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Jiang ZJ, Hong JC, Tang QX, Lin BW, Zhang WQ, Xia H, Yao XP. Streptococcus suis meningoencephalitis diagnosed with metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report with literature review. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:544-547. [PMID: 37992864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a pathogen of emerging zoonotic diseases and meningoencephalitis is the most frequent clinical symptom of S. suis infection in humans. Rapid diagnosis of S. suis meningoencephalitis is critical for the treatment of the disease. While the current routine microbiological tests including bacterial culture and gram staining are poorly sensitive, diagnosis of S. suis meningoencephalitis by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has been rarely reported. Here, we report a 52-year-old female pork food producer with a broken finger developed S. suis meningoencephalitis. After her admission, no pathogenic bacteria were detected through bacterial culture and Gram staining microscopy in the cerebrospinal fluid obtained via lumbar puncture. However, mNGS identified the presence of S. suis in the sample. mNGS is a promising diagnostic tool for rapid diagnosis of rare infectious diseases in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Jie Jiang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Jian-Chen Hong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Qing-Xi Tang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Bi-Wei Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Wei-Qing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Han Xia
- Hugobiotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Yao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China; Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350212, China.
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2
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Rutenberg D, Zhang Y, Montoya JG, Sinnott J, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG. The Meat of the Matter. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:1612-1618. [PMID: 38692295 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcps2311297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- David Rutenberg
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (D.R., Y.Z., J.S.), and the Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute (Y.Z.) - both in Tampa; and the Dr. Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto (J.G.M., D.G.C.-I.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (D.G.C.-I.) - both in California
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (D.R., Y.Z., J.S.), and the Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute (Y.Z.) - both in Tampa; and the Dr. Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto (J.G.M., D.G.C.-I.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (D.G.C.-I.) - both in California
| | - Jose G Montoya
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (D.R., Y.Z., J.S.), and the Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute (Y.Z.) - both in Tampa; and the Dr. Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto (J.G.M., D.G.C.-I.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (D.G.C.-I.) - both in California
| | - John Sinnott
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (D.R., Y.Z., J.S.), and the Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute (Y.Z.) - both in Tampa; and the Dr. Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto (J.G.M., D.G.C.-I.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (D.G.C.-I.) - both in California
| | - Despina G Contopoulos-Ioannidis
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida (D.R., Y.Z., J.S.), and the Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute (Y.Z.) - both in Tampa; and the Dr. Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto (J.G.M., D.G.C.-I.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (D.G.C.-I.) - both in California
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3
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Marschner M, Hausdorf C, Lüno M, Schlatterer K. [New awareness for zoonoses using the example of rat bite fever : Case report and literature review]. Inn Med (Heidelb) 2024; 65:512-516. [PMID: 38459199 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-024-01680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rat bite fever is a rare but potentially fatal bacterial zoonosis. The symptoms can be unspecific, but severe sepsis can be associated with involvement of different organs. CASE REPORT A 27-year-old homeless man presented with fever, suspected meningitis, acute renal failure, unclear skin lesions as well as joint problems and muscular pain. Bite wounds were not detected. Meningitis could be excluded after lumbar puncture, and there was no evidence of endocarditis as the cause of the skin lesions. After 72 h, growth of Streptobacillus moniliformis in blood cultures was detected. Clinical symptoms were compatible with the diagnosis of rat bite fever. Calculated antibiosis with ampicillin sulbactam and doxycycline led to regression of the symptoms. CONCLUSION Rat bite fever poses a diagnostic challenge due unspecific symptoms, diverse differential diagnostic options, and challenging microbiological detection. Patient history is of the utmost importance. Due to the rarity of the disease, this case report is intended to raise awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marschner
- Praxis Kardiologie Mitte, Charlottenstr. 63, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - C Hausdorf
- Abteilung Innere Medizin, Kardiologie, Sankt Gertrauden-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - M Lüno
- Abteilung Innere Medizin, Kardiologie, Sankt Gertrauden-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - K Schlatterer
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Sankt Gertrauden-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Deutschland
- Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Deutschland
