1
|
Bortolotti M, Biscotti F, Zanello A, Polito L, Bolognesi A. Heterophyllin: A New Adenia Toxic Lectin with Peculiar Biological Properties. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:1. [PMID: 38276525 PMCID: PMC10820617 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are plant toxins that were identified for their ability to irreversibly damage ribosomes, thereby causing arrest of protein synthesis and induction of cell death. The RIPs purified from Adenia plants are the most potent ones. Here, we describe a novel toxic lectin from Adenia heterophylla caudex, which has been named heterophyllin. Heterophyllin shows the enzymatic and lectin properties of type 2 RIPs. Interestingly, in immunoreactivity experiments, heterophyllin poorly cross-reacts with sera against all other tested RIPs. The cytotoxic effects and death pathways triggered by heterophyllin were investigated in three human-derived cell lines: NB100, T24, and MCF7, and compared to ricin, the most known and studied type 2 RIP. Heterophyllin was able to completely abolish cell viability at nM concentration. A strong induction of apoptosis, but not necrosis, and the involvement of oxidative stress and necroptosis were observed in all the tested cell lines. Therefore, the enzymatic, immunological, and biological activities of heterophyllin make it an interesting molecule, worthy of further in-depth analysis to verify its possible pharmacological application.
Collapse
|
2
|
Jia W, Yuan J, Li S, Cheng B. The role of dysregulated mRNA translation machinery in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic value of ribosome-inactivating proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:189018. [PMID: 37944831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated protein synthesis is a hallmark of tumors. mRNA translation reprogramming contributes to tumorigenesis, which is fueled by abnormalities in ribosome formation, tRNA abundance and modification, and translation factors. Not only malignant cells but also stromal cells within tumor microenvironment can undergo transformation toward tumorigenic phenotypes during translational reprogramming. Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) have garnered interests for their ability to selectively inhibit protein synthesis and suppress tumor growth. This review summarizes the role of dysregulated translation machinery in tumor development and explores the potential of RIPs in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Jia
- Oncology Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200043, China
| | - Jiaying Yuan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Baoshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China.
| | - Binbin Cheng
- Oncology Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200043, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu J, Wen D, Song X, Su P, Lou J, Yao D, Zhang C. Evolution and natural selection of ribosome-inactivating proteins in bacteria, fungi, and plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125929. [PMID: 37481176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are found in bacteria, fungi, and plants, with a wide range of biological resistances such as anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-insect, and anti-tumor. They can be roughly divided into proactive defense bacterial or fungal types and passive defense plant types. We identified 1592 RIP genes in bacteria, fungi, and plants. Approximately 88 % of the 764 bacterial RIPs were Shiga or Shiga-like toxins which were exotoxins and could rapidly enter cells to possess strong biotoxicity, and about 98 % of fungal RIPs were predicted as secreted proteins. RIPs were not detected in non-seed plants such as algae, bryophytes, and ferns. However, we found RIPs in some flowering and non-flowering seed plants. The existence of plant RIPs might be related to the structure of seeds or fruits, which might be associated with whether seeds are easy to survive and spread. The evolutionary characteristics of RIPs were different between dicotyledons and monocotyledons. In addition, we also found that RIP2 genes might emerge very early and be plant-specific. Some plant RIP1 genes might evolve from RIP2 genes. This study provides new insights into the evolution of RIPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, PR China; ShanghaiMunicipal Agricultural Technology Extension & service Center, Shanghai 201103, PR China
| | - Daxing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, PR China
| | - Xianliang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, PR China
| | - Peisen Su
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Lou
- ShanghaiMunicipal Agricultural Technology Extension & service Center, Shanghai 201103, PR China
| | - Danqing Yao
- ShanghaiMunicipal Agricultural Technology Extension & service Center, Shanghai 201103, PR China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iglesias R, Russo R, Landi N, Valletta M, Chambery A, Di Maro A, Bolognesi A, Ferreras JM, Citores L. Structure and Biological Properties of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins and Lectins from Elder (Sambucus nigra L.) Leaves. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090611. [PMID: 36136551 PMCID: PMC9503024 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a group of proteins with rRNA N-glycosylase activity that catalyze the removal of a specific adenine located in the sarcin–ricin loop of the large ribosomal RNA, which leads to the irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis and, consequently, cell death. The case of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) is unique, since more than 20 RIPs and related lectins have been isolated and characterized from the flowers, seeds, fruits, and bark of this plant. However, these kinds of proteins have never been isolated from elderberry leaves. In this work, we have purified RIPs and lectins from the leaves of this shrub, studying their main physicochemical characteristics, sequences, and biological properties. In elderberry leaves, we found one type 2 RIP and two related lectins that are specific for galactose, four type 2 RIPs that fail to agglutinate erythrocytes, and one type 1 RIP. Several of these proteins are homologous to others found elsewhere in the plant. The diversity of RIPs and lectins in the different elderberry tissues, and the different biological activities of these proteins, which have a high degree of homology with each other, constitute an excellent source of proteins that are of great interest in diagnostics, experimental therapy, and agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosita Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Mariangela Valletta
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Landi N, Ragucci S, Citores L, Clemente A, Hussain HZF, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM, Di Maro A. Isolation, Characterization and Biological Action of Type-1 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from Tissues of Salsola soda L. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080566. [PMID: 36006228 PMCID: PMC9412391 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are known as RNA N-glycosylases. They depurinate the major rRNA, damaging ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Here, new single-chain (type-1) RIPs named sodins were isolated from the seeds (five proteins), edible leaves (one protein) and roots (one protein) of Salsola soda L. Sodins are able to release Endo's fragment when incubated with rabbit and yeast ribosomes and inhibit protein synthesis in cell-free systems (IC50 = 4.83-79.31 pM). In addition, sodin 5, the major form isolated from seeds, as well as sodin eL and sodin R, isolated from edible leaves and roots, respectively, display polynucleotide:adenosine glycosylase activity and are cytotoxic towards the Hela and COLO 320 cell lines (IC50 = 0.41-1200 nM), inducing apoptosis. The further characterization of sodin 5 reveals that this enzyme shows a secondary structure similar to other type-1 RIPs and a higher melting temperature (Tm = 76.03 ± 0.30 °C) and is non-glycosylated, as other sodins are. Finally, we proved that sodin 5 possesses antifungal activity against Penicillium digitatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Angela Clemente
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Hafiza Z. F. Hussain
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schlaak L, Weise C, Kuropka B, Weng A. Sapovaccarin-S1 and -S2, Two Type I RIP Isoforms from the Seeds of Saponaria vaccaria L. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070449. [PMID: 35878187 PMCID: PMC9324600 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are plant toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by exerting rRNA N-glycosylase activity (EC 3.2.2.22). Due to the lack of a cell-binding domain, type I RIPs are not target cell-specific. However once linked to antibodies, so called immunotoxins, they are promising candidates for targeted anti-cancer therapy. In this study, sapovaccarin-S1 and -S2, two newly identified type I RIP isoforms differing in only one amino acid, were isolated from the seeds of Saponaria vaccaria L. Sapovaccarin-S1 and -S2 were purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and subsequent cation exchange chromatography. The determined molecular masses of 28,763 Da and 28,793 Da are in the mass range typical for type I RIPs and the identified amino acid sequences are homologous to known type I RIPs such as dianthin 30 and saporin-S6 (79% sequence identity each). Sapovaccarin-S1 and -S2 showed adenine-releasing activity and induced cell death in Huh-7 cells. In comparison to other type I RIPs, sapovaccarin-S1 and -S2 exhibited a higher thermostability as shown by nano-differential scanning calorimetry. These results suggest that sapovaccarin-S1 and -S2 would be optimal candidates for targeted anti-cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Schlaak
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Christoph Weise
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (C.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (C.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-838-51265
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu JQ, Shi WW, Xiao MJ, Tang YS, Zheng YT, Shaw PC. Lyophyllin, a Mushroom Protein from the Peptidase M35 Superfamily Is an RNA N-Glycosidase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111598. [PMID: 34769028 PMCID: PMC8584072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) hydrolyze the N-glycosidic bond and depurinate a specific adenine residue (A-4324 in rat 28S ribosomal RNA, rRNA) in the conserved α-sarcin/ricin loop (α-SRL) of rRNA. In this study, we have purified and characterized lyophyllin, an unconventional RIP from Lyophyllum shimeji, an edible mushroom. The protein resembles peptidase M35 domain of peptidyl-Lys metalloendopeptidases. Nevertheless, protein either from the mushroom or in recombinant form possessed N-glycosidase and protein synthesis inhibitory activities. A homology model of lyophyllin was constructed. It was found that the zinc binding pocket of this protein resembles the catalytic cleft of a classical RIP, with key amino acids that interact with the adenine substrate in the appropriate positions. Mutational studies showed that E122 may play a role in stabilizing the positively charged oxocarbenium ion and H121 for protonating N-3 of adenine. The tyrosine residues Y137 and Y104 may be used for stacking the target adenine ring. This work first shows a protein in the peptidase M35 superfamily based on conserved domain search possessing N-glycosidase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Lu
