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Goldstein N, McLean C, Gaddah A, Doua J, Keshinro B, Bus-Jacobs L, Hendriks J, Luhn K, Robinson C, Douoguih M. Lot-to-lot consistency, immunogenicity, and safety of the Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Ebola virus vaccine regimen: A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2327747. [PMID: 38523332 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2327747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This phase-3, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (NCT04228783) evaluated lot-to-lot consistency of the Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Ebola vaccine regimen. Participants were randomized (6:6:6:1) to receive the two-dose regimen from three consecutively manufactured lots of Ad26.ZEBOV on Day 1 paired with three consecutively manufactured lots of MVA-BN-Filo on Day 57 (Groups 1-3) or two doses of placebo (Group 4). An additional cohort also received an Ad26.ZEBOV booster or placebo 4 months post-dose 2. Equivalence of the immunogenicity at 21 days post-dose 2 between any two groups was demonstrated if the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV GP)-binding antibody geometric mean concentration (GMC) ratio was entirely within the prespecified margin of 0.5-2.0. Lot-to-lot consistency (i.e., consecutive lots can be consistently manufactured) was accomplished if equivalence was shown for all three pairwise comparisons. Results showed that the primary objective in the per-protocol immunogenicity subset (n = 549) was established for each pairwise comparison (Group 1 vs 2: GMC ratio = 0.9 [95% CI: 0.8, 1.1], Group 1 vs 3: 0.9 [0.8, 1.1], Group 2 vs 3: 1.0 [0.9, 1.2]). Equivalence of the three groups for the Ad26.ZEBOV component only was also demonstrated at 56 days post-dose 1. EBOV GP-binding antibody responses (post-vaccination concentrations >2.5-fold from baseline) were observed in 419/421 (99.5%) vaccine recipients at 21 days post-dose 2 and 445/460 (96.7%) at 56 days post-dose 1. In the booster cohort (n = 39), GMCs increased 9.0- and 11.8-fold at 7 and 21 days post-booster, respectively, versus pre-booster. Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo was well tolerated, and no safety issues were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Goldstein
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chelsea McLean
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Jenny Hendriks
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Luhn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Felgner J, Clarke E, Hernandez-Davies JE, Jan S, Wirchnianski AS, Jain A, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Strahsburger E, Chandran K, Bradfute S, Davies DH. Broad antibody and T cell responses to Ebola, Sudan, and Bundibugyo ebolaviruses using mono- and multi-valent adjuvanted glycoprotein vaccines. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105851. [PMID: 38458540 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there are two approved vaccine regimens designed to prevent Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD). Both are virus-vectored, and concerns about cold-chain storage and pre-existing immunity to the vectors warrant investigating additional vaccine strategies. Here, we have explored the utility of adjuvanted recombinant glycoproteins (GPs) from ebolaviruses Zaire (EBOV), Sudan (SUDV), and Bundibugyo (BDBV) for inducing antibody (Ab) and T cell cross-reactivity. Glycoproteins expressed in insect cells were administered to C57BL/6 mice as free protein or bound to the surface of liposomes, and formulated with toll-like receptor agonists CpG and MPLA (agonists for TLR 9 and 4, respectively), with or without the emulsions AddaVax or TiterMax. The magnitude of Ab cross-reactivity in binding and neutralization assays, and T cell cross-reactivity in antigen recall assays, correlated with phylogenetic relatedness. While most adjuvants screened induced IgG responses, a combination of CpG, MPLA and AddaVax emulsion ("IVAX-1") was the most potent and polarized in an IgG2c (Th1) direction. Breadth was also achieved by combining GPs into a trivalent (Tri-GP) cocktail with IVAX-1, which did not compromise antibody responses to individual components in binding and neutralizing assays. Th1 signature cytokines in T cell recall assays were undetectable after Tri-GP/IVAX-1 administration, despite a robust IgG2c response, although administration of Tri-GP on lipid nanoparticles in IVAX-1 elevated Th1 cytokines to detectable levels. Overall, the data indicate an adjuvanted trivalent recombinant GP approach may represent a path toward a broadly reactive, deployable vaccine against EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiin Felgner
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, University of California Irvine, USA
| | - Elizabeth Clarke
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Sharon Jan
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, University of California Irvine, USA
| | - Ariel S Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
| | - Aarti Jain
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, University of California Irvine, USA
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, University of California Irvine, USA
| | | | - Erwin Strahsburger
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, University of California Irvine, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
| | - Steven Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, USA
| | - D Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, University of California Irvine, USA.
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Nisar KS, Farman M, Jamil K, Akgul A, Jamil S. Computational and stability analysis of Ebola virus epidemic model with piecewise hybrid fractional operator. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298620. [PMID: 38625847 PMCID: PMC11021000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we developed a nonlinear fractional order Ebola virus with a novel piecewise hybrid technique to observe the dynamical transmission having eight compartments. The existence and uniqueness of a solution of piecewise derivative is treated for a system with Arzel'a-Ascoli and Schauder conditions. We investigate the effects of classical and modified fractional calculus operators, specifically the classical Caputo piecewise operator, on the behavior of the model. A model shows that a completely continuous operator is uniformly continuous, and bounded according to the equilibrium points. The reproductive number R0 is derived for the biological feasibility of the model with sensitivity analysis with different parameters impact on the model. Sensitivity analysis is an essential tool for comprehending how various model parameters affect the spread of illness. Through a methodical manipulation of important parameters and an assessment of their impact on Ro, we are able to learn more about the resiliency and susceptibility of the model. Local stability is established with next Matignon method and global stability is conducted with the Lyapunov function for a feasible solution of the proposed model. In the end, a numerical solution is derived with Newton's polynomial technique for a piecewise Caputo operator through simulations of the compartments at various fractional orders by using real data. Our findings highlight the importance of fractional operators in enhancing the accuracy of the model in capturing the intricate dynamics of the disease. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of Ebola virus dynamics and provides valuable insights for improving disease modeling and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar
- Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Aldawaser, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Farman
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Mathematics, Near East University, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, Turkey
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Khadija Jamil
- Institute of Mathematics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Ali Akgul
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Mathematics, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Saba Jamil
- Institute of Mathematics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
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Larivière Y, Garcia-Fogeda I, Zola Matuvanga T, Isekah Osang'ir B, Milolo S, Meta R, Kimbulu P, Robinson C, Katwere M, McLean C, Hens N, Matangila J, Maketa V, Mitashi P, Muhindo-Mavoko H, Van geertruyden JP, Van Damme P. Safety and Immunogenicity of the Heterologous 2-Dose Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Vaccine Regimen in Health Care Providers and Frontliners of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1068-1076. [PMID: 37673423 PMCID: PMC11011182 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to recent Ebola epidemics, vaccine development against the Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) has been fast-tracked in the past decade. Health care providers and frontliners working in Ebola-endemic areas are at high risk of contracting and spreading the virus. METHODS This study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of the 2-dose heterologous Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo vaccine regimen (administered at a 56-day interval) among 699 health care providers and frontliners taking part in a phase 2, monocentric, randomized vaccine trial in Boende, the Democratic Republic of Congo. The first participant was enrolled and vaccinated on 18 December 2019. Serious adverse events were collected up to 6 months after the last received dose. The EBOV glycoprotein FANG ELISA (Filovirus Animal Nonclinical Group enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was used to measure the immunoglobulin G-binding antibody response to the EBOV glycoprotein. RESULTS The vaccine regimen was well tolerated with no vaccine-related serious adverse events reported. Twenty-one days after the second dose, an EBOV glycoprotein-specific binding antibody response was observed in 95.2% of participants. CONCLUSIONS The 2-dose vaccine regimen was well tolerated and led to a high antibody response among fully vaccinated health care providers and frontliners in Boende.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ynke Larivière
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk
- Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk
| | - Irene Garcia-Fogeda
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Trésor Zola Matuvanga
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk
- Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bernard Isekah Osang'ir
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk
- Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk
| | - Solange Milolo
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Rachel Meta
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Primo Kimbulu
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | | | - Niel Hens
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Junior Matangila
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Vivi Maketa
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Patrick Mitashi
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Hypolite Muhindo-Mavoko
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Pierre Van geertruyden
- Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk
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Lee AW, Liu K, Lhomme E, Blie J, McCullough J, Onorato MT, Connor L, Simon JK, Dubey S, VanRheenen S, Deutsch J, Owens A, Morgan A, Welebob C, Hyatt D, Nair S, Hamzé B, Guindo O, Sow SO, Beavogui AH, Leigh B, Samai M, Akoo P, Serry-Bangura A, Fleck S, Secka F, Lowe B, Watson-Jones D, Roy C, Hensley LE, Kieh M, Coller BAG. Immunogenicity and Vaccine Shedding After 1 or 2 Doses of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Ebola Vaccine (ERVEBO®): Results From a Phase 2, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial in Children and Adults. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:870-879. [PMID: 37967326 PMCID: PMC11006114 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine (ERVEBO®) is a single-dose, live-attenuated, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine indicated for the prevention of Ebola virus disease (EVD) caused by Zaire ebolavirus in individuals 12 months of age and older. METHODS The Partnership for Research on Ebola VACcination (PREVAC) is a multicenter, phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 3 vaccine strategies in healthy children (ages 1-17) and adults, with projected 5 years of follow-up (NCT02876328). Using validated assays (GP-ELISA and PRNT), we measured antibody responses after 1-dose rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP, 2-dose rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP (given on Day 0 and Day 56), or placebo. Furthermore, we quantified vaccine virus shedding in a subset of children's saliva using RT-PCR. RESULTS In total, 819 children and 783 adults were randomized to receive rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP (1 or 2 doses) or placebo. A single dose of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP increased antibody responses by Day 28 that were sustained through Month 12. A second dose of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP given on Day 56 transiently boosted antibody concentrations. In vaccinated children, GP-ELISA titers were superior to placebo and non-inferior to vaccinated adults. Vaccine virus shedding was observed in 31.7% of children, peaking by Day 7, with no shedding observed after Day 28 post-dose 1 or any time post-dose 2. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP induced robust antibody responses in children that was non-inferior to the responses induced in vaccinated adults. Vaccine virus shedding in children was time-limited and only observed after the first dose. Overall, these data support the use of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP for the prevention of EVD in at-risk children. Clinical Trials Registration. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02876328), the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR201712002760250), and the European Clinical Trials Register (EudraCT number: 2017-001798-18).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edouard Lhomme
- Inserm, CHU Bordeaux, CIC 1401, EUCLID/F-CRIN Clinical Trials Platform, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Blie
- Partnership for Research on Ebola Vaccines in Liberia (PREVAIL), Monrovia, Liberia
| | - John McCullough
- Advanced BioMedical Laboratories (ABML), Cinnaminson, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Morgan
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin Hamzé
- Pôle Recherche Clinique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Paris, France
| | - Oumar Guindo
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Abdoul H Beavogui
- Centre National de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale (CNFRSR), Maferinyah, Guinea
| | - Bailah Leigh
- College of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences (COMAHS), University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Samai