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Kirmaier A, Blackshear L, Lee MSL, Kirby JE. Cellulitis and bacteremia caused by the fish pathogen,Streptococcus iniae, in an immunocompromised patient: Case report and mini-review of zoonotic disease, lab identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 108:116189. [PMID: 38278004 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a fish pathogen that can also infect mammals including dolphins and humans. Its prevalence in farmed fish, particularly tilapia, provides potential for zoonotic infections, as documented by multiple case reports. Systematic clinical data beyond cellulitis for S. iniae infection in humans, including antimicrobial susceptibility data, are unfortunately rare. Here, we present a case of cellulitis progressing to bacteremia caused by Streptococcus iniae in a functionally immunocompromised patient based on CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor and endocrine therapy, and we discuss risk factors, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility of this rare pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kirmaier
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leslie Blackshear
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Shou Lun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James E Kirby
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Barathan M. From fever to action: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses. Pathog Dis 2024; 82:ftae006. [PMID: 38614961 PMCID: PMC11067964 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute Undifferentiated Febrile Illness (AUFI) presents a clinical challenge, often characterized by sudden fever, non-specific symptoms, and potential life-threatening implications. This review highlights the global prevalence, types, challenges, and implications of AUFI, especially in tropical and subtropical regions where infectious diseases thrive. It delves into the difficulties in diagnosis, prevalence rates, regional variations, and potential causes, ranging from bacterial and viral infections to zoonotic diseases. Furthermore, it explores treatment strategies, preventive measures, and the critical role of the One Health approach in addressing AUFI. The paper also addresses the emerging zoonotic risks and ongoing outbreaks, including COVID-19, Rickettsia spp., and other novel pathogens, emphasizing their impact on AUFI diagnosis and management. Challenges in resource-limited settings are analyzed, highlighting the need for bolstered healthcare infrastructure, enhanced diagnostics, and collaborative One Health strategies. Amidst the complexity of emerging zoonotic threats, this review underscores the urgency for a multifaceted approach to mitigate the growing burden of AUFI, ensuring early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and effective prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttiah Barathan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Aftab A, Raina OK, Maxton A, Masih SA. Advances in diagnostic approaches to Fasciola infection in animals and humans: An overviews. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e12. [PMID: 38269544 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Fasciolosis, caused by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, is an impediment to the livestock industry’s expansion and has a massively negative socio-economic impact due to its widespread prevalence in livestock. It is a waterborne zoonosis affecting human populations in the countries where rural economies are associated with livestock rearing. Conventional diagnosis of Fasciola infection is done by detecting parasite eggs in the faeces of infected animals or by immunological methods. Accurate and quick immunodiagnosis of Fasciola infection in animals and humans is based on the detection of antibodies and specific antigens expressed in the prepatent stage of the parasite. Both molecular and serodiagnostic tests developed thus far have enhanced the reliability of Fasciola diagnosis in both man and animals but are not widely available in resource-poor nations. A pen-side diagnostic test based on a lateral flow assay or a DNA test like loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) would be simple, fast, and cost-effective, enabling clinicians to treat animals in a targeted manner and avoid the development of drug resistance to the limited flukicides. This review focuses on the recent advances made in the diagnosis of this parasite infection in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aftab
- Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj-211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - O K Raina
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A Maxton
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj-211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S A Masih
- Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj-211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Qureshi KA, Parvez A, Fahmy NA, Abdel Hady BH, Kumar S, Ganguly A, Atiya A, Elhassan GO, Alfadly SO, Parkkila S, Aspatwar A. Brucellosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment-a comprehensive review. Ann Med 2024; 55:2295398. [PMID: 38165919 PMCID: PMC10769134 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2295398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Brucellosis is a pervasive zoonotic disease caused by various Brucella species. It mainly affects livestock and wildlife and poses significant public health threats, especially in regions with suboptimal hygiene, food safety, and veterinary care standards. Human contractions occur by consuming contaminated animal products or interacting with infected animals. Objective: This study aims to provide an updated understanding of brucellosis, from its epidemiology and pathogenesis to diagnosis and treatment strategies. It emphasizes the importance of ongoing research, knowledge exchange, and interdisciplinary collaboration for effective disease control and prevention, highlighting its global health implications. Methods: Pathogenesis involves intricate interactions between bacteria and the host immune system, resulting in chronic infections characterized by diverse clinical manifestations. The diagnostic process is arduous owing to non-specific symptomatology and sampling challenges, necessitating a fusion of clinical and laboratory evaluations, including blood cultures, serological assays, and molecular methods. Management typically entails multiple antibiotics, although the