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (M.-J.X.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei-Wei Shi
- BayRay Innovation Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Meng-Jie Xiao
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (M.-J.X.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun-Sang Tang
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (M.-J.X.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China;
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (M.-J.X.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhu F, Zhu P, Xu F, Che Y, Ma Y, Ji Z. Alpha-momorcharin enhances Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to tobacco mosaic virus infection through modulation of reactive oxygen species. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:1212-1226. [PMID: 32713165 PMCID: PMC7411664 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-momorcharin (α-MMC), a member of the plant ribosomal inactivating proteins (RIPs) family, has been proven to exhibit important biological properties in animals, including antiviral, antimicrobial, and antitumour activities. However, the mechanism by which α-MMC increases plant resistance to viral infections remains unclear. To study the effect of α-MMC on plant viral defence and how α-MMC increases plant resistance to viruses, recombinant DNA and transgenic technologies were employed to investigate the role of α-MMC in Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. Treatment with α-MMC produced through DNA recombinant technology or overexpression of α-MMC mediated by transgenic technology alleviated TMV-induced oxidative damage and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during TMV-green fluorescent protein infection of N. benthamiana. There was a significant decrease in TMV replication in the upper leaves following local α-MMC treatment and in α-MMC-overexpressing plants relative to control plants. These results suggest that application or overexpression of α-MMC in N. benthamiana increases resistance to TMV infection. Finally, our results showed that overexpression of α-MMC up-regulated the expression of ROS scavenging-related genes. α-MMC confers resistance to TMV infection by means of modulating ROS homeostasis through controlling the expression of antioxidant enzyme-encoding genes. Overall, our study revealed a new crosstalk mechanism between α-MMC and ROS during resistance to viral infection and provides a framework to understand the molecular mechanisms of α-MMC in plant defence against viral pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Peng‐Xiang Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Fei Xu
- Applied Biotechnology CenterWuhan Institute of BioengineeringWuhanChina
| | - Yan‐Ping Che
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Yi‐Ming Ma
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Zhao‐Lin Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wong JH, Bao H, Ng TB, Chan HHL, Ng CCW, Man GCW, Wang H, Guan S, Zhao S, Fang EF, Rolka K, Liu Q, Li C, Sha O, Xia L. New ribosome-inactivating proteins and other proteins with protein synthesis-inhibiting activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4211-4226. [PMID: 32193575 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) consist of three varieties. Type 1 RIPs are single-chained and approximately 30-kDa in molecular weight. Type 2 RIPs are double-chained and composed of a type 1 RIP chain and a lectin chain. Type III RIPs, such as maize b-32 barley and JIP60 which are produced as single-domain proenzymes, possess an N-terminal domain corresponding to the A domain of RIPs and fused to a C-terminal domain. In addition to the aforementioned three types of RIPs originating from flowering plants, there are recently discovered proteins and peptides with ribosome-inactivating and protein synthesis inhibitory activities but which are endowed with characteristics such as molecular weights distinctive from those of the regular RIPs. These new/unusual RIPs discussed in the present review encompass metazoan RIPs from Anopheles and Culex mosquitos, antimicrobial peptides derived from RIP of the pokeweed Phytolacca dioica, maize RIP (a type III RIP derived from a precursor form), RIPs from the garden pea and the kelp. In addition, RIPs with a molecular weight smaller than those of regular type 1 RIPs are produced by plants in the Cucurbitaceae family including the bitter gourd, bottle gourd, sponge gourd, ridge gourd, wax gourd, hairy gourd, pumpkin, and Chinese cucumber. A small type II RIP from camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) seeds and a snake gourd type II RIP with its catalytic chain cleaved into two have been reported. RIPs produced from mushrooms including the golden needle mushroom, king tuber mushroom, straw mushroom, and puffball mushroom are also discussed in addition to a type II RIP from the mushroom Polyporus umbellatus. Bacterial (Spiroplasma) RIPs associated with the fruitfly, Shiga toxin, and Streptomyces coelicolor RIP are also dealt with. The aforementioned proteins display a diversity of molecular weights, amino acid sequences, and mechanisms of action. Some of them are endowed with exploitable antipathogenic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ho Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | | | - Gene Chi Wai Man
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Suzhen Guan
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Evandro Fei Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
| | - Krzysztof Rolka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Qin Liu
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Agricultural Resources and Environmental Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunman Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ou Sha
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lixin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou Y, Li XP, Kahn JN, Tumer NE. Functional Assays for Measuring the Catalytic Activity of Ribosome Inactivating Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060240. [PMID: 29899209 PMCID: PMC6024586 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are potent toxins that inactivate ribosomes by catalytically removing a specific adenine from the α-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of the large rRNA. Direct assays for measuring depurination activity and indirect assays for measuring the resulting translation inhibition have been employed to determine the enzyme activity of RIPs. Rapid and sensitive methods to measure the depurination activity of RIPs are critical for assessing their reaction mechanism, enzymatic properties, interaction with ribosomal proteins, ribotoxic stress signaling, in the search for inhibitors and in the detection and diagnosis of enteric infections. Here, we review the major assays developed for measuring the catalytic activity of RIPs, discuss their advantages and disadvantages and explain how they are used in understanding the catalytic mechanism, ribosome specificity, and dynamic enzymatic features of RIPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zhou
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
| | - Xiao-Ping Li
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
| | - Jennifer N Kahn
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
| | - Nilgun E Tumer
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ballinger MJ, Perlman SJ. Generality of toxins in defensive symbiosis: Ribosome-inactivating proteins and defense against parasitic wasps in Drosophila. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006431. [PMID: 28683136 PMCID: PMC5500355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
While it has become increasingly clear that multicellular organisms often harbor microbial symbionts that protect their hosts against natural enemies, the mechanistic underpinnings underlying most defensive symbioses are largely unknown. Spiroplasma bacteria are widespread associates of terrestrial arthropods, and include strains that protect diverse Drosophila flies against parasitic wasps and nematodes. Recent work implicated a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) encoded by Spiroplasma, and related to Shiga-like toxins in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, in defense against a virulent parasitic nematode in the woodland fly, Drosophila neotestacea. Here we test the generality of RIP-mediated protection by examining whether Spiroplasma RIPs also play a role in wasp protection, in D. melanogaster and D. neotestacea. We find strong evidence for a major role of RIPs, with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from the larval endoparasitic wasps, Leptopilina heterotoma and Leptopilina boulardi, exhibiting the hallmarks of RIP activity. In Spiroplasma-containing hosts, parasitic wasp ribosomes show abundant site-specific depurination in the α-sarcin/ricin loop of the 28S rRNA, with depurination occurring soon after wasp eggs hatch inside fly larvae. Interestingly, we found that the pupal ectoparasitic wasp, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae, escapes protection by Spiroplasma, and its ribosomes do not show high levels of depurination. We also show that fly ribosomes show little evidence of targeting by RIPs. Finally, we find that the genome of D. neotestacea’s defensive Spiroplasma encodes a diverse repertoire of RIP genes, which are differ in abundance. This work suggests that specificity of defensive symbionts against different natural enemies may be driven by the evolution of toxin repertoires, and that toxin diversity may play a role in shaping host-symbiont-enemy interactions. Nearly all insects harbor bacterial partners. These microbes can be defensive symbionts, protecting their hosts against parasites and pathogens, and in some cases, may defend against more than one enemy, presenting opportunity to study the evolution of specificity underlying defensive interactions. What factors determine specificity and generality of defense? Can symbiont-encoded effector molecules act generally against enemies without causing harm to the host? We show here that symbiont-encoded ribosome-inactivating toxins, previously implicated in protection of a Drosophila fruit fly against its nematode parasite, are also implicated in defending flies against parasitic wasps. We quantify activity of the toxin as the proportion of ribosomes depurinated and, importantly, find that susceptible wasps are attacked early in development and are strongly affected, while hosts and a resistant wasp are not. We also show that not one, but a family of toxins is maintained and expressed by symbionts. Together, our findings implicate toxin diversity as a factor contributing to the evolution of specificity in a symbiont-mediated defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve J. Perlman
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
