1
|
Tatsumi K, Kitahata S, Komatani Y, Katsuyama A, Yakushiji F, Ichikawa S. Modulation of proteasome subunit selectivity of syringolins. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 106:117733. [PMID: 38704960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Development of selective or dual proteasome subunit inhibitors based on syringolin B as a scaffold is described. We focused our efforts on a structure-activity relationship study of inhibitors with various substituents at the 3-position of the macrolactam moiety of syringolin B analogue to evaluate whether this would be sufficient to confer subunit selectivity by using sets of analogues with hydrophobic, basic and acidic substituents, which were designed to target Met45, Glu53 and Arg45 embedded in the S1 subsite, respectively. The structure-activity relationship study using systematic analogues provided insight into the origin of the subunit-selective inhibitory activity. This strategy would be sufficient to confer subunit selectivity regarding β5 and β2 subunits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Tatsumi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shun Kitahata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuya Komatani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akira Katsuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Fumika Yakushiji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang J, Yu YC, Wang ZX, Li QQ, Ding N, Leng XJ, Cai J, Zhang MY, Wang JJ, Zhou Y, Wei TH, Xue X, Dai WC, Sun SL, Yang Y, Li NG, Shi ZH. Research strategies of small molecules as chemotherapeutics to overcome multiple myeloma resistance. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116435. [PMID: 38648728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), a cancer of plasma cells, is the second most common hematological malignancy which is characterized by aberrant plasma cells infiltration in the bone marrow and complex heterogeneous cytogenetic abnormalities. Over the past two decades, novel treatment strategies such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies have significantly improved the relative survival rate of MM patients. However, the development of drug resistance results in the majority of MM patients suffering from relapse, limited treatment options and uncontrolled disease progression after relapse. There are urgent needs to develop and explore novel MM treatment strategies to overcome drug resistance and improve efficacy. Here, we review the recent small molecule therapeutic strategies for MM, and introduce potential new targets and corresponding modulators in detail. In addition, this paper also summarizes the progress of multi-target inhibitor therapy and protein degradation technology in the treatment of MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yan-Cheng Yu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Wang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Ning Ding
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Leng
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jiao Cai
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Zhang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Tian-Hua Wei
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xin Xue
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Wei-Chen Dai
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Shan-Liang Sun
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Nian-Guang Li
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Zhi-Hao Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hsu HC, Li D, Zhan W, Ye J, Liu YJ, Leung A, Qin J, Crespo B, Gamo FJ, Zhang H, Cui L, Roth A, Kirkman LA, Li H, Lin G. Structures revealing mechanisms of resistance and collateral sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to proteasome inhibitors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8302. [PMID: 38097652 PMCID: PMC10721928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Pf20S) is an advantageous drug target because its inhibition kills P. falciparum in multiple stages of its life cycle and synergizes with artemisinins. We recently developed a macrocyclic peptide, TDI-8304, that is highly selective for Pf20S over human proteasomes and is potent in vitro and in vivo against P. falciparum. A mutation in the Pf20S β6 subunit, A117D, confers resistance to TDI-8304, yet enhances both enzyme inhibition and anti-parasite activity of a tripeptide vinyl sulfone β2 inhibitor, WLW-vs. Here we present the high-resolution cryo-EM structures of Pf20S with TDI-8304, of human constitutive proteasome with TDI-8304, and of Pf20Sβ6A117D with WLW-vs that give insights into the species selectivity of TDI-8304, resistance to it, and the collateral sensitivity associated with resistance, including that TDI-8304 binds β2 and β5 in wild type Pf20S as well as WLW-vs binds β2 and β5 in Pf20Sβ6A117D. We further show that TDI-8304 kills P. falciparum as quickly as chloroquine and artemisinin and is active against P. cynomolgi at the liver stage. This increases interest in using these structures to facilitate the development of Pf20S inhibitors that target multiple proteasome subunits and limit the emergence of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chi Hsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Daqiang Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jianxiang Ye
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yi Jing Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Annie Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Junling Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Benigno Crespo
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Gamo
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Alison Roth
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, 20910, MD, USA
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang H, Wu Z, Cao Y, Gao L, Shao J, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Wei G, Li J, Zhu H. Exploration of novel four-membered-heterocycle constructed peptidyl proteasome inhibitors with improved metabolic stability for cancer treatment. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106626. [PMID: 37295239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peptides have limitations as active pharmaceutical agents due to rapid hydrolysis by proteases and poor cell permeability. To overcome these limitations, a series of peptidyl proteasome inhibitors embedded with four-membered heterocycles were designed to enhance their metabolic stabilities. All synthesized compounds were screened for their inhibitory activities against human 20S proteasome, and 12 target compounds displayed potent efficacy with IC50 values lower than 20 nM. Additionally, these compounds exhibited strong anti-proliferative activities against multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines (MM1S: 72, IC50 = 4.86 ± 1.34 nM; RPMI-8226: 67, IC50 = 12.32 ± 1.44). Metabolic stability assessments of SGF, SIF, plasma and blood were conducted, and the representative compound 73 revealed long half-lives (Plasma: T1/2 = 533 min; Blood: T1/2 > 1000 min) and good proteasome inhibitory activity in vivo. These results suggest that compound 73 serve as a lead compound for the development of more novel proteasome inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of pharmaceutical Preparation, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lixin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiaan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanmei Zhao
- Department of pharmaceutical Preparation, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiankang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 210023, China.
| | - Jia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Huajian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Deni I, Stokes BH, Ward KE, Fairhurst KJ, Pasaje CFA, Yeo T, Akbar S, Park H, Muir R, Bick DS, Zhan W, Zhang H, Liu YJ, Ng CL, Kirkman LA, Almaliti J, Gould AE, Duffey M, O'Donoghue AJ, Uhlemann AC, Niles JC, da Fonseca PCA, Gerwick WH, Lin G, Bogyo M, Fidock DA. Mitigating the risk of antimalarial resistance via covalent dual-subunit inhibition of the Plasmodium proteasome. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:470-485.e6. [PMID: 36963402 PMCID: PMC10198959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum proteasome constitutes a promising antimalarial target, with multiple chemotypes potently and selectively inhibiting parasite proliferation and synergizing with the first-line artemisinin drugs, including against artemisinin-resistant parasites. We compared resistance profiles of vinyl sulfone, epoxyketone, macrocyclic peptide, and asparagine ethylenediamine inhibitors and report that the vinyl sulfones were potent even against mutant parasites resistant to other proteasome inhibitors and did not readily select for resistance, particularly WLL that displays covalent and irreversible binding to the catalytic β2 and β5 proteasome subunits. We also observed instances of collateral hypersensitivity, whereby resistance to one inhibitor could sensitize parasites to distinct chemotypes. Proteasome selectivity was confirmed using CRISPR/Cas9-edited mutant and conditional knockdown parasites. Molecular modeling of proteasome mutations suggested spatial contraction of the β5 P1 binding pocket, compromising compound binding. Dual targeting of P. falciparum proteasome subunits using covalent inhibitors provides a potential strategy for restoring artemisinin activity and combating the spread of drug-resistant malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Deni
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara H Stokes
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kurt E Ward
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kate J Fairhurst
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Tomas Yeo
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shirin Akbar
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Heekuk Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Muir
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniella S Bick
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Jing Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline L Ng
- Global Center for Health Security, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jehad Almaliti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | | | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacquin C Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - William H Gerwick
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David A Fidock
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Almaliti J, Fajtová P, Calla J, LaMonte GM, Feng M, Rocamora F, Ottilie S, Glukhov E, Boura E, Suhandynata RT, Momper JD, Gilson MK, Winzeler EA, Gerwick WH, O'Donoghue AJ. Development of Potent and Highly Selective Epoxyketone-Based Plasmodium Proteasome Inhibitors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203958. [PMID: 36617500 PMCID: PMC10894724 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present remarkable epoxyketone-based proteasome inhibitors with low nanomolar in vitro potency for blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum and low cytotoxicity for human cells. Our best compound has more than 2,000-fold greater selectivity for erythrocytic-stage P. falciparum over HepG2 and H460 cells, which is largely driven by the accommodation of the parasite proteasome for a D-amino acid in the P3 position and the preference for a difluorobenzyl group in the P1 position. We isolated the proteasome from P. falciparum cell extracts and determined that the best compound is 171-fold more potent at inhibiting the β5 subunit of P. falciparum proteasome when compared to the same subunit of the human constitutive proteasome. These compounds also significantly reduce parasitemia in a P. berghei mouse infection model and prolong survival of animals by an average of 6 days. The current epoxyketone inhibitors are ideal starting compounds for orally bioavailable anti-malarial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jehad Almaliti
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaeson Calla
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Gregory M LaMonte
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Mudong Feng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Frances Rocamora
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, 11119 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Evgenia Glukhov
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Raymond T Suhandynata
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Michael K Gilson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - William H Gerwick