- College of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences (COMAHS), University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Pauline Akoo
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Alimamy Serry-Bangura
- College of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences (COMAHS), University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Suzanne Fleck
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Fatou Secka
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Brett Lowe
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Watson-Jones
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Céline Roy
- Inserm, CHU Bordeaux, CIC 1401, EUCLID/F-CRIN Clinical Trials Platform, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, MART, UMS 54, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Mark Kieh
- Partnership for Research on Ebola Vaccines in Liberia (PREVAIL), Monrovia, Liberia
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Wanyana MW, Akunzirwe R, King P, Atuhaire I, Zavuga R, Lubwama B, Kabami Z, Ahirirwe SR, Ninsiima M, Naiga HN, Zalwango JF, Zalwango MG, Kawungezi PC, Simbwa BN, Kizito SN, Kiggundu T, Agaba B, Migisha R, Kadobera D, Kwesiga B, Bulage L, Ario AR, Harris JR. Performance and impact of contact tracing in the Sudan virus outbreak in Uganda, September 2022-January 2023. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 141:106959. [PMID: 38340782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact tracing (CT) is critical for ebolavirus outbreak response. Ideally, all new cases after the index case should be previously-known contacts (PKC) before their onset, and spend minimal time ill in the community. We assessed the impact of CT during the 2022 Sudan Virus Disease (SVD) outbreak in Uganda. METHODS We collated anonymized data from the SVD case and contacts database to obtain and analyze data on CT performance indicators, comparing confirmed cases that were PKC and were not PKC (NPKC) before onset. We assessed the effect of being PKC on the number of people infected using Poisson regression. RESULTS There were 3844 contacts of 142 confirmed cases (mean: 22 contacts/case). Forty-seven (33%) confirmed cases were PKC. PKCs had fewer median days from onset to isolation (4 vs 6; P<0.007) and laboratory confirmation (4 vs 7; P<0.001) than NPKC. Being a PKC vs NPKC reduced risk of transmitting infection by 84% (IRR=0.16, 95% CI 0.08-0.32). CONCLUSION Contact identification was sub-optimal during the outbreak. However, CT reduced the time SVD cases spent in the community before isolation and the number of persons infected in Uganda. Approaches to improve contact tracing, especially contact listing, may improve control in future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Wendy Wanyana
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Rebecca Akunzirwe
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick King
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Immaculate Atuhaire
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Zavuga
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Zainah Kabami
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sherry Rita Ahirirwe
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mackline Ninsiima
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hellen Nelly Naiga
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jane Frances Zalwango
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Marie Gorreti Zalwango
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Chris Kawungezi
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brenda Nakafeero Simbwa
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Saudah Namubiru Kizito
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Thomas Kiggundu
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brian Agaba
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Migisha
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Kadobera
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Benon Kwesiga
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lilian Bulage
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program-Uganda National Institute of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Julie R Harris
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
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Grayo S, Camara A, Doukouré B, Ellis I, Troupin C, Fischer K, Vanhomwegen J, White M, Groschup MH, Diederich S, Tordo N. Geographic Disparities in Domestic Pig Population Exposure to Ebola Viruses, Guinea, 2017-2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:681-690. [PMID: 38526081 PMCID: PMC10977825 DOI: 10.3201/eid3004.231034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although pigs are naturally susceptible to Reston virus and experimentally to Ebola virus (EBOV), their role in Orthoebolavirus ecology remains unknown. We tested 888 serum samples collected from pigs in Guinea during 2017-2019 (between the 2013-16 epidemic and its resurgence in 2021) by indirect ELISA against the EBOV nucleoprotein. We identified 2 hotspots of possible pig exposure by IgG titer levels: the northern coast had 48.7% of positive serum samples (37/76), and Forest Guinea, bordering Sierra Leone and Liberia, where the virus emerged and reemerged, had 50% of positive serum samples (98/196). The multitarget Luminex approach confirms ELISA results against Ebola nucleoprotein and highlights cross-reactivities to glycoprotein of EBOV, Reston virus, and Bundibugyo virus. Those results are consistent with previous observations of the circulation of Orthoebolavirus species in pig farming regions in Sierra Leone and Ghana, suggesting potential risk for Ebola virus disease in humans, especially in Forest Guinea.
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Bus-Jacobs L, Lau R, Soethoudt M, Gebbia L, Janssens E, Hermans T. Effects of Shock and Vibration on Product Quality during Last-Mile Transportation of Ebola Vaccine under Refrigerated Conditions 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:757-760. [PMID: 38526137 PMCID: PMC10977826 DOI: 10.3201/eid3004.231060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Analyzing vaccine stability under different storage and transportation conditions is critical to ensure that effectiveness and safety are not affected by distribution. In a simulation of the last mile in the supply chain, we found that shock and vibration had no effect on Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo Ebola vaccine regimen quality under refrigerated conditions.
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Charnley GEC, Green N, Kelman I, Malembaka EB, Gaythorpe KAM. Evaluating the risk of conflict on recent Ebola outbreaks in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:860. [PMID: 38509557 PMCID: PMC10953285 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing Ebola virus transmission relies on the ability to identify cases and limit contact with infected bodily fluids through biosecurity, safe sex practices, safe burial and vaccination. Armed conflicts can complicate outbreak detection and interventions due to widespread disruption to governments and populations. Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have historically reported the largest and the most recent Ebola virus outbreaks. Understanding if conflict played a role in these outbreaks may help in identifying key risks factors to improve disease control. METHODS We used data from a range of publicly available data sources for both Ebola virus cases and conflict events from 2018 to 2021 in Guinea and the DRC. We fitted these data to conditional logistic regression models using the Self-Controlled Case Series methodology to evaluate the magnitude in which conflict increased the risk of reported Ebola virus cases in terms of incidence rate ratio. We re-ran the analysis sub-nationally, by conflict sub-event type and tested any lagged effects. RESULTS Conflict was significantly associated with an increased risk of reported Ebola virus cases in both the DRC and Guinea in recent outbreaks. The effect was of a similar magnitude at 1.88- and 1.98-times increased risk for the DRC and Guinea, respectively. The greatest effects (often higher than the national values) were found in many conflict prone areas and during protest/riot-related conflict events. Conflict was influential in terms of Ebola virus risk from 1 week following the event and remained important by 10 weeks. CONCLUSION Extra vigilance is needed following protests and riot-related conflict events in terms of Ebola virus transmission. These events are highly disruptive, in terms of access to transportation and healthcare and are often in urban areas with high population densities. Additional public health messaging around these types of conflict events, relating to the risks and clinical symptoms may be helpful in reducing transmission. Future work should aim to further understand and quantify conflict severity and intensity, to evaluate dose-response relationships in terms of disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina E C Charnley
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Nathan Green
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ilan Kelman
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK
- University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Espoir B Malembaka
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
- Centre for Tropical Diseases and Global Health (CTDGH), Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Katy A M Gaythorpe
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
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10
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Durant O, Marzi A. Ebola virus disease sequelae and viral persistence in animal models: Implications for the future. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012065. [PMID: 38512815 PMCID: PMC10956775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD), caused by infection with Ebola virus, results in severe, acute illness with a high mortality rate. As the incidence of outbreaks of EVD increases and with the development and approval of medical countermeasures (MCMs) against the acute disease, late phases of EVD, including sequelae, recrudescence, and viral persistence, are occuring more frequently and are now a focus of ongoing research. Existing animal disease models recapitulate acute EVD but are not suitable to investigate the mechanisms of these late disease phenomena. Although there are challenges in establishing such a late disease model, the filovirus research community has begun to call for the development of an EBOV persistence model to address late disease concerns. Ultimately, this will aid the development of MCMs against late disease and benefit survivors of future EVD and filovirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Durant
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
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11
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Nkuba-Ndaye A, Dilu-Keti A, Tovar-Sanchez T, Diallo MSK, Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Kitenge R, Formenty P, Legand A, Edidi-Atani F, Thaurignac G, Pelloquin R, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Toure A, Ayouba A, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Ahuka-Mundeke S. Effect of anti-Ebola virus monoclonal antibodies on endogenous antibody production in survivors of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; 24:266-274. [PMID: 38043556 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of specific anti-Ebola virus therapy, especially monoclonal antibodies, has improved survival in patients with Ebola virus disease. We aimed to assess the effect of monoclonal antibodies on anti-Ebola virus antibody responses in survivors of the 2018-20 Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. METHODS In this observational prospective cohort study, participants were enrolled at three Ebola survivor clinics in Beni, Mangina, and Butembo (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Eligible children and adults notified as survivors of Ebola virus disease (ie, who had confirmed Ebola virus disease [RT-PCR positive in blood sample] and were subsequently declared recovered from the virus [RT-PCR negative in blood sample] with a certificate of recovery from Ebola virus disease issued by an Ebola treatment centre) during the 2018-20 Ebola virus disease outbreak were invited to participate in the study. Participants were recruited on discharge from Ebola treatment centres and followed up for 12-18 months depending on recruitment date. Routine follow-up assessments were done at 1, 3, 6, and 12-18 months after inclusion. We collected sociodemographic (age, sex, visit site), clinical (anti-Ebola virus drugs), and laboratory data (RT-PCR and Ct values). The primary outcome was the antibody concentrations against Ebola virus glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, and 40-kDa viral protein antigens over time assessed in all participants. Antibody concentrations were measured by the multiplex immunoassay, and the association between anti-Ebola virus antibody levels and the relevant exposures, such as anti-Ebola virus disease drugs (ansuvimab, REGN-EB3, ZMapp, or remdesivir), was assessed using both linear and logistic mixed regression models. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04409405. FINDINGS Between April 16, 2020, and Oct 18, 2021, 1168 survivors were invited to participate in the Les Vainqueurs d'Ebola cohort study. 787 survivors were included in the study, of whom 358 had data available for antibody responses. 85 (24%) of 358 were seronegative for at least two Ebola virus antigens on discharge from the Ebola treatment centre. The antibody response over time fluctuated but a continuous decrease in an overall linear evolution was observed. Quantitative modelling showed a decrease in nucleoprotein, glycoprotein, and VP-40 antibody concentrations over time (p<0·0001) with the fastest decrease observed for glycoprotein. The probability of being seropositive for at least two antigens after 36 months was 53·6% (95% CI 51·6-55·6) for participants who received ansuvimab, 73·5% (71·5-75·5) for participants who received REGN-EB3, 76·8% (74·8-78·8) for participants who received remdesivir, and 78·5% (76·5-80·5) for participants who received ZMapp. INTERPRETATION Almost a quarter of survivors were seronegative on discharge from the Ebola treatment centre and antibody concentrations decreased rapidly over time. These results indicate that monoclonal antibodies might negatively affect the production of anti-Ebola virus antibodies in survivors of Ebola virus disease which could increase the risk of reinfection or reactivation. FUNDING The French National Agency for AIDS Research-Emergent Infectious Diseases-The French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, the French National Research Institute for Development, and the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership. TRANSLATION For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Nkuba-Ndaye
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Département de Biologie Médicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France.