De Zaeytijd J, Van Damme EJM. Extensive Evolution of Cereal Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins Translates into Unique Structural Features, Activation Mechanisms, and Physiological Roles. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E123. [PMID: 28353660 PMCID: PMC5408197 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a class of cytotoxic enzymes that can depurinate rRNAs thereby inhibiting protein translation. Although these proteins have also been detected in bacteria, fungi, and even some insects, they are especially prevalent in the plant kingdom. This review focuses on the RIPs from cereals. Studies on the taxonomical distribution and evolution of plant RIPs suggest that cereal RIPs have evolved at an enhanced rate giving rise to a large and heterogeneous RIP gene family. Furthermore, several cereal RIP genes are characterized by a unique domain architecture and the lack of a signal peptide. This advanced evolution of cereal RIPs translates into distinct structures, activation mechanisms, and physiological roles. Several cereal RIPs are characterized by activation mechanisms that include the proteolytic removal of internal peptides from the N-glycosidase domain, a feature not documented for non-cereal RIPs. Besides their role in defense against pathogenic fungi or herbivorous insects, cereal RIPs are also involved in endogenous functions such as adaptation to abiotic stress, storage, induction of senescence, and reprogramming of the translational machinery. The unique properties of cereal RIPs are discussed in this review paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen De Zaeytijd
- Lab Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Lab Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Engel NY, Weiss VU, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Allmaier G. nES GEMMA Analysis of Lectins and Their Interactions with Glycoproteins - Separation, Detection, and Sampling of Noncovalent Biospecific Complexes. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2017; 28:77-86. [PMID: 27644941 PMCID: PMC5174143 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to better understand biological events, lectin-glycoprotein interactions are of interest. The possibility to gather more information than the mere positive or negative response for interactions brought mass spectrometry into the center of many research fields. The presented work shows the potential of a nano-electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (nES GEMMA) to detect weak, noncovalent, biospecific interactions besides still unbound glycoproteins and unreacted lectins without prior liquid phase separation. First results for Sambucus nigra agglutinin, concanavalin A, and wheat germ agglutinin and their retained noncovalent interactions with glycoproteins in the gas phase are presented. Electrophoretic mobility diameters (EMDs) were obtained by nES GEMMA for all interaction partners correlating very well with molecular masses determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) of the individual molecules. Moreover, EMDs measured for the lectin-glycoprotein complexes were in good accordance with theoretically calculated mass values. Special focus was laid on complex formation for different lectin concentrations and binding specificities to evaluate the method with respect to results obtained in the liquid phase. The latter was addressed by capillary electrophoresis on-a-chip (CE-on-a-chip). Of exceptional interest was the fact that the formed complexes could be sampled according to their size onto nitrocellulose membranes after gas-phase separation. Subsequent immunological investigation further proved that the collected complex actually retained its native structure throughout nES GEMMA analysis and sampling. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Y Engel
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, A-1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, A-1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Marchetti-Deschmann
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, A-1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, A-1060, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bolognesi A, Bortolotti M, Maiello S, Battelli MG, Polito L. Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from Plants: A Historical Overview. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121627. [PMID: 27898041 PMCID: PMC6273060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a historical overview of the research on plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), starting from the first studies at the end of eighteenth century involving the purification of abrin and ricin, as well as the immunological experiments of Paul Erlich. Interest in these plant toxins was revived in 1970 by the observation of their anticancer activity, which has given rise to a large amount of research contributing to the development of various scientific fields. Biochemistry analyses succeeded in identifying the enzymatic activity of RIPs and allowed for a better understanding of the ribosomal machinery. Studies on RIP/cell interactions were able to detail the endocytosis and intracellular routing of ricin, thus increasing our knowledge of how cells handle exogenous proteins. The identification of new RIPs and the finding that most RIPs are single-chain polypeptides, together with their genetic sequencing, has aided in the development of new phylogenetic theories. Overall, the biological properties of these proteins, including their abortifacient, anticancer, antiviral and neurotoxic activities, suggest that RIPs could be utilized in agriculture and in many biomedical fields, including clinical drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefania Maiello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Giulia Battelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dang L, Van Damme EJM. Genome-wide identification and domain organization of lectin domains in cucumber. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 108:165-176. [PMID: 27434144 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are ubiquitous proteins in plants and play important roles in a diverse set of biological processes, such as plant defense and cell signaling. Despite the availability of the Cucumis sativus L. genome sequence since 2009, little is known with respect to the occurrence of lectins in cucumber. In this study, a total of 146 putative lectin genes belonging to 10 different lectin families were identified and localized in the cucumber genome. Domain architecture analysis revealed that most of these lectin gene sequences contain multiple domains, where lectin domains are linked with other domains, as such creating chimeric lectin sequences encoding proteins with dual activities. This study provides an overview of lectin motifs in cucumber and will help to understand their potential biological role(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuyi Dang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are widespread among higher plants of different taxonomic orders. In this study, we report on the RIP sequences found in the genome/transcriptome of several important Rosaceae species, including many economically important edible fruits such as apple, pear, peach, apricot, and strawberry. All RIP domains from Rosaceae share high sequence similarity with conserved residues in the catalytic site and the carbohydrate binding sites. The genomes of Malus domestica and Pyrus communis contain both type 1 and type 2 RIP sequences, whereas for Prunus mume, Prunus persica, Pyrus bretschneideri, and Pyrus communis a complex set of type 1 RIP sequences was retrieved. Heterologous expression and purification of the type 1 as well as the type 2 RIP from apple allowed to characterize the biological activity of the proteins. Both RIPs from Malus domestica can inhibit protein synthesis. Furthermore, molecular modelling suggests that RIPs from Rosaceae possess three-dimensional structures that are highly similar to the model proteins and can bind to RIP substrates. Screening of the recombinant type 2 RIP from apple on a glycan array revealed that this type 2 RIP interacts with terminal sialic acid residues. Our data suggest that the RIPs from Rosaceae are biologically active proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Shang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Rougé
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 152 Pharma Développement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ito H, Hoshi K, Osuka F, Gotoh M, Saito T, Hojo H, Suzuki R, Ohira H, Honda T, Hashimoto Y. Lectin inhibits antigen-antibody reaction in a glycoform-specific manner: Application for detecting α2,6sialylated-carcinoembryonic antigen. Proteomics 2016; 16:3081-3084. [PMID: 27492976 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein marker, which is widely used for diagnosing various cancers, especially colon adenocarcinoma. In addition, CEA mediates homotypic adhesion of colon adenocarcinoma cells, which appears to favor hematogenous metastasis. CEA carries α2,6sialyl residues on its N-glycans whereas a normal counterpart, normal fecal antigen-2, does α2,3sialyl residues, suggesting that cancer-specific α2,6sialylation on CEA may play a role for cell invasion and metastasis. A simple and rapid estimation of α2,6sialyled CEA in detergent extracts from formalin-fixed colon adenocarcinoma by "lectin inhibition" is reported. In the lectin inhibition method, Sambucus sieboldiana Agglutinin (SSA) lectin, an α2,6sialic acid binder, was used as a glycoform-specific inhibitor for antigen-antibody reaction in ELISA. Detergent extracts from colon adenocarcinoma showed a fair amount of ELISA signal in the absence of SSA whereas the signal was markedly reduced (45≈74%) in the presence of SSA, suggesting that the extracts contains α2,6sialyled CEA. The presence of α2,6sialyled CEA in the extracts was confirmed by lectin microarray, in which SSA, Sambucus nigra agglutinin, and Trichosanthes japonica agglutinin I lectins were used as α2,6sialyl binders. Thus lectin inhibition is a simple and rapid method for detecting α2,6sialyled CEA even in crude detergent extracts from formalin-fixed adenocarcinoma tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Kyoka Hoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Osuka
- Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Mitsukazu Gotoh
- Department of Regenerative Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Takuro Saito
- Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hojo
- Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Rei Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Takashi Honda
- Division of Human Life Science, Fukushima Medical University School of Nursing, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hashimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sabale PM, Srivatsan SG. Responsive Fluorescent PNA Analogue as a Tool for Detecting G-quadruplex Motifs of Oncogenes and Activity of Toxic Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1665-73. [PMID: 27271025 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent oligomers that are resistant to enzymatic degradation and report their binding to target oligonucleotides (ONs) by changes in fluorescence properties are highly useful in developing nucleic-acid-based diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. Here, we describe the synthesis and photophysical characterization of fluorescent peptide nucleic acid (PNA) building blocks made of microenvironment-sensitive 5-(benzofuran-2-yl)- and 5-(benzothiophen-2-yl)-uracil cores. The emissive monomers, when incorporated into PNA oligomers and hybridized to complementary ONs, are minimally perturbing and are highly sensitive to their neighboring base environment. In particular, benzothiophene-modified PNA reports the hybridization process with significant enhancement in fluorescence intensity, even when placed in the vicinity of guanine residues, which often quench fluorescence. This feature was used in the turn-on detection of G-quadruplex-forming promoter DNA sequences of human proto-oncogenes (c-myc and c-kit). Furthermore, the ability of benzothiophene-modified PNA oligomer to report the presence of an abasic site in RNA enabled us to develop a simple fluorescence hybridization assay to detect and estimate the depurination activity of ribosome-inactivating protein toxins. Our results demonstrate that this approach with responsive PNA probes will provide new opportunities to develop robust tools to study nucleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod M Sabale
