and etx, and 3% for cpa, cpb2 and etx. The prevalence of the beta2 toxin gene in the diseased sheep and goat population was 64% as compared to 37% in healthy animals. All 184 isolates (100%) were sensitive to rifampin and ceftiofur; the majority (57%) was sensitive to teicoplanin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, linezolid and enrofloxacin. A lower proportion of isolates (43%) were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and only 14% were susceptible to erythromycin. The findings of this study highlight the higher prevalence of C. perfringens in small ruminants and indicate that detailed pathogenesis studies are necessary to understand the explicit role of various toxins in causing enteric infections in sheep and goats including how they might be exploited to develop vaccines against these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Mohiuddin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (S.L.); (N.Q.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Zahid Iqbal
- Department of Pharmacology, Swat Medical College, Marghzar Road, Saidu Sharif, Swat 19200, Pakistan;
| | - Abubakar Siddique
- Atta Ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Shenquan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (S.L.); (N.Q.)
| | | | - Nanshan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (S.L.); (N.Q.)
| | - Ayesha Mohiud Din
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, 1-Davis road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Mingfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (S.L.); (N.Q.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (M.S.)
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Sasaki T, Mori S, Kishi S, Fujiwara-Tani R, Ohmori H, Nishiguchi Y, Hojo Y, Kawahara I, Nakashima C, Fujii K, Luo Y, Kuniyasu H. Effect of Proton Pump Inhibitors on Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113877. [PMID: 32485921 PMCID: PMC7312442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are administered commonly to aged people; however, their effect on colorectal cancer (CRC) has still not been fully elucidated. Here, we examined the effect of PPIs and consequent alkalization on CRC cells. PPI administration alkalized the fecal pH and increased serum gastrin concentration. PPI and pH8 treatment (alkalization) of CMT93 mouse colon cancer cells inhibited cell growth and invasion, increased oxidative stress and apoptosis, and decreased mitochondrial volume and protein levels of cyclin D1 and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) 1/2. In contrast, gastrin treatment enhanced growth and invasion, decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis, and increased mitochondrial volume and cyclin D1 and pERK1/2 levels. Concurrent treatment with a PPI, pH8, and gastrin increased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and also enhanced liver metastasis in the BALB/c strain of mice. PPI administration was associated with Clostridiumperfringens enterotoxin (CPE) in CRC lesions. CPE treatment activated yes-associated protein (YAP) signals to enhance proliferation and stemness. The orthotopic colon cancer model of CMT93 cells with long-term PPI administration showed enhanced tumor growth and liver metastasis due to gastrin and YAP activation, as indicated by gastrin receptor knockdown and treatment with a YAP inhibitor. These findings suggest that PPI promotes CRC growth and metastasis by increasing gastrin concentration and YAP activation, resulting in gut flora alteration and fecal alkalization. These findings suggest that PPI use in colorectal cancer patients might create a risk of cancer promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (T.S.); (S.M.); (S.K.); (R.F.-T.); (H.O.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (I.K.); (C.N.); (K.F.)
| | - Shiori Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (T.S.); (S.M.); (S.K.); (R.F.-T.); (H.O.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (I.K.); (C.N.); (K.F.)
| | - Shingo Kishi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (T.S.); (S.M.); (S.K.); (R.F.-T.); (H.O.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (I.K.); (C.N.); (K.F.)
| | - Rina Fujiwara-Tani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (T.S.); (S.M.); (S.K.); (R.F.-T.); (H.O.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (I.K.); (C.N.); (K.F.)
| | - Hitoshi Ohmori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (T.S.); (S.M.); (S.K.); (R.F.-T.); (H.O.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (I.K.); (C.N.); (K.F.)
| | - Yukiko Nishiguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (T.S.); (S.M.); (S.K.); (R.F.-T.); (H.O.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (I.K.); (C.N.); (K.F.)
| | - Yudai Hojo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (T.S.); (S.M.); (S.K.); (R.F.-T.); (H.O.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (I.K.); (C.N.); (K.F.)
| | - Isao Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (T.S.); (S.M.); (S.K.); (R.F.-T.); (H.O.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (I.K.); (C.N.); (K.F.)
| | - Chie Nakashima
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (T.S.); (S.M.); (S.K.); (R.F.-T.); (H.O.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (I.K.); (C.N.); (K.F.)
| | - Kiyomu Fujii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (T.S.); (S.M.); (S.K.); (R.F.-T.); (H.O.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (I.K.); (C.N.); (K.F.)
| | - Yi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.K.); Tel.: +86-0513-85051805 (Y.L.); +81-744-22-3051 (H.K.); Fax: +81-744-25-7308 (H.K.)