rise in antibiotic-resistant Brucella strains poses a problem. Animal vaccination is a potential strategy to curb the spread of infection, particularly within livestock populations. Results: The study provides insights into the complex pathogenesis of brucellosis, the challenges in its diagnosis, and the management strategies involving antibiotic therapy and animal vaccination. It also highlights the emerging issue of antibiotic-resistant Brucella strains. Conclusions: In conclusion, brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease with implications for public health. Efforts should be directed towards improved diagnostic methods, antibiotic stewardship to combat antibiotic resistance, and developing and implementing effective animal vaccination programs. Interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing research are crucial for addressing the global health implications of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal A. Qureshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Adil Parvez
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nada A. Fahmy
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Biomedical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Applied Health Science, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Bassant H. Abdel Hady
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Biomedical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shweta Kumar
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Anusmita Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Akhtar Atiya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal O. Elhassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed O. Alfadly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- Fimlab Ltd., Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Feng X, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Sun Z, Xu N, Zhao C, Xia W. Recombinase Polymerase Amplification-Based Biosensors for Rapid Zoonoses Screening. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6311-6331. [PMID: 37954459 PMCID: PMC10637217 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s434197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent, outbreaks of new emergency zoonotic diseases have prompted an urgent need to develop fast, accurate, and portable screening assays for pathogen infections. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is sensitive and specific and can be conducted at a constant low temperature with a short response time, making it especially suitable for on-site screening and making it a powerful tool for preventing or controlling the spread of zoonoses. This review summarizes the design principles of RPA-based biosensors as well as various signal output or readout technologies involved in fluorescence detection, lateral flow assays, enzymatic catalytic reactions, spectroscopic techniques, electrochemical techniques, chemiluminescence, nanopore sequencing technologies, microfluidic digital RPA, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated systems. The current status and prospects of the application of RPA-based biosensors in zoonoses screening are highlighted. RPA-based biosensors demonstrate the advantages of rapid response, easy-to-read result output, and easy implementation for on-site detection, enabling development toward greater portability, automation, and miniaturization. Although there are still problems such as high cost with unstable signal output, RPA-based biosensors are increasingly becoming one of the most important means of on-site pathogen screening in complex samples involving environmental, water, food, animal, and human samples for controlling the spread of zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Feng
- College of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
- Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, 136200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Medicine, No. 965 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Sun
- College of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Xia
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Kim SW, Jang BK. Toxocara canis and Fasciola hepatica Co-Infection Leading to Hepatic Abscess: A Case Report. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e323. [PMID: 37821089 PMCID: PMC10562180 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease caused by ingesting eggs from soil contaminated with Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, commonly found in feces of infected dogs and cats, leading to a range of clinical symptoms including fever, abdominal pain and gastrointestinal manifestations. Fascioliasis is also a zoonotic disease caused by liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, which can be contracted through consumption of contaminated water or aquatic plants, leading to various clinical features. Here, we report a case of a 39-year-old woman diagnosed with a liver abscess caused by co-infection of T. canis and F. hepatica, as confirmed by serological tests. Although the existence of a pet dog and an experience of eating raw water dropwort are potential clues for diagnosis, it cannot be determined as the source of infection because the source of infection has not been clearly identified. After administrating albendazole and triclabendazole sequentially, the patient showed improvement in blood test and imaging findings. Clinicians should be aware of parasitic co-infection and take appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byoung Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
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10
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Sá GD, Barradas P, Amorim I, Cardoso L, Mesquita J. Correspondence: "The One Health concept applied to dirofilariasis-a zoonotic disease". Pulmonology 2023; 29:444-445. [PMID: 37005132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gomes-de- Sá
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Barradas
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - I Amorim
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, and CECAV - Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | - J Mesquita
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, Porto, Portugal; Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal.
