1
|
Velloso Alvarez A, Jose-Cunilleras E, Dorrego-Rodriguez A, Santiago-Llorente I, de la Cuesta-Torrado M, Troya-Portillo L, Rivera B, Vitale V, de Juan L, Cruz-Lopez F. Detection of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in urine samples during outbreaks of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:456-463. [PMID: 37699794 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Real-time PCR is the diagnostic technique of choice for the diagnosis and control of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in an outbreak setting. The presence of EHV-1 in nasal swabs (NS), whole blood, brain and spinal cord samples has been extensively described; however, there are no reports on the excretion of EHV-1 in urine, its DNA detection patterns, and the role of urine in viral spread during an outbreak. OBJECTIVES To determine the presence of EHV-1 DNA in urine during natural infection and to compare the DNA detection patterns of EHV-1 in urine, buffy coat (BC) and NS. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive study of natural infection. METHODS Urine and whole blood/NS samples were collected at different time points during the hospitalisation of 21 horses involved in two EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy outbreaks in 2021 and 2023 in Spain. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to compare the viral DNA load between BC-urine samples in 2021 and NS-urine samples in 2023. Sex, age, breed, presence of neurological signs, EHV-1 vaccination status and treatment data were recorded for all horses. RESULTS A total of 18 hospitalised horses during the 2021 and 2023 outbreaks were positive for EHV-1, and viral DNA was detected in urine samples from a total of 11 horses in both outbreaks. Compared with BC samples, DNA presence was detected in urine samples for longer duration and with slightly higher concentration; however, compared with NS, detection of EHV-1 in urine was similar in duration with lower DNA concentrations. MAIN LIMITATIONS Limited sample size, different sampling times and protocols (BC vs. NS) in two natural infection outbreak settings. CONCLUSIONS EHV-1 was detected in the urine from naturally infected horses. Urine should be considered as complimentary to blood and NS in diagnosis of EHV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - E Jose-Cunilleras
- Unitat Equina, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Cerdañola del Valles, Spain
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdañola del Valles, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Lucas Troya-Portillo
- Unitat Equina, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Cerdañola del Valles, Spain
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdañola del Valles, Spain
| | - Belen Rivera
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lucia de Juan
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Animal Health Department, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fatima Cruz-Lopez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hassanien RT, Thieulent CJ, Carossino M, Li G, Balasuriya UBR. Modulation of Equid Herpesvirus-1 Replication Dynamics In Vitro Using CRISPR/Cas9-Assisted Genome Editing. Viruses 2024; 16:409. [PMID: 38543774 PMCID: PMC10975850 DOI: 10.3390/v16030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: equid alphaherpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is a highly contagious viral pathogen prevalent in most horse populations worldwide. Genome-editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 have become powerful tools for precise RNA-guided genome modifications; (2) Methods: we designed single guide RNAs (sgRNA) to target three essential (ORF30, ORF31, and ORF7) and one non-essential (ORF74) EHV-1 genes and determine their effect on viral replication dynamics in vitro; (3) Results: we demonstrated that sgRNAs targeting essential lytic genes reduced EHV-1 replication, whereas those targeting ORF74 had a negligible effect. The sgRNAs targeting ORF30 showed the strongest effect on the suppression of EHV-1 replication, with a reduction in viral genomic copy numbers and infectious progeny virus output. Next-generation sequencing identified variants with deletions in the specific cleavage site of selective sgRNAs. Moreover, we evaluated the combination between different sgRNAs and found that the dual combination of sgRNAs targeting ORF30 and ORF7 significantly suppressed viral replication to lower levels compared to the use of a single sgRNA, suggesting a synergic effect; (4) Conclusion: data demonstrate that sgRNA-guided CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to inhibit EHV-1 replication in vitro, indicating that this programmable technique can be used to develop a novel, safe, and efficacious therapeutic and prophylactic approach against EHV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabab T. Hassanien
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (R.T.H.); (C.J.T.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Virology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Côme J. Thieulent
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (R.T.H.); (C.J.T.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (R.T.H.); (C.J.T.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (R.T.H.); (C.J.T.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tong P, Yang E, Liu B, Tian S, Suo Y, Pan J, Dang Y, Palidan N, Jia C, Kuang L, Xie J. Identification of neuropathogenic Varicellovirus equidalpha1 as a potential cause of respiratory disease outbreaks among horses in North Xinjiang, China, from 2021-2023. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:77. [PMID: 38413936 PMCID: PMC10898184 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varicellovirus equidalpha1 (formerly Equid alphaherpesvirus 1, EqAHV-1) is among the most important viruses responsible for respiratory disease outbreaks among horses throughout the world. No reports to date have detailed the association between EqAHV-1 and respiratory disease among horses in China. This study described one such outbreak among a population of horses in north Xinjiang that occurred from April 2021 - May 2023. RESULTS qPCR revealed that EqAHV-1 was detectable in all samples and this virus was identified as a possible source of respiratory disease, although a limited subset of these samples were also positive for EqAHV-2, EqAHV-4, and EqAHV-5. In total, three EqAHV-1 strains responsible for causing respiratory illness in horses were isolated successfully, and full-length ORF33 sequence comparisonsand phylogenetic analyses indicated that these isolates may have originated from EqAHV-1 strains detected in Yili horse abortions. ORF30 sequence data additionally suggested that these strains were neuropathic, as evidenced by the presence of a guanine residue at nucleotide position 2254 corresponding to the aspartic acid present at position 752 in the DNA polymerase encoded by this virus. CONCLUSION This study is the first report of an outbreak of respiratory disease among horses in China caused by EqAHV-1. ORF30 sequence characterization revealed that these EqAHV-1 strains harbored a neuropathogenic genotype. Given the detection of this virus in horses suffering from respiratory disease, concern is warranted with respect to this neuropathogenic EqAHV-1 outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Tong
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Enhui Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Hengxing Equestrian Club, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Shuyao Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Youtu Suo
- Zhaosu Horse Barn in Yili, Zhaosu, 835602, China
| | - JuanJuan Pan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Yueyi Dang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Nuerlan Palidan
- Vocational Technical School of Zhaosu, Zhaosu, 835600, China
| | - Chenyang Jia
- Xinjiang Nucleic Acid Testing Center, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Ling Kuang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Jinxin Xie
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stasi D, Wagner B, Barnum S, Pusterla N. Comparison of antibody and antigen response to intranasal and intramuscular EHV-1 modified-live vaccination in healthy adult horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 133:104992. [PMID: 38160702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
During neurological EHV-1 outbreaks, modified-live vaccines (MLV) are often administrated intranasally in an off-label fashion to healthy cohort horses in order to achieve rapid mucosal immunity. Thus, the goal of the present study was to determine if a commercially available EHV-1 MLV given intranasally to healthy horses would trigger a measurable systemic and/or mucosal antibody response. Eight healthy adult horses were given the EHV-1 MLV vaccine intranasally, while 8 healthy adult horses received the vaccine intramuscularly. An additional 8 healthy horses served as unvaccinated controls. EHV-1 specific antibodies (total IgG, IgG4/7, IgG1 and IgA) were measured in blood and nasal secretions prior to vaccine administration and 14- and 30-days post-vaccine administration. Further, nasal secretions and whole blood were tested for the presence of EHV-1 DNA by qPCR prior to and 5 days after vaccine administration. EHV-1 was detected by qPCR for the first 48 hours post-intranasal vaccine administration in nasal secretions in a total of three horses. Total EHV-1 IgG and IgG4/7 antibody values in serum increased only in horses receiving the intramuscular MLV. Antibody values at 14- and 30-days post vaccine administration were not different from values prior to vaccine administration in horses receiving the intranasal vaccine. The results support the intramuscular use of the EHV-1 MLV as recommended by the manufacturer. Intranasal vaccination with the study-specific EHV-1 MLV did not induce an increase in systemic or nasal antibodies, therefore, this vaccine route seems suboptimal and should not be used to vaccinate adult horses that have received multiple EHV-1 vaccinations and have pre-existing antibodies against EHV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Stasi
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Di Genova C, Sutton G, Paillot R, Temperton N, Pronost S, Scott SD. Studying longitudinal neutralising antibody levels against Equid herpesvirus 1 in experimentally infected horses using a novel pseudotype based assay. Virus Res 2024; 339:199262. [PMID: 37931881 PMCID: PMC10694342 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Infection with equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), a DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family represents a significant welfare issue in horses and a great impact on the equine industry. During EHV-1 infection, entry of the virus into different cell types is complex due to the presence of twelve glycoproteins (GPs) on the viral envelope. To investigate virus entry mechanisms, specific combinations of GPs were pseudotyped onto lentiviral vectors. Pseudotyped virus (PV) particles bearing gB, gD, gH and gL were able to transduce several target cell lines (HEK293T/17, RK13, CHO-K1, FHK-Tcl3, MDCK I & II), demonstrating that these four EHV-1 glycoproteins are both essential and sufficient for cell entry. The successful generation of an EHV-1 PV permitted development of a PV neutralisation assay (PVNA). The efficacy of the PVNA was tested by measuring the level of neutralising serum antibodies from EHV-1 experimentally infected horses (n = 52) sampled in a longitudinal manner. The same sera were assessed using a conventional EHV-1 virus neutralisation (VN) assay, exhibiting a strong correlation (r = 0.82) between the two assays. Furthermore, PVs routinely require -80 °C for long term storage and a dry ice cold-chain during transport, which can impede dissemination and utilisation in other stakeholder laboratories. Consequently, lyophilisation of EHV-1 PVs was conducted to address this issue. PVs were lyophilised and pellets either reconstituted immediately or stored under various temperature conditions for different time periods. The recovery and functionality of these lyophilised PVs was compared with standard frozen aliquots in titration and neutralisation tests. Results indicated that lyophilisation could be used to stably preserve such complex herpesvirus pseudotypes, even after weeks of storage at room temperature, and that reconstituted EHV-1 PVs could be successfully employed in antibody neutralisation tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Di Genova
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4 TB, United Kingdom; Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Gabrielle Sutton
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France; Université de Montréal, H3C 3J7 Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France; School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Writtle, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 3RR, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4 TB, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Simon D Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4 TB, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghoniem SM, ElZorkany HE, Hagag NM, El-Deeb AH, Shahein MA, Hussein HA. Development of multiplex gold nanoparticles biosensors for ultrasensitive detection and genotyping of equine herpes viruses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15140. [PMID: 37704638 PMCID: PMC10500010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) biosensors can detect low viral loads and differentiate between viruses types, enabling early diagnosis and effective disease management. In the present study, we developed GNPs biosensors with two different capping agent, citrate-GNPs biosensors and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-GNPs biosensors for detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in multiplex real time PCR (rPCR). Citrate-GNPs and PVP-GNPs biosensors can detect dilution 1010 of EHV-1 with mean Cycle threshold (Ct) 11.7 and 9.6, respectively and one copy as limit of detection, while citrate-GNPs and PVP-GNPs biosensors can detect dilution 1010 of EHV-4 with mean Ct 10.5 and 9.2, respectively and one copy as limit of detection. These findings were confirmed by testing 87 different clinical samples, 4 more samples were positive with multiplex GNPs biosensors rPCR than multiplex rPCR. Multiplex citrate-GNPs and PVP-GNPs biosensors for EHV-1 and EHV-4 are a significant breakthrough in the diagnosis of these virus types. These biosensors offer high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for the accurate detection of the target viruses at very low concentrations and improve the early detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4, leading to faster control of infected animals to prevent the spread of these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa M Ghoniem
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Heba E ElZorkany
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Central Lab, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Ayman H El-Deeb
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt
| | - Momtaz A Shahein
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Hussein A Hussein
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Couroucé A, Normand C, Tessier C, Pomares R, Thévenot J, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Legrand L, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Lupo C. Equine Herpesvirus-1 Outbreak During a Show-Jumping Competition: A Clinical and Epidemiological Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104869. [PMID: 37339699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
A total of 752 horses were involved in the CES Valencia Spring Tour 2021. Due to an equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) outbreak, the competition was cancelled and the site was locked down. The objective of this study was to describe epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and outcome data of the 160 horses remaining in Valencia. Clinical and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) data were analysed for 60 horses in a retrospective case-control observational study. The risk of developing clinical manifestations was explored using a logistic regression approach. EHV-1 was detected by qPCR, genotyped as A2254 (ORF30) and isolated on cell culture. From the 60 horses, 50 (83.3%) showed fever, 30 horses (50%) showed no further signs and 20 (40%) showed neurological signs, with eight horses (16%) hospitalised, of which two died (3%). Stallions and geldings were six times more likely to develop EHV-1 infection compared to mares. Horses older than 9 years, or housed in the middle of the tent were more likely to develop EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy (EHM). These data show that for EHV-1 infection, the risk factor was male sex. For EHM the risk factors were age > 9-year old and location in the middle of the tent. These data highlight the crucial role of stable design, position, and ventilation in EHV-outbreaks. It also showed that PCR testing of the horses was important to manage the quarantine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Couroucé
- BIOTARGEN UR7450, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; RESPE, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, Saint Contest, France; ONIRIS, CISCO-ONIRIS, Route de Gachet, Nantes, Cedex, France.