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang C, Zabala D, de los Santos ELC, Song L, Corre C, Alkhalaf L, Challis G. Parallelized gene cluster editing illuminates mechanisms of epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor biosynthesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:1488-1499. [PMID: 36718812 PMCID: PMC9943649 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in DNA sequencing technology and bioinformatics have revealed the enormous potential of microbes to produce structurally complex specialized metabolites with diverse uses in medicine and agriculture. However, these molecules typically require structural modification to optimize them for application, which can be difficult using synthetic chemistry. Bioengineering offers a complementary approach to structural modification but is often hampered by genetic intractability and requires a thorough understanding of biosynthetic gene function. Expression of specialized metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in heterologous hosts can surmount these problems. However, current approaches to BGC cloning and manipulation are inefficient, lack fidelity, and can be prohibitively expensive. Here, we report a yeast-based platform that exploits transformation-associated recombination (TAR) for high efficiency capture and parallelized manipulation of BGCs. As a proof of concept, we clone, heterologously express and genetically analyze BGCs for the structurally related nonribosomal peptides eponemycin and TMC-86A, clarifying remaining ambiguities in the biosynthesis of these important proteasome inhibitors. Our results show that the eponemycin BGC also directs the production of TMC-86A and reveal contrasting mechanisms for initiating the assembly of these two metabolites. Moreover, our data shed light on the mechanisms for biosynthesis and incorporation of 4,5-dehydro-l-leucine (dhL), an unusual nonproteinogenic amino acid incorporated into both TMC-86A and eponemycin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Huang
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Chuan Huang. Tel: +61 03 9905 1750;
| | - Daniel Zabala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Emmanuel L C de los Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lijiang Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christophe Corre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lona M Alkhalaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang H, Ginn J, Zhan W, Leung A, Liu YJ, Toita A, Okamoto R, Wong TT, Imaeda T, Hara R, Michino M, Yukawa T, Chelebieva S, Tumwebaze PK, Vendome J, Beuming T, Sato K, Aso K, Rosenthal PJ, Cooper RA, Liverton N, Foley M, Meinke PT, Nathan CF, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Antimalarial Plasmodium Proteasome Inhibitors─Part II. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1484-1508. [PMID: 36630286 PMCID: PMC10157299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With increasing reports of resistance to artemisinins and artemisinin-combination therapies, targeting the Plasmodium proteasome is a promising strategy for antimalarial development. We recently reported a highly selective Plasmodium falciparum proteasome inhibitor with anti-malarial activity in the humanized mouse model. To balance the permeability of the series of macrocycles with other drug-like properties, we conducted further structure-activity relationship studies on a biphenyl ether-tethered macrocyclic scaffold. Extensive SAR studies around the P1, P3, and P5 groups and peptide backbone identified compound TDI-8414. TDI-8414 showed nanomolar antiparasitic activity, no toxicity to HepG2 cells, high selectivity against the Plasmodium proteasome over the human constitutive proteasome and immunoproteasome, improved solubility and PAMPA permeability, and enhanced metabolic stability in microsomes and plasma of both humans and mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John Ginn
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Annie Leung
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi J. Liu
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Akinori Toita
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tzu-Tshin Wong
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sevil Chelebieva
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Roland A. Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Nigel Liverton
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Foley
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peter T. Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Laura A. Kirkman
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhan W, Li D, Saha P, Wang R, Zhang H, Ajay AK, Deban C, Sukenick G, Azzi J, Lin G. Discovery of Highly Selective Inhibitors of the Human Constitutive Proteasome β5c Chymotryptic Subunit. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1172-1185. [PMID: 36608337 PMCID: PMC10157300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe our discovery and development of potent and highly selective inhibitors of human constitutive proteasome chymotryptic activity (β5c). Structure-activity relationship studies of the novel class of inhibitors focused on optimization of N-cap, C-cap, and side chain of the chemophore asparagine. Compound 32 is the most potent and selective β5c inhibitor in this study. A docking study provides a structure rationale for potency and selectivity. Kinetic studies show a reversible and noncompetitive inhibition mechanism. It enters the cells to engage the proteasome target, potently and selectively kills multiple myeloma cells, and does so by synergizing with a β5i-selective inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Daqiang Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Priya Saha
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Rong Wang
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Amrendra K. Ajay
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christa Deban
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George Sukenick
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Jamil Azzi
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Listro R, Malacrida A, Ambrosio FA, Rossino G, Di Giacomo M, Cavalloro V, Garbagnoli M, Linciano P, Rossi D, Cavaletti G, Costa G, Alcaro S, Miloso M, Collina S. From Nature to Synthetic Compounds: Novel 1(N),2,3 Trisubstituted-5-oxopyrrolidines Targeting Multiple Myeloma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13061. [PMID: 36361848 PMCID: PMC9658545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The insurgence of drug resistance in treating Multiple Myeloma (MM) still represents a major hamper in finding effective treatments, although over the past decades new classes of drugs, such as proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs, have been discovered. Recently, our research team, within a Nature-Aided Drug Discovery project, isolated from Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. calyces the secondary metabolite called Hib-ester which possesses antiproliferative properties against human multiple myeloma RPMI 8226 cells, reduces migration and cell invasion and inhibits proteasome without neurotoxic effects. In the present study, we explored the chemical spaces of the hit compound Hib-ester. We explored the structure-activity relationships (SAR), and we optimized the scaffold through sequentially modifying Hib-ester subunits. Compound screening was performed based on cytotoxicity against the RPMI 8226 cells to assess the potential efficacy toward human MM. The ability of the most effective molecules to inhibit the proteasome was evaluated and the binding mode of the most promising compounds in the proteasome chymotrypsin binding pocket was deciphered through molecular modeling simulations. Compounds 13 and 14 are more potent than Hib-ester, demonstrating that our strategy was suitable for the identification of a novel chemotype for developing possible drug candidates and hopefully widening the drug armamentarium against MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Listro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessio Malacrida
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Francesca Alessandra Ambrosio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Di Giacomo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavalloro
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Sant’Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Martina Garbagnoli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Linciano
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Giosuè Costa
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Miloso
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kirk CJ, Muchamuel T, Wang J, Fan RA. Discovery and Early Clinical Development of Selective Immunoproteasome Inhibitors. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010009. [PMID: 35011570 PMCID: PMC8750005 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the proteolytic activity of the 20S proteasome have transformed the treatment of multiple B-cell malignancies. These agents have also been employed with success in the treatment of patients with autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated disorders. However, new agents are needed to fully unlock the potential of proteasome inhibitors as immunomodulatory drugs. The discovery that selective inhibitors of the immunoproteasome possess broad anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical models has led to the progression of multiple compounds to clinical trials. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory potential of immunoproteasome inhibition and the early development of KZR-616, the first selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome to reach clinical testing.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kollár L, Gobec M, Proj M, Smrdel L, Knez D, Imre T, Gömöry Á, Petri L, Ábrányi-Balogh P, Csányi D, Ferenczy GG, Gobec S, Sosič I, Keserű GM. Fragment-Sized and Bidentate (Immuno)Proteasome Inhibitors Derived from Cysteine and Threonine Targeting Warheads. Cells 2021; 10:3431. [PMID: 34943940 PMCID: PMC8700061 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive- and immunoproteasomes are part of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which is responsible for the protein homeostasis. Selective inhibition of the immunoproteasome offers opportunities for the treatment of numerous diseases, including inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and hematologic malignancies. Although several inhibitors have been reported, selective nonpeptidic inhibitors are sparse. Here, we describe two series of compounds that target both proteasomes. First, benzoxazole-2-carbonitriles as fragment-sized covalent immunoproteasome inhibitors are reported. Systematic substituent scans around the fragment core of benzoxazole-2-carbonitrile led to compounds with single digit micromolar inhibition of the β5i subunit. Experimental and computational reactivity studies revealed that the substituents do not affect the covalent reactivity of the carbonitrile warhead, but mainly influence the non-covalent recognition. Considering the small size of the inhibitors, this finding emphasizes the importance of the non-covalent recognition step in the covalent mechanism of action. As a follow-up series, bidentate inhibitors are disclosed, in which electrophilic heterocyclic fragments, i.e., 2-vinylthiazole, benzoxazole-2-carbonitrile, and benzimidazole-2-carbonitrile were linked to threonine-targeting (R)-boroleucine moieties. These compounds were designed to bind both the Thr1 and β5i-subunit-specific residue Cys48. However, inhibitory activities against (immuno)proteasome subunits showed that bidentate compounds inhibit the β5, β5i, β1, and β1i subunits with submicromolar to low-micromolar IC50 values. Inhibitory assays against unrelated enzymes showed that compounds from both series are selective for proteasomes. The presented nonpeptidic and covalent derivatives are suitable hit compounds for the development of either β5i-selective immunoproteasome inhibitors or compounds targeting multiple subunits of both proteasomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Levente Kollár
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (L.P.); (P.Á.-B.); (D.C.); (G.G.F.)
| | - Martina Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (D.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Matic Proj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (D.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Lara Smrdel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (D.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Damijan Knez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (D.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Tímea Imre
- MS Metabolomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ágnes Gömöry
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - László Petri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (L.P.); (P.Á.-B.); (D.C.); (G.G.F.)
| | - Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (L.P.); (P.Á.-B.); (D.C.); (G.G.F.)
| | - Dorottya Csányi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (L.P.); (P.Á.-B.); (D.C.); (G.G.F.)
| | - György G. Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (L.P.); (P.Á.-B.); (D.C.); (G.G.F.)
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (D.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (D.K.); (S.G.)