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Guarner J, Jean S. One Health: The Role of Pathology as it Pertains to Diagnosis of Zoonoses and Discovery of Emerging Infections. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100236. [PMID: 37268063 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathologists are an integral part of One Health as they are a critical component of the multidisciplinary team that diagnoses zoonotic diseases and discovers emerging pathogens. Both human and veterinary pathologists are uniquely positioned to identify clusters or trends in patient populations that can be caused by an infectious agent and preface emerging outbreaks. The repository of tissue samples available to pathologists is an invaluable resource that can be used to investigate a variety of pathogens. One Health is an encompassing approach that focuses on optimizing the health of humans, animals (domesticated and sylvatic), and the ecosystem, including plants, water, and vectors. In this integrated and balanced approach, multiple disciplines and sectors from local and global communities work together to promote overall well-being of the 3 components and address threats such as emerging infectious diseases and zoonoses. Zoonoses are defined as infectious diseases that are spread between animals and humans through different mechanisms, including direct contact, food, water, vectors, or fomites. This review highlights examples in which human and veterinary pathologists were an integral part of the multisectoral team that identified uncommon etiologic agents or pathologies that had not been elucidated clinically. As the team discovers an emerging infectious disease, pathologists develop and validate tests for epidemiologic and clinical use and provide surveillance data on these diseases. They define the pathogenesis and pathology that these new diseases cause. This review also presents examples that demonstrate the crucial role pathologists play in diagnosing zoonoses that have an impact on the food supply and the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Guarner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Sherrie Jean
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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12
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Shukla JL, Husain AA, Bhan S, Singh LR, Kashyap RS. Diagnostic utility of LAMP PCR targeting bcsp-31 gene for human brucellosis infection. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 44:100354. [PMID: 37356844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease of significant public health concern. Molecular diagnosis of brucella remains challenging in low resource settings, due to the high infrastructure and cost involved. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a rapid point of care polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the utility of on-field molecular diagnosis and offers a convenient alternative to conventional PCR. In the present study, we developed and evaluated the diagnostic utility of in house LAMP PCR targeting the Brucella genus-specific bcsp-31 gene in patients having febrile illness. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analytical sensitivity and specificity of bcsp-31 LAMP PCR was first evaluated using brucella (n = 8) and non-brucella cultures (n = 5), along with spiked clinical samples. The overall diagnostic utility of developed LAMP PCR was then further evaluated in 393 human samples suspected of brucellosis. RESULTS The developed LAMP PCR could detect as low as 8 fg of DNA by visual detection within 35min. We report sensitivity and specificity of the developed LAMP PCR as 90.91% and 99.37%.The accuracy of the developed test assay was found to be 98.60%. In clinical samples, LAMP gave positivity of 20% with the concordance of 89% with conventional PCR. CONCLUSION To conclude, a rapid, efficacious, sensitive LAMP PCR targeting the bcsp 31 gene was developed. The existing LAMP PCR can be used as a point of care screening test in various low resource endemic setting in lieu of conventional PCR for estimation of prevalence data, diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree L Shukla
- Research Center, Dr. G.M. Taori Central India Institute of Medical Sciences (CIIMS), 88/2, Bajaj Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aliabbas A Husain
- Research Center, Dr. G.M. Taori Central India Institute of Medical Sciences (CIIMS), 88/2, Bajaj Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Surya Bhan
- Deptartment of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, India
| | - Lokendra R Singh
- Research Center, Dr. G.M. Taori Central India Institute of Medical Sciences (CIIMS), 88/2, Bajaj Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajpal S Kashyap
- Research Center, Dr. G.M. Taori Central India Institute of Medical Sciences (CIIMS), 88/2, Bajaj Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
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Cheung M, Yu D, Chan T, Chahil N, Tchao C, Slatnik M, Maruti S, Sidhu N, Scandrett B, Prystajecky N, Morshed MG, Hogan CA. The Brief Case: an Infectious Hazard of Hunting. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0062022. [PMID: 37078718 PMCID: PMC10117069 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00620-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cheung
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daisy Yu
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tracy Chan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Navdeep Chahil
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine Tchao
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Slatnik
- Boundary District Hospital, Grand Forks, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shobhit Maruti
- Interior Health Authority, Vernon, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nina Sidhu
- Interior Health Authority, Vernon, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brad Scandrett
- Centre for Food-borne and Animal Parasitology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Natalie Prystajecky
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Muhammad G. Morshed
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine A. Hogan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Saranovic M, Milic M, Radic I, Katanic N, Vujacic M, Gasic M, Bogosavljevic I. Tularemia in Pregnant Woman, Serbia, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:806-808. [PMID: 36958014 PMCID: PMC10045689 DOI: 10.3201/eid2904.221318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tularemia was diagnosed for a 33-year-old pregnant woman in Serbia after a swollen neck lymph node was detected at gestation week 18. Gentamicin was administered parenterally (120 mg/d for 7 d); the pregnancy continued with no complications and a healthy newborn was delivered. Treatment of tularemia optimizes maternal and infant outcomes.