| | - Angele Dilu-Keti
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Tamara Tovar-Sanchez
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Mamadou Saliou Kalifa Diallo
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France; Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea; Department of Infectious Diseases, Donka National Hospital, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Daniel Mukadi-Bamuleka
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Département de Biologie Médicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Richard Kitenge
- Programme National de Soins et de Suivi des Personnes Guéries, Ministère de Santé Publique, city, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Anaïs Legand
- Health Emergencies Program, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Edidi-Atani
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Guillaume Thaurignac
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Raphael Pelloquin
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Département de Biologie Médicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Abdoulaye Toure
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea; Department of Infectious Diseases, Donka National Hospital, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Département de Biologie Médicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Eric Delaporte
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France; Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Département de Virologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Département de Biologie Médicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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12
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Ntoumi F, Veas F. Preparedness for future outbreaks: strengthening surveillance of survivors of Ebola virus disease. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; 24:221-223. [PMID: 38043557 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francine Ntoumi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Congolese Foundation for Medical Research, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.
| | - Francisco Veas
- French Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Montpellier University, HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Copernicus Integrated Biosafety and Environmental Risk Solutions, CIBERS, Montpellier, France
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13
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Willet V, Dixit D, Fisher D, Bausch DG, Ogunsola F, Khabsa J, Akl EA, Baller A. Summary of WHO infection prevention and control guideline for Ebola and Marburg disease: a call for evidence based practice. BMJ 2024; 384:2811. [PMID: 38408787 PMCID: PMC10897755 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Devika Dixit
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dale Fisher
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel G Bausch
- FIND, Geneva, Switzerland
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Joanne Khabsa
- Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elie A Akl
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Xu D, Powell AE, Utz A, Sanyal M, Do J, Patten JJ, Moliva JI, Sullivan NJ, Davey RA, Kim PS. Design of universal Ebola virus vaccine candidates via immunofocusing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316960121. [PMID: 38319964 PMCID: PMC10873634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316960121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and poses a significant threat to global public health. Although two viral vector vaccines have been approved to prevent Ebola virus disease, they are distributed in the limited ring vaccination setting and only indicated for prevention of infection from orthoebolavirus zairense (EBOV)-one of three orthoebolavirus species that have caused previous outbreaks. Ebola virus glycoprotein GP mediates viral infection and serves as the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe a universal Ebola virus vaccine approach using a structure-guided design of candidates with hyperglycosylation that aims to direct antibody responses away from variable regions and toward conserved epitopes of GP. We first determined the hyperglycosylation landscape on Ebola virus GP and used that to generate hyperglycosylated GP variants with two to four additional glycosylation sites to mask the highly variable glycan cap region. We then created vaccine candidates by displaying wild-type or hyperglycosylated GP variants on ferritin nanoparticles (Fer). Immunization with these antigens elicited potent neutralizing antisera against EBOV in mice. Importantly, we observed consistent cross-neutralizing activity against Bundibugyo virus and Sudan virus from hyperglycosylated GP-Fer with two or three additional glycans. In comparison, elicitation of cross-neutralizing antisera was rare in mice immunized with wild-type GP-Fer. These results demonstrate a potential strategy to develop universal Ebola virus vaccines that confer cross-protective immunity against existing and emerging filovirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Abigail E. Powell
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Ashley Utz
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Stanford Biophysics Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Jonathan Do
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - J. J. Patten
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02118
| | - Juan I. Moliva
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02118
| | - Nancy J. Sullivan
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
| | - Robert A. Davey
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA02118
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02118
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA94158
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15
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Liu Z, Liu Q, Wang H, Yao X. Severe zoonotic viruses carried by different species of bats and their regional distribution. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024; 30:206-210. [PMID: 37805032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bats have garnered increased attention in the field of life sciences for their typical biological characteristics of carrying a variety of zoonotic viruses without disease, long lifespans, low tumorigenesis rates, and high metabolism. When it was found that bats can carry the rabies virus, over 60 years of research revealed that bats host over 4100 distinct viruses, including Ebola virus and SARS-CoV. OBJECTIVES This paper primarily reviews the profiles of zoonotic viruses carried by bats across various regions globally. The review aims to provide a foundation and reference for future research on monitoring zoonotic viruses in diverse global regions and bat species, exploring the coevolutionary relationship between bats and viruses, understanding the tolerance mechanisms of bat B cells, prevention, and treatment of zoonotic diseases caused by bats. SOURCES The search used 'bat', 'bats', 'rabies virus', 'Dengue virus', 'West Nile virus', 'Zika virus', 'St. Louis encephalitis virus', 'Japanese encephalitis virus', 'Hantavirus', 'Novel hantavirus', 'Rift Valley fever virus', 'Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus', 'Paramyxovirus', 'Nipah virus', 'Hendra virus', 'Menangle virus', 'Tioman virus', 'Marburg Virus', 'Bombali virus', 'Ebola virus', 'Influenza A virus', 'coronavirus', 'Hepatitis B virus', and 'Hepatitis E virus' as text in PubMed. CONTENT A total of 147 references were obtained. Surveys on severe zoonotic virus carriage have been limited to only 83 bat species belonging to nine families, which are distributed all over the world. We also briefly describe the antibody responses and B-cell molecules in bats. IMPLICATIONS Several viruses have been found in different species of bats. This suggests that bats may be important hosts for future viral infectious diseases. Particularly in recent years, the close correlation between human infection pandemics caused by coronaviruses and bats highlights the pressing need to comprehend the species, tolerance, and coevolutionary mechanisms of zoonotic viruses carried by different bat species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zegang Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Qinlu Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China.