| | - György M. Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (L.P.); (P.Á.-B.); (D.C.); (G.G.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Giovannucci TA, Salomons FA, Haraldsson M, Elfman LHM, Wickström M, Young P, Lundbäck T, Eirich J, Altun M, Jafari R, Gustavsson AL, Johnsen JI, Dantuma NP. Inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by an NQO1-activatable compound. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:914. [PMID: 34615851 PMCID: PMC8494907 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cells display an increased sensitivity towards drugs that reduce the function of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which is the primary proteolytic system for destruction of aberrant proteins. Here, we report on the discovery of the bioactivatable compound CBK77, which causes an irreversible collapse of the UPS, accompanied by a general accumulation of ubiquitylated proteins and caspase-dependent cell death. CBK77 caused accumulation of ubiquitin-dependent, but not ubiquitin-independent, reporter substrates of the UPS, suggesting a selective effect on ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. In a genome-wide CRISPR interference screen, we identified the redox enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) as a critical mediator of CBK77 activity, and further demonstrated its role as the compound bioactivator. Through affinity-based proteomics, we found that CBK77 covalently interacts with ubiquitin. In vitro experiments showed that CBK77-treated ubiquitin conjugates were less susceptible to disassembly by deubiquitylating enzymes. In vivo efficacy of CBK77 was validated by reduced growth of NQO1-proficient human adenocarcinoma cells in nude mice treated with CBK77. This first-in-class NQO1-activatable UPS inhibitor suggests that it may be possible to exploit the intracellular environment in malignant cells for leveraging the impact of compounds that impair the UPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Giovannucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florian A Salomons
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Haraldsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta H M Elfman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Wickström
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Young
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Mikael Altun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rozbeh Jafari
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Gustavsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Inge Johnsen
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nico P Dantuma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee MJ, Bhattarai D, Jang H, Baek A, Yeo IJ, Lee S, Miller Z, Lee S, Hong JT, Kim DE, Lee W, Kim KB. Macrocyclic Immunoproteasome Inhibitors as a Potential Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10934-10950. [PMID: 34309393 PMCID: PMC10913540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that immunoproteasome (iP)-targeting linear peptide epoxyketones improve cognitive function in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a manner independent of amyloid β. However, these compounds' clinical prospect for AD is limited due to potential issues, such as poor brain penetration and metabolic instability. Here, we report the development of iP-selective macrocyclic peptide epoxyketones prepared by a ring-closing metathesis reaction between two terminal alkenes attached at the P2 and P3/P4 positions of linear counterparts. We show that a lead macrocyclic compound DB-60 (20) effectively inhibits the catalytic activity of iP in ABCB1-overexpressing cells (IC50: 105 nM) and has metabolic stability superior to its linear counterpart. DB-60 (20) also lowered the serum levels of IL-1α and ameliorated cognitive deficits in Tg2576 mice. The results collectively suggest that macrocyclic peptide epoxyketones have improved CNS drug properties than their linear counterparts and offer promising potential as an AD drug candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Deepak Bhattarai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Hyeryung Jang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahreum Baek
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Zachary Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Sukyeong Lee
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang H, Hsu HC, Kahne SC, Hara R, Zhan W, Jiang X, Burns-Huang K, Ouellette T, Imaeda T, Okamoto R, Kawasaki M, Michino M, Wong TT, Toita A, Yukawa T, Moraca F, Vendome J, Saha P, Sato K, Aso K, Ginn J, Meinke PT, Foley M, Nathan CF, Darwin KH, Li H, Lin G. Macrocyclic Peptides that Selectively Inhibit the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteasome. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6262-6272. [PMID: 33949190 PMCID: PMC8194371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) currently takes at least 6 months. Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is phenotypically tolerant to most anti-TB drugs. A key hypothesis is that drugs that kill nonreplicating (NR) Mtb may shorten treatment when used in combination with conventional drugs. The Mtb proteasome (Mtb20S) could be such a target because its pharmacological inhibition kills NR Mtb and its genetic deletion renders Mtb unable to persist in mice. Here, we report a series of macrocyclic peptides that potently and selectively target the Mtb20S over human proteasomes, including macrocycle 6. The cocrystal structure of macrocycle 6 with Mtb20S revealed structural bases for the species selectivity. Inhibition of 20S within Mtb by 6 dose dependently led to the accumulation of Pup-tagged GFP that is degradable but resistant to depupylation and death of nonreplicating Mtb under nitrosative stress. These results suggest that compounds of this class have the potential to develop as anti-TB therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Hao-Chi Hsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Shoshanna C. Kahne
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 430 E. 29th Street, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Xiuju Jiang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Kristin Burns-Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Tierra Ouellette
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Masanori Kawasaki
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Tzu-Tshin Wong
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Akinori Toita
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | | | | | - Priya Saha
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - John Ginn
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Peter T. Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael Foley
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - K. Heran Darwin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 430 E. 29th Street, New York, NY 10016
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao L, Le Chapelain C, Brachmann AO, Kaiser M, Groll M, Bode HB. Activation, Structure, Biosynthesis and Bioactivity of Glidobactin-like Proteasome Inhibitors from Photorhabdus laumondii. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1582-1588. [PMID: 33452852 PMCID: PMC8248439 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The glidobactin-like natural products (GLNPs) glidobactin A and cepafungin I have been reported to be potent proteasome inhibitors and are regarded as promising candidates for anticancer drug development. Their biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) plu1881-1877 is present in entomopathogenic Photorhabdus laumondii but silent under standard laboratory conditions. Here we show the largest subset of GLNPs, which are produced and identified after activation of the silent BGC in the native host and following heterologous expression of the BGC in Escherichia coli. Their chemical diversity results from a relaxed substrate specificity and flexible product release in the assembly line of GLNPs. Crystal structure analysis of the yeast proteasome in complex with new GLNPs suggests that the degree of unsaturation and the length of the aliphatic tail are critical for their bioactivity. The results in this study provide the basis to engineer the BGC for the generation of new GLNPs and to optimize these natural products resulting in potential drugs for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Molecular BiotechnologyDepartment of BiosciencesGoethe University Frankfurt60438Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences210014NanjingP. R. China
| | - Camille Le Chapelain
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM)Department of ChemistryTechnical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
| | - Alexander O. Brachmann
- Molecular BiotechnologyDepartment of BiosciencesGoethe University Frankfurt60438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute4002BaselSwitzerland
| | - Michael Groll
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM)Department of ChemistryTechnical University of Munich85748GarchingGermany
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Molecular BiotechnologyDepartment of BiosciencesGoethe University Frankfurt60438Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS)Goethe University Frankfurt60438Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung60325Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Department of Natural Products in Organismic InteractionsMax-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology35043MarburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang W, Wang X, Zhang H, Wen T, Yang L, Miao H, Wang J, Liu H, Yang X, Lei M, Zhu Y. Discovery of novel tripeptide propylene oxide proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 40:116182. [PMID: 33971487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) plays a critical role in the maintenance of cell homeostasis and the development of diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disease. A series of novel tripeptide propylene oxide compounds as proteasome inhibitors were designed, synthesized and biologically investigated in this manuscript. The enzymatic activities of final compounds against 20S human proteasome were investigated and structure-activity relationship (SAR) was summarized. Some potent compounds were further evaluated to inhibit the proliferation of multiple myeloma (MM) cancer cell lines RPMI8226 and U266B. The results showed that some compounds were active against MM cancer cell lines with IC50 values of less than 50 nM. The microsomal metabolic stabilities in human, rat and mice species were carried out and the results showed that compounds 30 and 31 were stable enough to be in vivo investigated. The in vivo pharmacokinetic results showed that compounds 30 and 31 had acceptable biological parameters for both ig and iv administrations. In vivo antitumor activities of compounds 30 and 31 with the doses of 100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg BIW were performed by using RPMI8226 xenograft nude mouse model. Toxicities of compounds 30 and 31 were not observed during the experiment and dose dependent effect was obvious and the tumor volume was greatly inhibited.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Discovery
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Epoxy Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Epoxy Compounds/chemistry
- Epoxy Compounds/pharmacology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Microsomes, Liver/chemistry
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Molecular Structure
- Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Proteasome Inhibitors/chemical synthesis
- Proteasome Inhibitors/chemistry
- Proteasome Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xueyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Haoyang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Tiantian Wen
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Hang Miao
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- Jiangsu Chia Tai Fenghai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., No. 9 Weidi Road, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Hailong Liu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Meng Lei
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Jiangsu Chia Tai Fenghai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., No. 9 Weidi Road, Nanjing 210046, PR China.
| | - Yongqiang Zhu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Jiangsu Chia Tai Fenghai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., No. 9 Weidi Road, Nanjing 210046, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhan W, Zhang H, Ginn J, Leung A, Liu YJ, Michino M, Toita A, Okamoto R, Wong TT, Imaeda T, Hara R, Yukawa T, Chelebieva S, Tumwebaze PK, Lafuente-Monasterio MJ, Martinez-Martinez MS, Vendome J, Beuming T, Sato K, Aso K, Rosenthal PJ, Cooper RA, Meinke PT, Nathan CF, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Development of a Highly Selective Plasmodium falciparum Proteasome Inhibitor with Anti-malaria Activity in Humanized Mice. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9279-9283. [PMID: 33433953 PMCID: PMC8087158 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum proteasome (Pf20S) inhibitors are active against Plasmodium at multiple stages-erythrocytic, gametocyte, liver, and gamete activation stages-indicating that selective Pf20S inhibitors possess the potential to be therapeutic, prophylactic, and transmission-blocking antimalarials. Starting from a reported compound, we developed a noncovalent, macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of the malarial proteasome with high species selectivity and improved pharmacokinetic properties. The compound demonstrates specific, time-dependent inhibition of the β5 subunit of the Pf20S, kills artemisinin-sensitive and artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum isolates in vitro and reduces parasitemia in humanized, P. falciparum-infected mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - John Ginn
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Annie Leung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yi J Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Akinori Toita
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tzu-Tshin Wong
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sevil Chelebieva
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, 94901, USA
| | | | - Maria Jose Lafuente-Monasterio
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Santos Martinez-Martinez
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Roland A Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, 94901, USA
| | - Peter T Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Santopolo S, Riccio A, Rossi A, Santoro MG. The proteostasis guardian HSF1 directs the transcription of its paralog and interactor HSF2 during proteasome dysfunction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1113-1129. [PMID: 32607595 PMCID: PMC11071745 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is essential for life in eukaryotes. Organisms respond to proteotoxic stress by activating heat shock transcription factors (HSFs), which play important roles in cytoprotection, longevity and development. Of six human HSFs, HSF1 acts as a proteostasis guardian regulating stress-induced transcriptional responses, whereas HSF2 has a critical role in development, in particular of brain and reproductive organs. Unlike HSF1, that is a stable protein constitutively expressed, HSF2 is a labile protein and its expression varies in different tissues; however, the mechanisms regulating HSF2 expression remain poorly understood. Herein we demonstrate that the proteasome inhibitor anticancer drug bortezomib (Velcade), at clinically relevant concentrations, triggers de novo HSF2 mRNA transcription in different types of cancers via HSF1 activation. Similar results were obtained with next-generation proteasome inhibitors ixazomib and carfilzomib, indicating that induction of HSF2 expression is a general response to proteasome dysfunction. HSF2-promoter analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies unexpectedly revealed that HSF1 is recruited to a heat shock element located at 1.397 bp upstream from the transcription start site in the HSF2-promoter. More importantly, we found that HSF1 is critical for HSF2 gene transcription during proteasome dysfunction, representing an interesting example of transcription factor involved in controlling the expression of members of the same family. Moreover, bortezomib-induced HSF2 was found to localize in the nucleus, interact with HSF1, and participate in bortezomib-mediated control of cancer cell migration. The results shed light on HSF2-expression regulation, revealing a novel level of HSF1/HSF2 interplay that may lead to advances in pharmacological modulation of these fundamental transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Santopolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Riccio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - M Gabriella Santoro