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15
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Chen Q, Yang Q, Chen H, Yao Y, Shen L, Zhang R, Guo H, Yu Y, Zhou H. Zoonotic fungus Arthroderma multifidum causing chronic pulmonary infection. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 130:17-19. [PMID: 36828236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A rare case of fungus Arthroderma multifidum infection occurred in a 63-year-old man. The patient had some risk factors, including occupational exposure, immunosuppressive state, and structural basis following pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumothorax surgery. The pathogen was repeatedly isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and identified by gene sequencing. It is the first report of human infection caused by A. multifidum. Whole genome sequencing and analysis of its genomic characterization are completed. The findings provide us with a key clinical insight that the combination of immune suppression and environmental exposure could create an ideal condition for zoonotic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangfei Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yake Yao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lisha Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruhui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Zhejiang Digena Diagnosis Technology CO., LTD, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunsong Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Sehgal A, Mehta S, Sahay K, Martynova E, Rizvanov A, Baranwal M, Chandy S, Khaiboullina S, Kabwe E, Davidyuk Y. Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Asia: History, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020561. [PMID: 36851775 PMCID: PMC9966805 DOI: 10.3390/v15020561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) is the most frequently diagnosed zoonosis in Asia. This zoonotic infection is the result of exposure to the virus-contaminated aerosols. Orthohantavirus infection may cause Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HRFS), a disease that is characterized by acute kidney injury and increased vascular permeability. Several species of orthohantaviruses were identified as causing infection, where Hantaan, Puumala, and Seoul viruses are most common. Orthohantaviruses are endemic to several Asian countries, such as China, South Korea, and Japan. Along with those countries, HFRS tops the list of zoonotic infections in the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia. Recently, orthohantavirus circulation was demonstrated in small mammals in Thailand and India, where orthohantavirus was not believed to be endemic. In this review, we summarized the current data on orthohantaviruses in Asia. We gave the synopsis of the history and diversity of orthohantaviruses in Asia. We also described the clinical presentation and current understanding of the pathogenesis of orthohantavirus infection. Additionally, conventional and novel approaches for preventing and treating orthohantavirus infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Sehgal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Sanya Mehta
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Kritika Sahay
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Ekaterina Martynova
- OpenLab “Gene and Cell Technologies”, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- OpenLab “Gene and Cell Technologies”, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Sara Chandy
- Childs Trust Medical Research Foundation, Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai 600034, India
| | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- OpenLab “Gene and Cell Technologies”, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Emmanuel Kabwe
- OpenLab “Gene and Cell Technologies”, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
- Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Kazan 420012, Russia
| | - Yuriy Davidyuk
- OpenLab “Gene and Cell Technologies”, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Berger K, Garbuglia AR. Editorial: Diagnosis of zoonoses: Relevance of BSL3 and BSL4 facilities. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1052082. [PMID: 36325464 PMCID: PMC9621615 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1052082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Berger
- Board on Life Sciences, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Anna Rosa Garbuglia,
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghady Haidar
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh
| | - Nina Singh
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh
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20
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Macdonald A, Hawkes LA, Corrigan DK. Recent advances in biomedical, biosensor and clinical measurement devices for use in humans and the potential application of these technologies for the study of physiology and disease in wild animals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200228. [PMID: 34176326 PMCID: PMC8237170 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of achieving enhanced diagnosis and continuous monitoring of human health has led to a vibrant, dynamic and well-funded field of research in medical sensing and biosensor technologies. The field has many sub-disciplines which focus on different aspects of sensor science; engaging engineers, chemists, biochemists and clinicians, often in interdisciplinary teams. The trends which dominate include the efforts to develop effective point of care tests and implantable/wearable technologies for early diagnosis and continuous