| | - Camille Normand
- BIOTARGEN UR7450, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, Saint Contest, France
| | | | - Rita Pomares
- Clinique vétérinaire, LD Le Tremoulet, Legeuvin, France
| | | | | | - Loïc Legrand
- BIOTARGEN UR7450, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, Saint Contest, France
| | | | - Stéphane Pronost
- BIOTARGEN UR7450, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, Saint Contest, France
| | - Coralie Lupo
- RESPE, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, Saint Contest, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Almeida Campos AC, Cicolo S, de Oliveira CM, Molina CV, Navas-Suárez PE, Poltronieri Dos Santos T, da Silveira VB, Barbosa CM, Baccarin RYA, Durigon EL, Góes LGB, Belli CB, Oliveira DBL. Potential outbreak by herpesvirus in equines: detection, clinical, and genetic analysis of equid gammaherpesvirus 2 (EHV-2). Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1137-1143. [PMID: 36705807 PMCID: PMC10234995 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equid herpesvirus (EHV) commonly affects horses causing neurologic and respiratory symptoms beside spontaneous abortions, meaning huge economic losses for equine industry worldwide. In foals, the virus can facilitate secondary infections by Rhodococcus equi, important in morbidity and mortality in equines. A total of five genotypes of EHV were previously described in Brazil including EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-3, EHV-4, and EHV-5. EHV-2 genotype had only been previously described in Brazil in asymptomatic animals. We report the investigation of the dead of 11 foals in Middle-west region of Brazil showing respiratory and neurological symptoms, as well as several abortions in mares from the same farm. METHODS Clinical and laboratory exams were performed in this case study. Lung, whole blood, serum, and plasma samples were analyzed by necroscopic and histopathologic techniques followed by molecular assays (conventional and qPCR and Sanger sequencing). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Laboratory exams revealed neutrophilia leukocytosis. Necroscopic and histopathologic findings were suppurative bronchopneumonia and ulcerative enteritis. Molecular assays point to the absence of the bacteria Rhodococcus equi and other viruses (including other EHV). The presence of EHV-2 DNA was confirmed by sequencing in serum sample from one foal. This is the first confirmed outbreak of EHV-2 causing disease in Brazilian horses with confirmed presence of the virus, and which highlight the important role of EHV-2 in equine respiratory disease and spontaneous abortions in equid in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Cristine de Almeida Campos
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II da Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-II/USP), SP, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Clinical and Molecular Virology Research Team, Scientific Platform Pasteur-USP (SPPU), SP, 05508-020, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sofia Cicolo
- Department of Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, SP, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cairo Monteiro de Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II da Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-II/USP), SP, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Vieira Molina
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II da Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-II/USP), SP, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
- Clinical and Molecular Virology Research Team, Scientific Platform Pasteur-USP (SPPU), SP, 05508-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Enrique Navas-Suárez
- Wildlife Comparative Pathology Laboratory-LAPCOM, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, SP, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
- Wildlife Disease Association-WDA, Associate member, 66044-7065, Lawrence-KS, United States
| | - Thais Poltronieri Dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, SP, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Barbosa da Silveira
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II da Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-II/USP), SP, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Meneguin Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II da Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-II/USP), SP, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Yvonne Arantes Baccarin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, SP, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II da Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-II/USP), SP, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Bentim Góes
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II da Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-II/USP), SP, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
- Clinical and Molecular Virology Research Team, Scientific Platform Pasteur-USP (SPPU), SP, 05508-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Bargi Belli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, SP, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II da Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-II/USP), SP, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, HIAE, 05652-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pusterla N, Barnum S, Lawton K, Wademan C, Corbin R, Hodzic E. Investigation of the EHV-1 Genotype (N 752, D 752, and H 752) in Swabs Collected From Equids With Respiratory and Neurological Disease and Abortion From the United States (2019-2022). J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 123:104244. [PMID: 36773852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary data on equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) genotype (non-neuropathogenic or N752, neuropathogenic or D752 and new variant or H752) in clinically diseased equids is important in order to determine the frequency of these genotypes and their association with disease expression. A total of 297 EHV-1 qPCR-positive swabs collected from 2019 to 2022 from horses with respiratory disease (EHV-1), neurological disease (equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy [EHM]) and abortion were tested for the three different EHV-1 genotypes (N752, D752 and H752) using qPCR allelic discrimination assays. All submissions originated from the United States and included 257 EHV-1 cases, 35 EHM cases and 5 cases of abortion. EHV-1 qPCR-positive cases were predominantly seen during winter and spring. N752 was the predominant genotype detected in EHV-1 cases (87.5%), EHM cases (74.3%) and abortions (80%). D752 was detected less frequently in EHV-1 cases (9.3%) and EHM cases (25.7%), while H752 was only detected in EHV-1 cases (3.1%). While the N752 genotype has remained the predominant genotype affecting horses with respiratory disease and abortion, it has also become a leading genotype in cases of EHM, when compared to historical data. The new H752 genotype, first reported in the United States in 2021, has remained confined to a cluster of geographically and temporally related outbreaks and the data showed no emerging spread of H752 since it was first reported. While the monitoring of EHV-1 genotypes is important from a diagnostic and epidemiological standpoint, it may also help establish medical interventions and preventive protocols to reduce the risk of severe complications associated with EHV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Kaila Lawton
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Cara Wademan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Rachel Corbin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Emir Hodzic
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fukushi N, Fukushi H. Prevention of fatal equine herpesvirus type 1 encephalitis in mice by immunization with a limited-replication cycle virus. Vet Microbiol 2023; 277:109633. [PMID: 36543092 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a devastating pathogen of horses, their natural hosts, and causes fatal encephalitis in non-natural hosts. We previously demonstrated that acylation of the tegument protein UL11 is required for viral replication in cultured cells. We created a mutant virus (EHV-1 UL12 trunc UL11 G2AC7AC9A), in which glycyl and cysteinyl residues at positions 2, 7 and 9 of UL11 that are normally acylated were replaced with alanyl residues. This virus, designated the 2/7/9 mutant, has a limited-replication cycle (LRC), in which replication stops after just a few cycles. Here, we tested whether the 2/7/9 mutant could be used as a vaccine against fatal encephalitis in a mouse model. A virulence test showed that the 2/7/9 mutant was not pathogenic in mice and elicited an antibody response. We also attempted to use the 2/7/9 mutant to immunize mice against a zebra-borne EHV-1, 94-137. Two trials were conducted, each with five immunized mice, five non-immunized and five control mice. In both trials, clinical signs and fatalities were much lower in the immunized mice than in the non-immunized mice. In addition, none of the mice in either trial developed neutralizing antibodies, indicating that the immunity induced by the 2/7/9 mutant was not due to neutralizing activity. The results indicate that the 2/7/9 LRC mutant has promise as a vaccine against EHV-1 infection non-natural hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Fukushi
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduated School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hideto Fukushi
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduated School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bera BC, Anand T, Pavulraj S, Balena V, Pradhan S, Singh RK, Tripathi BN, Virmani N. Attenuation of equine herpesvirus 1 through deletion of gE gene and its pathological evaluation in murine model. Acta Virol 2023; 67:79-90. [PMID: 36950888 DOI: 10.4149/av_2023_108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) infection is a global health problem in equines and the virus is responsible for abortions, respiratory disease and myeloencephalitis in horses. Disease management requires proper biosecurity and immunoprophylactic measures. Vaccines strengthening both arms of immunity are essential for proper control and there has been a continuous focus in this area for generation of better vaccines. Here we report construction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of EHV-1 strain Tohana for mutagenesis of the virus and generation of gE gene deletion mutant EHV1. The BAC clone was generated by inserting the mini-F plasmid replacing ORF71 of EHV1 and transforming into E. coli for generation of EHV1-BAC. The infectious virus was regenerated from EHV-1 BAC DNA in RK13 cells. To check utility of EHV1-BAC, we have generated mutant EHV1 by deleting the virulence-associated gE gene. The mutant virus (vToHΔgE) showed significantly reduced plaque size without affecting replication efficiency. Pathological evaluation of lesions in BALB/c mice infected with vToHΔgE revealed reduction in clinical signs and pathology in comparison to the wild-type virus. Generation of infectious BAC of EHV1 and its usage in construction of attenuated viruses shows potential of the technology for development of indigenous modified live vaccine for EHV1. Keywords: quine herpesvirus 1; bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC); mutation; glycoprotein E; vaccine.