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schiffrer ES, Proj M, Gobec M, Rejc L, Šterman A, Mravljak J, Gobec S, Sosič I. Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation of Warhead-Decorated Psoralens as (Immuno)Proteasome Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020356. [PMID: 33445542 PMCID: PMC7826781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoproteasome is a multicatalytic protease that is predominantly expressed in cells of hematopoietic origin. Its elevated expression has been associated with autoimmune diseases, various types of cancer, and inflammatory diseases. Selective inhibition of its catalytic activities is therefore a viable approach for the treatment of these diseases. However, the development of immunoproteasome-selective inhibitors with non-peptidic scaffolds remains a challenging task. We previously reported 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one (psoralen)-based compounds with an oxathiazolone warhead as selective inhibitors of the chymotrypsin-like (β5i) subunit of immunoproteasome. Here, we describe the influence of the electrophilic warhead variations at position 3 of the psoralen core on the inhibitory potencies. Despite mapping the chemical space with different warheads, all compounds showed decreased inhibition of the β5i subunit of immunoproteasome in comparison to the parent oxathiazolone-based compound. Although suboptimal, these results provide crucial information about structure–activity relationships that will serve as guidance for the further design of (immuno)proteasome inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Shannon Schiffrer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.S.S.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (A.Š.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Matic Proj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.S.S.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (A.Š.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Martina Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.S.S.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (A.Š.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Luka Rejc
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Andrej Šterman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.S.S.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (A.Š.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Janez Mravljak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.S.S.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (A.Š.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.S.S.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (A.Š.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.S.S.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (A.Š.); (J.M.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-4769-569
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maresh ME, Salazar-Chaparro AF, Trader DJ. Methods for the discovery of small molecules to monitor and perturb the activity of the human proteasome. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:99-116. [PMID: 33275045 PMCID: PMC7857359 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating protein production and degradation is critical to maintaining cellular homeostasis. The proteasome is a key player in keeping proteins at the proper levels. However, proteasome activity can be altered in certain disease states, such as blood cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Cancers often exhibit enhanced proteasomal activity, as protein synthesis is increased in these cells compared with normal cells. Conversely, neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by protein accumulation, leading to reduced proteasome activity. As a result, the proteasome has emerged as a target for therapeutic intervention. The potential of the proteasome as a therapeutic target has come from studies involving chemical stimulators and inhibitors, and the development of a suite of assays and probes that can be used to monitor proteasome activity with purified enzyme and in live cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Maresh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andres F Salazar-Chaparro
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Darci J Trader
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Maurits E, Degeling CG, Kisselev AF, Florea BI, Overkleeft HS. Structure-Based Design of Fluorogenic Substrates Selective for Human Proteasome Subunits. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3220-3224. [PMID: 32598532 PMCID: PMC7754458 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Proteasomes are established therapeutic targets for hematological cancers and promising targets for autoimmune diseases. In the past, we have designed and synthesized mechanism-based proteasome inhibitors that are selective for the individual catalytic activities of human constitutive proteasomes and immunoproteasomes: β1c, β1i, β2c, β2i, β5c and β5i. We show here that by taking the oligopeptide recognition element and substituting the electrophile for a fluorogenic leaving group, fluorogenic substrates are obtained that report on the proteasome catalytic activity also targeted by the parent inhibitor. Though not generally applicable (β5c and β2i substrates showing low activity), effective fluorogenic substrates reporting on the individual activity of β1c, β1i, β2c and β5i subunits in Raji (human B cell) lysates and purified 20S proteasome were identified in this manner. Our work thus adds to the expanding proteasome research toolbox through the identification of new and/or more effective subunit-selective fluorogenic substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elmer Maurits
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Christian G. Degeling
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Alexei F. Kisselev
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison School of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburnAL 36849USA
| | - Bogdan I. Florea
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee HS, Jeong GS. Salinosporamide A, a Marine-Derived Proteasome Inhibitor, Inhibits T Cell Activation through Regulating Proliferation and the Cell Cycle. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215031. [PMID: 33138297 PMCID: PMC7663257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The appropriate regulation of T cell activity under inflammatory conditions is crucial for maintaining immune homeostasis. Salinosporamide A discovered as a self-resistance product from the marine bacterium Salinospora tropica, has been used as a potent proteasome inhibitor (PI). Although PIs have been developed as novel therapeutics for autoimmune diseases, due to their immunosuppressive effect, whether salinosporamide A inhibits T cell activation remains unknown. The current study finds that salinosporamide A is not cytotoxic, but controls T cell proliferation. Results from our cell cycle arrest analysis revealed that salinosporamide A leads to cell cycle arrest and regulates the expression of cyclin-dependent kinases. Under activated conditions, salinosporamide A abrogated T cell activation by T cell receptor-mediated stimulation, in which the production of cytokines was inhibited by pretreatment with salinosporamide A. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the regulation of T cell activation by salinosporamide A is mediated by suppressing the MAPK pathway. Therefore, our results suggest that salinosporamide A effectively suppresses T cell activation through regulating T cell proliferation and the cell cycle and provides great insight into the development of novel therapeutics for autoimmune diseases or graft-versus-host disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-6649; Fax: +82-53-580-6645
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
He H, Liu S, Wu D, Xu B. Enzymatically Formed Peptide Assemblies Sequestrate Proteins and Relocate Inhibitors to Selectively Kill Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16445-16450. [PMID: 32521103 PMCID: PMC7844580 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we show that an enzymatic reaction can generate peptide assemblies that sequestrate proteins to selectively kill cancer cells. A phosphopeptide bearing the antagonistic motif (AVPI) to the inhibitors of apoptotic proteins (IAPs) enters cancer cells and normal cells by caveolin-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis, respectively. The AVPI-bearing peptide assemblies sequestrates IAPs and releases bortezomib (BTZ), a proteasome inhibitor, in the cytosol of cancer cells, but rescues the normal cells (namely, HS-5 cells) by trafficking the BTZ into lysosomes. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) acts as a context-dependent signal for trafficking the peptide/BTZ assemblies and selectively induces the death of the cancer cells. The assemblies of AVPI exhibit enhanced proteolytic resistance. This work, which utilizes the difference in endocytic uptake of enzymatically formed peptide assemblies to selectively kill cancer cells, promises a new way to develop selective cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian He
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Difei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tarrason Risa G, Hurtig F, Bray S, Hafner AE, Harker-Kirschneck L, Faull P, Davis C, Papatziamou D, Mutavchiev DR, Fan C, Meneguello L, Arashiro Pulschen A, Dey G, Culley S, Kilkenny M, Souza DP, Pellegrini L, de Bruin RAM, Henriques R, Snijders AP, Šarić A, Lindås AC, Robinson NP, Baum B. The proteasome controls ESCRT-III-mediated cell division in an archaeon. Science 2020; 369:eaaz2532. [PMID: 32764038 PMCID: PMC7116001 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is the closest experimentally tractable archaeal relative of eukaryotes and, despite lacking obvious cyclin-dependent kinase and cyclin homologs, has an ordered eukaryote-like cell cycle with distinct phases of DNA replication and division. Here, in exploring the mechanism of cell division in S. acidocaldarius, we identify a role for the archaeal proteasome in regulating the transition from the end of one cell cycle to the beginning of the next. Further, we identify the archaeal ESCRT-III homolog, CdvB, as a key target of the proteasome and show that its degradation triggers division by allowing constriction of the CdvB1:CdvB2 ESCRT-III division ring. These findings offer a minimal mechanism for ESCRT-III-mediated membrane remodeling and point to a conserved role for the proteasome in eukaryotic and archaeal cell cycle control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Tarrason Risa
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Fredrik Hurtig
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sian Bray
- Biochemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne E Hafner
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, UCL, London, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCL, London, UK
| | - Lena Harker-Kirschneck
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, UCL, London, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCL, London, UK
| | - Peter Faull
- Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Colin Davis
- Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Dimitra Papatziamou
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Delyan R Mutavchiev
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Catherine Fan
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Leticia Meneguello
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | | | - Gautam Dey
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Siân Culley
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Mairi Kilkenny
- Biochemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Diorge P Souza
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Luca Pellegrini
- Biochemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robertus A M de Bruin
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | | | - Anđela Šarić
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, UCL, London, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCL, London, UK
| | - Ann-Christin Lindås
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas P Robinson
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, UCL, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Campos PE, Herbette G, Chendo C, Clerc P, Tintillier F, de Voogd NJ, Papanagnou ED, Trougakos IP, Jerabek M, Bignon J, Le Goff G, Ouazzani J, Gauvin-Bialecki A. Osirisynes G-I, New Long-Chain Highly Oxygenated Polyacetylenes from the Mayotte Marine Sponge Haliclona sp. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18070350. [PMID: 32635268 PMCID: PMC7401255 DOI: 10.3390/md18070350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical study of the CH2Cl2−MeOH (1:1) extract from the sponge Haliclona sp. collected in Mayotte highlighted three new long-chain highly oxygenated polyacetylenes, osirisynes G-I (1–3) together with the known osirisynes A (4), B (5), and E (6). Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectra and HRESIMS and MS/MS data. All compounds were evaluated on catalase and sirtuin 1 activation and on CDK7, proteasome, Fyn kinase, tyrosinase, and elastase inhibition. Five compounds (1; 3–6) inhibited proteasome kinase and two compounds (5–6) inhibited CDK7 and Fyn kinase. Osirisyne B (5) was the most active compound with IC50 on FYNB kinase, CDK7 kinase, and proteasome inhibition of 18.44 µM, 9.13 µM, and 0.26 µM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Eric Campos
- Laboratoire de chimie et de biotechnologie des produits naturels, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de La Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, 97744 Saint-Denis CEDEX 9, La Réunion, France; (P.-E.C.); (P.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Gaëtan Herbette
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole, Campus de St Jérôme-Service 511, 13397 Marseille, France; (G.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Christophe Chendo
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole, Campus de St Jérôme-Service 511, 13397 Marseille, France; (G.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Patricia Clerc
- Laboratoire de chimie et de biotechnologie des produits naturels, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de La Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, 97744 Saint-Denis CEDEX 9, La Réunion, France; (P.-E.C.); (P.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Florent Tintillier
- Laboratoire de chimie et de biotechnologie des produits naturels, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de La Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, 97744 Saint-Denis CEDEX 9, La Réunion, France; (P.-E.C.); (P.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Nicole J. de Voogd
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eleni-Dimitra Papanagnou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece; (E.-D.P.); (I.P.T.)
| | - Ioannis P. Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece; (E.-D.P.); (I.P.T.)
| | - Moran Jerabek
- Crelux GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19a, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany;
| | - Jérôme Bignon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.B.); (G.L.G.); (J.O.)
| | - Géraldine Le Goff
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.B.); (G.L.G.); (J.O.)
| | - Jamal Ouazzani
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (J.B.); (G.L.G.); (J.O.)
| | - Anne Gauvin-Bialecki
- Laboratoire de chimie et de biotechnologie des produits naturels, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de La Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, 97744 Saint-Denis CEDEX 9, La Réunion, France; (P.-E.C.); (P.C.); (F.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +262-2629-38197
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Swatek A, Staszczak M. Effect of Ferulic Acid, a Phenolic Inducer of Fungal Laccase, on 26S Proteasome Activities In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072463. [PMID: 32252291 PMCID: PMC7177946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The 26S proteasome is an ATP-dependent protease complex (2.5 MDa) that degrades most cellular proteins in Eukaryotes, typically those modified by a polyubiquitin chain. The proteasome-mediated proteolysis regulates a variety of critical cellular processes such as transcriptional control, cell cycle, oncogenesis, apoptosis, protein quality control, and stress response. Previous studies conducted in our laboratory have shown that 26S proteasomes are involved in the regulation of ligninolytic enzymes (such as laccase) in white-rot fungi in response to nutrient starvation, cadmium exposure, and ER stress. Laccases are useful biocatalysts for a wide range of biotechnological applications. The goal of the current study was to determine the effect of ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid), a phenolic compound known to induce some ligninolytic enzymes, on proteasomes isolated from mycelia of the wood-decomposing basidiomycete Trametes versicolor. The peptidase activities of 26S proteasomes were assayed by measuring the hydrolysis of fluorogenic peptide substrates specific for each active site: Suc-LLVY-AMC, Z-GGR-AMC and Z-LLE-AMC for chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like, and caspase-like site, respectively. Ferulic acid affected all peptidase activities of the 26S fungal proteasomes in a concentration-dependent manner. A possible inhibitory effect of ferulic acid on peptidase activities of the 26S human proteasomes was tested as well. Moreover, the ability of ferulic acid to inhibit (at concentrations known to induce laccase activity in white-rot fungi) the rate of 26S proteasome-catalyzed degradation of a model full-length protein substrate (β-casein) was demonstrated by a fluorescamine assay and by a gel-electrophoretic analysis. Our findings provide new insights into the role of ferulic acid in lignin-degrading fungi. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated by future studies.