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Seergazhi G Srivatsan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Citores L, Iglesias R, Gay C, Ferreras JM. Antifungal activity of the ribosome-inactivating protein BE27 from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) against the green mould Penicillium digitatum. Mol Plant Pathol 2016; 17:261-271. [PMID: 25976013 PMCID: PMC6638414 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ribosome-inactivating protein BE27 from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves is an apoplastic protein induced by signalling compounds, such as hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid, which has been reported to be involved in defence against viruses. Here, we report that, at a concentration much lower than that present in the apoplast, BE27 displays antifungal activity against the green mould Penicillium digitatum, a necrotrophic fungus that colonizes wounds and grows in the inter- and intracellular spaces of the tissues of several edible plants. BE27 is able to enter into the cytosol and kill fungal cells, thus arresting the growth of the fungus. The mechanism of action seems to involve ribosomal RNA (rRNA) N-glycosylase activity on the sarcin-ricin loop of the major rRNA which inactivates irreversibly the fungal ribosomes, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. We compared the C-terminus of the BE27 structure with antifungal plant defensins and hypothesize that a structural motif composed of an α-helix and a β-hairpin, similar to the γ-core motif of defensins, might contribute to the specific interaction with the fungal plasma membranes, allowing the protein to enter into the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gay
- Laboratory of Research on Proteins, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, National University of the Northeast (UNNE), 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - José Miguel Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Morello E, Mallet A, Konto-Ghiorghi Y, Chaze T, Mistou MY, Oliva G, Oliveira L, Di Guilmi AM, Trieu-Cuot P, Dramsi S. Evidence for the Sialylation of PilA, the PI-2a Pilus-Associated Adhesin of Streptococcus agalactiae Strain NEM316. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138103. [PMID: 26407005 PMCID: PMC4583379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (or Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a commensal bacterium present in the intestinal and urinary tracts of approximately 30% of humans. We and others previously showed that the PI-2a pilus polymers, made of the backbone pilin PilB, the tip adhesin PilA and the cell wall anchor protein PilC, promote adhesion to host epithelia and biofilm formation. Affinity-purified PI-2a pili from GBS strain NEM316 were recognized by N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc, also known as sialic acid) specific lectins such as Elderberry Bark Lectin (EBL) suggesting that pili are sialylated. Glycan profiling with twenty different lectins combined with monosaccharide composition by HPLC suggested that affinity-purified PI-2a pili are modified by N-glycosylation and decorated with sialic acid attached to terminal galactose. Analysis of various relevant mutants in the PI-2a pilus operon by flow-cytometry and electron microscopy analyses pointed to PilA as the pilus subunit modified by glycosylation. Double labeling using PilB antibody and EBL lectin, which specifically recognizes N-acetylneuraminic acid attached to galactose in α-2, 6, revealed a characteristic binding of EBL at the tip of the pilus structures, highly reminiscent of PilA localization. Expression of a secreted form of PilA using an inducible promoter showed that this recombinant PilA binds specifically to EBL lectin when produced in the native GBS context. In silico search for potentially glycosylated asparagine residues in PilA sequence pointed to N427 and N597, which appear conserved and exposed in the close homolog RrgA from S. pneumoniae, as likely candidates. Conversion of these two asparagyl residues to glutamyl resulted in a higher instability of PilA. Our results provide the first evidence that the tip PilA adhesin can be glycosylated, and suggest that this modification is critical for PilA stability and may potentially influence interactions with the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Morello
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram positif, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS ERL 3526), Paris, France
| | - Adeline Mallet
- Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Ultrastructural Microscopy Platform, Paris, France
| | - Yoan Konto-Ghiorghi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram positif, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS ERL 3526), Paris, France
| | - Thibault Chaze
- Institut Pasteur, Spectrométrie de Masse Structurale et Protéomique, Paris, France
- INRA UMR 1319, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Giulia Oliva
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram positif, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS ERL 3526), Paris, France
| | - Liliana Oliveira
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram positif, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS ERL 3526), Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Di Guilmi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Trieu-Cuot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram positif, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS ERL 3526), Paris, France
| | - Shaynoor Dramsi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram positif, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS ERL 3526), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vinkovic M, Dunn G, Wood GE, Husain J, Wood SP, Gill R. Cleavage of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by the ribosome-inactivating protein from Momordica charantia. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:1152-5. [PMID: 26323301 PMCID: PMC4555922 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15013540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of momordin, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein from Momordica charantia, with NADP(+) and NADPH has been investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis of complexes generated by co-crystallization and crystal soaking. It is known that the proteins of this family readily cleave the adenine-ribose bond of adenosine and related nucleotides in the crystal, leaving the product, adenine, bound to the enzyme active site. Surprisingly, the nicotinamide-ribose bond of oxidized NADP(+) is cleaved, leaving nicotinamide bound in the active site in the same position but in a slightly different orientation to that of the five-membered ring of adenine. No binding or cleavage of NADPH was observed at pH 7.4 in these experiments. These observations are in accord with current views of the enzyme mechanism and may contribute to ongoing searches for effective inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Vinkovic
- Astex Therapeutics, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, England
- Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, England
| | - G. Dunn
- School of Biological Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO16 7PX, England
| | - G. E. Wood
- Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Longfleet Road, Poole BH15 2JB, England
| | - J. Husain
- Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, England
| | - S. P. Wood
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, UCL Division of Medicine (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, England
| | - R. Gill
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, UCL Division of Medicine (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, England
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that act as N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22). They are mainly produced by plants and classified as type 1 RIPs and type 2 RIPs. There are also RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be grouped into the classical type 1 and type 2 RIPs because of their different sizes, structures or functions. In addition, there is still not a uniform nomenclature or classification existing for RIPs. In this review, we give the current status of all known plant RIPs and we make a suggestion about how to unify those RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be classified as type 1 or type 2 RIPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schrot
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Srivastava S, Verma HN, Srivastava A, Prasad V. BDP-30, a systemic resistance inducer from Boerhaavia diffusa L., suppresses TMV infection, and displays homology with ribosome-inactivating proteins. J Biosci 2015; 40:125-35. [PMID: 25740147 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-014-9494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Root extract of Boerhaavia diffusa L. induced systemic resistance in tobacco against Tobacco mosaic virus. A 30 kDa protein was isolated as the active component, called BDP-30 on the basis of the molecular weight and source plant. BDP-30, a glycoprotein, was found to be temperature and protease resistant. It was basic, possessing a pI greater than 9.0. In-gel proteolytic digestion of BDP-30 generated two peptides that possessed the amino acid sequence KLYDIPPLR and KVTLPYSGNYER by LC/MS/MS. Both peptides shared absolute sequence identity with trichosanthin, a ribosome-inactivating protein from Trichosanthes kirilowii, and a 78 percent and 100 percent homology respectively with an RIP from Bryonia dioica, bryodin. Further, effort was made to look at the fate of TMV in induced resistant Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi, a systemic host of the virus, at specified days after inoculation in control and treated plants. TMV coat protein (CP) was detected by immunoblot 7 days post inoculation up to 21 days in the control set, but not in treated resistant plants. TMV RNA was detected by RT-PCR using TMV-CP specific primers. Resistant tobacco did not show presence of TMV RNA up to 21 days of inoculation. This suggests that BDP-30 may be suppressing TMV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Srivastava
- Molecular Plant Virology Lab, Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow 226 007, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chau D, Yee M, Gebremedhin S, Cheung J, Chino T, Düzgüneş N. Mannose-specific lectins that inhibit HIV infection bind nonspecifically to HIV Env-expressing cells. J Calif Dent Assoc 2015; 43:93-96. [PMID: 25868224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An approach to curing HIV/AIDS is to specifically kill all infected cells. Because the lectins, Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin (HHA) and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), are potent inhibitors of HIV infection and bind the oligomannans on the HIV Env protein, we hypothesized that they would bind specifically to cells expressing the HIV Env protein on their plasma membrane. Flow cytometry experiments indicated, however, that these lectins bind equivalently to both Env-expressing and control cells without Env.