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (T.S.); (S.M.); (S.K.); (R.F.-T.); (H.O.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (I.K.); (C.N.); (K.F.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.K.); Tel.: +86-0513-85051805 (Y.L.); +81-744-22-3051 (H.K.); Fax: +81-744-25-7308 (H.K.)
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Babele P, Kumar RB, Rajoria S, Rashid F, Malakar D, Bhagyawant SS, Kamboj DV, Alam SI. Putative serum protein biomarkers for epsilon toxin exposure in mouse model using LC-MS/MS analysis. Anaerobe 2020; 63:102209. [PMID: 32387808 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epsilon toxin (ETX), produced by Clostridium perfringens Type B or type D strains, is a potential biological and toxin warfare (BTW) agent, largely for its very high toxicity. The toxin is implicated in several animal diseases. Using LC-MS/MS analysis, we report here elucidation of putative serum maker proteins for ETX exposure with an objective of the early diagnosis of intoxication. Of 166 consensus proteins (488 peptides), showing ETX-induced alterations, 119 proteins exhibited increase and 47 proteins showed decreased abundance in serum, as revealed by SWATH (DIA) acquisition on LC-MS/MS and label free quantitative analysis of control and test samples. Complement and coagulation cascade, nitrogen metabolism, negative regulation of peptidase activity, and response to ROS were among the biological processes and pathways perturbed by the ETX exposure. Interaction network indicated enzyme inhibitor activity, detoxification of ROS, and steroid binding functions were the major interaction networks for the proteins with increased abundance, while, hemostasis and structural molecule activity were the prominent networks for the down-regulated proteins. Validation studies were carried out by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, and Western blot analysis of selected proteins to demonstrate diagnostic potential of the putative marker proteins of ETX exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Babele
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Sakshi Rajoria
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Faraz Rashid
- Sciex, 121 DHR, Udyog Vihar, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Dipankar Malakar
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | | | - Dev Vrat Kamboj
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Syed Imteyaz Alam
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India.
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31
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Piontek A, Eichner M, Zwanziger D, Beier L, Protze J, Walther W, Theurer S, Schmid KW, Führer‐Sakel D, Piontek J, Krause G. Targeting claudin-overexpressing thyroid and lung cancer by modified Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:261-276. [PMID: 31825142 PMCID: PMC6998413 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) can be used to eliminate carcinoma cells that overexpress on their cell surface CPE receptors - a subset of claudins (e.g., Cldn3 and Cldn4). However, CPE cannot target tumors expressing solely CPE-insensitive claudins (such as Cldn1 and Cldn5). To overcome this limitation, structure-guided modifications were used to generate CPE variants that can strongly bind to Cldn1, Cldn2 and/or Cldn5, while maintaining the ability to bind Cldn3 and Cldn4. This enabled (a) targeting of the most frequent endocrine malignancy, namely, Cldn1-overexpressing thyroid cancer, and (b) improved targeting of the most common cancer type worldwide, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is characterized by high expression of several claudins, including Cldn1 and Cldn5. Different CPE variants, including the novel mutant CPE-Mut3 (S231R/S313H), were applied on thyroid cancer (K1 cells) and NSCLC (PC-9 cells) models. In vitro, CPE-Mut3, but not CPEwt, showed Cldn1-dependent binding and cytotoxicity toward K1 cells. For PC-9 cells, CPE-Mut3 improved claudin-dependent cytotoxic targeting, when compared to CPEwt. In vivo, intratumoral injection of CPE-Mut3 in xenograft models bearing K1 or PC-9 tumors induced necrosis and reduced the growth of both tumor types. Thus, directed modification of CPE enables eradication of tumor entities that cannot be targeted by CPEwt, for instance, Cldn1-overexpressing thyroid cancer by using the novel CPE-Mut3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piontek
- Leibniz‐Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)BerlinGermany
| | - Miriam Eichner
- Institute of Clinical Physiology / Nutritional Medicine, Medical DepartmentDivision of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charitè – Universitätsmedizin BerlinGermany
| | - Denise Zwanziger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry – Division of Laboratory ResearchUniversity Hospital EssenGermany
| | - Laura‐Sophie Beier
- Institute of Clinical Physiology / Nutritional Medicine, Medical DepartmentDivision of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charitè – Universitätsmedizin BerlinGermany
| | - Jonas Protze
- Leibniz‐Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)BerlinGermany
| | - Wolfgang Walther
- Experimental and Clinical Research CenterCharitè and Max‐Delbrück‐Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
| | - Sarah Theurer
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Hospital EssenGermany
| | | | - Dagmar Führer‐Sakel
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry – Division of Laboratory ResearchUniversity Hospital EssenGermany
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Institute of Clinical Physiology / Nutritional Medicine, Medical DepartmentDivision of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charitè – Universitätsmedizin BerlinGermany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz‐Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)BerlinGermany
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Diancourt L, Sautereau J, Criscuolo A, Popoff MR. Two Clostridiumperfringens Type E Isolates in France. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E138. [PMID: 30823654 PMCID: PMC6468631 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridiumperfringens type E is a less frequently isolated C.perfringens type and has not previously been reported in France. We have characterized two recent type E isolates, C.perfringens 508.17 from the intestinal content of a calf that died of enterotoxemia, and 515.17 from the stool of a 60-year-old woman, subsequent to food poisoning, which contained the plasmid pCPPB-1 with variant iota toxin and C. perfringens enterotoxin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Diancourt
- CNR Bactéries anaérobies et Botulisme, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Jean Sautereau
- CNR Bactéries anaérobies et Botulisme, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Alexis Criscuolo
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique-C3BI, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Bacterial Toxins, Institut Pasteur, ERL 6002, 75015 Paris, France.