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16
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Moso MA, Lim CK, Williams E, Marshall C, McCarthy J, Williamson DA. Prevention and post-exposure management of occupational exposure to Ebola virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; 24:e93-e105. [PMID: 37722397 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the prevention and management of Ebola virus disease (EVD) caused by Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV), including the development of two effective vaccines, rVSV-ZEBOV and Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo. In addition, ZEBOV monoclonal antibodies have become first-line therapy for EVD. However, the 2022-23 outbreak of Sudan Ebola virus (SUDV) in Uganda has highlighted the gap in current therapies and vaccines, whose efficacy is uncertain against non-ZEBOV species. Health-care and laboratory staff working in EVD treatment centres or Ebola virus diagnostic and research laboratories face unique risks relating to potential occupational exposure to Ebola viruses. Given the substantial morbidity and mortality associated with EVD, facilities should have strategies in place to manage occupational exposures, including consideration of post-exposure therapies. In this Review, we discuss currently available evidence for prevention and post-exposure prophylaxis of EVD, including therapies currently under evaluation for SUDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Moso
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Chuan K Lim
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eloise Williams
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline Marshall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James McCarthy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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17
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Yu C, Bai Y, Tan W, Bai Y, Li X, Zhou Y, Zhai J, Xue M, Tang YD, Zheng C, Liu Q. Human MARCH1, 2, and 8 block Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein cleavage via targeting furin P domain. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29445. [PMID: 38299743 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family proteins were recently reported to inhibit viral replication through multiple modes. Previous work showed that human MARCH8 blocked Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP) maturation. Our study here demonstrates that human MARCH1 and MARCH2 share a similar pattern to MARCH8 in restricting EBOV GP-pseudotyped viral infection. Human MARCH1 and MARCH2 retain EBOV GP at the trans-Golgi network, reduce its cell surface display, and impair EBOV GP-pseudotyped virions infectivity. Furthermore, we uncover that the host proprotein convertase furin could interact with human MARCH1/2 and EBOV GP intracellularly. Importantly, the furin P domain is verified to be recognized by MARCH1/2/8, which is critical for their blocking activities. Besides, bovine MARCH2 and murine MARCH1 also impair EBOV GP proteolytic processing. Altogether, our findings confirm that MARCH1/2 proteins of different mammalian origins showed a relatively conserved feature in blocking EBOV GP cleavage, which could provide clues for subsequent MARCHs antiviral studies and may facilitate the development of novel strategies to antagonize enveloped virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Yu
- Engineering Center of Agricultural Biosafety Assessment and Biotechnology, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhe Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Tan
- College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bai
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Engineering Center of Agricultural Biosafety Assessment and Biotechnology, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infection Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
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18
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Riesle-Sbarbaro SA, Wibbelt G, Düx A, Kouakou V, Bokelmann M, Hansen-Kant K, Kirchoff N, Laue M, Kromarek N, Lander A, Vogel U, Wahlbrink A, Wozniak DM, Scott DP, Prescott JB, Schaade L, Couacy-Hymann E, Kurth A. Selective replication and vertical transmission of Ebola virus in experimentally infected Angolan free-tailed bats. Nat Commun 2024; 15:925. [PMID: 38297087 PMCID: PMC10830451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The natural reservoir of Ebola virus (EBOV), agent of a zoonosis burdening several African countries, remains unidentified, albeit evidence points towards bats. In contrast, the ecology of the related Marburg virus is much better understood; with experimental infections of bats being instrumental for understanding reservoir-pathogen interactions. Experiments have focused on elucidating reservoir competence, infection kinetics and specifically horizontal transmission, although, vertical transmission plays a key role in many viral enzootic cycles. Herein, we investigate the permissiveness of Angolan free-tailed bats (AFBs), known to harbour Bombali virus, to other filoviruses: Ebola, Marburg, Taï Forest and Reston viruses. We demonstrate that only the bats inoculated with EBOV show high and disseminated viral replication and infectious virus shedding, without clinical disease, while the other filoviruses fail to establish productive infections. Notably, we evidence placental-specific tissue tropism and a unique ability of EBOV to traverse the placenta, infect and persist in foetal tissues of AFBs, which results in distinct genetic signatures of adaptive evolution. These findings not only demonstrate plausible routes of horizontal and vertical transmission in these bats, which are expectant of reservoir hosts, but may also reveal an ancillary transmission mechanism, potentially required for the maintenance of EBOV in small reservoir populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Riesle-Sbarbaro
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Wibbelt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Düx
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - V Kouakou
- LANADA, Laboratoire National d'Appui au Développement Agricole, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - M Bokelmann
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Hansen-Kant
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Kirchoff
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Laue
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Kromarek
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Lander
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - U Vogel
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Wahlbrink
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - D M Wozniak
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D P Scott
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - J B Prescott
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - L Schaade
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - E Couacy-Hymann
- LANADA, Laboratoire National d'Appui au Développement Agricole, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques, LIRED, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - A Kurth
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Zhu L, Jin J, Wang T, Hu Y, Liu H, Gao T, Dong Q, Jin Y, Li P, Liu Z, Huang Y, Liu X, Cao C. Ebola virus sequesters IRF3 in viral inclusion bodies to evade host antiviral immunity. eLife 2024; 12:RP88122. [PMID: 38285487 PMCID: PMC10945704 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral inclusion bodies (IBs) commonly form during the replication of Ebola virus (EBOV) in infected cells, but their role in viral immune evasion has rarely been explored. Here, we found that interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), but not TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) or IκB kinase epsilon (IKKε), was recruited and sequestered in viral IBs when the cells were infected by EBOV transcription- and replication-competent virus-like particles (trVLPs). Nucleoprotein/virion protein 35 (VP35)-induced IBs formation was critical for IRF3 recruitment and sequestration, probably through interaction with STING. Consequently, the association of TBK1 and IRF3, which plays a vital role in type I interferon (IFN-I) induction, was blocked by EBOV trVLPs infection. Additionally, IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation induced by Sendai virus or poly(I:C) stimulation were suppressed by EBOV trVLPs. Furthermore, downregulation of STING significantly attenuated VP35-induced IRF3 accumulation in IBs. Coexpression of the viral proteins by which IB-like structures formed was much more potent in antagonizing IFN-I than expression of the IFN-I antagonist VP35 alone. These results suggested a novel immune evasion mechanism by which EBOV evades host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jing Jin
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Tingting Wang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Yong Hu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hainan Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ting Gao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qincai Dong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanwen Jin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zijing Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yi Huang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Cheng Cao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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20
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To A, Wong TAS, Ball AH, Lieberman MM, Yalley-Ogunro J, Cabus M, Nezami S, Paz F, Elyard HA, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Deer DJ, Woolsey C, Cross RW, Geisbert TW, Donini O, Lehrer AT. Thermostable bivalent filovirus vaccine protects against severe and lethal Sudan ebolavirus and marburgvirus infection. Vaccine 2024; 42:598-607. [PMID: 38158300 PMCID: PMC10872277 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Although two vaccines for Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) have been licensed and deployed successfully to combat recurring outbreaks of Ebolavirus Disease in West Africa, there are no vaccines for two other highly pathogenic members of the Filoviridae, Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) and Marburg marburgvirus (MARV). The results described herein document the immunogenicity and protective efficacy in cynomolgus macaques of a single-vial, thermostabilized (lyophilized) monovalent (SUDV) and bivalent (SUDV & MARV) protein vaccines consisting of recombinant glycoproteins (GP) formulated with a clinical-grade oil-in-water nanoemulsion adjuvant (CoVaccine HT™). Lyophilized formulations of the vaccines were reconstituted with Water for Injection and used to immunize groups of cynomolgus macaques before challenge with a lethal dose of a human SUDV or MARV isolate. Sera collected after each of the three immunizations showed near maximal GP-binding IgG concentrations starting as early as the second dose. Most importantly, the vaccine candidates (monovalent or bivalent) provided 100% protection against severe and lethal filovirus disease after either SUDV or MARV infection. Although mild, subclinical infection was observed in a few macaques, all vaccinated animals remained healthy and survived the filovirus challenge. These results demonstrate the value that thermostabilized protein vaccines could provide for addressing an important gap in preparedness for future filovirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert To
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Teri Ann S Wong
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Aquena H Ball
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Michael M Lieberman
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | | | - Axel T Lehrer
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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21
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Noonan-Shueh M, Aman MJ, Kailasan S. Production and Purification of Filovirus Glycoproteins. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2762:17-25. [PMID: 38315357 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3666-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV) viruses cause hemorrhagic fever disease in humans and non-human primates (NHPs) with case-fatality rates as high as 90%. The 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak led to over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths and took an enormous toll on the economy of West African nations, in the absence of any vaccine or therapeutic options. Like EVD, there have been at least 6 outbreaks of MVD with ~88% case-fatality and the most recent cases emerging in Equatorial Guinea in February 2023. These outbreaks have spurred an unprecedented global effort to develop vaccines and therapeutics for EVD and MVD and led to an approved vaccine (ERVEBO™) and two monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics for EBOV. In contrast to EVD, therapeutic options against Marburg and another Ebola-relative Sudan virus (SUDV) are lacking. The filovirus glycoprotein (GP), which mediates host cell entry and fusion, is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. In addition to its pre- and post-fusion trimeric states, the protein is highly glycosylated making production of pure and homogeneous trimers on a large scale, a requirement for subunit vaccine development, a challenge. In efforts to address this roadblock, we have developed a unique combination of structure-based design, selection of expression system, and purification methods to produce uniform and stable EBOV and MARV GP trimers at scales appropriate for vaccine production.