Collapse
|
25
|
Schreiber S, Gocht A, Wegwitz F, Deppert W, Schumacher U. Lectin histochemistry of murine WAP-T mammary cancer reveals similar glycoconjugate changes to those in human breast cancer. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:7045-7053. [PMID: 25503131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WAP-T mouse model is an established clinically relevant model of breast cancer. Lectins have been used to study malignant progression in clinical studies. We investigated lectin binding sites to test for the clinical relevance of this model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of the WAP-T mouse mammary tissues, from normal tissues to undifferentiated higher tumor grades were stained using an indirect technique with nine different lectins for intensity of lectin binding. RESULTS HPA bound to the luminal epithelium in higher tumor grades in a similar pattern to that in human breast cancer. BSA-IB4 bound to luminal epithelium in hyperplasia and increased towards higher grades, comparable to previous clinical studies. PHA-L-binding to myoepithelium and luminal epithelium increased from hyperplasia to higher grades, comparable to findings in human breast cancer. CONCLUSION The results of our study support the hypothesis that lectin binding sites change similarly in WAP-T and human breast cancer, stressing the similarity of this model with the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schreiber
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Gocht
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany Joint Practice of Pathology, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Wegwitz
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Deppert
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
In the past three decades a lot of research has been done on the extended family of carbohydrate-binding proteins from Sambucus nigra, including several so-called type 2 RIPs as well as hololectins. Although all these proteins have been studied for their carbohydrate-binding properties using hapten inhibition assays, detailed carbohydrate specificity studies have only been performed for a few Sambucus proteins. In particular SNA-I, has been studied extensively. Because of its unique binding characteristics this lectin was developed as an important tool in glycoconjugate research to detect sialic acid containing glycoconjugates. At present much less information is available with respect to the detailed carbohydrate binding specificity of other S. nigra lectins and RIPs, and as a consequence their applications remain limited. In this paper we report a comparative analysis of several lectins from S. nigra using the glycan microarray technology. Ultimately a better understanding of the ligands for each lectin can contribute to new/more applications for these lectins in glycoconjugate research. Furthermore, the data from glycan microarray analyses combined with the previously obtained sequence information can help to explain how evolution within a single lectin family eventually yielded a set of carbohydrate-binding proteins with a very broad specificity range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Shang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Lab of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gilabert-Oriol R, Weng A, Mallinckrodt BV, Melzig MF, Fuchs H, Thakur M. Immunotoxins constructed with ribosome-inactivating proteins and their enhancers: a lethal cocktail with tumor specific efficacy. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 20:6584-643. [PMID: 25341935 PMCID: PMC4296666 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140826153913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The term ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) is used to denominate proteins mostly of plant origin, which have N-glycosidase enzymatic activity leading to a complete destruction of the ribosomal function. The discovery of the RIPs was almost a century ago, but their usage has seen transition only in the last four decades. With the advent of antibody therapy, the RIPs have been a subject of extensive research especially in targeted tumor therapies, which is the primary focus of this review. In the present work we enumerate 250 RIPs, which have been identified so far. An attempt has been made to identify all the RIPs that have been used for the construction of immunotoxins, which are conjugates or fusion proteins of an antibody or ligand with a toxin. The data from 1960 onwards is reviewed in this paper and an extensive list of more than 450 immunotoxins is reported. The clinical reach of tumor-targeted toxins has been identified and detailed in the work as well. While there is a lot of potential that RIPs embrace for targeted tumor therapies, the success in preclinical and clinical evaluations has been limited mainly because of their inability to escape the endo/lysosomal degradation. Various strategies that can increase the efficacy and lower the required dose for targeted toxins have been compiled in this article. It is plausible that with the advancements in platform technologies or improved endosomal escape the usage of tumor targeted RIPs would see the daylight of clinical success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mayank Thakur
- Institut fur Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (Forum 4), Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Polito L, Bortolotti M, Mercatelli D, Mancuso R, Baruzzi G, Faedi W, Bolognesi A. Protein synthesis inhibition activity by strawberry tissue protein extracts during plant life cycle and under biotic and abiotic stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15532-45. [PMID: 23892598 PMCID: PMC3759871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), enzymes that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, inhibit protein synthesis by depurinating rRNA and many other polynucleotidic substrates. Although RIPs show antiviral, antifungal, and insecticidal activities, their biological and physiological roles are not completely understood. Additionally, it has been described that RIP expression is augmented under stressful conditions. In this study, we evaluated protein synthesis inhibition activity in partially purified basic proteins (hereafter referred to as RIP activity) from tissue extracts of Fragaria × ananassa (strawberry) cultivars with low (Dora) and high (Record) tolerance to root pathogens and fructification stress. Association between the presence of RIP activity and the crop management (organic or integrated soil), growth stage (quiescence, flowering, and fructification), and exogenous stress (drought) were investigated. RIP activity was found in every tissue tested (roots, rhizomes, leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits) and under each tested condition. However, significant differences in RIP distribution were observed depending on the soil and growth stage, and an increase in RIP activity was found in the leaves of drought-stressed plants. These results suggest that RIP expression and activity could represent a response mechanism against biotic and abiotic stresses and could be a useful tool in selecting stress-resistant strawberry genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES); Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; E-Mails: (L.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES); Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; E-Mails: (L.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Daniele Mercatelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES); Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; E-Mails: (L.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Rossella Mancuso
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES); Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; E-Mails: (L.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Gianluca Baruzzi
- Agricultural Research Council (CRA-FRF), Forlì 47121, Italy; E-Mails: (G.B.); (W.F.)
| | - Walther Faedi
- Agricultural Research Council (CRA-FRF), Forlì 47121, Italy; E-Mails: (G.B.); (W.F.)
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES); Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy; E-Mails: (L.P.); (M.B.); (D.M.); (R.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-05-1209-4729; Fax: +39-05-1209-4746
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The plant toxin ricin is highly toxic for mammalian cells and is of concern for bioterrorism. Ricin belongs to a family of functionally related toxins, collectively referred to as ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), which disable ribosomes and halt protein synthesis. Currently there are no specific antidotes against ricin or related RIPs. The catalytic subunit of ricin is an N-glycosidase that depurinates a universally conserved adenine residue within the sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of the 28S rRNA. This depurination activity inhibits translation and its biochemistry has been intensively studied. Yet, recent developments paint a more complex picture of toxicity, with ribosomal proteins and cellular signaling pathways contributing to the potency of ricin. In particular, several studies have now established the importance of the ribosomal stalk structure in facilitating the depurination activity and ribosome specificity of ricin and other RIPs. This review highlights recent developments defining toxin-ribosome interactions and examines the significance of these interactions for toxicity and therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie L May
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wong YT, Ng YM, Mak ANS, Sze KH, Wong KB, Shaw PC. Maize ribosome-inactivating protein uses Lys158-lys161 to interact with ribosomal protein P2 and the strength of interaction is correlated to the biological activities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49608. [PMID: 23251345 PMCID: PMC3520970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) inactivate prokaryotic or eukaryotic ribosomes by removing a single adenine in the large ribosomal RNA. Here we show maize RIP (MOD), an atypical RIP with an internal inactivation loop, interacts with the ribosomal stalk protein P2 via Lys158–Lys161, which is located in the N-terminal domain and at the base of its internal loop. Due to subtle differences in the structure of maize RIP, hydrophobic interaction with the ‘FGLFD’ motif of P2 is not as evidenced in MOD-P2 interaction. As a result, interaction of P2 with MOD was weaker than those with trichosanthin and shiga toxin A as reflected by the dissociation constants (KD) of their interaction, which are 1037.50±65.75 µM, 611.70±28.13 µM and 194.84±9.47 µM respectively. Despite MOD and TCS target at the same ribosomal protein P2, MOD was found 48 and 10 folds less potent than trichosanthin in ribosome depurination and cytotoxicity to 293T cells respectively, implicating the strength of interaction between RIPs and ribosomal proteins is important for the biological activity of RIPs. Our work illustrates the flexibility on the docking of RIPs on ribosomal proteins for targeting the sarcin-ricin loop and the importance of protein-protein interaction for ribosome-inactivating activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuen-Ting Wong