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Mehdizadeh Gohari I, Brefo-Mensah EK, Palmer M, Boerlin P, Prescott JF. Sialic acid facilitates binding and cytotoxic activity of the pore-forming Clostridium perfringens NetF toxin to host cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206815. [PMID: 30403719 PMCID: PMC6221314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NetF-producing type A Clostridium perfringens is an important cause of canine and foal necrotizing enteritis. NetF, related to the β-sheet pore-forming Leukocidin/Hemolysin superfamily, is considered a major virulence factor for this disease. The main purpose of this work is to demonstrate the pore-forming activity of NetF and characterize the chemical nature of its binding site. Electron microscopy using recombinant NetF (rNetF) confirmed that NetF is able to oligomerize and form large pores in equine ovarian (EO) cell membranes and sheep red blood cells. These oligomeric pores appear to be about 4–6 nm in diameter, and the number of oligomer subunits to vary from 6 to 9. Sodium periodate treatment rendered EO cells non-susceptible to NetF, suggesting that NetF binding requires cell surface carbohydrates. NetF cytotoxicity was also inhibited by a lectin that binds sialic acid, by sialidase, and by free sialic acid in excess, all of which clearly implicate sialic acid-containing membrane carbohydrates in NetF binding and/or toxicity for EO cells. Binding of NetF to sheep red blood cells was not inhibited by the gangliosides GM1, GM2 and GM3, nor did the latter promote membrane permeabilization in liposomes, suggesting that they do not constitute the cellular receptors. In contrast, treatment of EO cells with different proteases reduced their susceptibility to NetF, suggesting that the NetF receptor is a sialic acid-containing glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John F. Prescott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Dorca-Arévalo J, Blanch M, Pradas M, Blasi J. Epsilon toxin from Clostridium perfringens induces cytotoxicity in FRT thyroid epithelial cells. Anaerobe 2018; 53:43-49. [PMID: 29895394 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epsilon toxin (Etx) is produced by Clostridium perfringens and induces enterotoxemia in ruminants. Etx crosses the blood-brain barrier, binds to myelin structures, and kills oligodendrocytes, inducing central nervous system demyelination. In addition, Etx has a cytotoxic effect on distal and collecting kidney tubules. There are few cell lines sensitive to Etx. At present, the most sensitive in vitro model for Etx is the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line, where Etx oligomerizes and forms a pore with consequent ion efflux and cell death. Although the Etx receptor has not yet been fully clarified, it is known that caveolin 1 and 2 potentiate Etx cytotoxicity and oligomerization, and more recently, the myelin and lymphocyte (MAL) protein has been implicated in Etx binding and activity. Here, we studied the effect of Etx on Fischer rat thyroid cells (FRT) and observed similar effects as those seen in MDCK cells. Etx incubated with FRT cells showed binding to the plasma membrane, and western blotting assays revealed oligomeric complex formation. Moreover, cytotoxic assays on FRT cells after Etx incubation indicated cell death at a similar level as in MDCK cells. In addition, a luminescent ATP detection assay revealed ATP depletion in FRT cells after Etx exposure. Previous studies have reported that FRT cells do not express caveolins and do not form caveolae but express MAL protein in glycolipid-enriched membrane microdomains. Our results indicate that caveolins are not directly implicated in Etx cytotoxicity, supporting the notion that the MAL protein is involved in Etx action. In addition, a cell line of thyroid origin is described for the first time as a good model to study Etx action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Dorca-Arévalo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Marta Blanch
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Marina Pradas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
| | - Juan Blasi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain.