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22
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Yin J, Zhang L, Wang C, Qin C, Miao M. Immunogenicity and safety of ebolavirus vaccines in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:148-159. [PMID: 38112249 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2296937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review aimed to systematically evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of the candidate Ebola virus vaccine (EVV). METHODS We searched five databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of EVV on healthy adults. The primary outcomes were relative risk (RR) of sero-conversion or sero-response of EVV in healthy adults between the groups that received EVV and the controls. RESULTS Twenty-nine RCTs (n = 23573) were included. There was a significant difference in RR of sero-conversion of EVV (RR 13.18; 95% CI 11.28-15.41; I2 = 33%; P < 0.01) between the two groups. There was a significant difference in RR of adverse events (AEs) of EVV (RR 1.49; 95% CI 1.27-1.74; I2 = 88%; P < 0.01), although no difference in RR of serious AE (SAE) between the two groups. Subgroup analysis showed that there was no significant difference in RR of AEs for DNAEBO, EBOV-GP, MVA, and rVSVN4CT1 vaccines, compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS The DNAEBO, EBOV-GP, MVA, and rVSVN4CT1 vaccines are likely to be safe and immunogenic, tending to support the vaccination against Ebola disease. These findings should provide much-needed evidence for public health policy makers to develop preventive measures based on disease prevalence features and socio-economic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- National International Cooperation Base of Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Henan Technical Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Changjiang Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Mingsan Miao
- National International Cooperation Base of Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, zhengzhou, Henan, China
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23
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Izudi J, Bajunirwe F. Case fatality rate for Ebola disease, 1976-2022: A meta-analysis of global data. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:25-34. [PMID: 37992431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
An up-to-date pooled case fatality rate (CFR) for Ebola disease (EBOD) at the global level is lacking. We abstracted EBOD data from 1976 to 2022 for 16 countries and 42 outbreaks to conduct a meta-analysis. The pooled CFR was 60.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 51.6-69.4; 95% prediction interval 12.9-99.1). Of the four ebolaviruses, Zaire virus was the most lethal (CFR = 66.6%, 95% CI 55.9-76.8), then Sudan virus (CFR=48.5%, 95% CI 38.6-58.4), Bundibugyo virus (CFR=32.8%, 95% CI 25.8-40.2) and Tai Forest virus (CFR= 0%, 95% CI 0.0-97.5). The CFR in sub-Saharan Africa was 61.3% (95% CI 52.8-69.6) and for the rest of the world was 24.5% (95% CI 0.0-67.9%). CFR declined over time but stabilized at 61.0% (95% CI, 52.0-69.0) between 2014 and 2022. Overall, the EBOD CFR is still high and heterogeneous. Accordingly, early diagnosis, early treatment if available, and supportive care are important to prevent significant morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Izudi
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Francis Bajunirwe
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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24
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Garcia A, Grundmann O. The Utilization and Development of Viral Vectors in Vaccines as a Prophylactic Treatment Against Ebola Virus as an Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Disease. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:289-299. [PMID: 37489781 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230725115324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Alongside the prescription of commonly used antivirals, such as acyclovir, remdesivir, oseltamivir, and ciprofloxacin, the most efficient way to prevent or treat communicable diseases is by vaccination. Vaccines have been the most efficient way to prevent or treat highly transmissible infectious agents, such as Ebola, Anthrax, and Dengue Fever. Most epidemics of these highly transmissible infectious agents occur in places, such as South America, Central America, Tropical Asia, and Africa, where the availability of resources and access to adequate healthcare are limited. However, recent events in history have proven that even with access to resources and proper healthcare, those in firstworld countries are not invincible when it comes to infectious diseases and epidemics. The Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa highlighted the gaps in therapeutic advancement and readiness and led to the rapid development of novel vaccine approaches. Viral vectors, in the case of the Ebola vaccine the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), can be safely used to activate or initiate the innate adaptive immune response to protect against viral infection. When developed properly and with extensive study, novel vaccine approaches allow physicians and health experts to control the rate at which viruses spread or prevent transmission. This review will discuss the advantages of viral vector vaccines, their chemistry and development, and the pathophysiology of the Ebola virus to develop advantageous and efficacious treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Garcia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Room P3-20, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Oliver Grundmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Room P3-20, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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25
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Muzembo BA, Kitahara K, Mitra D, Ntontolo NP, Ngatu NR, Ohno A, Khatiwada J, Dutta S, Miyoshi SI. The basic reproduction number (R 0) of ebola virus disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2024; 57:102685. [PMID: 38181864 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus disease (Ebola) is highly pathogenic, transmissible, and often deadly, with debilitating consequences. Superspreading within a cluster is also possible. In this study, we aim to document Ebola basic reproduction number (R0): the average number of new cases associated with an Ebola case in a completely susceptible population. METHODS We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for studies published between 1976 and February 27, 2023. We also manually searched the reference lists of the reviewed studies to identify additional studies. We included studies that reported R0 during Ebola outbreaks in Africa. We excluded studies that reported only the effective reproduction number (Rt). Abstracting data from included studies was performed using a pilot-tested standard form. Two investigators reviewed the studies, extracted the data, and assessed quality. The pooled R0 was determined by a random-effects meta-analysis. R0 was stratified by country. We also estimated the theoretically required immunization coverage to reach herd-immunity using the formula of (1-1/R0) × 100 %. RESULTS The search yielded 2042 studies. We included 53 studies from six African countries in the systematic review providing 97 Ebola mean R0 estimates. 27 (with 46 data points) studies were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled mean Ebola R0 was 1.95 (95 % CI 1.74-2.15), with high heterogeneity (I2 = 99.99 %; τ2 = 0.38; and p < 0.001) and evidence of small-study effects (Egger's statistics: Z = 4.67; p < 0.001). Mean Ebola R0 values ranged from 1.2 to 10.0 in Nigeria, 1.1 to 7 in Guinea, 1.14 to 8.33 in Sierra Leone, 1.13 to 5 in Liberia, 1.2 to 5.2 in DR Congo, 1.34 to 2.7 in Uganda, and from 1.40 to 2.55 for all West African countries combined. Pooled mean Ebola R0 was 9.38 (95 % CI 4.16-14.59) in Nigeria, 3.31 (95 % CI 2.30-4.32) in DR Congo, 2.0 (95 % CI 1.25-2.76) in Uganda, 1.83 (95 % CI 1.61-2.05) in Liberia, 1.73 (95 % CI 1.47-2.0) in Sierra Leonne, and 1.44 (95 % CI 1.29-1.60) in Guinea. In theory, 50 % of the population needs to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, assuming that Ebola vaccine would be 100 % effective. CONCLUSIONS Ebola R0 varies widely across countries. Ebola has a much wider R0 range than is often claimed (1.3-2.0). It is possible for an Ebola index case to infect more than two susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilua Andre Muzembo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Kei Kitahara
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Debmalya Mitra
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Ngangu Patrick Ntontolo
- Institut Médical Evangélique (IME), Kimpese, Congo; Department of Family Medicine and PHC, Protestant University of Congo, Congo
| | - Nlandu Roger Ngatu
- Department of Public Health, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Japan
| | - Ayumu Ohno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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26
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Dobbs KR, Lobb A, Dent AE. Ebola virus disease in children: epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:488-495. [PMID: 37903937 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Ebola disease is a severe disease with extremely high case-fatality rates ranging from 28-100%. Observations made during the 2013-2016 West African epidemic improved our understanding of the clinical course of Ebola disease and accelerated the study of therapeutic and preventative strategies. The epidemic also highlighted the unique challenges associated with providing optimal care for children during Ebola disease outbreaks. In this review, we outline current understanding of Ebola disease epidemiology, pathogenesis, management, and prevention, highlighting data pertinent to the care of children. IMPACT: In this review, we summarize recent advancements in our understanding of Ebola disease epidemiology, clinical presentation, and therapeutic and preventative strategies. We highlight recent data pertinent to the care of children and pregnant women and identify research gaps for this important emerging viral infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Dobbs
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Alyssa Lobb
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Arlene E Dent
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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27
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Kuczynski LE, Shallow JR, Watson MP, Homsy ML, Svab T, Gruber A, Rustandi RR, Hu J, Winters MA. Adaptation of an rVSV Ebola vaccine purification process for rapid development of a viral vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300041. [PMID: 37766672 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, long development timelines typically associated with vaccines were challenged. The urgent need for a vaccine provided a strong driver to reevaluate existing vaccine development approaches. Innovative approaches to regulatory approval were realized, including the use of platform-based technology. In collaboration with the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA rapidly advanced an investigational SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) platform used for the Ebola vaccine ERVEBO (rVSV∆G-ZEBOV-GP). An rVSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate was generated using the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to replace the VSV G protein. The purification process development for this vaccine candidate was detailed in this paper. Areas were highlighted where the ERVEBO platform process was successfully adopted and where additional measures were needed for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate. These included: (i) endonuclease addition directly into the bioreactor prior to harvest, (ii) inclusion of a core-shell chromatography step for improved purification, and (iii) incorporation of a terminal, sterile filtration step to eliminate the need for aseptic, closed processing. High infectious virus titers were achieved in Phase 3 clinical drug substance (>108 PFU mL-1 ), and process consistency was demonstrated across four large scale batches that were completed in 6 months from clone selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Kuczynski
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James R Shallow
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew P Watson
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael L Homsy
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas Svab
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley Gruber
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard R Rustandi
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jianfang Hu
- Center of Mathematical Sciences, MMD, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Winters
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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28
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Ferrero DS, Tomás Gilabert O, Verdaguer N. Structural insights on the nucleoprotein C-terminal domain of Měnglà virus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0237323. [PMID: 37888996 PMCID: PMC10714759 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02373-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Filoviruses are the causative agents of severe and often fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans. Měnglà virus (MLAV) is a recently reported filovirus, isolated from fruit bats that is capable to replicate in human cells, representing a potential risk for human health. An in-depth structural and functional knowledge of MLAV proteins is an essential step for antiviral research on this virus that can also be extended to other emerging filoviruses. In this study, we determined the first crystal structures of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the MLAV nucleoprotein (NP), showing important similarities to the equivalent domain in MARV. The structural data also show that the NP CTD has the ability to form large helical oligomers that may participate in the control of cytoplasmic inclusion body formation during viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nuria Verdaguer
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Man-Lik Choi E, Abu-Baker Mustapher G, Omosa-Manyonyi G, Foster J, Anywaine Z, Musila Mutua M, Ayieko P, Vudriko T, Ann Mwangi I, Njie Y, Ayoub K, Mundia Muriuki M, Kasonia K, Edward Connor N, Florence N, Manno D, Katwere M, McLean C, Gaddah A, Luhn K, Lowe B, Greenwood B, Robinson C, Anzala O, Kaleebu P, Watson-Jones D. Safety and immunogenicity of an Ad26.ZEBOV booster vaccine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive (HIV+) adults previously vaccinated with the Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo vaccine regimen against Ebola: A single-arm, open-label Phase II clinical trial in Kenya and Uganda. Vaccine 2023; 41:7573-7580. [PMID: 37981473 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with HIV constitute an important part of the population in regions at risk of Ebola virus disease outbreaks. The two-dose Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Ebola vaccine regimen induces strong immune responses in HIV-positive (HIV+) adults but the durability of this response is unknown. It is also unclear whether this regimen can establish immune memory to enable an anamnestic response upon re-exposure to antigen. METHODS This paper describes an open-label, phase 2 trial, conducted in Kenya and Uganda, of Ad26.ZEBOV booster vaccination in HIV+ participants who had previously received the Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo primary regimen. HIV+ adults with well-controlled infection and on highly active antiretroviral therapy were enrolled, vaccinated with booster, and followed for 28 days. The primary objectives were to assess Ad26.ZEBOV booster safety and antibody responses against the Ebola virus glycoprotein using the Filovirus Animal Non-Clinical Group ELISA. RESULTS The Ad26.ZEBOV booster was well-tolerated in HIV+ adults with mostly mild to moderate symptoms. No major safety concerns or serious adverse events were reported. Four and a half years after the primary regimen, 24/26 (92 %) participants were still classified as responders, with a pre-booster antibody geometric mean concentration (GMC) of 726 ELISA units (EU)/mL (95 %CI 447-1179). Seven days after the booster, the GMC increased 54-fold to 38,965 EU/mL (95 %CI 23532-64522). Twenty-one days after the booster, the GMC increased 176-fold to 127,959 EU/mL (95 %CI 93872-174422). The responder rate at both post-booster time points was 100 %. CONCLUSIONS The Ad26.ZEBOV booster is safe and highly immunogenic in HIV+ adults with well-controlled infection. The Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo regimen can generate long-term immune memory persisting for at least 4·5 years, resulting in a robust anamnestic response. TRIAL REGISTRATION Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR202102747294430). CLINICALTRIALS gov (NCT05064956).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julie Foster
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Philip Ayieko
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Irene Ann Mwangi
- KAVI - Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Yusupha Njie
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Kakande Ayoub
- MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | | | - Kambale Kasonia
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Nambaziira Florence
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Daniela Manno
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Chelsea McLean
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Kerstin Luhn
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Brett Lowe
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Brian Greenwood
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Omu Anzala
- KAVI - Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Deborah Watson-Jones
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania.