- Biochemistry Programme and Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiu-Ming Ng
- Biochemistry Programme and Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amanda Nga-Sze Mak
- Biochemistry Programme and Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kong-Hung Sze
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- Biochemistry Programme and Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Biochemistry Programme and Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Käsermann F, Boerema DJ, Rüegsegger M, Hofmann A, Wymann S, Zuercher AW, Miescher S. Analysis and functional consequences of increased Fab-sialylation of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) after lectin fractionation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37243. [PMID: 22675478 PMCID: PMC3366990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that the anti-inflammatory effects of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) might be due to the small fraction of Fc-sialylated IgG. In this study we biochemically and functionally characterized sialic acid-enriched IgG obtained by Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) lectin fractionation. Two main IgG fractions isolated by elution with lactose (E1) or acidified lactose (E2) were analyzed for total IgG, F(ab’)2 and Fc-specific sialic acid content, their pattern of specific antibodies and anti-inflammatory potential in a human in vitro inflammation system based on LPS- or PHA-stimulated whole blood. HPLC and LC-MS testing revealed an increase of sialylated IgG in E1 and more substantially in the E2 fraction. Significantly, the increased amount of sialic acid residues was primarily found in the Fab region whereas only a minor increase was observed in the Fc region. This indicates preferential binding of the Fab sialic acid to SNA. ELISA analyses of a representative range of pathogen and auto-antigens indicated a skewed antibody pattern of the sialylated IVIG fractions. Finally, the E2 fraction exerted a more profound anti-inflammatory effect compared to E1 or IVIG, evidenced by reduced CD54 expression on monocytes and reduced secretion of MCP-1 (CCL2); again these effects were Fab- but not Fc-dependent. Our results show that SNA fractionation of IVIG yields a minor fraction (approx. 10%) of highly sialylated IgG, wherein the sialic acid is mainly found in the Fab region. The tested anti-inflammatory activity was associated with Fab not Fc sialylation.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Ricin and Shiga toxins designated as ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) are RNA N-glycosidases that depurinate a specific adenine (A₄₃₂₄ in rat 28S rRNA) in the conserved α-sarcin/ricin loop of the large rRNA, inhibiting protein synthesis. Evidence obtained from a number of studies suggests that interaction with ribosomal proteins plays an important role in the catalytic activity and ribosome specificity of RIPs. This review summarizes the recent developments in identification of the ribosomal proteins that interact with ricin and Shiga toxins and the principles governing these interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilgun E Tumer
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Guhr T, Bloem J, Derksen NIL, Wuhrer M, Koenderman AHL, Aalberse RC, Rispens T. Enrichment of sialylated IgG by lectin fractionation does not enhance the efficacy of immunoglobulin G in a murine model of immune thrombocytopenia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21246. [PMID: 21731683 PMCID: PMC3121734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIg) is widely used against a range of clinical symptoms. For its use in immune modulating therapies such as treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura high doses of IVIg are required. It has been suggested that only a fraction of IVIg causes this anti immune modulating effect. Recent studies indicated that this fraction is the Fc-sialylated IgG fraction. The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of IVIg enriched for sialylated IgG (IVIg-SA (+)) in a murine model of passive immune thrombocytopenia (PIT). We enriched IVIg for sialylated IgG by Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) lectin fractionation and determined the degree of sialylation. Analysis of IVIg-SA (+) using a lectin-based ELISA revealed that we enriched predominantly for Fab-sialylated IgG, whereas we did not find an increase in Fc-sialylated IgG. Mass spectrometric analysis confirmed that Fc sialylation did not change after SNA lectin fractionation. The efficacy of sialylated IgG was measured by administering IVIg or IVIg-SA (+) 24 hours prior to an injection of a rat anti-mouse platelet mAb. We found an 85% decrease in platelet count after injection of an anti-platelet mAb, which was reduced to a 70% decrease by injecting IVIg (p<0.01). In contrast, IVIg-SA (+) had no effect on the platelet count. Serum levels of IVIg and IVIg-SA (+) were similar, ruling out enhanced IgG clearance as a possible explanation. Our results indicate that SNA lectin fractionation is not a suitable method to enrich IVIg for Fc-sialylated IgG. The use of IVIg enriched for Fab-sialylated IgG abolishes the efficacy of IVIg in the murine PIT model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Guhr
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Bloem
- Department of Product Development, Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ninotska I. L. Derksen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob C. Aalberse
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Shahidi-Noghabi S, Van Damme EJM, De Vos WH, Smagghe G. Internalization of Sambucus nigra agglutinins I and II in insect midgut CF-203 cells. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2011; 76:211-222. [PMID: 21254203 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this project, the uptake mechanisms and localization of two lectins from Sambucus nigra, further referred to as S. nigra agglutinin (SNA)-I and SNA-II, into insect midgut CF-203 cells were studied. SNA-I is a chimeric lectin belonging to the class of ribosome-inactivating proteins, whereas SNA-II is a hololectin devoid of enzymatic activity. Internalization of the fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled lectin was investigated using confocal microscopy. Both lectins were internalized into the cytoplasm of CF-203 cells at similar rates. Preexposure of the insect midgut cells to specific inhibitors of clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis resulted in an inhibition of lectin uptake in CF-203 cells and caspase-induced cytotoxicity caused by SNA-I and SNA-II, confirming the involvement of both endocytosis pathways. Further studies demonstrated that the uptake mechanism(s) for both lectins required phosphoinositide 3-kinases, but did not depend on the actin cytoskeleton. Since the hololectin SNA-II apparently uses a similar endocytosis pathway as the chimerolectin SNA-I, it can be concluded that the endocytosis process mainly relies on the carbohydrate-binding activity of the lectins under investigation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Shahidi-Noghabi
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pierce M, Kahn JN, Chiou J, Tumer NE. Development of a quantitative RT-PCR assay to examine the kinetics of ribosome depurination by ribosome inactivating proteins using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model. RNA 2011; 17:201-210. [PMID: 21098653 PMCID: PMC3004061 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2375411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ricin produced by the castor bean plant and Shiga toxins produced by pathogenic Escherichia coli (STEC) and Shigella dysenteriae are type II ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), containing an enzymatically active A subunit that inhibits protein synthesis by removing an adenine from the α-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of the 28S rRNA. There are currently no known antidotes to Shiga toxin or ricin, and the ability to screen large chemical libraries for inhibitors has been hindered by lack of quantitative assays for catalytic activity that can be adapted to a high throughput format. Here, we describe the development of a robust and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay that can directly measure the toxins' catalytic activity on ribosomes and can be used to examine the kinetics of depurination in vivo. The qRT-PCR assay exhibited a much wider dynamic range than the previously used primer extension assay (500-fold vs. 16-fold) and increased sensitivity (60 pM vs. 0.57 nM). Using this assay, a 400-fold increase in ribosome depurination was observed in yeast expressing ricin A chain (RTA) relative to uninduced cells. Pteroic acid, a known inhibitor of enzymatic activity, inhibited ribosome depurination by RTA and Shiga toxin 2 with an IC(50) of ∼ 100 μM, while inhibitors of ricin transport failed to inhibit catalytic activity. These results demonstrate that the qRT-PCR assay would enable refined kinetic studies with RIPs and could be a powerful screening tool to identify inhibitors of catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pierce
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kovalenko MV, Stepchenko LM, Kulinich AO, Shevtsova AI. [Characteristic of carbohydrate components of chickens and human's fibronectins]. Ukr Biokhim Zh (1999) 2010; 82:58-64. [PMID: 21805863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents new information about the carbohydrate structures of 39-days chicken's fibronectin. It is found out that chicken fibronectin contains mainly biantennary N-glycans with a core fucose and fucosylated O-glycans. It is shown that N-glycans of chicken fibronectin are poorly sialated, since this protein exhibits affinity for the PNA and weak binding to sialospecific SNA. A comparative analysis of lectin-binding activity of chicken and human fibronectins has shown that both glycoproteins differ in glycan composition.