Collapse
|
28
|
Rožman K, Alexander EM, Ogorevc E, Bozovičar K, Sosič I, Aldrich CC, Gobec S. Psoralen Derivatives as Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteasome. Molecules 2020; 25:E1305. [PMID: 32178473 PMCID: PMC7144120 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein degradation is a fundamental process in all living organisms. An important part of this system is a multisubunit, barrel-shaped protease complex called the proteasome. This enzyme is directly responsible for the proteolysis of ubiquitin- or pup-tagged proteins to smaller peptides. In this study, we present a series of 92 psoralen derivatives, of which 15 displayed inhibitory potency against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteasome in low micromolar concentrations. The best inhibitors, i.e., 8, 11, 13 and 15, exhibited a mixed type of inhibition and overall good inhibitory potency in biochemical assays. N-(cyanomethyl)acetamide 8 (Ki = 5.6 µM) and carboxaldehyde-based derivative 15 (Ki = 14.9 µM) were shown to be reversible inhibitors of the enzyme. On the other hand, pyrrolidine-2,5-dione esters 11 and 13 irreversibly inhibited the enzyme with Ki values of 4.2 µM and 1.1 µM, respectively. In addition, we showed that an established immunoproteasome inhibitor, PR-957, is a noncompetitive irreversible inhibitor of the mycobacterial proteasome (Ki = 5.2 ± 1.9 µM, kinact/Ki = 96 ± 41 M-1·s-1). These compounds represent interesting hit compounds for further optimization in the development of new drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Rožman
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.R.); (E.O.); (K.B.); (I.S.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (E.M.A.); (C.C.A.)
| | - Evan M. Alexander
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (E.M.A.); (C.C.A.)
| | - Eva Ogorevc
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.R.); (E.O.); (K.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Krištof Bozovičar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.R.); (E.O.); (K.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Izidor Sosič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.R.); (E.O.); (K.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Courtney C. Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (E.M.A.); (C.C.A.)
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.R.); (E.O.); (K.B.); (I.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Anchoori RK, Tan M, Tseng SH, Peng S, Soong RS, Algethami A, Foran P, Das S, Wang C, Wang TL, Liang H, Hung CF, Roden RBS. Structure-function analyses of candidate small molecule RPN13 inhibitors with antitumor properties. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227727. [PMID: 31940398 PMCID: PMC6961910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to design ubiquitin-proteasome system inhibitors active against solid cancers by targeting ubiquitin receptor RPN13 within the proteasome’s 19S regulatory particle. The prototypic bis-benzylidine piperidone-based inhibitor RA190 is a michael acceptor that adducts Cysteine 88 of RPN13. In probing the pharmacophore, we showed the benefit of the central nitrogen-bearing piperidone ring moiety compared to a cyclohexanone, the importance of the span of the aromatic wings from the central enone-piperidone ring, the contribution of both wings, and that substituents with stronger electron withdrawing groups were more cytotoxic. Potency was further enhanced by coupling of a second warhead to the central nitrogen-bearing piperidone as RA375 exhibited ten-fold greater activity against cancer lines than RA190, reflecting its nitro ring substituents and the addition of a chloroacetamide warhead. Treatment with RA375 caused a rapid and profound accumulation of high molecular weight polyubiquitinated proteins and reduced intracellular glutathione levels, which produce endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress, and trigger apoptosis. RA375 was highly active against cell lines of multiple myeloma and diverse solid cancers, and demonstrated a wide therapeutic window against normal cells. For cervical and head and neck cancer cell lines, those associated with human papillomavirus were significantly more sensitive to RA375. While ARID1A-deficiency also enhanced sensitivity 4-fold, RA375 was active against all ovarian cancer cell lines tested. RA375 inhibited proteasome function in muscle for >72h after single i.p. administration to mice, and treatment reduced tumor burden and extended survival in mice carrying an orthotopic human xenograft derived from a clear cell ovarian carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K. Anchoori
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marietta Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ssu-Hsueh Tseng
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shiwen Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruey-Shyang Soong
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aliyah Algethami
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Palmer Foran
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samarjit Das
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard B. S. Roden
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chiu CY, Ling XH, Wang SK, Duh CY. Ubiquitin-Proteasome Modulating Dolabellanes and Secosteroids from Soft Coral Clavularia flava. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18010039. [PMID: 31947850 PMCID: PMC7024272 DOI: 10.3390/md18010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a high-content screening (HCS) assay aiming to discover bioactive molecules with proteasome inhibitory activity. By structural elucidation, we identified six compounds purified from soft coral Clavularia flava, which potentiates proteasome inhibition. Chemical structure elucidation revealed they are dolabellane- and secosteroid-based compounds including a new dolabellane, clavinflol C (1), three known dolabellanes, stolonidiol (2), stolonidiol-17-acetate (3), and clavinflol B (4) as well as two new secosteroids, 3β,11-dihydroxy-24-methyl-9,11-secocholest-5-en-9,23-dione (5) and 3β,11-dihydroxy-24-methylene-9,11-secocholest-5-en-9,23-dione (6). All six compounds show less cytotoxicity than those of known proteasome inhibitors, bortezomib and MG132. In summary, the high-content measurements of control inhibitors, bortezomib and MG132, manifest the highest ratio >2 in high-content measurement. Of the isolated compounds, 2 and 5 showed higher activity, followed by 3 and 6, and then 1 and 4 exhibited moderate inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yen Chiu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80441, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (X.-H.L.)
| | - Xue-Hua Ling
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80441, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (X.-H.L.)
| | - Shang-Kwei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-K.W.); (C.-Y.D.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2150-23) (S.-K.W.); +886-7-525-2000 (ext. 5036) (C.-Y.D.)
| | - Chang-Yih Duh
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80441, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (X.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.-K.W.); (C.-Y.D.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2150-23) (S.-K.W.); +886-7-525-2000 (ext. 5036) (C.-Y.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
KONG L, LU J, ZHU H, ZHANG J. [Research progress on selective immunoproteasome inhibitors]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2019; 48:688-694. [PMID: 31955545 PMCID: PMC8800774 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2019.12.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunoproteasome is associated with various diseases such as hematologic malignancies, inflammatory, autoimmune and central nervous system diseases, and over expression of immunoproteasome is observed in all of these diseases. Immunoproteasome inhibitors can reduce the expression of immunoproteasome by inhibiting the production of related cell-inducing factors and the activity of T lymphocyte for treating related diseases. In order to achieve good efficacy and reduce the toxic effects, key for development of selective immunoproteasome inhibitors is the high selectivity and potent activity of the three active subunits of the proteasome. This review summarizes the structure and functions of immunoproteasome and the associated diseases. Besides, structure, activity and status of selective immunoproteasome inhibitors are also been highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiankang ZHANG
- 张建康(1987-), 男, 博士, 讲师, 硕士生导师, 主要从事抗肿瘤药物研发工作, E-mail:
;
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-7238
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Robinson RM, Reyes L, Duncan RM, Bian H, Strobel ED, Hyman SL, Reitz AB, Dolloff NG. Tuning isoform selectivity and bortezomib sensitivity with a new class of alkenyl indene PDI inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111906. [PMID: 31787362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI, PDIA1) is an emerging therapeutic target in oncology. PDI inhibitors have demonstrated a unique propensity to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells and overcome resistance to existing therapies, although drug candidates have not yet progressed to the stage of clinical development. We recently reported the discovery of lead indene compound E64FC26 as a potent pan-PDI inhibitor that enhances the cytotoxic effects of proteasome inhibitors in panels of Multiple Myeloma (MM) cells and MM mouse models. An extensive medicinal chemistry program has led to the generation of a diverse library of indene-containing molecules with varying degrees of proteasome inhibitor potentiating activity. These compounds were generated by a novel nucleophilic aromatic ring cyclization and dehydration reaction from the precursor ketones. The results provide detailed structure activity relationships (SAR) around this indene pharmacophore and show a high degree of correlation between potency of PDI inhibition and bortezomib (Btz) potentiation in MM cells. Inhibition of PDI leads to ER and oxidative stress characterized by the accumulation of misfolded poly-ubiquitinated proteins and the induction of UPR biomarkers ATF4, CHOP, and Nrf2. This work characterizes the synthesis and SAR of a new chemical class and further validates PDI as a therapeutic target in MM as a single agent and in combination with proteasome inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reeder M Robinson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ravyn M Duncan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Haiyan Bian
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Eric D Strobel
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Sarah L Hyman
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Allen B Reitz
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Nathan G Dolloff
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gupta S, Gallego-Villar L, Wang L, Lee HO, Nasrallah G, Al-Dewik N, Häberle J, Thöny B, Blom HJ, Ben-Omran T, Kruger WD. Analysis of the Qatari R336C cystathionine β-synthase protein in mice. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:831-838. [PMID: 31240737 PMCID: PMC7336392 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Classical homocystinuria is a recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by mutations in the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene. The highest incidence of CBS deficiency in the world is found in the country of Qatar due to the combination of high rates of consanguinity and the presence of a founder mutation, c.1006C>T (p.R336C). This mutation does not respond to pyridoxine and is considered severe. Here we describe the creation of a mouse that is null for the mouse Cbs gene and expresses human p.R336C CBS from a zinc-inducible transgene (Tg-R336C Cbs -/- ). Zinc-treated Tg-R336C Cbs -/- mice have extreme elevation in both serum total homocysteine (tHcy) and liver tHcy compared with control transgenic mice. Both the steady-state protein levels and CBS enzyme activity levels in liver lysates from Tg-R336C Cbs -/- mice are significantly reduced compared to that found in Tg-hCBS Cbs -/- mice expressing wild-type human CBS. Treatment of Tg-R336C Cbs -/- mice with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib results in stabilization of liver CBS protein and an increase in activity to levels found in corresponding Tg-hCBS Cbs -/- wild type mice. Surprisingly, serum tHcy did not fully correct even though liver enzyme activity was as high as control animals. This discrepancy is explained by in vitro enzymatic studies of mouse liver extracts showing that p.R336C causes reduced binding affinity for the substrate serine by almost 7-fold and significantly increased dependence on pyridoxal phosphate in the reaction buffer. These studies demonstrate that the p.R336C alteration effects both protein stability and substrate/cofactor binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Gupta
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Lorena Gallego-Villar
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Liqun Wang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Hyung-Ok Lee
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Gheyath Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nader Al-Dewik
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital and Children’s Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Thöny
- Division of Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital and Children’s Research Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henk J Blom
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tawfeg Ben-Omran
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Warren D. Kruger