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35
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Takehara M, Takagishi T, Seike S, Oda M, Sakaguchi Y, Hisatsune J, Ochi S, Kobayashi K, Nagahama M. Cellular Entry of Clostridium perfringens Iota-Toxin and Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9080247. [PMID: 28800062 PMCID: PMC5577581 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9080247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin and Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin are composed of two non-linked proteins, one being the enzymatic component and the other being the binding/translocation component. These latter components recognize specific receptors and oligomerize in plasma membrane lipid-rafts, mediating the uptake of the enzymatic component into the cytosol. Enzymatic components induce actin cytoskeleton disorganization through the ADP-ribosylation of actin and are responsible for cell rounding and death. This review focuses upon the recent advances in cellular internalization of clostridial binary toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Takehara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Teruhisa Takagishi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Soshi Seike
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan.
| | - Masataka Oda
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Sakaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
| | - Junzo Hisatsune
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate school of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Sadayuki Ochi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan.
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Nagahama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
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Alnoman M, Udompijitkul P, Banawas S, Sarker MR. Bicarbonate and amino acids are co-germinants for spores of Clostridium perfringens type A isolates carrying plasmid-borne enterotoxin gene. Food Microbiol 2017; 69:64-71. [PMID: 28941910 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type A isolates carrying a chromosomal enterotoxin (cpe) gene (C-cpe) are generally linked to food poisoning, while isolates carrying cpe on a plasmid (P-cpe) are associated with non-food-borne gastrointestinal diseases. Both C-cpe and P-cpe isolates can form metabolically dormant spores, which through germination process return to actively growing cells to cause diseases. In our previous study, we showed that only 3 out of 20 amino acids (aa) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) triggered germination of spores of P-cpe isolates (P-cpe spores). We now found that 14 out of 20 individual aa tested induced germination of P-cpe spores in the presence of bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.0). However, no significant spore germination was observed with bicarbonate (pH 7.0) alone, indicating that aa and bicarbonate are co-germinants for P-cpe spores. P-cpe strain F4969 gerKC spores did not germinate, and gerAA spores germinated extremely poorly as compared to wild-type and gerKA spores with aa-bicarbonate (pH 7.0) co-germinants. The germination defects in gerKC and gerAA spores were partially restored by complementing gerKC or gerAA spores with wild-type gerKC or gerAA, respectively. Collectively, this study identified aa-bicarbonate as a novel nutrient germinant for P-cpe spores and provided evidence that GerKC and GerAA play major roles in aa-bicarbonate induced germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alnoman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biology, College of Science Yanbu, Taibah University, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pathima Udompijitkul
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Medical Laboratories Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahfuzur R Sarker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Féraudet-Tarisse C, Mazuet C, Pauillac S, Krüger M, Lacroux C, Popoff MR, Dorner BG, Andréoletti O, Plaisance M, Volland H, Simon S. Highly sensitive sandwich immunoassay and immunochromatographic test for the detection of Clostridial epsilon toxin in complex matrices. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181013. [PMID: 28700661 PMCID: PMC5507444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epsilon toxin is one of the four major toxins of Clostridium perfringens. It is the third most potent clostridial toxin after botulinum and tetanus toxins and is thus considered as a potential biological weapon classified as category B by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In the case of a bioterrorist attack, there will be a need for a rapid, sensitive and specific detection method to monitor food and water contamination by this toxin, and for a simple human diagnostic test. We have produced and characterized five monoclonal antibodies against common epitopes of epsilon toxin and prototoxin. Three of them neutralize the cytotoxic effects of epsilon toxin in vitro. With these antibodies, we have developed highly sensitive tests, overnight and 4-h sandwich enzyme immunoassays and an immunochromatographic test performed in 20 min, reaching detection limits of at least 5 pg/mL (0.15 pM), 30 pg/mL (0.9 pM) and 100 pg/mL (3.5 pM) in buffer, respectively. These tests were also evaluated for detection of epsilon toxin in different matrices: milk and tap water for biological threat detection, serum, stool and intestinal content for human or veterinary diagnostic purposes. Detection limits in these complex matrices were at least 5-fold better than those described in the literature (around 1 to 5 ng/mL), reaching 10 to 300 pg/mL using the enzyme immunoassay and 100 to 2000 pg/mL using the immunochromatographic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Féraudet-Tarisse
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Serge Pauillac
- Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Maren Krüger
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline Lacroux
- INRA, UMR 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel R. Popoff
- Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte G. Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- INRA, UMR 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Plaisance
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Volland