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Warsame A, Eamer G, Kai A, Dios LR, Rohan H, Keating P, Katshishi J, Checchi F. Performance of a safe and dignified burial intervention during an Ebola epidemic in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2018-2019. BMC Med 2023; 21:484. [PMID: 38049815 PMCID: PMC10696665 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A protracted Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) epidemic in the eastern Ituri, North and South Kivu provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) caused 3470 confirmed and probable cases between July 2018 and April 2020. During the epidemic, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) supported the DRC Red Cross and other local actors to offer safe and dignified burials (SDB) for suspected and confirmed EVD cases, so as to reduce transmission associated with infectious dead bodies. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of the SDB service's performance in order to inform future applications of this intervention. METHODS We analysed data on individual SDB responses to quantify performance based on key indicators and against pre-specified service standards. Specifically, we defined SDB timeliness as response within 24 h and success as all components of the service being implemented. Combining the database with other information sources, we also fit generalised linear mixed binomial models to explore factors associated with unsuccessful SDB. RESULTS Out of 14,624 requests for SDB, 99% were responded to, 89% within 24 h. Overall, 61% of SDBs were successful, somewhat below target (80%), with failures clustered during a high-insecurity period. Factors associated with increased odds of unsuccessful SDB included reported community and/or family nonacceptance, insecurity and suspensions of the EVD response, low health facility coverage and high coverage of radio and telephony. Burials supported by mobile Civil Protection (local authorities) and/or static, community-based 'harm reduction' teams were associated with lower odds of failure. CONCLUSIONS A large-scale, timely and moderately performant SDB service proved feasible during the challenging eastern DRC EVD response. Burial teams that are managed by community actors and operate locally, and supported rather than owned by the Red Cross or other humanitarian organisations, are a promising modality of delivering this pillar of EVD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdihamid Warsame
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gwendolen Eamer
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alaria Kai
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lucia Robles Dios
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hana Rohan
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Patrick Keating
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- UK Public Health Rapid Support Team, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jacques Katshishi
- Red Cross Society of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Francesco Checchi
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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31
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Kasumba DM, Misasi J, Mulangu S, Mbala-Kingebeni P. Exploring host-virus interaction to improve immunotherapy against Ebola virus. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:857-861. [PMID: 37845170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent immunological advances have led to the development of FDA-approved immunotherapies against Ebola virus (EBOV). However, patients with high viral loads have not seen as large a benefit as mild cases. Here we discuss areas of investigation that may lead to adjunctive immune therapy for patients with severe EBOV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacquin M Kasumba
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Axis of Molecular Immunology and Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - John Misasi
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sabue Mulangu
- Global Medical Affairs, Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, Miami, FL, USA.
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32
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Vega-Rodriguez W, Ly H. Emergence of deadly viral haemorrhagic fever disease outbreaks in West Africa. Virulence 2023; 14:2176980. [PMID: 36748841 PMCID: PMC10732656 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2176980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) disease outbreaks caused by Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV) in West Africa are unique and alarming. The intents of this editorial are to highlight what is known about these viruses and the disease outbreaks that they cause in the African continent and elsewhere and to raise awareness of a related virus called Lassa virus (LASV) that causes endemic viral hemorrhagic fever infections and frequent outbreaks in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widaliz Vega-Rodriguez
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
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Yu X, Hastie KM, Davis CW, Avalos RD, Williams D, Parekh D, Hui S, Mann C, Hariharan C, Takada A, Ahmed R, Saphire EO. The evolution and determinants of neutralization of potent head-binding antibodies against Ebola virus. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113366. [PMID: 37938974 PMCID: PMC11045044 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against the Ebola virus (EBOV) surface glycoprotein are effective treatments for EBOV disease. Antibodies targeting the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) head epitope have potent neutralization and Fc effector function activity and thus are of high interest as therapeutics and for vaccine design. Here we focus on the head-binding antibodies 1A2 and 1D5, which have been identified previously in a longitudinal study of survivors of EBOV infection. 1A2 and 1D5 have the same heavy- and light-chain germlines despite being isolated from different individuals and at different time points after recovery from infection. Cryoelectron microscopy analysis of each antibody in complex with the EBOV surface GP reveals key amino acid substitutions in 1A2 that contribute to greater affinity, improved neutralization potency, and enhanced breadth as well as two strategies for antibody evolution from a common site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn M Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carl W Davis
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ruben Diaz Avalos
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dewight Williams
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Diptiben Parekh
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean Hui
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Colin Mann
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chitra Hariharan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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Marzi A, Feldmann F, O’Donnell KL, Hanley PW, Messaoudi I, Feldmann H. Preexisting Immunity Does Not Prevent Efficacy of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Filovirus Vaccines in Nonhuman Primates. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S671-S676. [PMID: 37290042 PMCID: PMC10651194 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV) made headlines in the past decade, causing outbreaks of human disease in previously nonendemic yet overlapping areas. While EBOV outbreaks can be mitigated with licensed vaccines and treatments, there is not yet a licensed countermeasure for MARV. Here, we used nonhuman primates (NHPs) previously vaccinated with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-MARV and protected against lethal MARV challenge. After a resting period of 9 months, these NHPs were revaccinated with VSV-EBOV and challenged with EBOV, resulting in 75% survival. Surviving NHPs developed EBOV glycoprotein (GP)-specific antibody titers and no viremia or clinical signs of disease. The single vaccinated NHP succumbing to challenge showed the lowest EBOV GP-specific antibody response after challenge, supporting previous findings with VSV-EBOV that antigen-specific antibodies are critical in mediating protection. This study again demonstrates that VSVΔG-based filovirus vaccine can be successfully used in individuals with preexisting VSV vector immunity, highlighting the platform's applicability for consecutive outbreak response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Kyle L O’Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Patrick W Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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Halfmann PJ, Borisevich V, Levine CB, Mire CE, Fenton KA, Geisbert TW, Kawaoka Y, Cross RW. The Mucin-Like Domain of the Ebola Glycoprotein Does Not Impact Virulence or Pathogenicity in Ferrets. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S587-S593. [PMID: 37379580 PMCID: PMC10651202 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus (EBOV) is considered among the most dangerous viruses with case fatality rates approaching 90% depending on the outbreak. While several viral proteins (VPs) including VP24, VP35, and the soluble glycoprotein are understood to contribute to virulence, less is known of the contribution of the highly variable mucin-like domain (MLD) of EBOV. Early studies have defined a potential role in immune evasion of the MLD by providing a glycan shield to critical glycoprotein residues tied to viral entry. Nonetheless, little is known as to what direct role the MLD plays in acute EBOV disease (EVD). METHODS We generated an infectious EBOV clone that lacks the MLD and assessed its virulence in ferrets compared with wild-type (WT) virus. RESULTS No differences in growth kinetics were observed in vitro, nor were there any differences in time to death, viremia, or clinical picture in ferrets infected with recombinant EBOV (rEBOV)-WT or rEBOV-Δmucin. CONCLUSIONS The EBOV MLD does not play a critical role in acute pathogenesis of EVD in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Corri B Levine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Chad E Mire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo
- Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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36
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Woolsey C, Borisevich V, Agans KN, O’Toole R, Fenton KA, Harrison MB, Prasad AN, Deer DJ, Gerardi C, Morrison N, Cross RW, Eldridge JH, Matassov D, Geisbert TW. A Highly Attenuated Panfilovirus VesiculoVax Vaccine Rapidly Protects Nonhuman Primates Against Marburg Virus and 3 Species of Ebola Virus. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S660-S670. [PMID: 37171813 PMCID: PMC11009496 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The family Filoviridae consists of several virus members known to cause significant mortality and disease in humans. Among these, Ebola virus (EBOV), Marburg virus (MARV), Sudan virus (SUDV), and Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) are considered the deadliest. The vaccine, Ervebo, was shown to rapidly protect humans against Ebola disease, but is indicated only for EBOV infections with limited cross-protection against other filoviruses. Whether multivalent formulations of similar recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccines could likewise confer rapid protection is unclear. METHODS Here, we tested the ability of an attenuated, quadrivalent panfilovirus VesiculoVax vaccine (rVSV-Filo) to elicit fast-acting protection against MARV, EBOV, SUDV, and BDBV. Groups of cynomolgus monkeys were vaccinated 7 days before exposure to each of the 4 viral pathogens. All subjects (100%) immunized 1 week earlier survived MARV, SUDV, and BDBV challenge; 80% survived EBOV challenge. Survival correlated with lower viral load, higher glycoprotein-specific immunoglobulin G titers, and the expression of B-cell-, cytotoxic cell-, and antigen presentation-associated transcripts. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate multivalent VesiculoVax vaccines are suitable for filovirus outbreak management. The highly attenuated nature of the rVSV-Filo vaccine may be preferable to the Ervebo "delta G" platform, which induced adverse events in a subset of recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Woolsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel O’Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mack B Harrison
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Abhishek N Prasad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Cheryl Gerardi
- Department of Viral Vaccine Development, Auro Vaccines, Pearl River, New York, USA
| | - Nneka Morrison
- Department of Viral Vaccine Development, Auro Vaccines, Pearl River, New York, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - John H Eldridge
- Department of Viral Vaccine Development, Auro Vaccines, Pearl River, New York, USA
| | - Demetrius Matassov
- Department of Viral Vaccine Development, Auro Vaccines, Pearl River, New York, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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37
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Clancy CS, Smart G, Rhoderick JF, O’Donnell KL, Rosenke R, Schäfer A, Marzi A. Establishing a Mouse Model for Sexual Transmission and Male Reproductive Tract Persistence of Ebola Virus. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S554-S558. [PMID: 37102262 PMCID: PMC10651199 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) has resulted in the death of over 15 000 people since its discovery in 1976. At least 1 incident of re-emergence of EVD has been associated with persistent male reproductive tract infection in a patient surviving EVD greater than 500 days prior. To date, animal models of Ebola virus (EBOV) infection have failed to fully characterize the pathogenesis of reproductive tract infection. Furthermore, no animal model of sexual transmission of EBOV exists. In this study, we describe a roadmap to modeling sexual transmission of EBOV using a mouse-adapted EBOV isolate in immunocompetent male mice and female Ifnar-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Gabrielle Smart