Collapse
|
12
|
Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Rola J. Kinetics of the Equid Herpesvirus 2 and 5 Infections among Mares and Foals from Three Polish National Studs. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040713. [PMID: 35458443 PMCID: PMC9031536 DOI: 10.3390/v14040713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) and 5 (EHV-5) are two γ-herpesviruses that are commonly detected from horses worldwide, based on several cross-sectional molecular surveys. Comparatively few studies examined the dynamics of γ-herpesvirus infection over time in a group of horses. The aim of the current study was to investigate the dynamics of EHV-2/5 infections among mares and their foals at three Polish national studs with different breeds of horses: Arabians, Thoroughbreds and Polish Konik horses. Nasal swabs were collected from each of 38 mare-foal pairs monthly for a period of 6 to 8 months. Virus-specific quantitative PCR assays were used to determine the viral load of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in each sample. All 76 horses sampled were positive for EHV-2 or EHV-5 on at least one sampling occasion. The majority (73/76, 96%) were infected with both EHV-2 and EHV-5. In general, the mean load of viral DNA was higher in samples from foals than from mares, but similar for EHV-2 and EHV-5 at most sampling occasions. There was, however, a considerable variability in the viral DNA load between samples collected at different times from the same foal, as well as between samples from different foals. The latter was more apparent for EHV-2 than for EHV-5. All foals became infected with both viruses early in life, before weaning, and remained positive on all, or most, subsequent samplings. The virus shedding by mares was more intermittent, indicating the existence of age-related differences. Overall, the data presented extend our knowledge of EHV-2/5 epidemiology among mares and foals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Stasiak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-818-893-069
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sutton G, Normand C, Carnet F, Couroucé A, Garvey M, Castagnet S, Fortier CI, Hue ES, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Legrand L, Paillot R, Pitel PH, Cullinane A, Pronost S. Equine Herpesvirus 1 Variant and New Marker for Epidemiologic Surveillance, Europe, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2738-2739. [PMID: 34546162 PMCID: PMC8462333 DOI: 10.3201/eid2710.210704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 isolates from a 2021 outbreak of neurologic disease in Europe have a mutation, A713G, in open reading frame 11 not detected in 249 other sequences from equine herpesvirus 1 isolates. This single-nucleotide polymorphism could help identify horses infected with the virus strain linked to this outbreak.
Collapse
|
14
|
Scheurer L, Bachofen C, Hardmeier I, Lechmann J, Schoster A. Prevalence of Nasal Shedding of Equid Gammaherpesviruses in Healthy Swiss Horses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091686. [PMID: 34578268 PMCID: PMC8473365 DOI: 10.3390/v13091686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid Gamma herpesvirus (eGHV) infections have been reported worldwide and may be correlated with clinical signs, e.g., affecting the respiratory tract in young horses. eGHV are shed by healthy horses as well as horses with respiratory tract disease. The prevalence in healthy Swiss horses is unknown to date but this data would provide valuable information for causal diagnosis in clinical cases and formulation of biosecurity recommendations. Nasal swabs from 68 healthy horses from 12 Swiss stables and 2 stables near the Swiss border region in Germany were analyzed by panherpes nested PCR. Positive samples were sequenced. A multivariable model was used to determine if sex, age, breed, canton, or stable had a significant effect on the shedding status of each detected eGHV. Overall, the eGHV prevalence was 59% (n = 68); the prevalence for equid herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2), equid herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5) and asinine herpesvirus-5 (AHV-5) was 38%, 12% and 9%, respectively. Co-infections with multiple eGHVs were observed in 25% of the positive samples. The odds of shedding EHV-2 decreased with age (p = 0.01) whereas the odds of shedding AHV-5 increased with age (p = 0.04). Breed, sex, canton, or stable had no significant association with eGHV shedding. As EHV-2 shedding was common in healthy horses a positive PCR result must be interpreted with caution regarding the formulation of biosecurity recommendations and causal diagnosis. As EHV-5 and AHV-5 shedding was less common than EHV-2, a positive test result is more likely to be of clinical relevance. Shedding of multiple eGHV complicates the interpretation of positive test results in a horse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scheurer
- Klinik für Pferdemedizin, Departement für Pferde, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (I.H.)
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institut für Virologie, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (C.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Isabelle Hardmeier
- Klinik für Pferdemedizin, Departement für Pferde, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (I.H.)
| | - Julia Lechmann
- Institut für Virologie, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (C.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Angelika Schoster
- Klinik für Pferdemedizin, Departement für Pferde, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (I.H.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sutton G, Thieulent C, Fortier C, Hue ES, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Pléau A, Deslis A, Guitton E, Paillot R, Pronost S. Identification of a New Equid Herpesvirus 1 DNA Polymerase (ORF30) Genotype with the Isolation of a C 2254/H 752 Strain in French Horses Showing no Major Impact on the Strain Behaviour. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101160. [PMID: 33066315 PMCID: PMC7650556 DOI: 10.3390/v12101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 1 is one of the most common viral pathogens in the horse population and is associated with respiratory disease, abortion and still-birth, neonatal death and neurological disease. A single point mutation in the DNA polymerase gene (ORF30: A2254G, N752D) has been widely associated with neuropathogenicity of strains, although this association has not been exclusive. This study describes the fortuitous isolation of a strain carrying a new genotype C2254 (H752) from an outbreak in France that lasted several weeks in 2018 and involved 82 horses, two of which showed neurological signs of disease. The strain was characterised as UL clade 10 using the equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) classification but has not been identified or isolated since 2018. The retrospective screening of EHV-1 strains collected between 2016 and 2018 did not reveal the presence of the C2254 mutation. When cultured in vitro, the C2254 EHV-1 strain induced a typical EHV-1 syncytium and cytopathic effect but no significant difference was observed when compared with A2254 and G2254 EHV-1 strains. An experimental infection was carried out on four Welsh mountain ponies to confirm the infectious nature of the C2254 strain. A rapid onset of marked respiratory disease lasting at least 2 weeks, with significant virus shedding and cell-associated viraemia, was observed. Finally, an in vitro antiviral assay using impedance measurement and viral load quantification was performed with three antiviral molecules (ganciclovir (GCV), aciclovir (ACV) and aphidicolin (APD)) on the newly isolated C2254 strain and two other A/G2254 field strains. The three strains showed similar sensitivity to ganciclovir and aphidicolin but both C2254 and A2254 strains were more sensitive to aciclovir than the G2254 strain, based on viral load measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Sutton
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Côme Thieulent
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Christine Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika S. Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | | | - Alexis Pléau
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Alain Deslis
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Edouard Guitton
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford CM1 3RR, UK
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-3147-1919
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pavulraj S, Kamel M, Stephanowitz H, Liu F, Plendl J, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Modulates Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles of Mononuclear Cells for Efficient Dissemination to Target Organs. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090999. [PMID: 32911663 PMCID: PMC7551999 DOI: 10.3390/v12090999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) causes encephalomyelopathy and abortion, for which cell-associated viremia and subsequent virus transfer to and replication in endothelial cells (EC) are responsible and prerequisites. Viral and cellular molecules responsible for efficient cell-to-cell spread of EHV-1 between peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and EC remain unclear. We have generated EHV-1 mutants lacking ORF1, ORF2, and ORF17 genes, either individually or in combination. Mutant viruses were analyzed for their replication properties in cultured equine dermal cells, PBMC infection efficiency, virus-induced changes in the PBMC proteome, and cytokine and chemokine expression profiles. ORF1, ORF2, and ORF17 are not essential for virus replication, but ORF17 deletion resulted in a significant reduction in plaque size. Deletion of ORF2 and ORF17 gene significantly reduced cell-to-cell virus transfer from virus-infected PBMC to EC. EHV-1 infection of PBMC resulted in upregulation of several pathways such as Ras signaling, oxidative phosphorylation, platelet activation and leukocyte transendothelial migration. In contrast, chemokine signaling, RNA degradation and apoptotic pathways were downregulated. Deletion of ORF1, ORF2 and ORF17 modulated chemokine signaling and MAPK pathways in infected PBMC, which may explain the impairment of virus spread between PBMC and EC. The proteomic results were further confirmed by chemokine assays, which showed that virus infection dramatically reduced the cytokine/chemokine release in infected PBMC. This study uncovers cellular proteins and pathways influenced by EHV-1 after PBMC infection and provide an important resource for EHV-1 pathogenesis. EHV-1-immunomodulatory genes could be potential targets for the development of live attenuated vaccines or therapeutics against virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Pavulraj
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.O.)
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.O.)
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heike Stephanowitz
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP Berlin), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Fan Liu
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP Berlin), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.S.); (F.L.)
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Institut für Veterinäranatomie, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.O.)
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-838-50087
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Preziuso S, Sgorbini M, Marmorini P, Cuteri V. Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 from Italian Horses: Evaluation of the Variability of the ORF30, ORF33, ORF34 and ORF68 Genes. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090851. [PMID: 31540321 PMCID: PMC6784080 DOI: 10.3390/v11090851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen of horses. It is spread worldwide and causes significant economic losses. The ORF33 gene has a conserved region that is often used as target in diagnostic PCR protocols. Single nucleotide point (SNP) mutations in ORF30 are usually used to distinguish between neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic genotypes. An ORF68 SNP-based scheme has been used for grouping different isolates. Recently, the highest number of variable sites in EHV-1 from the UK has been found in ORF34. In this study, EHV-1 positive samples from Italian horses with a history of abortion were investigated by amplifying and sequencing the ORF30, ORF33, ORF34 and ORF68 genes. Most animals were infected by the neuropathogenic type A2254G. A 118 bp deletion was found at nucleotide positions 701–818 of the ORF68 gene, making impossible to assign the samples to a known group. Sequencing of the ORF34 gene with a newly designed nested PCR showed new SNPs. Analysis of these sequences and of those obtained from genetic databases allowed the identification of at least 12 groups. These data add depth to the knowledge of EHV-1 genotypes circulating in Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Preziuso
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (MC), Italy.