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Solanki AK, Bhatia B, Kaushik H, Deshmukh SK, Dixit A, Garg LC. Clostridium perfringens beta toxin DNA prime-protein boost elicits enhanced protective immune response in mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5699-5708. [PMID: 28523396 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens beta toxin (CPB) is the primary pathogenic factor responsible for necrotic enteritis in sheep, cattle and humans. Owing to rapid progression of the disease, vaccination is the only possible recourse to avoid high mortality in animal farms and huge economic losses. The present study reports evaluation of a cpb gene-based DNA vaccine encoding the beta toxin of C. perfringens with homologous as well as heterologous booster strategy. Immunization strategy employing heterologous booster with heat-inactivated rCPB mounted stronger immune response when compared to that generated by homologous booster. Antibody isotyping and cytokine ELISA demonstrated the immune response to be Th1-biased mixed immune response. While moderate protection of immunized BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice against rCPB challenge was observed with homologous booster strategy, heterologous booster strategy led to complete protection. Thus, beta toxin-based DNA vaccine using the heterologous prime-boosting strategy was able to generate better immune response and conferred greater degree of protection against high of dose rCPB challenge than homologous booster regimen, making it an effective vaccination approach against C. perfringens beta toxin.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Clostridium perfringens/immunology
- Clostridium perfringens/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/immunology
- Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/microbiology
- Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/prevention & control
- Enterocytes/microbiology
- Immunization/methods
- Immunization, Secondary
- Intestines/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Solanki
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Bharati Bhatia
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Himani Kaushik
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sachin K Deshmukh
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aparna Dixit
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Lalit C Garg
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Abstract
Solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be used to monitor protein-carbohydrate interactions. Two-dimensional 1H-15N heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC)-based techniques described in this chapter can be used quickly and effectively to screen a set of possible carbohydrate binding partners, to quantify the dissociation constant (K d) of any identified interactions, and to map the carbohydrate binding site on the structure of the protein. Here, we describe the titration of a family 32 carbohydrate binding module from Clostridium perfringens (CpCBM32) with the monosaccharide N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), in which we calculate the apparent dissociation of the interaction, and map the GalNAc binding site onto the structure of CpCBM32.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Grondin
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1 Ave. South, 3000, Lethbridge, AB, Canada, T1J 4P4.
| | - David N Langelaan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Steven P Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6
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Watts TD, Johanesen PA, Lyras D, Rood JI, Adams V. Evidence that compatibility of closely related replicons in Clostridium perfringens depends on linkage to parMRC-like partitioning systems of different subfamilies. Plasmid 2017; 91:68-75. [PMID: 28390955 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens produces an extensive repertoire of toxins and extracellular enzymes, many of which are intimately involved in the progression of disease and are encoded by genes on conjugative plasmids. In addition, many C. perfringens strains can carry up to five of these conjugative toxin or antimicrobial resistance plasmids, each of which has a similar 35kb backbone. This conserved backbone includes the tcp conjugation locus and the central control region (CCR), which encodes genes involved in plasmid regulation, replication and partitioning, including a parMRC partitioning locus. Most conjugative plasmids in C. perfringens have a conserved replication protein, raising questions as to how multiple, closely related plasmids are maintained within a single strain. Bioinformatics analysis has highlighted the presence of at least 10 different parMRC partitioning system families (parMRCA-J) in these plasmids, with differences in amino acid sequence identity between each ParM family ranging from 15% to 54%. No two plasmids that encode genes belonging to the same partitioning family have been observed in a single strain, suggesting that these families represent the basis for plasmid incompatibility. In an attempt to validate the proposed parMRC incompatibility groups, genetically marked C. perfringens plasmids encoding identical parMRCC or parMRCD homologues or different combinations of parMRCA, parMRCC and parMRCD family homologues were introduced into a single strain via conjugation. The stability of each plasmid was determined using an incompatibility assay in which the plasmid profile of each strain was monitored over the course of two days in the absence of direct selection. The results showed that plasmids with identical parMRCC or parMRCD homologues were incompatible and could not coexist in the absence of external selection. By contrast, plasmids that encoded different parMRC homologues were compatible and could coexist in the same cell in the absence of selection, with the exception of strains housing parMRCC and parMRCD combinations, which showed a minor incompatibility phenotype. In conclusion, we have provided the first direct evidence of plasmid incompatibility in Clostridium spp. and have shown experimentally that the compatibility of conjugative C. perfringens plasmids correlates with the presence of parMRC-like partitioning systems of different phylogenetic subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Watts
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Priscilla A Johanesen
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Julian I Rood
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vicki Adams
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Abstract
The Gram-positive pathogen Clostridium perfringens possesses a family of large conjugative plasmids that is typified by the tetracycline resistance plasmid pCW3. Since these plasmids may carry antibiotic resistance genes or genes encoding extracellular or sporulation-associated toxins, the conjugative transfer of these plasmids appears to be important for the epidemiology of C. perfringens-mediated diseases. Sequence analysis of members of this plasmid family identified a highly conserved 35kb region that encodes proteins with various functions, including plasmid replication and partitioning. The tcp conjugation locus also was identified in this region, initially based on low-level amino acid sequence identity to conjugation proteins from the integrative conjugative element Tn916. Genetic studies confirmed that the tcp locus is required for conjugative transfer and combined with biochemical and structural analyses have led to the development of a functional model of the Tcp conjugation apparatus. This review summarises our current understanding of the Tcp conjugation system, which is now one of the best-characterized conjugation systems in Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Wisniewski