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - J Fred Rhoderick
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Kyle L O’Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Rebecca Rosenke
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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Woolsey C, Strampe J, Fenton KA, Agans KN, Martinez J, Borisevich V, Dobias NS, Deer DJ, Geisbert JB, Cross RW, Connor JH, Geisbert TW. A Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Vaccine Provides Postexposure Protection Against Bundibugyo Ebolavirus Infection. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S712-S720. [PMID: 37290053 PMCID: PMC10651203 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filovirus Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) causes severe disease with a mortality rate of approximately 20%-51%. The only licensed filovirus vaccine in the United States, Ervebo, consists of a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vector that expresses Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP). Ervebo was shown to rapidly protect against fatal Ebola disease in clinical trials; however, the vaccine is only indicated against EBOV. Recent outbreaks of other filoviruses underscore the need for additional vaccine candidates, particularly for BDBV infections. METHODS To examine whether the rVSV vaccine candidate rVSVΔG/BDBV-GP could provide therapeutic protection against BDBV, we inoculated seven cynomolgus macaques with 1000 plaque-forming units of BDBV, administering rVSVΔG/BDBV-GP vaccine to 6 of them 20-23 minutes after infection. RESULTS Five of the treated animals survived infection (83%) compared to an expected natural survival rate of 21% in this macaque model. All treated animals showed an early circulating immune response, while the untreated animal did not. Surviving animals showed evidence of both GP-specific IgM and IgG production, while animals that succumbed did not produce significant IgG. CONCLUSIONS This small, proof-of-concept study demonstrated early treatment with rVSVΔG/BDBV-GP provides a survival benefit in this nonhuman primate model of BDBV infection, perhaps through earlier initiation of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Woolsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jamie Strampe
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jasmine Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Natalie S Dobias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - John H Connor
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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39
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Prasad AN, Agans KN, Geisbert JB, Borisevich V, Deer DJ, Dobias NS, Comer JE, Woolsey C, Fenton KA, Geisbert TW, Cross RW. Natural History of Nonhuman Primates After Oral Exposure to Ebola Virus Variant Makona. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S571-S581. [PMID: 37348509 PMCID: PMC10651204 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary route of infection by Ebola virus (EBOV) is through contact of mucosal surfaces. Few studies have explored infection of nonhuman primates (NHPs) via the oral mucosa, which is a probable portal of natural infection in humans. METHODS To further characterize the pathogenesis of EBOV infection via the oral exposure route, we challenged cohorts of cynomolgus monkeys with low doses of EBOV variant Makona. RESULTS Infection with 100 or 50 PFU of EBOV Makona via the oral route resulted in 50% and 83% lethality, respectively. Animals that progressed to fatal disease exhibited lymphopenia, marked coagulopathy, high viral loads, and increased levels of serum markers of inflammation and hepatic/renal injury. Survival in these cohorts was associated with milder fluctuations in leukocyte populations, lack of coagulopathy, and reduced or absent serum markers of inflammation and/or hepatic/renal function. Surprisingly, 2 surviving animals from the 100- and 50-PFU cohorts developed transient low-level viremia in the absence of other clinical signs of disease. Conversely, all animals in the 10 PFU cohort remained disease free and survived to the study end point. CONCLUSIONS Our observations highlight the susceptibility of NHPs, and by extension, likely humans, to relatively low doses of EBOV via the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek N Prasad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Natalie S Dobias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason E Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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40
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Iampietro M, Amurri L, Reynard O, Bukreyev A. Interplay of Ebola Virus With Immune Cells Leading to Their Death by Diverse Mechanisms. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S582-S586. [PMID: 37654044 PMCID: PMC10651200 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and cytopenia are commonly observed during Ebola virus (EBOV) infection; however, mechanisms responsible for EBOV-induced cell death remain obscure. While apoptosis and necrosis are already identified as mechanisms of cell death induced by the virus, our study demonstrates that THP-1 monocytes and SupT1 T cells exposed to EBOV undergo pyroptosis and necroptosis, respectively, through a direct contact with EBOV, and also mediate pyroptosis or necroptosis of uninfected bystander cells via indirect effects associated with secreted soluble factors. These results emphasize novel aspects of interactions between EBOV and immune cell populations and provide a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of EBOV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Iampietro
- Department of Pathology
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
- Department of Virology, Department of Immunology, International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France
| | - Lucia Amurri
- Department of Virology, Department of Immunology, International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Reynard
- Department of Virology, Department of Immunology, International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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41
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Marzi A, Hanley PW, Furuyama W, Haddock E, Martens CA, Scott DP, Feldmann H. Atypical Ebola Virus Disease in a Rhesus Macaque. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S617-S625. [PMID: 37477943 PMCID: PMC10651074 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV)-Makona infected more than 30 000 people from 2013 to 2016 in West Africa, among them many health care workers including foreign nationals. Most of the infected foreign nationals were evacuated and treated in their respective home countries, resulting in detailed reports of the acute disease following EBOV infection as well as descriptions of symptoms now known as post-Ebola syndrome, which occurred months after the infection. Symptoms associated with this syndrome include uveitis and neurological manifestations. In 1 of our EBOV-Makona nonhuman primate (NHP) studies, 1 NHP was euthanized on day 28 after infection having completely recovered from the acute disease. During convalescence, this NHP developed neurological signs and acute respiratory distress requiring euthanasia. The organ tropism had changed with high virus titers in lungs, brain, eye, and reproductive organs but no virus in the typical target organs for acute EBOV infection. This in part reflects sequelae described for EBOV survivors albeit developing quicker after recovery from acute disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Patrick W Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Craig A Martens
- Research Technology Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Dana P Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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42
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Schiffman Z, Garnett L, Tran KN, Cao W, He S, Emeterio K, Tierney K, Azaransky K, Strong JE, Banadyga L. The Inability of Marburg Virus to Cause Disease in Ferrets Is Not Solely Linked to the Virus Glycoprotein. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S594-S603. [PMID: 37288605 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes lethal disease in ferrets, whereas Marburg virus (MARV) does not. To investigate this difference, we first evaluated viral entry by infecting ferret spleen cells with vesicular stomatitis viruses pseudotyped with either MARV or EBOV glycoprotein (GP). Both viruses were capable of infecting ferret spleen cells, suggesting that lack of disease is not due to a block in MARV entry. Next, we evaluated replication kinetics of authentic MARV and EBOV in ferret cell lines and demonstrated that, unlike EBOV, MARV was only capable of low levels of replication. Finally, we inoculated ferrets with a recombinant EBOV expressing MARV GP in place of EBOV GP. Infection resulted in uniformly lethal disease within 7-9 days postinfection, while MARV-inoculated animals survived until study endpoint. Together these data suggest that the inability of MARV to cause disease in ferrets is not entirely linked to GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Schiffman
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lauren Garnett
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kaylie N Tran
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Wenguang Cao
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shihua He
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Karla Emeterio
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kevin Tierney
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kim Azaransky
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James E Strong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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43
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Malherbe DC, Kimble JB, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Meyer M, Cody SG, Hyde M, Alter G, Bukreyev A. A Single-Dose Intranasal Combination Pan ebolavirus Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S648-S659. [PMID: 37469133 PMCID: PMC10651208 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebolaviruses Ebola (EBOV), Sudan (SUDV), and Bundibugyo (BDBV) cause severe human disease, which may be accompanied by hemorrhagic syndrome, with high case fatality rates. Monovalent vaccines do not offer cross-protection against these viruses whose endemic areas overlap. Therefore, development of a panebolavirus vaccine is a priority. As a vaccine vector, human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) has the advantages of needle-free administration and induction of both systemic and local mucosal antibody responses in the respiratory tract. METHODS To minimize the antivector immunity, genes encoding the HPIV3 envelope proteins F and HN were removed from the vaccine constructs, resulting in expression of only the ebolavirus envelope protein-glycoprotein. These second-generation vaccine constructs were used to develop a combination vaccine against EBOV, SUDV, and BDBV. RESULTS A single intranasal vaccination of guinea pigs or ferrets with the trivalent combination vaccine elicited humoral responses to each of the targeted ebolaviruses, including binding and neutralizing antibodies, as well as Fc-mediated effector functions. This vaccine protected animals from death and disease caused by lethal challenges with EBOV, SUDV, or BDBV. CONCLUSIONS The combination vaccine elicited protection that was comparable to that induced by the monovalent vaccines, thus demonstrating the value of this combination trivalent vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine C Malherbe
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - J Brian Kimble
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michelle Meyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - S Gabrielle Cody
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew Hyde
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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44
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Matson MJ, Bushmaker T, Scott DP, Rosenke R, Saturday G, Chertow DS, Munster VJ. Ebola Virus Tropism in Ex Vivo Cynomolgus Macaque Ocular Tissues. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S626-S630. [PMID: 37386692 PMCID: PMC10651198 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular complications of Ebola virus disease are well-documented and long-term sequelae in survivors are common and lead to considerable morbidity. However, little is currently known regarding EBOV's tropism and replication kinetics within the eye. To date, limited studies have utilized in vitro infections of ocular cell lines and analyses of archived pathology samples to investigate these issues. Here, we employed ex vivo cultures of cynomolgus macaque eyes to determine the tropism of EBOV in 7 different ocular tissues: cornea, anterior sclera with bulbar conjunctiva, ciliary body, iris, lens, neural retina, and retina pigment epithelium. We report that, except for neural retina, all tissues supported EBOV replication. Retina pigment epithelium produced the fastest growth and highest viral RNA loads, although the differences were not statistically significant. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed and further characterized infection. This study demonstrates that EBOV has a broad tropism within the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jeremiah Matson
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Trent Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Dana P Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MontanaUSA
| | - Rebecca Rosenke
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MontanaUSA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MontanaUSA
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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45