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Vincenzo Cuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (MC), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wimer CL, Schnabel CL, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Stout AE, Rollins A, Osterrieder N, Goodman LB, Glaser A, Wagner B. The deletion of the ORF1 and ORF71 genes reduces virulence of the neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain Ab4 without compromising host immunity in horses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206679. [PMID: 30440016 PMCID: PMC6237298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) ORF1 and ORF71 genes have immune modulatory effects in vitro. Experimental infection of horses using virus mutants with multiple deletions including ORF1 and ORF71 showed promise as vaccine candidates against EHV-1. Here, the combined effects of ORF1 and ORF71 deletions from the neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain Ab4 on clinical disease and host immune response were further explored. Three groups of EHV-1 naïve horses were experimentally infected with the ORF1/71 gene deletion mutant (Ab4ΔORF1/71), the parent Ab4 strain, or remained uninfected. In comparison to Ab4, horses infected with Ab4ΔORF1/71 did not show the initial high fever peak characteristic of EHV-1 infection. Ab4ΔORF1/71 infection had reduced nasal shedding (1/5 vs. 5/5) and, simultaneously, decreased intranasal interferon (IFN)-α, interleukin (IL)-10 and soluble CD14 secretion. However, Ab4 and Ab4ΔORF1/71 infection resulted in comparable viremia, suggesting these genes do not regulate the infection of the mononuclear cells and subsequent viremia. Intranasal and serum anti-EHV-1 antibodies to Ab4ΔORF1/71 developed slightly slower than those to Ab4. However, beyond day 12 post infection (d12pi) serum antibodies in both virus-infected groups were similar and remained increased until the end of the study (d114pi). EHV-1 immunoglobulin (Ig) G isotype responses were dominated by short-lasting IgG1 and long-lasting IgG4/7 antibodies. The IgG4/7 response closely resembled the total EHV-1 specific antibody response. Ex vivo re-stimulation of PBMC with Ab4 resulted in IFN-γ and IL-10 secretion by cells from both infected groups within two weeks pi. Flow cytometric analysis showed that IFN-γ producing EHV-1-specific T-cells were mainly CD8+/IFN-γ+ and detectable from d32pi on. Peripheral blood IFN-γ+ T-cell percentages were similar in both infected groups, albeit at low frequency (~0.1%). In summary, the Ab4ΔORF1/71 gene deletion mutant is less virulent but induced antibody responses and cellular immunity similar to the parent Ab4 strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine L. Wimer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Christiane L. Schnabel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gillian Perkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Susanna Babasyan
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Heather Freer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Alison E. Stout
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Alicia Rollins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Laura B. Goodman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Amy Glaser
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Infection with equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and neurological disorders in horses. Molecular epidemiology studies have demonstrated that a single nucleotide polymorphism (A2254/G2254) in the genome region of open reading frame 30 which results in an amino acid variation (N752/D752) of the EHV-1 DNA polymerase, is significantly associated with the neuropathogenic potential of naturally occurring strains. In recent years, an increase in the number of cases of equine neurological disease caused by neuropathogenic variants of EHV-1 has been observed in numerous countries. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of the viral genome of EHV-1 and equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes of 47 horses from various locations in Uruguay, obtained from a slaughterhouse, and to determine whether the EHV-1 genomes possessed the mutation associated with neuropathogenesis (G2254/D752). The genes encoding glycoprotein H (gH) of EHV-1 and glycoprotein B (gB) of EHV-4 were amplified by a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction. Of the samples analysed, 28% and 6% of lymph nodes contained the genes for gH and gB, respectively. The viral DNA polymerase gene was amplified and sequenced. Twelve of the 13 genomes sequenced presented the nucleotide G2254, while the remaining 1 showed both nucleotides, A2254 and G2254. The results confirm the presence of EHV-1 in Uruguay. Furthermore, there is evidence for the first time of the detection of EHV-4, and high-frequency detection of the neuropathogenic variant (G2254/D752) of EHV-1 in Uruguay. These findings provide new insights into the epidemiological situation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in that country.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kolb AW, Lewin AC, Moeller Trane R, McLellan GJ, Brandt CR. Phylogenetic and recombination analysis of the herpesvirus genus varicellovirus. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:887. [PMID: 29157201 PMCID: PMC5697016 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The varicelloviruses comprise a genus within the alphaherpesvirus subfamily, and infect both humans and other mammals. Recently, next-generation sequencing has been used to generate genomic sequences of several members of the Varicellovirus genus. Here, currently available varicellovirus genomic sequences were used for phylogenetic, recombination, and genetic distance analysis. RESULTS A phylogenetic network including genomic sequences of individual species, was generated and suggested a potential restriction between the ungulate and non-ungulate viruses. Intraspecies genetic distances were higher in the ungulate viruses (pseudorabies virus (SuHV-1) 1.65%, bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1) 0.81%, equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) 0.79%, equine herpes virus type 4 (EHV-4) 0.16%) than non-ungulate viruses (feline herpes virus type 1 (FHV-1) 0.0089%, canine herpes virus type 1 (CHV-1) 0.005%, varicella-zoster virus (VZV) 0.136%). The G + C content of the ungulate viruses was also higher (SuHV-1 73.6%, BHV-1 72.6%, EHV-1 56.6%, EHV-4 50.5%) compared to the non-ungulate viruses (FHV-1 45.8%, CHV-1 31.6%, VZV 45.8%), which suggests a possible link between G + C content and intraspecies genetic diversity. Varicellovirus clade nomenclature is variable across different species, and we propose a standardization based on genomic genetic distance. A recent study reported no recombination between sequenced FHV-1 strains, however in the present study, both splitstree, bootscan, and PHI analysis indicated recombination. We also found that the recently sequenced Brazilian CHV-1 strain BTU-1 may contain a genetic signal in the UL50 gene from an unknown varicellovirus. CONCLUSION Together, the data contribute to a greater understanding of varicellovirus genomics, and we also suggest a new clade nomenclature scheme based on genetic distances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Kolb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 Bardeen Laboratories, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ralph Moeller Trane
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 Bardeen Laboratories, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 Bardeen Laboratories, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Curtis R Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 Bardeen Laboratories, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cymerys J, Słońska A, Skwarska J, Bańbura MW. Function of myosin during entry and egress of equid herpesvirus type 1 in primary murine neurons. Acta Virol 2017; 60:410-416. [PMID: 27928922 DOI: 10.4149/av_2016_04_410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a major pathogen of horses with a worldwide distribution, which can cause various clinical signs ranging from mild respiratory disease to neurological disorders. To initiate an effective infection, EHV-1 evolved a broad spectrum of mechanisms exploiting the host cell, including its actin filaments. An actin-myosin-driven transport has been described to precede cellular entry of different viruses. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the role of actin motor protein - myosin, during replication of two EHV-1 strains: Jan-E (wild-type EHV-1 strain isolated from aborted equine fetus) and Rac-H (attenuated strain highly adapted in cell cultures in vitro) in primary murine neurons. In order to investigate this, we used two inhibitors: blebbistatin (BLB; non-muscle myosin II inhibitor) and 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM; inhibitor of myosin ATPase). Our results demonstrated that limitation of Jan-E EHV-1 replication occurred in cells treated with myosin inhibitor, which confirmed the important role of actin motor proteins during the entry and egress of EHV-1 virions. Application of blebbistatin did not affect Rac-H EHV-1 replication, while BDM caused reduction of replication in murine neurons. Based on these results it can be assumed that EHV-1 virion movement was myosin-dependent.
Collapse
|
22
|
Franz M, Goodman LB, Van de Walle GR, Osterrieder N, Greenwood AD. A Point Mutation in a Herpesvirus Co-Determines Neuropathogenicity and Viral Shedding. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010006. [PMID: 28075374 PMCID: PMC5294975 DOI: 10.3390/v9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A point mutation in the DNA polymerase gene in equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is one determinant for the development of neurological disease in horses. Three recently conducted infection experiments using domestic horses and ponies failed to detect statistically significant differences in viral shedding between the neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic variants. These results were interpreted as suggesting the absence of a consistent selective advantage of the neuropathogenic variant and therefore appeared to be inconsistent with a systematic increase in the prevalence of neuropathogenic strains. To overcome potential problems of low statistical power related to small group sizes in these infection experiments, we integrated raw data from all three experiments into a single statistical analysis. The results of this combined analysis showed that infection with the neuropathogenic EHV-1 variant led to a statistically significant increase in viral shedding. This finding is consistent with the idea that neuropathogenic strains could have a selective advantage and are therefore systematically increasing in prevalence in domestic horse populations. However, further studies are required to determine whether a selective advantage indeed exists for neuropathogenic strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Franz
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin 10315, Germany.
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | | | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert Von Ostertag-Str. 7 - 13, Berlin 14163, Germany.