Collapse
|
37
|
Cheung MC, Revers L, Perampalam S, Wei X, Kiarash R, Green DE, Abdul-Wahid A, Gariépy J. An evolved ribosome-inactivating protein targets and kills human melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:28. [PMID: 20128926 PMCID: PMC2828990 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few treatment options exist for patients with metastatic melanoma, resulting in poor prognosis. One standard treatment, dacarbazine (DTIC), shows low response rates ranging from 15 to 25 percent with an 8-month median survival time. The development of targeted therapeutics with novel mechanisms of action may improve patient outcome. Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) such as Shiga-like Toxin 1 (SLT-1) represent powerful scaffolds for developing selective anticancer agents. Here we report the discovery and properties of a single chain ribosome-inactivating protein (scRIP) derived from the cytotoxic A subunit of SLT-1 (SLT-1A), harboring the 7-amino acid peptide insertion IYSNKLM (termed SLT-1A IYSNKLM) allowing the toxin variant to selectively target and kill human melanoma cells. RESULTS SLT-1A IYSNKLM was able to kill 7 of 8 human melanoma cell lines. This scRIP binds to 518-A2 human melanoma cells with a dissociation constant of 18 nM, resulting in the blockage of protein synthesis and apoptosis in such cells. Biodistribution and imaging studies of radiolabeled SLT-1A IYSNKLM administered intravenously into SCID mice bearing a human melanoma xenograft indicate that SLT-1AI YSNKLM readily accumulates at the tumor site as opposed to non-target tissues. Furthermore, the co-administration of SLT-1A IYSNKLM with DTIC resulted in tumor regression and greatly increased survival in this mouse xenograft model in comparison to DTIC or SLT-1A IYSNKLM treatment alone (115 day median survival versus 46 and 47 days respectively; P values < 0.001). SLT-1A IYSNKLM is stable in serum and its intravenous administration resulted in modest immune responses following repeated injections in CD1 mice. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the evolution of a scRIP template can lead to the discovery of novel cancer cell-targeted compounds and in the case of SLT-1A IYSNKLM can specifically kill human melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Cheung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3 M2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhou JP, Yang ZL, Liu DC, Zhou JP. [Expression of galectin 3 and Sambucus nigra agglutinin and their clinicopathological significance in benign and malignant lesions of stomach]. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2009; 12:297-300. [PMID: 19434543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expressive levels of galectin-3(gal-3) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin(SNA) and their clinicopathological significance in the benign and malignant lesions of stomach. METHODS EnVision immunohistochemistry for assaying gal-3 expressive level and ABC cytochemistry for determining SNA expressive level were used in conventional paraffin-embedded sections from specimens of gastric cancer(n=49), peritumoral tissues(n=20), metastatic foci of lymph nodes(n=36), and different types of benign lesions(n=80). RESULTS The positive rates of gal-3 and SNA were significantly higher in gastric cancer tissues than those in peritumoral tissues and different types of benign lesions(P<0.05, P<0.01). The positive cases of gal-3 and/or SNA in peritumoral tissues and benign lesions showed mild- to severe-atypical hyperplasia of mucous epithelial cells. No difference was found between the primary foci and metastatic foci in gal-3 and SNA expressions(P>0.05). The positive rates of gal-3 and SNA were significantly lower in histologic grade II(, infiltrating depth T1,T2 and no-metastasis of regional lymph node than those in histologic grade III(,IIII(, infiltrating depth T3,T4 and metastasis of lymph node in gastric cancer(P<0.05). The positive rates of gal-3 and SNA were higher in lymphnode metastatic site N1 and no-metastasis of distant organs than those in lymphnode metastatic site N2,N3 and metastasis of distant organs, but no significant difference was found(P>0.05). The consistency was found between the expression of gal-3 and SNA in gastric cancer tissues(chi(2)=6.59,P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The expressive levels of gal-3 and SNA may be important molecular markers of lectins for reflecting the carcinogenesis, progression and biological behaviors in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Peng Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, Xiangya Second Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kawade K, Masuda K. Transcriptional control of two ribosome-inactivating protein genes expressed in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) embryos. Plant Physiol Biochem 2009; 47:327-334. [PMID: 19195903 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
SoRIP1 and SoRIP2 are ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP: EC 3.2.2.22) genes identified in spinach (Spinacia oleracea). They are differentially expressed in a development-dependent manner during spinach somatic embryogenesis. Here, we isolated genomic clones of SoRIP1 and SoRIP2. These two RIP genes have different genomic organization. Phylogenetic analysis of predicted amino acid sequences of RIPs in Caryophyllales plants revealed that they are divided into two major subfamilies, corresponding to SoRIP1 and SoRIP2. To gain further insight into the transcriptional control of SoRIP1 and SoRIP2, we obtained their 5'-flanking sequences by inverse PCR. Comparison of two 5'-flanking sequences revealed the characteristic cis elements in each region that confer differential transcriptional control. In the 5'-flanking region of SoRIP1, we found several motifs with functions related to embryonic development. The 5'-flanking region of SoRIP2 contains some defense-responsive motifs. Expression of SoRIP1 was detected in various tissues. In particular, SoRIP1 was highly expressed in the early immature fruits, and immunohistochemistry showed that SoRIP1 accumulated in the peripheral region of the immature embryo, with weaker expression in internal cells. During fruit development, the expression of SoRIP2 was low. However, the accumulation of SoRIP2 was conspicuous in the epidermis of the immature embryo. The expression of SoRIP2, but not SoRIP1, in leaves was induced by salicylic acid treatment. This differential transcriptional regulation of SoRIP1 and SoRIP2 suggests that the corresponding proteins may have different functions, one being related to embryonic development and the other to embryo defense.
Collapse
|
40
|
Shahidi-Noghabi S, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. Carbohydrate-binding activity of the type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein SNA-I from elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is a determining factor for its insecticidal activity. Phytochemistry 2008; 69:2972-8. [PMID: 18951590 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, different classes of proteins have been reported to promote toxic effects when ingested. Type-2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a group of chimeric proteins built up of an A-chain with RNA N-glycosidase activity and a B-chain with lectin activity. These proteins are thought to play a role in plant protection. Sambucus nigra agglutinin I (SNA-I) is a type-2 RIP, isolated from the bark of elderberry (S. nigra L.). This study demonstrated the insecticidal potency of SNA-I on two Hemipteran insect species using two different methods. An artificial diet supplemented with different concentrations of the purified RIP reduced survival and fecundity of pea aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum. In addition, feeding of tobacco aphids, Myzus nicotianae, on leaves from transfected plants constitutively expressing SNA-I, resulted in a delayed development and reduced adult survival and also the fertility parameters of the surviving aphids were reduced, suggesting that a population of aphids would build up significantly slower on plants expressing SNA-I. Finally, a series of experiments with transgenic lines in which a mutant RIP was expressed, revealed that the carbohydrate-binding activity of SNA-I is necessary for its insecticidal activity. In a first set of mutants, the B-chain was mutated at one position (Asp231DeltaGlu), and in the second set both carbohydrate-binding sites were mutated (Asn48DeltaSer and Asp231DeltaGlu). Mutation of one carbohydrate-binding site strongly reduced the insecticidal activity of SNA-I, whereas mutation of both lectin sites (almost) completely abolished the SNA-I effect on tobacco aphids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Shahidi-Noghabi
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kawade K, Ishizaki T, Masuda K. Differential expression of ribosome-inactivating protein genes during somatic embryogenesis in spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Physiol Plant 2008; 134:270-281. [PMID: 18494862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Root segments from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Jiromaru) seedlings form embryogenic callus (EC) that responded to exogenous GA(3) by accumulating a 31-kDa glycoprotein [BP31 or S. oleracea ribosome-inactivating protein (EC 3.2.2.22) (SoRIP1)] in association with the expression of embryogenic potential. Microsequencing of this protein revealed significant similarity with type 1 RIPs. We identified cDNAs for SoRIP1 and S. oleracea RIP2 (SoRIP2), a novel RIP having a consensus shiga/ricin toxic domain and performed a comparative analysis of the expression of SoRIPs during somatic embryogenesis. Western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that the expression of SoRIP1 in calli increased remarkably in association with the acquisition of embryogenic potential, although the expression in somatic embryos decreased moderately with their development. However, the expression of SoRIP2 in calli remained low and constant but increased markedly with the development of somatic embryos. Treatment of callus with GA(3) and/or ABA for 24 h, or with ABA for a longer period, failed to stimulate the expression of either gene. Immunohistochemistry showed that SoRIP1 preferentially accumulated in the proembryos and peripheral meristem of somatic embryos early in development. Appreciable expression of SoRIP2 was not detected in the callus, but intense expression was found in the epidermis of somatic embryos. These results suggest that the expression of spinach RIP genes is differentially regulated in a development-dependent fashion during somatic embryogenesis in spinach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kawade
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Department of Agrobiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Keener WK, Rivera VR, Cho CY, Hale ML, Garber EAE, Poli MA. Identification of the RNA N-glycosidase activity of ricin in castor bean extracts by an electrochemiluminescence-based assay. Anal Biochem 2008; 378:87-9. [PMID: 18394420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple electrochemiluminescence-based assay for RNA N-glycosidase activity has been modified to permit its use with authentic extracts of Ricinus communis (castor beans) and Abrus precatorius (jequirity seeds)--the natural sources of ricin and abrin. Modifications include the addition of an RNase inactivator to the reaction mixture, elimination of a signal-enhancing monoclonal antibody, and optimization of the incubation temperature. Concurrent testing with two substrates provides a diagnostic tool enabling castor bean toxins to be differentiated from a larger selection of N-glycosidase toxins than was previously examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William K Keener