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Bushmaker T, Feldmann F, Lovaglio J, Saturday G, Griffin AJ, O’Donnell KL, Strong JE, Sprecher A, Kobinger G, Geisbert TW, Marzi A, Feldmann H. Limited Benefit of Postexposure Prophylaxis With VSV-EBOV in Ebola Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S721-S729. [PMID: 37474155 PMCID: PMC10651186 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus-Ebola virus (VSV-EBOV) vaccine has been successfully used in ring vaccination approaches during EBOV disease outbreaks demonstrating its general benefit in short-term prophylactic vaccination, but actual proof of its benefit in true postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for humans is missing. Animal studies have indicated PEP efficacy when VSV-EBOV was used within hours of lethal EBOV challenge. Here, we used a lower EBOV challenge dose and a combined intravenous and intramuscular VSV-EBOV administration to improve PEP efficacy in the rhesus macaque model. VSV-EBOV treatment 1 hour after EBOV challenge resulted in delayed disease progression but little benefit in outcome. Thus, we could not confirm previous results indicating questionable benefit of VSV-EBOV for EBOV PEP in a nonhuman primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Amanda J Griffin
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Kyle L O’Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - James E Strong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Gary Kobinger
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
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Prasad AN, Fenton KA, Agans KN, Borisevich V, Woolsey C, Comer JE, Dobias NS, Peel JE, Deer DJ, Geisbert JB, Lawrence WS, Cross RW, Geisbert TW. Pathogenesis of Aerosolized Ebola Virus Variant Makona in Nonhuman Primates. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S604-S616. [PMID: 37145930 PMCID: PMC10651212 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic filoviruses such as Ebola virus (EBOV) hold capacity for delivery by artificial aerosols, and thus potential for intentional misuse. Previous studies have shown that high doses of EBOV delivered by small-particle aerosol cause uniform lethality in nonhuman primates (NHPs), whereas only a few small studies have assessed lower doses in NHPs. METHODS To further characterize the pathogenesis of EBOV infection via small-particle aerosol, we challenged cohorts of cynomolgus monkeys with low doses of EBOV variant Makona, which may help define risks associated with small particle aerosol exposures. RESULTS Despite using challenge doses orders of magnitude lower than previous studies, infection via this route was uniformly lethal across all cohorts. Time to death was delayed in a dose-dependent manner between aerosol-challenged cohorts, as well as in comparison to animals challenged via the intramuscular route. Here, we describe the observed clinical and pathological details including serum biomarkers, viral burden, and histopathological changes leading to death. CONCLUSIONS Our observations in this model highlight the striking susceptibility of NHPs, and likely humans, via small-particle aerosol exposure to EBOV and emphasize the need for further development of diagnostics and postexposure prophylactics in the event of intentional release via deployment of an aerosol-producing device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek N Prasad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason E Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Natalie S Dobias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer E Peel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - William S Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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47
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Liu G, He S, Chan M, Zhang Z, Schulz H, Cao W, Rahim MN, Audet J, Garnett L, Wec A, Chandran K, Qiu X, Banadyga L. A Pan- Ebolavirus Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail Provides Protection Against Ebola and Sudan Viruses. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S691-S700. [PMID: 37288609 PMCID: PMC11009494 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, including ebolaviruses and marburgviruses, can cause severe and often fatal disease in humans. Over the past several years, antibody therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of filovirus disease. Here, we describe 2 distinct cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from mice immunized with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based filovirus vaccines. Both mAbs recognized the glycoproteins of multiple different ebolaviruses and exhibited broad but differential in vitro neutralization activities against these viruses. By themselves, each mAb provided partial to full protection against Ebola virus in mice, and in combination, the mAbs provided 100% protection against Sudan virus challenge in guinea pigs. This study identified novel mAbs that were elicited through immunization and able to provide protection from ebolavirus infection, thus enriching the pool of candidate therapeutics for treating Ebola disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Shihua He
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Michael Chan
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Zirui Zhang
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Helene Schulz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Wenguang Cao
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Md Niaz Rahim
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jonathan Audet
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Lauren Garnett
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anna Wec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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48
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Sprecher A, Cross R, Marzi A, Martins KA, Wolfe D, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou CF, Cihlar T, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Nyhuis T, Teicher C, Crozier I, Strong J, Kobinger G, Woolsey C, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H, Muyembe JJ. Perspectives on Advancing Countermeasures for Filovirus Disease: Report From a Multisector Meeting. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S474-S478. [PMID: 37596837 PMCID: PMC10651188 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there are now approved treatments and vaccines for Ebola virus disease, the case fatality rate remains unacceptably high even when patients are treated with the newly approved therapeutics. Furthermore, these countermeasures are not expected to be effective against disease caused by other filoviruses. A meeting of subject-matter experts was held during the 10th International Filovirus Symposium to discuss strategies to address these gaps. Several investigational therapeutics, vaccine candidates, and combination strategies were presented. The greatest challenge was identified to be the implementation of well-designed clinical trials of safety and efficacy during filovirus disease outbreaks. Preparing for this will require agreed-upon common protocols for trials intended to bridge multiple outbreaks across all at-risk countries. A multinational research consortium including at-risk countries would be an ideal mechanism to negotiate agreement on protocol design and coordinate preparation. Discussion participants recommended a follow-up meeting be held in Africa to establish such a consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Karen A Martins
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Daniel Wolfe
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Republic of the Congo
- Kinshasa Teaching Hospital, School of Medicine, Kinshasa University, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Tara Nyhuis
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California
| | | | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Program Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | - Jim Strong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Republic of the Congo
- Kinshasa Teaching Hospital, School of Medicine, Kinshasa University, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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49
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Djurkovic MA, Leavitt CG, Arnett E, Kriachun V, Martínez-Sobrido L, Titone R, Sherwood LJ, Hayhurst A, Schlesinger LS, Shtanko O. Ebola Virus Uses Tunneling Nanotubes as an Alternate Route of Dissemination. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S522-S535. [PMID: 37723997 PMCID: PMC10651192 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease is marked by rapid virus replication and spread. EBOV enters the cell by macropinocytosis and replicates in the cytoplasm, and nascent virions egress from the cell surface to infect neighboring cells. Here, we show that EBOV uses an alternate route to disseminate: tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). TNTs, an actin-based long-range intercellular communication system, allows for direct exchange of cytosolic constituents between cells. Using live, scanning electron, and high-resolution quantitative 3-dimensional microscopy, we show that EBOV infection of primary human cells results in the enhanced formation of TNTs containing viral nucleocapsids. TNTs promote the intercellular transfer of nucleocapsids in the absence of live virus, and virus could replicate in cells devoid of entry factors after initial stall. Our studies suggest an alternate model of EBOV dissemination within the host, laying the groundwork for further investigations into the pathogenesis of filoviruses and, importantly, stimulating new areas of antiviral design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija A Djurkovic
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Carson G Leavitt
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Valeriia Kriachun
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Disease Prevention and Intervention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Rossella Titone
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Laura J Sherwood
- Disease Prevention and Intervention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Andrew Hayhurst
- Disease Prevention and Intervention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Olena Shtanko
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
- Disease Prevention and Intervention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
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50
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Stein SR, Platt AP, Teague HL, Anthony SM, Reeder RJ, Cooper K, Byrum R, Drawbaugh DJ, Liu DX, Burdette TL, Hadley K, Barr B, Warner S, Rodriguez-Hernandez F, Johnson C, Stanek P, Hischak J, Kendall H, Huzella LM, Strich JR, Herbert R, St. Claire M, Vannella KM, Holbrook MR, Chertow DS. Clinical and Immunologic Correlates of Vasodilatory Shock Among Ebola Virus-Infected Nonhuman Primates in a Critical Care Model. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S635-S647. [PMID: 37652048 PMCID: PMC10651209 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing models of Ebola virus infection have not fully characterized the pathophysiology of shock in connection with daily virologic, clinical, and immunologic parameters. We implemented a nonhuman primate critical care model to investigate these associations. METHODS Two rhesus macaques received a target dose of 1000 plaque-forming units of Ebola virus intramuscularly with supportive care initiated on day 3. High-dimensional spectral cytometry was used to phenotype neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells daily. RESULTS We observed progressive vasodilatory shock with preserved cardiac function following viremia onset on day 5. Multiorgan dysfunction began on day 6 coincident with the nadir of circulating neutrophils. Consumptive coagulopathy and anemia occurred on days 7 to 8 along with irreversible shock, followed by death. The monocyte repertoire began shifting on day 4 with a decline in classical and expansion of double-negative monocytes. A selective loss of CXCR3-positive B and T cells, expansion of naive B cells, and activation of natural killer cells followed viremia onset. CONCLUSIONS Our model allows for high-fidelity characterization of the pathophysiology of acute Ebola virus infection with host innate and adaptive immune responses, which may advance host-targeted therapy design and evaluation for use after the onset of multiorgan failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney R Stein
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - Andrew P Platt
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - Heather L Teague
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Pathogenesis and Therapeutics Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Rebecca J Reeder
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - David J Drawbaugh
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - David X Liu
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Tracey L Burdette
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Kyra Hadley
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Bobbi Barr
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Seth Warner
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Pathogenesis and Therapeutics Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Cristal Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Phil Stanek
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Joseph Hischak
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Heather Kendall
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, Maryland, USA
| | - Louis M Huzella
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Jeffrey R Strich
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Pathogenesis and Therapeutics Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Richard Herbert
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisa St. Claire
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Kevin M Vannella
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
- Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
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