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin 10315, Germany.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin 14163, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Anagha G, Gulati BR, Riyesh T, Virmani N. Genetic characterization of equine herpesvirus 1 isolates from abortion outbreaks in India. Arch Virol 2016; 162:157-163. [PMID: 27699511 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) is a common pathogen of horses that causes upper respiratory tract disease, abortion, neonatal death and neurological disease. The neurological form of disease is called equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). During the past decade, the incidence of EHM has been on the rise in Europe, North America, Australia and Asia. Some EHV1 isolates causing EHM exhibit a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the DNA polymerase gene (ORF30) at position 2254 (A2254 to G2254). Further, based on polymorphism in the ORF68, EHV1 isolates have been classified into different groups. The aim of the present study was to estimate the genetic diversity of EHV1 and to determine the prevalence of the neuropathogenic genotype of EHV1 in India. Out of 133 clinical specimens from abortion cases in northern India, 56 were positive for EHV1 infection. Analysis of the A/G SNP by real-time PCR and sequence analysis revealed that 54 of 56 samples (96.43 %) were of the non-neuropathogenic genotype (A2254), while two (3.57 %) had the neuropathogenic marker (G2254). Sequence analysis of the polymorphic region of ORF68 of EHV1 isolates (n = 9) from India indicated that the Delhi/1998, Tohana-2/2013, Hisar-2/2014 and Hisar-15/1990 isolates belonged to group 4, while the Jind/1996, Rajasthan/1998, Delhi-3/2007 and Tohana-5/1996 isolates clustered within group 5. One isolate (Hisar-7/1990) exhibited SNPs at positions C710 and C713, forming a separate group. Here, we report for the first time the detection of neuropathogenic genotypes of EHV1 in India and show that Indian EHV1 isolates cluster within groups 4 and 5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Anagha
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Baldev Raj Gulati
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
| | | | - Nitin Virmani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang S, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Su Y, Ran D, Bao X. [Impact of fluorescent protein tag on gD envelope protein subcellular localization in BHK-21 cells]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2016; 56:1194-1201. [PMID: 29733181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The fluorescent protein and gD envelope protein of equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) were used to study the impact of tags on gD protein subcellular localization in BHK-21 cells. METHODS With the EHV-1 genome as a template, the gD complete gene was amplified by PCR technique. The product of PCR was cloned to pAcGFP1-C1 and pDsRed2-N1 plasmids. The recombinant plasmids were designated as pAc-GFP-gD (GFP-gD) and pDs-gD-Red (gD-Red). The GFP gene was inserted into the posterior position of gD gene signal peptide sequence. The modified gD gene signal peptide sequence was cloned to pVAX-1 plasmid, so that pVAX-S-GFP-gD' (S-GFPgD') recombinant plasmid was constructed. Meanwhile, the flag tag was added to N-terminal of gD sequence and they were cloned to pVAX-1 expression vector for constructing pVAX-Flag-gD recombinant plasmid. The BHK-21 cells were transfected with the 4 different recombinant plasmids and the subcellular localizations of fusion proteins were determined by lasar confocal scan microscopy. RESULTS Four eukaryotic expression vectors were constructed successfully. In BHK-21 cells, the vast majority of gD envelope proteins was localized in Golgi, and a small amount of gD was localized in the nucleus. CONCLUSION Our finding reveals that the fluorescent protein of different insertion sites has no significant effects on the subcellular localization of gD, and provides a useful reference for other researchers.
Collapse
|
25
|
Allen GP. Development of a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Rapid Diagnosis of Neuropathogenic Strains of Equine Herpesvirus-1. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:69-72. [PMID: 17459834 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This communication reports the development and performance assessment of a rapid diagnostic test for identifying horses actively infected with the neurovirulent pathotype of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). The test is a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay that uses EHV-1 pathotype-specific TaqMan® reporter probes for discrimination between neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 in equine blood or nasal swabs. The diagnostic performance of the new technique was evaluated by testing specimens collected from 234 horses involved in recent outbreaks of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy at three separate thoroughbred racetracks and one large riding/boarding stable. Side-by-side comparison of the EHV-1 pathotyping results yielded by the new single-step, PCR-based allelic discrimination technique (24-hour turn-around-time) with those generated by a multi-step, conventional nested PCR followed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplified DNA (4-day turn-around-time) revealed complete agreement between the 2 test methods. The ability to rapidly identify horses infected with neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 using a single-step, PCR-based method has significant implications for future diagnostic evaluation of suspect animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George P Allen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Laval K, Favoreel HW, Van Cleemput J, Poelaert KCK, Brown IK, Verhasselt B, Nauwynck HJ. Entry of equid herpesvirus 1 into CD172a+ monocytic cells. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:733-746. [PMID: 26684016 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and neurological disorders in horses. Cells from the myeloid lineage (CD172a+) are one of the main target cells of EHV-1 during primary infection. Recently, we showed that EHV-1 restricts and delays its replication in CD172a+ cells as part of an immune-evasive strategy to disseminate to target organs. Here, we hypothesize that a low efficiency of EHV-1 binding to and entry in CD172a+ cells is responsible for this restriction. Thus, we characterized EHV-1 binding and entry into CD172a+ cells, and showed that EHV-1 only bound to 15-20 % of CD172a+ cells compared with 70 % of RK-13 control cells. Enzymic removal of heparan sulphate did not reduce EHV-1 infection, suggesting that EHV-1 does not use heparan sulphate to bind and enter CD172a+ cells. In contrast, we found that treatment of cells with neuraminidase (NA) reduced infection by 85-100 % compared with untreated cells, whilst NA treatment of virus had no effect on infection. This shows that sialic acid residues present on CD172a+ cells are essential in the initiation of EHV-1 infection. We found that αVβ3 integrins are involved in the post-binding stage of CD172a+ cell infection. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we showed that EHV-1 does not enter CD172a+ cells via a clathrin- or caveolae-dependent endocytic pathway, nor by macropinocytosis, but requires cholesterol, tyrosine kinase, actin, dynamin and endosomal acidification, pointing towards a phagocytic mechanism. Overall, these results show that the narrow tropism of EHV-1 amongst CD172a+ cells is determined by the presence of specific cellular receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn Laval
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jolien Van Cleemput
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien C K Poelaert
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ivy K Brown
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sarkar S, Balasuriya UBR, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. Equine herpesvirus-1 suppresses type-I interferon induction in equine endothelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 167:122-9. [PMID: 26275803 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the most common and important respiratory viral pathogens of horses. EHV-1 in horses replicates initially in the respiratory epithelium and then spreads systematically to endothelial cells lining the small blood vessels in the uterus and spinal cord, and highly pathogenic virus strains can produce aborted fetuses or myeloencephalopathy. Like other herpes viruses, EHV-1 employs a variety of mechanisms for immune evasion. Some herpes viruses down-regulate the type-I interferon (IFN) response to infection, but such activity has not been described for EHV-1. Here, in an in vitro system utilizing an established equine endothelial cell line, we studied the temporal effect on IFN-β responses following infection with the neuropathogenic T953 strain of EHV-1. Results show that after an early induction of IFN-β, the virus actively shut down further production of IFN-β and this was correlated with expression of the viral late genes. Expression of the IFN response factor viperin, a marker of host cell type-I IFN responses, was also suppressed by T953 virus infection. EHV-1-mediated suppression of host type-I IFN responses may play an important role in EHV-1 pathogenesis and the mechanism of this, presumably involving a viral late gene product, warrants investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sarkar
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA.
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - David W Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - Thomas M Chambers
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Stasiak K, Rola J, Ploszay G, Socha W, Zmudzinski JF. Detection of the neuropathogenic variant of equine herpesvirus 1 associated with abortions in mares in Poland. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:102. [PMID: 25929692 PMCID: PMC4416348 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of reported cases of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) caused by infection with neuropathogenic strains of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) has markedly increased over the last decade in many Western countries. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the neuropathogenic (G2254) and non-neuropathogenic (A2254) variants of EHV-1 among isolates associated with abortions in Polish stud farms. RESULTS The results of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequencing were consistent, and showed that two out of 64 abortions (3.1%) were induced by the neuropathogenic genotype G2254. All remaining 18 EHV-1 positive abortion cases (28.1%) were caused by the non-neuropathogenic genotype A2254. CONCLUSIONS Most of the abortions in mares in Poland from 1999 to 2012 were associated with non-neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1. However, the presented data indicate that the neuropathogenic genotype of the virus is also present in Polish stud farms. Such a presence suggests that the future emergence of EHM in Poland is probable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Stasiak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Gabor Ploszay
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Socha
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Jan F Zmudzinski
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Taktaz Hafshejani T, Nekoei S, Vazirian B, Doosti A, Khamesipour F, Anyanwu MU. Molecular Detection of Equine Herpesvirus Types 1 and 4 Infection in Healthy Horses in Isfahan Central and Shahrekord Southwest Regions, Iran. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:917854. [PMID: 26421307 PMCID: PMC4569764 DOI: 10.1155/2015/917854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate molecularly the occurrence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection among equine population in regions, Iran. Blood samples from 53 and 37 randomly selected horses settled in Isfahan and Shahrekord, Iran, respectively, were collected. Detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 genes in the blood samples was done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of 53 and 37 samples from Isfahan and Shahrekord, 4 (18.18%) and 3 (8.10%) were positive for PCR of EHV-1, respectively. Nine (16.98%) and 6 (16.21%) were positive for PCR of EHV-4, while 6 (11.32%) and 3 (8.10%) were positive for PCR of both EHV-1 and EHV-4, in Isfahan and Shahrekord, respectively. Of the 7 blood samples positive for EHV-1, 4 (16.66%) and 3 (8.10%) were from horses >3 years old while 2 (18.18%) and 1 (16.66%) were from 2-3 years old horses, in Isfahan and Shahrekord, respectively. Out of the 7 and 3 samples positive for PCR of EHV-1 in Isfahan and Shahrekord, 4 (22.2%) and 1 (7.69%) were Standardbred, while 3 (14.28%) and 2 (13.33%) were Thoroughbreds, respectively. EHV-4 was detected in blood of 4 (22.22%) and 2 (15.83%) Standardbreds and from 4 (19.04%) and 4 (26.66%) Thoroughbred horses in Isfahan and Shahrekord, respectively. This study has shown that horses settled in Isfahan central and Shahrekord southwest regions, Iran, are infected by EHV-1 and EHV-4 and thus serve as potential reservoirs and disseminators of the viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taghi Taktaz Hafshejani
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shahin Nekoei
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behnam Vazirian
- 2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Abbas Doosti
- 3Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- 4Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
- *Faham Khamesipour:
| | - Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu