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Corresponding author: Warren D. Kruger, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA. 19111. Phone: 215-728-3030;
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Stokes BH, Yoo E, Murithi JM, Luth MR, Afanasyev P, da Fonseca PCA, Winzeler EA, Ng CL, Bogyo M, Fidock DA. Covalent Plasmodium falciparum-selective proteasome inhibitors exhibit a low propensity for generating resistance in vitro and synergize with multiple antimalarial agents. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007722. [PMID: 31170268 PMCID: PMC6553790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics with novel modes of action and a low risk of generating resistance are urgently needed to combat drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Here, we report that the peptide vinyl sulfones WLL-vs (WLL) and WLW-vs (WLW), highly selective covalent inhibitors of the P. falciparum proteasome, potently eliminate genetically diverse parasites, including K13-mutant, artemisinin-resistant lines, and are particularly active against ring-stage parasites. Selection studies reveal that parasites do not readily acquire resistance to WLL or WLW and that mutations in the β2, β5 or β6 subunits of the 20S proteasome core particle or in components of the 19S proteasome regulatory particle yield only <five-fold decreases in parasite susceptibility. This result compares favorably against previously published non-covalent inhibitors of the Plasmodium proteasome that can select for resistant parasites with >hundred-fold decreases in susceptibility. We observed no cross-resistance between WLL and WLW. Moreover, most mutations that conferred a modest loss of parasite susceptibility to one inhibitor significantly increased sensitivity to the other. These inhibitors potently synergized multiple chemically diverse classes of antimalarial agents, implicating a shared disruption of proteostasis in their modes of action. These results underscore the potential of targeting the Plasmodium proteasome with covalent small molecule inhibitors as a means of combating multidrug-resistant malaria. The spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria across Southeast Asia creates an imperative to develop new treatment options with compounds that are not susceptible to existing mechanisms of antimalarial drug resistance. Recent work has identified the P. falciparum proteasome as a promising drug target. Here, we report potent antimalarial activity of highly selective vinyl sulfone-conjugated peptide proteasome inhibitors, including against artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum early ring-stage parasites that are traditionally difficult to treat. Unlike many advanced antimalarial candidates, these covalent proteasome inhibitors do not readily select for resistance. Selection studies with cultured parasites reveal infrequent and minor decreases in susceptibility resulting from point mutations in components of the 26S proteasome, which we model using cryo-electron microscopy-based structural data. No parasites were observed to be cross-resistant to both compounds; in fact, partial resistance to one compound often created hypersensitivity to the other. We also document potent synergy between these covalent proteasome inhibitors and multiple classes of antimalarial agents, including dihydroartemisinin, the clinical candidate OZ439, and the parasite transmission-blocking agent methylene blue. Proteasome inhibitors have significant promise as components of novel combination therapies to treat multidrug-resistant malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara H. Stokes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Euna Yoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - James M. Murithi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Madeline R. Luth
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Pavel Afanasyev
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paula C. A. da Fonseca
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Caroline L. Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CLN); (MB); (DAF)
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CLN); (MB); (DAF)
| | - David A. Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CLN); (MB); (DAF)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wyllie S, Brand S, Thomas M, De Rycker M, Chung CW, Pena I, Bingham RP, Bueren-Calabuig JA, Cantizani J, Cebrian D, Craggs PD, Ferguson L, Goswami P, Hobrath J, Howe J, Jeacock L, Ko EJ, Korczynska J, MacLean L, Manthri S, Martinez MS, Mata-Cantero L, Moniz S, Nühs A, Osuna-Cabello M, Pinto E, Riley J, Robinson S, Rowland P, Simeons FRC, Shishikura Y, Spinks D, Stojanovski L, Thomas J, Thompson S, Viayna Gaza E, Wall RJ, Zuccotto F, Horn D, Ferguson MAJ, Fairlamb AH, Fiandor JM, Martin J, Gray DW, Miles TJ, Gilbert IH, Read KD, Marco M, Wyatt PG. Preclinical candidate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis that acts through proteasome inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9318-9323. [PMID: 30962368 PMCID: PMC6511062 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820175116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum, is one of the major parasitic diseases worldwide. There is an urgent need for new drugs to treat VL, because current therapies are unfit for purpose in a resource-poor setting. Here, we describe the development of a preclinical drug candidate, GSK3494245/DDD01305143/compound 8, with potential to treat this neglected tropical disease. The compound series was discovered by repurposing hits from a screen against the related parasite Trypanosoma cruzi Subsequent optimization of the chemical series resulted in the development of a potent cidal compound with activity against a range of clinically relevant L. donovani and L. infantum isolates. Compound 8 demonstrates promising pharmacokinetic properties and impressive in vivo efficacy in our mouse model of infection comparable with those of the current oral antileishmanial miltefosine. Detailed mode of action studies confirm that this compound acts principally by inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like activity catalyzed by the β5 subunit of the L. donovani proteasome. High-resolution cryo-EM structures of apo and compound 8-bound Leishmania tarentolae 20S proteasome reveal a previously undiscovered inhibitor site that lies between the β4 and β5 proteasome subunits. This induced pocket exploits β4 residues that are divergent between humans and kinetoplastid parasites and is consistent with all of our experimental and mutagenesis data. As a result of these comprehensive studies and due to a favorable developability and safety profile, compound 8 is being advanced toward human clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wyllie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Brand
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Thomas
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Chun-Wa Chung
- Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Imanol Pena
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain
| | - Ryan P Bingham
- Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Juan A Bueren-Calabuig
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Cantizani
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain
| | - David Cebrian
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain
| | - Peter D Craggs
- Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Ferguson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Panchali Goswami
- Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Hobrath
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Howe
- David Jack Centre for R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jeacock
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Eun-Jung Ko
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Justyna Korczynska
- Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna MacLean
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sujatha Manthri
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sonia Moniz
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Nühs
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Osuna-Cabello
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Pinto
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Robinson
- David Jack Centre for R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Rowland
- Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick R C Simeons
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Yoko Shishikura
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Spinks
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - John Thomas
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Thompson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabet Viayna Gaza
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Wall
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A J Ferguson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jose M Fiandor
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain
| | - Julio Martin
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain
| | - David W Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Miles
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom;
| | - Maria Marco
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain;
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hovhannisyan Y, Melikyan G, Mougenot N, Gao-Li J, Friguet B, Paulin D, Li Z, Ferry A, Agbulut O. Effects of the selective inhibition of proteasome caspase-like activity by CLi a derivative of nor-cerpegin in dystrophic mdx mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215821. [PMID: 31013315 PMCID: PMC6478376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that proteasome inhibition can have beneficial effects in dystrophic mouse models. In this study, we have investigated the effects of a new selective proteasome inhibitor, CLi, a strong caspase-like inhibitor of the 20S proteasome, on skeletal and cardiac muscle functions of mdx mice. In the first series of experiments, five-month-old male mdx mice (n = 34) were treated with 2 different doses (20 and 100 μg/kg) of CLi and in the second series of experiments, five-month-old female mdx (n = 19) and wild-type (n = 24) mice were treated with 20 μg/kg CLi and Velcade (1 mg/kg) for 1-month. All animals were treadmill exercised twice a week to worsen the dystrophic features. In the first series of experiments, our results demonstrated that 20 μg/kg CLi did not significantly increase absolute and specific maximal forces in skeletal muscle from male mdx mice. Moreover, the higher susceptibility to contraction induced skeletal muscle injury was worsened by 100 μg/kg CLi since the force drop following lengthening contractions was increased with this high dose. Furthermore, we found no differences in the mRNA levels of the molecular markers implicated in dystrophic features. Concerning cardiac function, CLi had no effect on left ventricular function since ejection and shortening fractions were unchanged in male mdx mice. Similarly, CLi did not modify the expression of genes implicated in cardiac remodeling. In the second series of experiments, our results demonstrated an improvement in absolute and specific maximal forces by CLi, whereas Velcade only increased specific maximal force in female mdx mice. In addition, exercise tolerance was not improved by CLi. Taken together, our results show that CLi treatment can only improve maximal force production in exercised female mdx mice without affecting either exercice tolerance capacity or cardiac function. In conclusion, selective inhibition of caspase-like activity of proteasome with CLi has no compelling beneficial effect in dystrophic mdx mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeranuhi Hovhannisyan
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Gagik Melikyan
- Yerevan State University, Department of Organic Chemistry, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Jacqueline Gao-Li
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Friguet
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Denise Paulin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Institut de Myologie, INSERM U974, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Almaliti J, Miller B, Pietraszkiewicz H, Glukhov E, Naman CB, Kline T, Hanson J, Li X, Zhou S, Valeriote FA, Gerwick WH. Exploration of the carmaphycins as payloads in antibody drug conjugate anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 161:416-432. [PMID: 30384045 PMCID: PMC6248884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a new dimension of anticancer chemotherapeutics, with warheads to date generally involving either antitubulin or DNA-directed agents to achieve low-to sub-nanomolar potency. However, other potent cytotoxins working by different pharmacological mechanisms are under investigation, such as α,β-epoxyketone based proteasome inhibitors. These proteasome active agents are an emerging class of anticancer drug that possesses ultra-potent cytotoxicity to some cancer cell lines. The carmaphycins are representatives of this latter class that we isolated and characterized from a marine cyanobacterium, and these as well as several synthetic analogues exhibit this level of potency. In the current work, we investigated the use of these highly potent cytotoxic compounds as warheads in the design of novel ADCs. We designed and synthesized a library of carmaphycin B analogues that contain amine handles, enabling their attachment to an antibody linker. The basicity of these incorporated amine handles was shown to strongly affect their cytotoxic properties. Linear amines resulted in the greatest reduction in cytotoxicity whereas less basic aromatic amines retained potent activity as demonstrated by a 4-sulfonylaniline derivative. These investigations resulted in identifying the P2 residue in the carmaphycins as the most suitable site for linker attachment point, and hence, we synthesized a highly potent analogue of carmaphycin B that contained a 4-sulfonylaniline handle as an attachment point for the linker antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jehad Almaliti