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Julian I Rood
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Grondin JM, Duan D, Kirlin AC, Abe KT, Chitayat S, Spencer HL, Spencer C, Campigotto A, Houliston S, Arrowsmith CH, Allingham JS, Boraston AB, Smith SP. Diverse modes of galacto-specific carbohydrate recognition by a family 31 glycoside hydrolase from Clostridium perfringens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171606. [PMID: 28158290 PMCID: PMC5291390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a commensal member of the human gut microbiome and an opportunistic pathogen whose genome encodes a suite of putative large, multi-modular carbohydrate-active enzymes that appears to play a role in the interaction of the bacterium with mucin-based carbohydrates. Among the most complex of these is an enzyme that contains a presumed catalytic module belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31). This large enzyme, which based on its possession of a GH31 module is a predicted α-glucosidase, contains a variety of non-catalytic ancillary modules, including three CBM32 modules that to date have not been characterized. NMR-based experiments demonstrated a preference of each module for galacto-configured sugars, including the ability of all three CBM32s to recognize the common mucin monosaccharide GalNAc. X-ray crystal structures of the CpGH31 CBM32s, both in apo form and bound to GalNAc, revealed the finely-tuned molecular strategies employed by these sequentially variable CBM32s in coordinating a common ligand. The data highlight that sequence similarities to previously characterized CBMs alone are insufficient for identifying the molecular mechanism of ligand binding by individual CBMs. Furthermore, the overlapping ligand binding profiles of the three CBMs provide a fail-safe mechanism for the recognition of GalNAc among the dense eukaryotic carbohydrate networks of the colonic mucosa. These findings expand our understanding of ligand targeting by large, multi-modular carbohydrate-active enzymes, and offer unique insights into of the expanding ligand-binding preferences and binding site topologies observed in CBM32s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Grondin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Da Duan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alyssa C. Kirlin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kento T. Abe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seth Chitayat
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holly L. Spencer
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig Spencer
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alisha Campigotto
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott Houliston
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S. Allingham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alisdair B. Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven P. Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Justesen US. [Design of artificial foetor flatus based on bacterial volatile compounds]. Ugeskr Laeger 2016; 178:V68707. [PMID: 27966414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excessive flatulence can be a huge social problem. The purpose of this study was to design artificial flatus from bacterial volatile compounds to stimulate research into neutralizing measures. MATERIAL AND METHODS Anaerobic bacteria, representing a broad spectrum, from a recognized international culture collection were included. The strains were incubated in an anaerobic jar. After 24 hours the lid was removed, and the odour was evaluated by a specialist in clinical microbiology. RESULTS Four different anaerobic strains were chosen for further studies based on their individual odours. In total, seven different combinations of two or three strains were tested. The combination of Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285, Clostridium difficile ATCC 700057 and Fusobacterium necrophorum ATCC 25286 was chosen as it had a suitably foul odour. CONCLUSION It is possible to design artificial flatus from bacterial volatile compounds. The method is easy and inexpensive and can stimulate further research into neutralizing measures. TRIAL REGISTRATION none. FUNDING none.
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Ferreira MRA, Moreira GMSG, Cunha CEPD, Mendonça M, Salvarani FM, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR. Recombinant Alpha, Beta, and Epsilon Toxins of Clostridium perfringens: Production Strategies and Applications as Veterinary Vaccines. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E340. [PMID: 27879630 PMCID: PMC5127136 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, commensal, ubiquitous bacterium that is present in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy humans and animals. This bacterium produces up to 18 toxins. The species is classified into five toxinotypes (A-E) according to the toxins that the bacterium produces: alpha, beta, epsilon, or iota. Each of these toxinotypes is associated with myriad different, frequently fatal, illnesses that affect a range of farm animals and humans. Alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins are the main causes of disease. Vaccinations that generate neutralizing antibodies are the most common prophylactic measures that are currently in use. These vaccines consist of toxoids that are obtained from C. perfringens cultures. Recombinant vaccines offer several advantages over conventional toxoids, especially in terms of the production process. As such, they are steadily gaining ground as a promising vaccination solution. This review discusses the main strategies that are currently used to produce recombinant vaccines containing alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins of C. perfringens, as well as the potential application of these molecules as vaccines for mammalian livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Marçal S G Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo P da Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns CEP 55292-270, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Felipe M Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal CEP 68740-970, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Ângela N Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96010-610, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Fabricio R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas CEP 96160-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Choo JM, Cheung JK, Wisniewski JA, Steer DL, Bulach DM, Hiscox TJ, Chakravorty A, Smith AI, Gell DA, Rood JI, Awad MM. The NEAT Domain-Containing Proteins of Clostridium perfringens Bind Heme. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162981. [PMID: 27637108 PMCID: PMC5026354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a pathogenic bacterium to scavenge iron from its host is important for its growth and survival during an infection. Our studies on C. perfringens gas gangrene strain JIR325, a derivative of strain 13, showed that it is capable of utilizing both human hemoglobin and ferric chloride, but not human holo-transferrin, as an iron source for in vitro growth. Analysis of the C. perfringens strain 13 genome sequence identified a putative heme acquisition system encoded by an iron-regulated surface gene region that we have named the Cht (Clostridium perfringensheme transport) locus. This locus comprises eight genes that are co-transcribed and includes genes that encode NEAT domain-containing proteins (ChtD and ChtE) and a putative sortase (Srt). The ChtD, ChtE and Srt proteins were shown to be expressed in JIR325 cells grown under iron-limited conditions and were localized to the cell envelope. Moreover, the NEAT proteins, ChtD and ChtE, were found to bind heme. Both chtDE and srt mutants were constructed, but these mutants were not defective in hemoglobin or ferric chloride utilization. They were, however, attenuated for virulence when tested in a mouse myonecrosis model, although the virulence phenotype could not be restored via complementation and, as is common with such systems, secondary mutations were identified in these strains. In summary, this study provides evidence for the functional redundancies that occur in the heme transport pathways of this life threatening pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M. Choo
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jackie K. Cheung
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jessica A. Wisniewski
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David L. Steer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dieter M. Bulach
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas J. Hiscox
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Anjana Chakravorty
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - A. Ian Smith
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A. Gell
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Julian I. Rood
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Milena M. Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Finley A, Gohari IM, Parreira VR, Abrahams M, Staempfli HR, Prescott JF. Prevalence of netF-positive Clostridium perfringens in foals in southwestern Ontario. Can J Vet Res 2016; 80:242-244. [PMID: 27408339 PMCID: PMC4924560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
NetF-producing Clostridium perfringens have recently been identified as a cause of necrotizing enteritis in neonatal foals, but little is known about its prevalence in clinically normal foals. Foals (n = 88) ranging in age from < 1 wk to 2 to 4 mo (median age 2 to 4 wk) on 8 horse-breeding farms in Ontario were examined on 1 or 2 occasions for the presence of C. perfringens. Of the foals that tested positive, 5 isolates (n = 675) were examined for the netF and enterotoxin (cpe) genes. Colonization by C. perfringens was most marked in foals < 1 wk of age [4.85 ± 2.70 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)] and declined markedly over time (1.23 ± 1.06 log10 CFU at 1 to 2 mo of age). Only 2 isolates possessed the cpe gene and none possessed netF. We concluded that netF-positive C. perfringens does not colonize young foals with any detectable frequency in Ontario and this organism is not likely to be adapted to the intestine of the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John F. Prescott
- Address all correspondence to Dr. John F. Prescott; telephone: (519) 824-4120, ext. 54716; fax: (519) 824-5939; e-mail:
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Greco G, Madio A, Martella V, Campolo M, Corrente M, Buonavoglia D, Buonavoglia C. Enterotoxemia Associated with Beta2 Toxin–Producing Clostridium Perfringens Type A in Two Asiatic Black Bears (Selenarctos Thibetanus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 17:186-9. [PMID: 15825503 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta2 (β2) toxin–producing Clostridium perfringens type A strains were found to be associated with necrotic and hemorrhagic intestinal lesions in 2 Asiatic black bears ( Selenarctos thibetanus) that died suddenly. Ten isolates were obtained from the liver, lungs, heart, and small and large intestine of the animals and were examined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the genes encoding the 4 lethal toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota) for classification into toxin types as well as for the genes encoding enterotoxin and the novel β2-toxin for subclassification. In addition, the cpb2 sequence of the 10 isolates was different from the published sequence of cpb2 of pig type C isolate CWC245, whereas it was highly similar to the cpb2 sequence of the C. perfringens type A strain 13. This finding suggests the existence of 2 cpb2 subtypes. This is the first report of enterotoxemia associated with the presence of C. perfringens producing β2-toxin in the tissues and intestinal content of Asiatic black bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Greco
- Department of Animal Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
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Brodzik C, Augustynowicz E, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Lutyhska A. Application of the MALDI-TOF for identification of Clostridium perfringens strains. Med Dosw Mikrobiol 2016; 68:13-21. [PMID: 28146618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The anaerobic bacilli Closfridium perfringens are commonly found in soil and sewage and are also part of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Food poisoning caused by C. perfringens are regarded the most common diseases transmitted by contaminated food in the world. Bacteria of this species due to their pathogenic properties sustain the constant object of studies in order to elucidate mechanisms of toxinogenesis, to determine the roads of transmission and to develop better diagnostic tools. The objective of the study was to verify, the suitability of the MALDI-TOF method for the identification of C. perfringens species. METHODS In order to identify anaerobic bacteria C. perfringens MALDI-TOF method, sequencing of 16S rRNA and detection of cpe and cpa gene by duplex PCR were used. RESULTS MALDI-TOF confirmed C. perfringens identification in 39 isolates out of 41 archival isolates under study. The correctness of the results was verified by 16S rRNA sequencing and cpa gene detection. CONCLUSIONS The study confirmed the usefulness of MALDI-TOF method in rapid identi- fication of anaerobic bacteria C. perfringens and thereby its applicability epidemiological investigations.