- 5Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pagamjav O, Yamada S, Ibrahim ESM, Crandell RA, Matsumura T, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H. Molecular Characterization of Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) Isolated from Cattle Indicating No Specific Mutations Associated with the Interspecies Transmission. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:313-9. [PMID: 17380051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interspecies trasmission of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) from horse to cattle was shown by Crandell et al. (1988). Specific mutations related to the transmission were studied by comparison of five EHV-1 isolates in cattle (BH1247, 3M20-3, G118, G1753, and 9BSV4) using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with added sequencing. G118 and 3M20-3 were the genome type EHV-1 P, while G1753 was the genome type EHV-1 B. BH1247 and 9BSV4 might be other genome types. We could not identify specific mutations related to the interspecies transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ochir Pagamjav
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ibrahim ESM, Pagmajav O, Yamaguchi T, Matsumura T, Fukushi H. Growth and Virulence Alterations of Equine Herpesvirus 1 by Insertion of a Green Fluorescent Protein Gene in the Intergenic Region between ORFs 62 and 63. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:831-42. [PMID: 15557741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequences of the intergenic region between ORF 62 and ORF 63 of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) isolates were analyzed. The sequences of this region consisted of variable and conserved domains among EHV-1 isolates. An EHV-1 mutant, Ab4-GFP, was constructed by inserting a green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression cassette flanked by lox P at both ends into the intergenic region between ORF 62 and ORF 63. Another mutant, Ab4-loxP, which contains one lox P site, was constructed by excision of the GFP cassette from the Ab4-GFP virus genome by cre enzyme. The recombinant Ab4-GFP formed smaller plaques than the wild type in MDBK cells. Virus production also decreased for Ab4-GFP in multistep growth analyses. Virulence of Ab4-GFP in both mice and hamsters was weaker than that of the wild type. Ab4-loxP exhibited properties similar to those of the wild type. These results suggest that the intergenic region between ORF 62 and ORF 63 plays various roles in the virus growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- El Sayed Moustafa Ibrahim
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ma G, Eschbaumer M, Said A, Hoffmann B, Beer M, Osterrieder N. An equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) expressing VP2 and VP5 of serotype 8 bluetongue virus (BTV-8) induces protection in a murine infection model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34425. [PMID: 22511939 PMCID: PMC3325243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) can infect most species of domestic and wild ruminants causing substantial morbidity and mortality and, consequently, high economic losses. In 2006, an epizootic of BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) started in northern Europe that caused significant disease in cattle and sheep before comprehensive vaccination was introduced two years later. Here, we evaluate the potential of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), an alphaherpesvirus, as a novel vectored DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccine expressing VP2 of BTV-8 alone or in combination with VP5. The EHV-1 recombinant viruses stably expressed the transgenes and grew with kinetics that were identical to those of parental virus in vitro. After immunization of mice, a BTV-8-specific neutralizing antibody response was elicited. In a challenge experiment using a lethal dose of BTV-8, 100% of interferon-receptor-deficient (IFNAR(-/-)) mice vaccinated with the recombinant EHV-1 carrying both VP2 and VP5, but not VP2 alone, survived. VP7 was not included in the vectored vaccines and was successfully used as a DIVA marker. In summary, we show that EHV-1 expressing BTV-8 VP2 and VP5 is capable of eliciting a protective immune response that is distinguishable from that after infection and as such may be an alternative for BTV vaccination strategies in which DIVA compatibility is of importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanggang Ma
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institut für Virusdiagnostik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Abdelrahman Said
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institut für Virusdiagnostik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institut für Virusdiagnostik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Said A, Damiani A, Ma G, Kalthoff D, Beer M, Osterrieder N. An equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) vectored H1 vaccine protects against challenge with swine-origin influenza virus H1N1. Vet Microbiol 2011; 154:113-23. [PMID: 21803510 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, a novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus (S-OIV), antigenically and genetically divergent from seasonal H1N1, caused a flu pandemic in humans. Development of an effective vaccine to limit transmission of S-OIV in animal reservoir hosts and from reservoir hosts to humans and animals is necessary. In the present study, we constructed and evaluated a vectored vaccine expressing the H1 hemagglutinin of a recent S-OIV isolate using equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) as the delivery vehicle. Expression of the recombinant protein was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and western blotting and the in vitro growth properties of the modified live vector were found to be comparable to those of the parental virus. The EHV-1-H1 vaccine induced an influenza virus-specific antibody response when inoculated into mice by both the intranasal and subcutaneous routes. Upon challenge infection, protection of vaccinated mice could be demonstrated by reduction of clinical signs and faster virus clearance. Our study shows that an EHV-1-based influenza H1N1 vaccine may be a promising alternative for protection against S-OIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Said
- Institute für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sun X, Yao H, Zhang C, Lu C. Cloning of equine herpesvirus type 1 438/77 strain genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2011; 124:203-208. [PMID: 22059290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a major cause of respiratory and reproductive diseases in horses worldwide. The genome of EHV-1 strain 438/77 (isolated from an aborted equine fetus) was cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) in E. coli without any gene deletions. The mini-F plasmid sequence was inserted in the middle of ORF19 and 20 via homologous recombination following co-transfection of viral DNA and plasmid pE19_20/HA into RK13 cells. Circular viral DNA was extracted from RK13 cells infected with purified recombinant virus expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and electrophorated into E. coli DH10B cells. The clone harboring the BAC was screened and analyzed by PCR and RFLP. Reconstitution of the recombinant virus was achieved successfully by transfection of the BAC DNA into RK13 cells. The mini-F sequence in the reconstituted virus was subsequently removed by homologous recombination between virus DNA and plasmid pE1920XM, inducing a point mutation in the Xbal site in ORF19. Comparison of RFLP profiles of the rescued, recovered and the wild-type viral genome demonstrated that no unexpected changes occurred during mutagenesis. In vitro replication assays showed that BAC-reconstituted virus mutant growth kinetics and plaque formation morphology/size were indistinguishable to those measured for wild-type virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Diaz-Mendez A, Viel L, Hewson J, Doig P, Carman S, Chambers T, Tiwari A, Dewey C. Surveillance of equine respiratory viruses in Ontario. Can J Vet Res 2010; 74:271-278. [PMID: 21197227 PMCID: PMC2949340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this project was to develop and implement an active surveillance program for the early and rapid detection of equine influenza viruses in Ontario. For this purpose, from October 2003 to October 2005, nasopharyngeal swabs and acute and convalescent serum samples were collected from 115 client-owned horses in 23 outbreaks of respiratory disease in Ontario. Sera were paired and tested for antibody to equine influenza 1 (AE1-H7N7), equine influenza 2 (AE2-H3N8), equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV1 and EHV4), and equine rhinitis A and B (ERAV and ERBV). Overall, the cause-specific morbidity rate of equine influenza virus in the respiratory outbreaks was 56.5% as determined by the single radial hemolysis (SRH) test. The AE2-H3N8 was isolated from 15 horses in 5 outbreaks. A 4-fold increase in antibody levels or the presence of a high titer against ERAV or ERBV was observed in 10 out of 13 outbreaks in which AE2-H3N8 was diagnosed as the primary cause of disease. In conclusion, AE2-H3N8 was found to be an important contributor to equine respiratory viral disease. Equine rhinitis A and B (ERAV and ERBV) represented an important component in the equine respiratory disease of performing horses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Chi-Square Distribution
- Disease Outbreaks/veterinary
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 4, Equid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Equid/isolation & purification
- Horse Diseases/epidemiology
- Horse Diseases/virology
- Horses
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Ontario/epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Rhinovirus/genetics
- Rhinovirus/isolation & purification
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Serotyping/veterinary
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Viel
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Laurent Viel; telephone: (519) 824-4120, ext. 54067; fax: (519) 767-0311; e-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fulton A, Peters ST, Perkins GA, Jarosinski KW, Damiani A, Brosnahan M, Buckles EL, Osterrieder N, Van de Walle GR. Effective treatment of respiratory alphaherpesvirus infection using RNA interference. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4118. [PMID: 19122813 PMCID: PMC2606062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, is spread via nasal secretions and causes respiratory disease, neurological disorders and abortions. The virus is a significant equine pathogen, but current EHV-1 vaccines are only partially protective and effective metaphylactic and therapeutic agents are not available. Small interfering RNAs (siRNA's), delivered intranasally, could prove a valuable alternative for infection control. siRNA's against two essential EHV-1 genes, encoding the viral helicase (Ori) and glycoprotein B, were evaluated for their potential to decrease EHV-1 infection in a mouse model. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FNDINGS: siRNA therapy in vitro significantly reduced virus production and plaque size. Viral titers were reduced 80-fold with 37.5 pmol of a single siRNA or with as little as 6.25 pmol of each siRNA when used in combination. siRNA therapy in vivo significantly reduced viral replication and clinical signs. Intranasal treatment did not require a transport vehicle and proved effective when given up to 12 h before or after infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE siRNA treatment has potential for both prevention and early treatment of EHV-1 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Fulton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah T. Peters