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States; Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Bailey Miller
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Halina Pietraszkiewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Evgenia Glukhov
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - C Benjamin Naman
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Toni Kline
- Sutro Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey Hanson
- Sutro Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Sutro Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Sihong Zhou
- Sutro Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Frederick A Valeriote
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - William H Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Della Sala G, Agriesti F, Mazzoccoli C, Tataranni T, Costantino V, Piccoli C. Clogging the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Machinery with Marine Natural Products: Last Decade Update. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E467. [PMID: 30486251 PMCID: PMC6316072 DOI: 10.3390/md16120467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is the central protein degradation system in eukaryotic cells, playing a key role in homeostasis maintenance, through proteolysis of regulatory and misfolded (potentially harmful) proteins. As cancer cells produce proteins inducing cell proliferation and inhibiting cell death pathways, UPP inhibition has been exploited as an anticancer strategy to shift the balance between protein synthesis and degradation towards cell death. Over the last few years, marine invertebrates and microorganisms have shown to be an unexhaustive factory of secondary metabolites targeting the UPP. These chemically intriguing compounds can inspire clinical development of novel antitumor drugs to cope with the incessant outbreak of side effects and resistance mechanisms induced by currently approved proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib). In this review, we report about (a) the role of the UPP in anticancer therapy, (b) chemical and biological properties of UPP inhibitors from marine sources discovered in the last decade, (c) high-throughput screening techniques for mining natural UPP inhibitors in organic extracts. Moreover, we will tell about the fascinating story of salinosporamide A, the first marine natural product to access clinical trials as a proteasome inhibitor for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Della Sala
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Francesca Agriesti
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Carmela Mazzoccoli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Tataranni
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Valeria Costantino
- The NeaNat Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, via L. Pinto c/o OO.RR., 71100 Foggia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tan J, Yudin AK. Borylated reagents for multicomponent reactions. Drug Discov Today Technol 2018; 29:51-60. [PMID: 30471674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of organoboron reagents due to the discovery of bortezomib (Velcade). This has motivated synthetic chemists to develop novel routes for the preparation of heteroatom-rich boron-containing molecules (BCMs). In particular, the development of borylated building blocks has provided facile access to difficult-to-access heteroatom-rich BCMs. In this review, we will discuss the methods used to prepare boron-containing molecules of biological relevance from multicomponent reactions with borylated building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Tan
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
de Souza RTMP, Freire VF, Gubiani JR, Ferreira RO, Trivella DBB, Moraes FC, Paradas WC, Salgado LT, Pereira RC, Amado Filho GM, Ferreira AG, Williams DE, Andersen RJ, Molinski TF, Berlinck RGS. Bromopyrrole Alkaloid Inhibitors of the Proteasome Isolated from a Dictyonella sp. Marine Sponge Collected at the Amazon River Mouth. J Nat Prod 2018; 81:2296-2300. [PMID: 30281303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The new pyrrole-imidazole and pyrrole-guanidine alkaloids 4-debromooroidin (1), 4-debromougibohlin (2), 5-debromougibohlin (3), and 5-bromopalau'amine (4), along with the known hymenidin (5) and (+)-monobromoisophakellin (6), have been isolated from a Dictyonella sp. marine sponge, collected at the Amazon River mouth. The bromine-substitution pattern observed for compounds 1, 2 and 4 is unusual among bromopyrrole alkaloids isolated from marine sponges. The 20S proteasome inhibitory activities of compounds 1-6 have been recorded, with 5-bromopalau'amine (4) being the most active in this series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata T M P de Souza
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780 , CEP 13560-970 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - Vítor F Freire
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780 , CEP 13560-970 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - Juliana R Gubiani
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780 , CEP 13560-970 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - Raquel O Ferreira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory , National Center for Research in Energy and Material , Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro, 10000, Pólo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas , 13083-970 Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Daniela B B Trivella
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory , National Center for Research in Energy and Material , Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro, 10000, Pólo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas , 13083-970 Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Fernando C Moraes
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro , R. Pacheco Leão, 915 , CEP 22460-030 , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Wladimir C Paradas
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro , R. Pacheco Leão, 915 , CEP 22460-030 , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Leonardo T Salgado
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro , R. Pacheco Leão, 915 , CEP 22460-030 , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Renato C Pereira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro , R. Pacheco Leão, 915 , CEP 22460-030 , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) , P.O.Box 100.644 , CEP 24001-970 , Niteroi , RJ , Brazil
| | - Gilberto M Amado Filho
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro , R. Pacheco Leão, 915 , CEP 22460-030 , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Antonio G Ferreira
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 - SP-310 , CEP 13565-905 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| | - David E Williams
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Raymond J Andersen
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Tadeusz F Molinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0358 , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , CP 780 , CEP 13560-970 , São Carlos , SP , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhu J, Huo Q, Xu M, Yang F, Li Y, Shi H, Niu Y, Liu Y. Bortezomib-catechol conjugated prodrug micelles: combining bone targeting and aryl boronate-based pH-responsive drug release for cancer bone-metastasis therapy. Nanoscale 2018; 10:18387-18397. [PMID: 30256367 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03899f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of metastatic tumors is highly desirable in clinics, which has also increased the interest in the design of nanoscale drug delivery systems. Bone metastasis is one of the most common pathways in the metastasis of breast cancer, and it is also an important cause for tumor recurrence and death. The aryl boronate group, as an acid-labile linker, has been introduced into nano-assemblies in recent years. Especially, as a proteasome inhibitor anticancer drug with a boric acid group, bortezomib can facilitate the formation of pH-sensitive aryl boric acid ester linkage with the catecholic group. In this study, bortezomib-loaded micelles with bone targeting properties were constructed for the treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis. The mixed micelles employed alendronate (ALN) as the bone-targeting ligand and encapsulated bortezomib-catechol conjugates as the cargo. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that compared with free drugs or control micelles, these prodrug micelles (ALN-NP) exhibited many favorable properties such as reduced systemic toxicity and improved therapeutic effects. Therefore, ALN-NP is promising as a nanovehicle for bone-targeting delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, this study offers a novel strategy combining bone targeting and aryl boronate-based pH-responsive drug release for anti-metastasis therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Patel K, Ahmed ZSO, Huang X, Yang Q, Ekinci E, Neslund-Dudas CM, Mitra B, Elnady FAEM, Ahn YH, Yang H, Liu J, Dou QP. Discovering proteasomal deubiquitinating enzyme inhibitors for cancer therapy: lessons from rational design, nature and old drug reposition. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2087-2108. [PMID: 30066579 PMCID: PMC6123888 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system has been validated as a target of cancer therapies evident by the US FDA approval of anticancer 20S proteasome inhibitors. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), an essential component of the ubiquitin proteasome system, regulate cellular processes through the removal of ubiquitin from ubiquitinated-tagged proteins. The deubiquitination process has been linked with cancer and other pathologies. As such, the study of proteasomal DUBs and their inhibitors has garnered interest as a novel strategy to improve current cancer therapies, especially for cancers resistant to 20S proteasome inhibitors. This article reviews proteasomal DUB inhibitors in the context of: discovery through rational design approach, discovery from searching natural products and discovery from repurposing old drugs, and offers a future perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kush Patel
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology & Pathology, School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Zainab SO Ahmed
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology & Pathology, School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Cytology & Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology & Pathology, School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- School of Life Science & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Protein Modification & Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Elmira Ekinci
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology & Pathology, School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Christine M Neslund-Dudas
- Department of Public Health Sciences & Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place, Suite 5C, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Bharati Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Fawzy AEM Elnady
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Young-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Huanjie Yang
- School of Life Science & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Protein Modification & Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Qing Ping Dou
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology & Pathology, School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Protein Modification & Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Arba M, Nur-Hidayat A, Surantaadmaja SI, Tjahjono DH. Pharmacophore-based virtual screening for identifying β5 subunit inhibitor of 20S proteasome. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 77:64-71. [PMID: 30243108 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteasomal system plays an important role in maintaining cell homeostatis. Overexpression of proteasomes leads to several major diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune disorder. The β5 subunit of proteasome is a crucial active site in proteolysis, and targeting proteasome β5 subunit is essential for proteasome inhibition. In the present study, a pharmacophore-based virtual screening and molecular docking were employed to identify ligands as inhibitors of β5 subunit of proteasome. The pharmacophore features were built with one hydrogen bond donor, two hydrogen bond acceptors, and one hydrophobic feature using native ligand of proteasome (HU10), which was then used to screen ZINC database using ZINCPharmer. The retrieved virtual hits were subjected to molecular docking analysis using iDock. The best six hits were subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and each complex was stable during 40 ns MD simulation as indicated by root-mean-square-deviation (RMSD) and root-mean-square-fluctuation (RMSF) values. The current study identifies 5 best hits having better binding potentials than HU10 as predicted by molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) method, i.e. Lig1540/ZINC33356240, Lig1546/ZINC33356235, Lig1522/ZINC20854878, Lig980/ZINC12391945, and Lig1119/ZINC19865241, which can be used in the development of new proteasome inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arba
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, 93231, Indonesia.