monitoring. This review will outline the current state of the art in a number of relevant fields, including device engineering, chemistry, nanoscience and biomolecular detection, and suggest how these advances might be employed to develop effective systems for measuring physiology, detecting infection and monitoring biomarker status in wild animals. Special consideration is also given to the emerging threat of antimicrobial resistance and in the light of the current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, zoonotic infections. Both of these areas involve significant crossover between animal and human health and are therefore well placed to seed technological developments with applicability to both human and animal health and, more generally, the reviewed technologies have significant potential to find use in the measurement of physiology in wild animals. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Macdonald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wolfson Centre, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
| | - Lucy A. Hawkes
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Damion K. Corrigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wolfson Centre, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
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21
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Huang M, Ma J, Jiao J, Li C, Chen L, Zhu Z, Ruan F, Xing L, Zheng X, Fu M, Ma B, Gan C, Mao Y, Zhang C, Sun P, Liu X, Lin Z, Chen L, Lu Z, Zhou D, Wen B, Chen W, Xiong X, Xia J. The epidemic of Q fever in 2018 to 2019 in Zhuhai city of China determined by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009520. [PMID: 34264939 PMCID: PMC8282036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii (Cb). From January 2018 to November 2019, plasma samples from 2,382 patients with acute fever of unknown cause at a hospital in Zhuhai city of China were tested using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Of those tested, 138 patients (5.8%) were diagnosed with Q fever based on the presence of Cb genomic DNA detected by mNGS. Among these, 78 cases (56.5%) presented from Nov 2018 to Mar 2019, suggesting an outbreak of Q fever. 55 cases with detailed clinical information that occurred during the outbreak period were used for further analysis. The vast majority of plasma samples from those Cb-mNGS-positive patients were positive in a Cb-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (n = 38) and/or indirect immunofluorescence assay (n = 26). Mobile phone tracing data was used to define the area of infection during the outbreak. This suggested the probable infection source was Cb-infected goats and cattle at the only official authorized slaughterhouse in Zhuhai city. Phylogenic analysis based on genomic sequences indicated Cb strains identified in the patients, goat and cattle were formed a single branch, most closely related to the genomic group of Cb dominated by strains isolated from goats. Our study demonstrates Q fever was epidemic in 2018–2019 in Zhuhai city, and this is the first confirmed epidemic of Q fever in a contemporary city in China. Generally, the clinical diagnosis of acute Q fever, which is caused by Coxiella burnetii, is based on serologic methods that detect the presence antibodies produced by the body to fight the infection. However, the lag time between becoming infected and production of antibodies limits early diagnosis using this method. Here, we confirmed an epidemic of human Q fever in Zhuhai, a contemporary city in China, using clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and cell phone location data. Our results indicate that Cb-infected goats and cattle at the only official authorized slaughterhouse in Zhuhai were the likely infection source for the Q fever epidemic. More importantly, we demonstrate that mNGS is a useful tool for rapid and effective public health responses to acute bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Jun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dong-Da-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing, China
| | - Chunna Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai, China
| | - Luan Chen
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhu
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Ruan
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Li Xing
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinchun Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai, China
| | - Mengjiao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dong-Da-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing, China
| | - Binyin Ma
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chongjie Gan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuanchen Mao
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chongnan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai, China
| | - Ziliang Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai, China
| | - Lu Chen
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dong-Da-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dong-Da-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing, China
| | - Bohai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dong-Da-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing, China
| | - Weijun Chen
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (WJC); (XLX); (JXY)
| | - Xiaolu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20# Dong-Da-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WJC); (XLX); (JXY)
| | - Jinyu Xia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai, China
- * E-mail: (WJC); (XLX); (JXY)