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gillian A. Perkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Keith W. Jarosinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Armando Damiani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Margaret Brosnahan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Buckles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Koppers-Lalic D, Verweij MC, Lipińska AD, Wang Y, Quinten E, Reits EA, Koch J, Loch S, Rezende MM, Daus F, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K, Osterrieder N, Mettenleiter TC, Heemskerk MHM, Tampé R, Neefjes JJ, Chowdhury SI, Ressing ME, Rijsewijk FAM, Wiertz EJHJ. Varicellovirus UL 49.5 proteins differentially affect the function of the transporter associated with antigen processing, TAP. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000080. [PMID: 18516302 PMCID: PMC2386557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes play an important role in the protection against viral infections, which they detect through the recognition of virus-derived peptides, presented in the context of MHC class I molecules at the surface of the infected cell. The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) plays an essential role in MHC class I–restricted antigen presentation, as TAP imports peptides into the ER, where peptide loading of MHC class I molecules takes place. In this study, the UL49.5 proteins of the varicelloviruses bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) are characterized as members of a novel class of viral immune evasion proteins. These UL49.5 proteins interfere with MHC class I antigen presentation by blocking the supply of antigenic peptides through inhibition of TAP. BHV-1, PRV, and EHV-1 recombinant viruses lacking UL49.5 no longer interfere with peptide transport. Combined with the observation that the individually expressed UL49.5 proteins block TAP as well, these data indicate that UL49.5 is the viral factor that is both necessary and sufficient to abolish TAP function during productive infection by these viruses. The mechanisms through which the UL49.5 proteins of BHV-1, PRV, EHV-1, and EHV-4 block TAP exhibit surprising diversity. BHV-1 UL49.5 targets TAP for proteasomal degradation, whereas EHV-1 and EHV-4 UL49.5 interfere with the binding of ATP to TAP. In contrast, TAP stability and ATP recruitment are not affected by PRV UL49.5, although it has the capacity to arrest the peptide transporter in a translocation-incompetent state, a property shared with the BHV-1 and EHV-1 UL49.5. Taken together, these results classify the UL49.5 gene products of BHV-1, PRV, EHV-1, and EHV-4 as members of a novel family of viral immune evasion proteins, inhibiting TAP through a variety of mechanisms. Herpesviruses have the conspicuous property that they persist for life in the infected host. This is also the case for varicelloviruses, a large subfamily of herpesviruses with representatives in humans (varicella zoster virus or VZV), cattle (bovine herpesvirus 1 or BHV-1), pigs (pseudorabies virus or PRV), and horses (equine herpesvirus or EHV type 1 and 4), among many others. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes play an important role in the protection against viral infections, which they detect through the recognition of virus-derived peptides, presented in the context of MHC class I molecules at the surface of the infected cell. The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) plays an essential role in this process, as TAP imports peptides into the compartment where peptide loading of the MHC class I molecules takes place. In this study, we show that the UL49.5 proteins of BHV-1, PRV, EHV-1, and EHV-4 all block the supply of peptides through the inhibition of TAP, but that the mechanisms employed by these proteins to inhibit TAP function exhibit surprising diversity. VZV UL49.5, on the other hand, binds to TAP, but does not interfere with peptide transport. Our study classifies the UL49.5 proteins of BHV-1, PRV, EHV-1, and EHV-4 as members of a novel family of viral immune evasion proteins, inhibiting TAP through a variety of mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Koppers-Lalic
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke C. Verweij
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Edwin Quinten
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric A. Reits
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Koch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Loch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marisa Marcondes Rezende
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Franz Daus
- Virus Discovery Unit, ASG-Lelystad, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jacques J. Neefjes
- Department of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shafiqul I. Chowdhury
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Maaike E. Ressing
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Emmanuel J. H. J. Wiertz
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Allen GP, Bolin DC, Bryant U, Carter CN, Giles RC, Harrison LR, Hong CB, Jackson CB, Poonacha K, Wharton R, Williams NM. Prevalence of latent, neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus-1 in the Thoroughbred broodmare population of central Kentucky. Equine Vet J 2008; 40:105-10. [PMID: 18089469 DOI: 10.2746/042516408x253127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY An emerging problem of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection in horses in the USA is a high-mortality myeloencephalopathy that commonly occurs where large numbers of horses are stabled. EHV-1 isolates recovered from recent neurological outbreaks represent a mutant virus strain that possesses enhanced neuropathogenicity. A central question of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy is the latency carriage rate for these mutants of EHV-1 in USA horse populations. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 as latent infections in the Thoroughbred broodmare population of central Kentucky. METHODS Submandibular lymph nodes (SMLN) were collected during post mortem examination of 132 Thoroughbred broodmares. Total DNA purified from SMLN tissue was tested for the presence of latent EHV-1 DNA by an ultrasensitive magnetic bead-based, sequence-capture, nested PCR method. Differentiation of active from latent infections by EHV-1 was achieved by detection of transcripts of EHV-1 glycoprotein B by reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS Latent EHV-1 DNA was detected in the SMLN tissues of 71 (54%) of the 132 mares submitted for necropsy. Thirteen (18%) of the 71 latently infected horses harboured the neuropathogenic biovar of EHV-1. Of the 13 horses latently infected with an ORF30 mutant strain of EHV-1, 11 also carried a latent, wild-type strain of the virus in their SMLN tissues. CONCLUSIONS Neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 have established a significant presence in the Thoroughbred broodmare population of central Kentucky as latently infected carrier horses. The data also indicate that a highly sensitive DNA detection method is required to identify many instances of EHV-1 latency. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The presence of a relatively large biological reservoir of latent, neuropathogenic EHV-1 has the potential for posing emerging equine health and economic threats to the future prosperity of the USA horse industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G P Allen
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Goodman LB, Loregian A, Perkins GA, Nugent J, Buckles EL, Mercorelli B, Kydd JH, Palù G, Smith KC, Osterrieder N, Davis-Poynter N. A point mutation in a herpesvirus polymerase determines neuropathogenicity. PLoS Pathog 2008; 3:e160. [PMID: 17997600 PMCID: PMC2065875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) leads to respiratory disease, abortion, and neurologic disorders in horses. Molecular epidemiology studies have demonstrated that a single nucleotide polymorphism resulting in an amino acid variation of the EHV-1 DNA polymerase (N752/D752) is significantly associated with the neuropathogenic potential of naturally occurring strains. To test the hypothesis that this single amino acid exchange by itself influences neuropathogenicity, we generated recombinant viruses with differing polymerase sequences. Here we show that the N752 mutant virus caused no neurologic signs in the natural host, while the D752 virus was able to cause inflammation of the central nervous system and ataxia. Neurologic disease induced by the D752 virus was concomitant with significantly increased levels of viremia (p = 0.01), but the magnitude of virus shedding from the nasal mucosa was similar between the N752 and D752 viruses. Both viruses replicated with similar kinetics in fibroblasts and epithelial cells, but exhibited differences in leukocyte tropism. Last, we observed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in sensitivity of the N752 mutant to aphidicolin, a drug targeting the viral polymerase. Our results demonstrate that a single amino acid variation in a herpesvirus enzyme can influence neuropathogenic potential without having a major effect on virus shedding from infected animals, which is important for horizontal spread in a population. This observation is very interesting from an evolutionary standpoint and is consistent with data indicating that the N752 DNA pol genotype is predominant in the EHV-1 population, suggesting that decreased viral pathogenicity in the natural host might not be at the expense of less efficient inter-individual transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Goodman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Arianna Loregian
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gillian A Perkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Josie Nugent
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth L Buckles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Beatrice Mercorelli
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Julia H Kydd
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ken C Smith
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pusterla N, Chaney KP, Maes R, Wise AG, Holland R, Schott HC. Investigation of the molecular detection of vaccine-derived equine herpesvirus type 1 in blood and nasal secretions from horses following intramuscular vaccination. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:290-3. [PMID: 17459860 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether intramuscular vaccination of healthy adult horses with a killed or a modified live equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine could induce transient positive PCR results in either blood or secretions collected on a nasopharyngeal swab. Four horses in each group received either a single killed or a modified-live vaccine intramuscularly. Two local commingled and 2 distant nonvaccinated controls were included for each group. All horses were observed daily for evidence of clinical abnormalities throughout the study periods. Blood and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected twice before vaccination and once weekly for 4 weeks after vaccination and submitted for PCR testing for EHV-1 by 2 independent laboratories using different real-time PCR methodologies. Serum samples collected from all horses on the vaccination day and 21 days later were tested for antibodies against EHV-1 using a serum neutralization test. Whereas the 2 vaccine strains tested positive in both EHV-1 PCR assays, nasopharyngeal swabs and whole blood collected from vaccinated and control horses had negative PCR test results for EHV-1 during the entire study period. Serum neutralization testing revealed a 2- to 4-fold increase in titers for all vaccinated horses, whereas titers in control horses were largely unchanged. The use of seropositive horses before immunization and the sampling frequency of 7 days may have prevented the occasional molecular detection of the vaccine virus in whole blood and nasopharyngeal secretions. However, the study results demonstrate that detection of EHV-1 DNA by PCR in vaccinated and unvaccinated healthy horses is not a common event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
von Einem J, Smith PM, Van de Walle GR, O'Callaghan DJ, Osterrieder N. In vitro and in vivo characterization of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) mutants devoid of the viral chemokine-binding glycoprotein G (gG). Virology 2007; 362:151-62. [PMID: 17250864 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycoprotein G (gG) of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), a structural component of virions and secreted from virus-infected cells, was shown to bind to a variety of different chemokines and as such might be involved in immune modulation. Little is known, however, about its role in the replication cycle and infection of EHV-1 in vivo. Here we report on the function of gG in context of virus infection in vitro and in vivo. A gG deletion mutant of pathogenic EHV-1 strain RacL11 (vL11DeltagG) was constructed and analyzed. Deletion of gG had virtually no effect on the growth properties of vL11DeltagG in cell culture when compared to parental virus or a rescuant virus vL11DeltagGR, respectively, and virus titers and plaque formation were unaffected in the absence of the glycoprotein. Similarly, in the murine model of EHV-1 infection, no significant differences in virulence between the gG deletion mutant and RacL11 or vL11DeltagGR were found at high doses of infection. However, infection of mice at lower doses revealed that the gG deletion mutant was able to replicate to higher titers in lungs of infected mice. Additionally, these mice lost significantly more weight than those infected with RacL11 and a more pronounced inflammatory response in lungs was observed. Therefore we concluded that deletion of gG in EHV-1 seems to lead to an exacerbation of respiratory disease in the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens von Einem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rosas CT, König P, Beer M, Dubovi EJ, Tischer BK, Osterrieder N. Evaluation of the vaccine potential of an equine herpesvirus type 1 vector expressing bovine viral diarrhea virus structural proteins. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:748-757. [PMID: 17325347 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically important pathogen of cattle that is maintained in the population by persistently infected animals. Virus infection may result in reproductive failure, respiratory disease and diarrhoea in naïve, susceptible bovines. Here, the construction and characterization of a novel vectored vaccine, which is based on the incorporation of genes encoding BVDV structural proteins (C, Erns, E1, E2) into a bacterial artificial chromosome of the equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine strain RacH, are reported. The reconstituted vectored virus, rH_BVDV, expressed BVDV structural proteins efficiently and was indistinguishable from parental vector virus with respect to growth properties in cultured cells. Intramuscular immunization of seronegative cattle with rH_BVDV resulted in induction of BVDV-specific serum neutralizing and ELISA antibodies. Upon experimental challenge infection of immunized calves with the heterologous BVDV strain Ib SE5508, a strong anamnestic boost of the neutralizing-antibody response was observed in all vaccinated animals. Immunized animals presented with reduced viraemia levels and decreased nasal virus shedding, and maintained higher leukocyte counts than mock-vaccinated controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina T Rosas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Patricia König