| | - Andry Nur-Hidayat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, 93231, Indonesia
| | | | - Daryono H Tjahjono
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40312, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kirkman LA, Zhan W, Visone J, Dziedziech A, Singh PK, Fan H, Tong X, Bruzual I, Hara R, Kawasaki M, Imaeda T, Okamoto R, Sato K, Michino M, Alvaro EF, Guiang LF, Sanz L, Mota DJ, Govindasamy K, Wang R, Ling Y, Tumwebaze PK, Sukenick G, Shi L, Vendome J, Bhanot P, Rosenthal PJ, Aso K, Foley MA, Cooper RA, Kafsack B, Doggett JS, Nathan CF, Lin G. Antimalarial proteasome inhibitor reveals collateral sensitivity from intersubunit interactions and fitness cost of resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6863-E6870. [PMID: 29967165 PMCID: PMC6055138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806109115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe noncovalent, reversible asparagine ethylenediamine (AsnEDA) inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum proteasome (Pf20S) β5 subunit that spare all active subunits of human constitutive and immuno-proteasomes. The compounds are active against erythrocytic, sexual, and liver-stage parasites, against parasites resistant to current antimalarials, and against P. falciparum strains from patients in Africa. The β5 inhibitors synergize with a β2 inhibitor in vitro and in mice and with artemisinin. P. falciparum selected for resistance to an AsnEDA β5 inhibitor surprisingly harbored a point mutation in the noncatalytic β6 subunit. The β6 mutant was resistant to the species-selective Pf20S β5 inhibitor but remained sensitive to the species-nonselective β5 inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib. Moreover, resistance to the Pf20S β5 inhibitor was accompanied by increased sensitivity to a Pf20S β2 inhibitor. Finally, the β5 inhibitor-resistant mutant had a fitness cost that was exacerbated by irradiation. Thus, used in combination, multistage-active inhibitors of the Pf20S β5 and β2 subunits afford synergistic antimalarial activity with a potential to delay the emergence of resistance to artemisinins and each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Kirkman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Joseph Visone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Alexis Dziedziech
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- Chemical Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Xinran Tong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Igor Bruzual
- Department of Research and Development, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Masanori Kawasaki
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elena Fernandez Alvaro
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Liselle F Guiang
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901
| | - Laura Sanz
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel J Mota
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kavitha Govindasamy
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 11201
| | - Rong Wang
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yan Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | | | - George Sukenick
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | | | - Purnima Bhanot
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 11201
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael A Foley
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Roland A Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901
| | - Bjorn Kafsack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - J Stone Doggett
- Department of Research and Development, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065;
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065;
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wilson TA, Tokarski RJ, Sullivan P, Demoret RM, Orjala J, Rakotondraibe LH, Fuchs JR. Total Synthesis of Scytonemide A Employing Weinreb AM Solid-Phase Resin. J Nat Prod 2018; 81:534-542. [PMID: 29400964 PMCID: PMC5866229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The human 20S proteasome inhibitor scytonemide A (1), a macrocyclic imine originally isolated from the cyanobacterium Scytonema hofmanni, was synthesized via a biomimetic solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) approach employing the Weinreb AM resin. Utilizing this approach, cyclization of the protected heptapeptide via formation of the imine bond occurred spontaneously upon cleavage from the resin in the presence of a reducing agent and subsequent aqueous workup. The final deprotection step necessary to produce the natural product was accomplished under slightly basic conditions, facilitating cleavage of the silyl ether group while leaving the macrocycle intact. Purification of the synthetic scytonemide A was accomplished via normal-phase flash column chromatography, potentially facilitating larger scale preparation of the compound necessary for future mechanistic and SAR studies. The structure of the target compound was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, which also shed light on differences in the spectroscopic data obtained for the synthetic and natural scytonemide A samples for some of the amide and alcohol signals in the 1H NMR spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A. Wilson
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Robert J. Tokarski
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Peter Sullivan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Robert M. Demoret
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Jimmy Orjala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - L. Harinantenaina Rakotondraibe
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - James R. Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hasinoff BB. Progress curve analysis of the kinetics of slow-binding anticancer drug inhibitors of the 20S proteasome. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 639:52-58. [PMID: 29305052 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bortezomib, carfilzomib, ixazomib, oprozomib, and delanzomib are anticancer drugs that target the proteasomal system. Carfilzomib and oprozomib are epoxyketones that form an irreversible covalent bond with the 20S proteasome, whereas bortezomib, ixazomib, and delanzomib are boronic acids that form slowly reversible adducts. The binding kinetics of some of these drugs have either not been well characterized, or have been studied under a variety of different conditions. Utilizing a fluorogenic substrate the kinetics of the slow-binding inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like proteasomal activity of human 20S proteasome was determined under a standard set of conditions in order to compare the kinetic and equilibrium properties of these drugs. Progress curve analysis was used to obtain second order "on" and first-order "off" rate constants, and equilibrium- and kinetically-determined inhibitor dissociation constants. Oprozomib inhibited the 20S proteasome with a second-order binding "on" rate constant that was 60-fold slower than for ixazomib, the fastest binding drug. Delanzomib dissociated from its complex with the 20S proteasome with a half-time that was more than 20-fold slower than for ixazomib, the fastest dissociating drug. The differences in the binding and the dissociation of these drugs may, in part, explain some of their pharmacological and toxicological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Hasinoff
- College of Pharmacy, Apotex Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Santos RDLA, Bai L, Singh PK, Murakami N, Fan H, Zhan W, Zhu Y, Jiang X, Zhang K, Assker JP, Nathan CF, Li H, Azzi J, Lin G. Structure of human immunoproteasome with a reversible and noncompetitive inhibitor that selectively inhibits activated lymphocytes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1692. [PMID: 29167449 PMCID: PMC5700161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors benefit patients with multiple myeloma and B cell-dependent autoimmune disorders but exert toxicity from inhibition of proteasomes in other cells. Toxicity should be minimized by reversible inhibition of the immunoproteasome β5i subunit while sparing the constitutive β5c subunit. Here we report β5i-selective inhibition by asparagine-ethylenediamine (AsnEDA)-based compounds and present the high-resolution cryo-EM structural analysis of the human immunoproteasome. Despite inhibiting noncompetitively, an AsnEDA inhibitor binds the active site. Hydrophobic interactions are accompanied by hydrogen bonding with β5i and β6 subunits. The inhibitors are far more cytotoxic for myeloma and lymphoma cell lines than for hepatocarcinoma or non-activated lymphocytes. They block human B-cell proliferation and promote apoptotic cell death selectively in antibody-secreting B cells, and to a lesser extent in activated human T cells. Reversible, β5i-selective inhibitors may be useful for treatment of diseases involving activated or neoplastic B cells or activated T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Bai
- Cryo-EM Structural Biology Laboratory, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Milstein Chemistry Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Naoka Murakami
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yingrong Zhu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Xiuju Jiang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- National Center for Macromolecular Imaging and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jean Pierre Assker
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Cryo-EM Structural Biology Laboratory, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
| | - Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhou W, Wei L, Xiao T, Lai C, Peng M, Xu L, Luo X, Deng S, Zhang F. Diabetogenic agent alloxan is a proteasome inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:400-406. [PMID: 28502636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alloxan has been used as a diabetogenic agent to induce diabetes. It selectively induces pancreatic β-cell death. The specific toxicity, however, is not fully understood. In this study, we observed the effect of alloxan on proteasome function. We found that alloxan caused the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in NRK cells through the inhibition of the proteolytic activities of the proteasome. Biochemistry experiments with purified 26S and 20S proteasomes revealed that alloxan directly acts on the chymotrypsin- and trypsin-like peptidase activities. These results demonstrate that alloxan is a proteasome inhibitor, which suggests that its specific toxicity toward β-cell is at least in part through proteasome inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhou
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, SC 610072, China
| | - Lingling Wei
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, SC 610072, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, SC 610072, China
| | - Chunyou Lai
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, SC 610072, China
| | - Min Peng
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, SC 610072, China
| | - Lingli Xu
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, SC 610072, China
| | - Xiangwei Luo
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, SC 610072, China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, SC 610072, China
| | - Fengxue Zhang
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, SC 610072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yue X, Zuo Y, Ke H, Luo J, Lou L, Qin W, Wang Y, Liu Z, Chen D, Sun H, Zheng W, Zhu C, Wang R, Wen G, Du J, Zhou B, Bu X. Identification of 4-arylidene curcumin analogues as novel proteasome inhibitors for potential anticancer agents targeting 19S regulatory particle associated deubiquitinase. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 137:29-50. [PMID: 28476333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proteasomal 19S regulatory particle (RP) associated deubiquitinases (DUBs) have attracted much attention owing to their potential as a therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Identification of new entities against 19S RP associated DUBs and illustration of the underlying mechanisms is crucial for discovery of novel proteasome blockers. In this study, a series of 4-arylidene curcumin analogues were identified as potent proteasome inhibitor by preferentially blocking deubiquitinase function of proteasomal 19S RP with moderate 20S CP inhibition. The most active compound 33 exhibited a major inhibitory effect on 19S RP-associated ubiquitin-specific proteases 14, along with a minor effect on ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 5, which resulted in dysfunction of proteasome, and subsequently accumulated ubiquitinated proteins (such as IκB) in several cancer cells. Remarkably, though both 19S RP and 20S CP inhibition induced significantly endoplasmic reticulum stress and triggered caspase-12/9 pathway activation to promote cancer cell apoptosis, the 19S RP inhibition by 33 avoided slow onset time, Bcl-2 overexpression, and PERK-phosphorylation, which contribute to the deficiencies of clinical drug Bortezomib. These systematic studies provided insights in the development of novel proteasome inhibitors for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Key Words
- (1E,6E)-4-(3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-1,7-bis(345-trimethoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione (33: PubChem CID:123132175)
- (1E,6E)-4-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)-1,7-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione (34: PubChemCID:123132176)
- 19S regulatory particle
- 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde (PubChem CID:6858)
- Acetylacetone (PubChem CID: 31261)
- Anticancer
- Bortezomib (PubChem CID: 387447)
- Curcumin (PubChem CID: 969516)
- Curcumin analogues
- Deubiquitinase
- Proteasome
- n-Butylamine (PubChem CID: 8007)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yinglin Zuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development (NO. 2015DQ780357), Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Hongpeng Ke
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiaming Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lanlan Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjing Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Youqiao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daoyuan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haixia Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weichao Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cuige Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gesi Wen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Binhua Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xianzhang Bu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Trader DJ, Simanski S, Dickson P, Kodadek T. Establishment of a suite of assays that support the discovery of proteasome stimulators. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:892-899. [PMID: 28065760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proteasome catalyzes the degradation of many mis-folded proteins, which are otherwise cytotoxic. There is interest in the discovery of proteasome agonists, but previous efforts to do so have been disappointing. METHODS The cleavage of small fluorogenic peptides is used routinely as an assay to screen for proteasome modulators. We have developed follow-on assays that employ more physiologically relevant substrates. RESULTS To demonstrate the efficacy of this workflow, the NIH Clinical Collection (NCC) was screened. While many compounds stimulated proteasome-mediated proteolysis of the pro-fluorogenic peptide substrates, most failed to evince activity in assays with larger peptide or protein substrates. We also show that two molecules claimed previously to be proteasome agonists, oleuropein and betulinic acid, indeed accelerate hydrolysis of the fluorogenic substrate, but have no effect on the turnover of a mis-folded protein in vitro or in cellulo. However, two small molecules from the NCC, MK-866 and AM-404, stimulate the proteasome-mediated turnover of a mis-folded protein in living cells by 3- to 4-fold. CONCLUSION Assays that monitor the proteasome-mediated degradation of larger peptides and proteins can distinguish bona fide agonists from compounds only able to stimulate the cleavage of short, non-physiologically relevant peptides. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE A suite of assays has been established that allows the discovery of bona fide proteasome agonists. AM-404 and MK-866 can be useful tools for cell culture experiments, and can serve as scaffolds to generate more potent 20S stimulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darci J Trader
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Scott Simanski
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Paige Dickson
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- Departments of Chemistry and Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
| |
Collapse
|