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Jewell SA, Titball RW, Huyet J, Naylor CE, Basak AK, Gologan P, Winlove CP, Petrov PG. Clostridium perfringensα-toxin interaction with red cells and model membranes. Soft Matter 2015; 11:7748-7761. [PMID: 26303814 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00876j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Clostridium perfringensα-toxin on host cells have previously been studied extensively but the biophysical processes associated with toxicity are poorly understood. The work reported here shows that the initial interaction between the toxin and lipid membrane leads to measurable changes in the physical properties and morphology of the membrane. A Langmuir monolayer technique was used to assess the response of different lipid species to toxin. Sphingomyelin and unsaturated phosphatidylcholine showed the highest susceptibility to toxin lypolitic action, with a two stage response to the toxin (an initial, rapid hydrolysis stage followed by the insertion and/or reorganisation of material in the monolayer). Fluorescence confocal microscopy on unsaturated phosphatidylcholine vesicles shows that the toxin initially aggregates at discrete sites followed by the formation of localised "droplets" accumulating the hydrolysis products. This process is accompanied by local increases in the membrane dipole potential by about 50 (±42) mV. In contrast, red blood cells incubated with the toxin suffered a decrease of the membrane dipole potential by 50 (±40) mV in areas of high toxin activity (equivalent to a change in electric field strength of 10(7) V m(-1)) which is sufficient to affect the functioning of the cell membrane. Changes in erythrocyte morphology caused by the toxin are presented, and the early stages of interaction between toxin and membrane are characterised using thermal shape fluctuation analysis of red cells which revealed two distinct regimes of membrane-toxin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Jewell
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
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Li J, Freedman JC, McClane BA. NanI Sialidase, CcpA, and CodY Work Together To Regulate Epsilon Toxin Production by Clostridium perfringens Type D Strain CN3718. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:3339-53. [PMID: 26260460 PMCID: PMC4573732 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00349-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clostridium perfringens type D strains are usually associated with diseases of livestock, and their virulence requires the production of epsilon toxin (ETX). We previously showed (J. Li, S. Sayeed, S. Robertson, J. Chen, and B. A. McClane, PLoS Pathog 7:e1002429, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002429) that BMC202, a nanI null mutant of type D strain CN3718, produces less ETX than wild-type CN3718 does. The current study proved that the lower ETX production by strain BMC202 is due to nanI gene disruption, since both genetic and physical (NanI or sialic acid) complementation increased ETX production by BMC202. Furthermore, a sialidase inhibitor that interfered with NanI activity also reduced ETX production by wild-type CN3718. The NanI effect on ETX production was shown to involve reductions in codY and ccpA gene transcription levels in BMC202 versus wild-type CN3718. Similar to CodY, CcpA was found to positively control ETX production. A double codY ccpA null mutant produced even less ETX than a codY or ccpA single null mutant. CcpA bound directly to sequences upstream of the etx or codY start codon, and bioinformatics identified putative CcpA-binding cre sites immediately upstream of both the codY and etx start codons, suggesting possible direct CcpA regulatory effects. A ccpA mutation also decreased codY transcription, suggesting that CcpA effects on ETX production can be both direct and indirect, including effects on codY transcription. Collectively, these results suggest that NanI, CcpA, and CodY work together to regulate ETX production, with NanI-generated sialic acid from the intestines possibly signaling type D strains to upregulate their ETX production and induce disease. IMPORTANCE Clostridium perfringens NanI was previously shown to increase ETX binding to, and cytotoxicity for, MDCK host cells. The current study demonstrates that NanI also regulates ETX production via increased transcription of genes encoding the CodY and CcpA global regulators. Results obtained using single ccpA or codY null mutants and a ccpA codY double null mutant showed that codY and ccpA regulate ETX production independently of one another but that ccpA also affects codY transcription. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and bioinformatic analyses suggest that both CodY and CcpA may directly regulate etx transcription. Collectively, results of this study suggest that sialic acid generated by NanI from intestinal sources signals ETX-producing C. perfringens strains, via CcpA and CodY, to upregulate ETX production and cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John C Freedman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce A McClane
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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