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Miguéis SDC, Tavares APM, Martins GV, Frasco MF, Sales MGF. Biosensors for European Zoonotic Agents: A Current Portuguese Perspective. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:4547. [PMID: 34283108 PMCID: PMC8271446 DOI: 10.3390/s21134547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Emerging and recurrent outbreaks caused by zoonotic agents pose a public health risk. They result in morbidity and mortality in humans and significant losses in the livestock and food industries. This highlights the need for rapid surveillance methods. Despite the high reliability of conventional pathogen detection methods, they have high detection limits and are time-consuming and not suitable for on-site analysis. Furthermore, the unpredictable spread of zoonotic infections due to a complex combination of risk factors urges the development of innovative technologies to overcome current limitations in early warning and detection. Biosensing, in particular, is highlighted here, as it offers rapid and cost-effective devices for use at the site of infection while increasing the sensitivity of detection. Portuguese research in biosensors for zoonotic pathogens is the focus of this review. This branch of research produces exciting and innovative devices for the study of the most widespread pathogenic bacteria. The studies presented here relate to the different classes of pathogens whose characteristics and routes of infection are also described. Many advances have been made in recent years, and Portuguese research teams have increased publications in this field. However, biosensing still needs to be extended to other pathogens, including potentially pandemic viruses. In addition, the use of biosensors as part of routine diagnostics in hospitals for humans, in animal infections for veterinary medicine, and food control has not yet been achieved. Therefore, a convergence of Portuguese efforts with global studies on biosensors to control emerging zoonotic diseases is foreseen for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel da Costa Miguéis
- BioMark@ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.M.T.); (G.V.M.); (M.F.F.)
- Centro de Investigação Desenvolvimento e Inovação da Academia Militar, Academia Militar, Instituto Universitário Militar, 1169-203 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana P. M. Tavares
- BioMark@ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.M.T.); (G.V.M.); (M.F.F.)
- BioMark@UC, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Gabriela V. Martins
- BioMark@ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.M.T.); (G.V.M.); (M.F.F.)
- BioMark@UC, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuela F. Frasco
- BioMark@ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.M.T.); (G.V.M.); (M.F.F.)
- BioMark@UC, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Goreti Ferreira Sales
- BioMark@ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.M.T.); (G.V.M.); (M.F.F.)
- BioMark@UC, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Rodriguez A, Douphrate DI, Hagevoort R, Cienega L, de Porras DGR, Perez A, Nonnenmann M. Association of Exposure to Cattle with Self-Reported History of TB Among Dairy Workers. Workplace Health Saf 2021; 69:306-314. [PMID: 33383992 PMCID: PMC8205934 DOI: 10.1177/2165079920976521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium bovis (bTB) is a potential health hazard to dairy workers. This study uses the One Health wholistic framework for examining bovine tuberculosis (TB) and its relationship to human health. This approach can help bridge surveillance data gaps and contribute to disease control and prevention programs for dairy farm workers, cattle, and the environment. The primary objective of this study was to compare the self-reported history of TB among dairy workers in Bailey County, Texas, with occupational categories of risk and exposure to TB. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among dairy workers. Job positions were used as a proxy for exposure to cattle-high and medium/low. We employed bivariate analyses to examine differences between groups using both the chi-square test and the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS Of the 293 dairy workers invited, 77.0% (n = 225) participated. No statistically significant associations were found between job categories and reported history of TB exposure. Workers in the high group were younger, Guatemalan males with lower levels of formal education, more likely to be single with no children, and cohabitating with coworkers compared with the medium/low group. CONCLUSION/APPLICATION TO PRACTICE Self-reported TB history among dairy workers is an imprecise measure of being previously diagnosed with TB. Dairy workers at risk for occupationally acquired TB could be tested for TB before employment and tested periodically thereafter, and more expeditiously treated if a positive test is obtained. Future studies should focus on the feasibility of offering on-farm health services, such as TB screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Rodriguez
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in San Antonio, Texas USA, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, 7411 John Smith Drive, Suite 1100, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - David I. Douphrate
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in San Antonio, Texas USA, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, 7411 John Smith Drive, Suite 1100, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Robert Hagevoort
- New Mexico State University, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Agricultural Science Center at Clovis, 2346 State Road 288, Clovis, New Mexico 88101