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Boddenblick 5A, D-17493 Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Boddenblick 5A, D-17493 Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Edward J Dubovi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ahn BC, Breitenbach JE, Kim SK, O’Callaghan DJ. The equine herpesvirus-1 IR3 gene that lies antisense to the sole immediate-early (IE) gene is trans-activated by the IE protein, and is poorly expressed to a protein. Virology 2007; 363:15-25. [PMID: 17306852 PMCID: PMC1939811 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The unique IR3 gene of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is expressed as a late 1.0-kb transcript. Previous studies confirmed the IR3 transcription initiation site and tentatively identified other cis-acting elements specific to IR3 such as a TATA box, a 443 base pair 5'untranslated region (UTR), a 285 base pair open reading frame (ORF), and a poly adenylation (A) signal [Holden, V.R., Harty, R.N., Yalamanchili, R.R., O'Callaghan, D.J., 1992. The IR3 gene of equine herpesvirus type 1: a unique gene regulated by sequences within the intron of the immediate-early gene. DNA Seq. 3, 143-152]. Transient transfection assays revealed that the IR3 promoter is strongly trans-activated by the IE protein (IEP) and that coexpression of the IEP with the early EICP0 and IR4 regulatory proteins results in maximal trans-activation of the IR3 promoter. Gel shift assays revealed that the IEP directly binds to the IR3 promoter region. Western blot analysis showed that the IR3 protein produced in E. coli was detected by antibodies to IR3 synthetic peptides; however, the IR3 protein was not detected in EHV-1 infected cell extracts by these same anti-IR3 antibodies, even though the IR3 transcript was detected by northern blot. These findings suggest that the IR3 may not be expressed to a protein. Expression of an IR3/GFP fusion gene was not observed, but expression of a GFP/IR3 fusion gene was detected by fluorescent microscopy. In further attempts to detect the IR3/GFP fusion protein using anti-GFP antibody, western blot analysis showed that the IR3/GFP fusion protein was not detected in vivo. Interestingly, a truncated form of the GFP/IR3 protein was synthesized from the GFP/IR3 fusion gene. However, GFP/IR3 and IR3/GFP fusion proteins of the predicted sizes were synthesized by in vitro coupled transcription and translation of the fusion genes, suggesting poor expression of the IR3 protein in vivo. The possible role of the IR3 transcript in EHV-1 infection is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dennis J. O’Callaghan
- *Corresponding author. Mailing address: Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, P.O Box 33932, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA. Phone: (318)675-5750. Fax: (318) 675-5764. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Diallo IS, Hewitson G, Wright LL, Kelly MA, Rodwell BJ, Corney BG. Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and differentiation of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4). Vet Microbiol 2007; 123:93-103. [PMID: 17346907 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex real-time PCR was designed to detect and differentiate equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4). The PCR targets the glycoprotein B gene of EHV-1 and EHV-4. Primers and probes were specific to each equine herpesvirus type and can be used in monoplex or multiplex PCRs, allowing the differentiation of these two closely related members of the Alphaherpesvirinae. The two probes were minor-groove binding probes (MGB) labelled with 6-carboxy-fluorescein (FAM) and VIC for detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4, respectively. Ten EHV-1 isolates, six EHV-1 positive clinical samples, one EHV-1 reference strain (EHV-1.438/77), three EHV-4 positive clinical samples, two EHV-4 isolates and one EHV-4 reference strain (EHV-4 405/76) were included in this study. EHV-1 isolates, clinical samples and the reference strain reacted in the EHV-1 real-time PCR but not in the EHV-4 real-time PCR and similarly EHV-4 clinical samples, isolates and the reference strain were positive in the EHV-4 real-time PCR but not in the EHV-1 real-time PCR. Other herpesviruses, such as EHV-2, EHV-3 and EHV-5 were all negative when tested using the multiplex real-time PCR. When bacterial pathogens and opportunistic pathogens were tested in the multiplex real-time PCR they did not react with either system. The multiplex PCR was shown to be sensitive and specific and is a useful tool for detection and differentiation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in a single reaction. A comprehensive equine herpesvirus disease investigation procedure used in our laboratory is also outlined. This procedure describes the combination of alphaherpesvirus multiplex real-time PCR along with existing gel-based PCRs described by other authors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim S Diallo
- Animal Research Institute, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Locked Mail Bag 4, Moorooka, Qld 4105, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify and functionally characterize the equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) UL20 protein (UL20p). Using a specific antiserum, UL20p was shown to be associated with membranes of infected cells, as well as with envelopes of purified virions. By Western blot analysis, UL20p was detected in two main forms exhibiting M(r)s of 25,000 and 75,000. Both moieties did not enter the separating gel after heating of protein samples to 99 degrees C. The slower-migrating form of UL20p contains N-linked carbohydrates, and its presence is dependent of that of other viral proteins. Infection of cells that either constitutively express UL20p or a gK-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein with various EHV-1 deletion mutants revealed a relatively stable hetero-oligomer containing gK and UL20p with an apparent M(r) of 75,000. As demonstrated by confocal microscopy, UL20p distribution in Rk13 cells changed from a diffuse granular or netlike appearance to a pattern confined to the Golgi network when gK was coexpressed. Analysis of a UL20 deletion mutant of EHV-1 strain RacL11 indicated an involvement of UL20p in cell-to-cell spread, as well as in very late events in virus egress. Based on these and electron microscopic studies we suggest that the EHV-1 UL20 protein might be necessary to avoid fusion of mature virions with membranes of their transport vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Guggemoos
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ghanem YM, Ibrahim ESM, Yamada S, Matsumura T, Osterrieder N, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H. Molecular Characterization of the Equine Herpesvirus 1 Strains RacL11 and Kentucky D. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:573-6. [PMID: 17551238 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicities of RacL11 and Kentucky D strains of equine herpesvirus 1 in the hamster infection model are different from those of Ab4p and the Japanese isolates. Virus genome restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequence comparison of an intergenic region, glycoproteins and tegument genes showed higher conservation but with some strain-specific differences. These results indicate that point nucleotide differences in RacL11 and Kentucky D might be responsible for their pathogenicity in rodent models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser M Ghanem
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Whalley JM, Ruitenberg KM, Sullivan K, Seshadri L, Hansen K, Birch D, Gilkerson JR, Wellington JE. Host cell tropism of equine herpesviruses: glycoprotein D of EHV-1 enables EHV-4 to infect a non-permissive cell line. Arch Virol 2006; 152:717-25. [PMID: 17171298 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) cause equine respiratory disease worldwide. However, only EHV-1 is a cause of abortion and neurological disease, despite the two viruses having all 76 genes in common. In addition EHV-1 has a broader host range in cell culture than EHV-4, as exemplified by the rabbit kidney (RK) cell line that is permissive for EHV-1, but not for EHV-4. Here we describe that when EHV-4 produced in equine cells was inoculated onto RK cells expressing glycoprotein D of EHV-1 (RKgD1), infection developed as clusters of rounded cells, and this infectivity could be passaged in RKgD1 cells. The progeny virus could also infect single RK cells, consistent with EHV-4 acquiring EHV1 gD from the complementing cell line. No such infection was observed for EHV-4 in RK cells expressing EHV-1 glycoprotein C. The results are consistent with gD homologues being major determinants of host cell tropism and raise the possibility that gD may be a factor in the differential pathogenicity of EHV-1 and EHV-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Whalley
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T, Fukushi H, Matsumura T. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of equine herpesvirus type 1 mutants defective in either gI or gE gene in murine and hamster models. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:1029-38. [PMID: 17085880 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a live vaccine for equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), two EHV-1 mutants containing no heterogeneous DNA, DeltagI and DeltagE, were constructed with deletions in the open reading frame of either glycoprotein I (gI) or E (gE), respectively. In equine cell culture, deletion mutants formed smaller plaques than the parental and revertant viruses, but the one-step growth patterns of the deletion mutants and the parental strain were approximately the same. These results suggest that both gI and gE contribute to the ability of EHV-1 to spread directly from cell-to-cell, but that these glycoproteins are not required for viral growth in vitro. Mice and hamsters inoculated intranasally with these mutants showed no clinical signs, and continued to gain weight, whereas those inoculated with the parental virus exhibited a reduction in mean body weight. Furthermore, nervous manifestations were observed in hamsters inoculated with the parental virus. These results suggest that gI and gE have an important role in EHV-1 virulence including neurovirulence in experimental animal models. On the other hand, serum neutralizing antibodies were detected in mice immunized with DeltagI or DeltagE at two weeks after inoculation. Following challenge with the parental virus, DeltagI- or DeltagE-immunized mice were able to clear parental virus from their lungs faster than mock-immunized mice. These results suggest that the EHV-1 mutants defective in gI and in gE are attenuated but have ability to elicit immune responses in inoculated mice that contribute to virus clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tsujimura
- Molecular Biology Division, Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Martínez JP, Martín Ocampos GP, Fernandez LC, Fuentealba NA, Cid de la Paz V, Barrandeguy M, Galosi CM. Detection of equine herpesvirus 1 genome 1B in Argentina. REV SCI TECH OIE 2006; 25:1075-9. [PMID: 17361771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To determine the genomic variation of equine herpesviruses (EHVs) isolated in Argentina between 1979 and the first half of 2004, DNA sequences from all 69 strains isolated were analysed. Sixty strains were recovered from aborted fetuses, one from leucocyte-rich plasma from a horse with respiratory signs and eight from cases of neonatal disease. The DNA was extracted from rabbit kidney epithelial (RK13) cells infected with each strain and digested with three restriction endonucleases (BamHI, Bg/II and KpnI). Two strains could be differentiated using BamHI restriction and were assigned to the EHV-1 1B prototype group. Only one of these two strains was typed EHV-1 1B with Bg/II. DNA digestion with KpnI was ineffective. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the EHV-1 1B genome has been present in Argentina since at least 1996. The finding of two strains with this electropherotype suggests that there is genomic heterogeneity among Argentinian isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Martínez
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 & 118, CC296, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Galosi CM, Barbeito CG, Martin Ocampos GP, Martinez JP, Ayala MA, Corva SG, Fuentealba NA, Gimeno EJ. An Argentine equine herpesvirus strain with special restriction patterns protect mice challenged with a pathogenic strain. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2006; 53:412-7. [PMID: 17062117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) was first isolated in Argentina in 1979. This strain SPv has special restriction patterns, but a previous study demonstrated that SPv did not modify its growth in cell culture. In addition, it showed low virulence in the mouse respiratory model consistently with results found in female BALB/C at different state of gestation. This study evaluates in a mouse respiratory model, if primary infection with SPv strain protects animals from subsequent challenge with a pathogenic strain. Body weight loss was not observed in mice intranasally inoculated with SPv strain and challenged with HH1 Japanese strain. The SPv primary infection does not completely prevent clinical presentation by HH1 infection but the SPv inoculated animals recovered more quickly, with less intense and less persistent histological lesions. The challenge infection caused a rapid and prolonged increase in anti-EHV-1 antibodies in the mice previously infected with SPv, along with a more rapid reduction of viral titres in lungs. In this work it was demonstrated that this EHV-1 strain constitute a good immunogen. These results show that this SPv strain could be considered to produce an EHV-1 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Galosi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aries, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|