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Iglesias R, Pérez Y, Citores L, Ferreras JM, Méndez E, Girbés T. Elicitor-dependent expression of the ribosome-inactivating protein beetin is developmentally regulated. J Exp Bot 2008; 59:1215-1223. [PMID: 18343888 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BE27 and BE29 are two forms of beetin, a virus-inducible type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein isolated from leaves of Beta vulgaris L. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of beetin forms in adult plants but not in germ or young plants, indicating that the expression of these proteins is developmentally regulated. While beetins are expressed only in adult plants, their transcripts are present through all stages of development. In addition, the treatment of B. vulgaris leaves with mediators of plant-acquired resistance such as salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide promoted the expression of beetin by induction of its transcript, but only in adult plants. The plant expresses three mRNAs which differ only in their 3' untranslated region. All these observations suggest a dual regulation of beetin expression, i.e. at the post-transcriptional and transcriptional levels. Additionally, total RNA isolated from leaves treated with hydrogen peroxide, which express high levels of active beetin, is not de-adenylated by endogenous beetin, nor in vitro by the addition of BE27, thus suggesting that sugar beet ribosomes are resistant to beetin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Iglesias
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Extracts of Viscum album L. produced by a specific homogenization procedure contain viscotoxins (VT) and liposome-like membrane vesicles, formed from cellular membranes. Interactions between these membrane structures and viscotoxins are characterized in this work. Binding properties of viscotoxins with mistletoe extracts or isolated membrane vesicles were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and centrifugation, followed by HPLC/UV for viscotoxin detection. The experiments show that a part of the viscotoxins is bound to membrane vesicles, and that this binding to the membrane structures is reversible. In the case of the vesicles studied from an extract of 100 mg plant material per mL (0.30 mM phospholipids, 244 microg/mL VT), 64 microg/mL VTs are bound to the membranes. The binding properties of the viscotoxin isoforms are different. VTA3 clearly binds more intensively to membrane structures than VTA2 or VTA1. Possible interaction of viscotoxins with DNA, which is also discussed as a mechanism of viscotoxin action, could be shown to be negligible in the framework of these experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Winkler
- Carl Gustav Carus-Institut, Niefern-Oschelbronn, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu Y, Costantino M, Montoya-Durango D, Higashi Y, Darling D, Dean D. The zinc finger transcription factor ZFHX1A is linked to cell proliferation by Rb-E2F1. Biochem J 2007; 408:79-85. [PMID: 17655524 PMCID: PMC2049079 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ZFHX1A is expressed in proliferating cells in the developing embryo, and in the present study we provide evidence that its expression is confined to proliferating cells through dependence on the Rb (retinoblastoma protein) family/E2F cell cycle pathway. Mutation of the Rb or E2F1 genes lead to induction of ZFHX1A mRNA, implying that the Rb-E2F1 repressor complex is important for repression of ZFHX1A. This repression is associated with recruitment of an E2F-Rb-histone deacetylase repressor complex to the promoter. A dominant-negative form of E2F1 inhibited ZFHX1A expression in p16INK4a- cells where Rb is constitutively hyperphosphorylated and inactive, suggesting that E2F can contribute to ZFHX1A transactivation in the absence of functional Rb. ZFHX1A is an E-box-binding transcription factor whose binding sites overlap with those bound by Snail1 and 2, and ZFHX1B/SIP1 (leading to at least partially overlapping function; for example, each of the proteins can repress E-cadherin expression). We found that expression of Snail1 and ZFHX1B/SIP1 is also regulated by E2Fs, but in contrast with ZFHX1A this regulation is Rb-family-independent. Snail2 expression was unaffected by either E2F or the Rb family. We propose that the differential effects of the Rb family/E2F pathway on expression of these E-box-binding proteins are important in maintaining their distinct patterns (and thus distinct functions) during embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Liu
- *James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40202, U.S.A
| | - Mary E. Costantino
- †Departments of Peiodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40292, U.S.A
| | - Diego Montoya-Durango
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40202, U.S.A
| | - Yujiro Higashi
- §Developmental Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Douglas S. Darling
- †Departments of Peiodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40292, U.S.A
| | - Douglas C. Dean
- *James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40202, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ognibene M, Della Giovampaola C, Trielli F, Focarelli R, Rosati F, Umberta Delmonte Corrado M. Identification and characterization of a 38 kDa glycoprotein functionally associated with mating activity of Paramecium primaurelia. Eur J Protistol 2007; 44:81-90. [PMID: 17870426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In Paramecium primaurelia mating interactions take place immediately after mixing mating-competent cells of opposite mating types. The cells clump in clusters (mating reaction) and then separate in pairs. Previous results have shown that sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates are present on the cell surface and are involved in mating-cell pairing. In order to identify the sialic acid-containing glycoprotein(s), we first metabolically radiolabelled non-mating-competent cells with D-[6-(3)H]galactose, and then analyzed the radiolabelled proteins by anion exchange chromatography. We characterized a 38 kDa (gp38) sialic acid-containing glycoprotein and raised the corresponding polyclonal antibody by means of which we localized the antigen at the level of the oral region of non-mating-competent cells and on the ciliary surface of mating-competent cells. Immunoblot analysis of the ciliary protein fraction showed that the anti-gp38 serum interacted with a 38 kDa protein in both mating types I and II cells. We also demonstrated the functional activity of gp38 in the mating reaction by means of anti-gp38 antibody competition assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Ognibene
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Perreau M, Guérin MC, Drouet C, Kremer EJ. Interactions between human plasma components and a xenogenic adenovirus vector: reduced immunogenicity during gene transfer. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1998-2007. [PMID: 17712332 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
By the time we are adolescents most of us have been in contact with several of the >50 human adenovirus (HAd) serotypes. These common subclinical infections lead to an efficient anti-adenovirus cross-reacting adaptive immunity. During gene therapy, the ubiquitous anti-adenovirus humoral response and complement activation will modify and dictate vector biodistribution, as well as the response to the virion and transgene(s). In this study, we assayed the interactions of a xenogenic adenovirus derived from canine serotype 2 (CAV-2) with naturally occurring human antibodies (Abs) and the complement system. In our cohort, we found class G immunoglobulins (Igs) that recognized the intact CAV-2 virion and the external virion proteins. However, the majority of donors had low or no neutralizing Abs, class A, or class M Igs. Purified anti-HAd serotype 5 Abs also recognized CAV-2 virion proteins. In addition, in spite of the presence of anti-CAV-2 IgGs, CAV-2 poorly activated the classical and alternative complement cascades. This atypical response was due to a block upstream of the component 3 (C3) convertase and interplay between the component 1 (C1) inhibitor, the C1q-C1r2-C1s2 complex and CAV-2. Our data demonstrate that some xenogenic adenovirus vectors, like CAV-2, could lead to notably different outcomes following systemic delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Perreau
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xu J, Wang H, Fan J. Expression of a ribosome-inactivating protein gene in bitter melon is induced by Sphaerotheca fuliginea and abiotic stimuli. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:1605-10. [PMID: 17579811 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding a single-chain, ribosome-inactivating protein (SCRIP) was cloned from bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) leaves infected with the fungus, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, by RT-PCR. The ORF was 861 bp. The ribosome-inactivating protein was expressed in E. coli and, when purified, it inhibited the growth of Fusarium solani [corrected] Northern blot analysis revealed that RIP transcripts rapidly accumulated in leaves 1-day post inoculation with Sphaerotheca fuliginea and reached a peak at 3 d. The expression pattern of RIP induced by methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid were different from that of pathogen-induced expression. Mechanical wounding, silver nitrate and osmotic stress stimulated only a slight accumulation of RIP transcripts. Abscisic acid also induced transcription of RIPs. The signal compounds, ethylene and okadaic acid, induced a moderate accumulation of RIP transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Battelli MG, Citores L, Buonamici L, Ferreras JM, de Benito FM, Stirpe F, Girbés T. Toxicity and cytotoxicity of nigrin b, a two-chain ribosome-inactivating protein from Sambucus nigra: comparison with ricin. Arch Toxicol 1997; 71:360-4. [PMID: 9195017 DOI: 10.1007/s002040050399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nigrin b, a lectin isolated from the bark of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.), has structure and enzymatic activity similar to that of ricin and other type 2 ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), and yet is much less toxic to cells and animals. In an attempt to explain this difference, we studied (1) the cytotoxicity of both lectins at 18 and 37 degrees C, and in the presence of substances interfering with intracellular routing, and (2) the binding of nigrin b to, and its uptake and degradation by HeLa cells, in parallel with ricin. As compared with the latter, (1) less nigrin b was bound and more was degraded by cells, with a resulting lower concentration remaining inside the cells, and (2) there is evidence for a different intracellular routing followed by the two lectins. These results may explain at least partly the different cytotoxicity and consequently the lower toxicity to mice of nigrin b compared with ricin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Battelli
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|