| | - Leeroy Cienega
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Department of Industrial Hygiene and Safety, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - David Gimeno Ruiz de Porras
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in San Antonio, Texas USA, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, 7411 John Smith Drive, Suite 1100, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Adriana Perez
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Austin, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, 1616 Guadalupe Street, Suite 6.340, Austin, Texas 78701
| | - Matthew Nonnenmann
- The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, 145 N. Riverside Drive, 100 CPHB, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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Michelitsch A, Schön J, Hoffmann D, Beer M, Wernike K. The Second Wave of SARS-CoV-2 Circulation-Antibody Detection in the Domestic Cat Population in Germany. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061009. [PMID: 34072254 PMCID: PMC8229653 DOI: 10.3390/v13061009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Registered cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in the German human population increased rapidly during the second wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in winter 2020/21. Since domestic cats are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, the occurrence of trans-species transmission needs to be monitored. A previous serosurvey during the first wave of the pandemic detected antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in 0.65% of feline serum samples that were randomly sampled across Germany. In the here-presented follow-up study that was conducted from September 2020 to February 2021, the seroprevalence rose to 1.36% (16/1173). This doubling of the seroprevalence in cats is in line with the rise of reported cases in the human population and indicates a continuous occurrence of trans-species transmission from infected owners to their cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martin Beer
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (K.W.); Tel.: +49-38351-71200 (M.B.); +49-38351-71212 (K.W.)
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (K.W.); Tel.: +49-38351-71200 (M.B.); +49-38351-71212 (K.W.)
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Peper ST, Jones AC, Webb CR, Lacy M, Presley SM. Consideration of Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases during Differential Diagnosis. South Med J 2021; 114:277-282. [PMID: 33942111 PMCID: PMC8061336 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recognition and reporting of vector-borne and zoonotic disease (VBZD) cases is largely dependent upon the consideration of such diseases by healthcare practitioners during the initial diagnosis and ordering of specific confirmative diagnostic tests. This study was conducted to assess the general knowledge and understanding of VBZD transmission and clinical presentation. METHODS Healthcare practitioners were surveyed to determine the extent of training and educational experiences they received relative to VBZDs, and their likelihood to consider such diseases during differential diagnoses. In addition, an assessment of their knowledge of arthropod species that may transmit VBZD pathogens was conducted. RESULTS Having postprofessional school training relevant to VBZDs significantly influenced diagnostic accuracy for such disease cases based on the presented clinical signs and symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of VBZDs in the United States likely is significantly underestimated. The authors suggest the enhancement of VBZD-focused education as an important initiative that would significantly improve timely diagnosis, treatment, and, ultimately, prevention of these diseases.
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Jayasundara D, Senavirathna I, Warnasekara J, Gamage C, Siribaddana S, Kularatne SAM, Matthias M, Mariet JF, Picardeau M, Agampodi S, M. Vinetz J. 12 Novel clonal groups of Leptospira infecting humans in multiple contrasting epidemiological contexts in Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009272. [PMID: 33735202 PMCID: PMC8009393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a ubiquitous zoonotic disease and a major clinical challenge owing to the multitude of clinical presentations and manifestations that are possibly attributable to the diversity of Leptospira, the understanding of which is key to study the epidemiology of this emerging global disease threat. Sri Lanka is a hotspot for leptospirosis with high levels of endemicity as well as annual epidemics. We carried out a prospective study of Leptospira diversity in Sri Lanka, covering the full range of climatic zones, geography, and clinical severity. Samples were collected for leptospiral culture from 1,192 patients from 15 of 25 districts in Sri Lanka over two and half years. Twenty-five isolates belonging to four pathogenic Leptospira species were identified: L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. weilii, and L. kirschneri. At least six serogroups were identified among the isolates: Autumnalis (6), Pyrogenes (4), Icterohaemorrhagiae (2), Celledoni (1), Grippotyphosa (2) and Bataviae (1). Seven isolates did not agglutinate using available antisera panels, suggesting new serogroups. Isolates were sequenced using an Illumina platform. These data add 25 new core genome sequence types and were clustered in 15 clonal groups, including 12 new clonal groups. L. borgpetersenii was found only in the dry zone and L. weilii only in the wet zone. Acute kidney injury and cardiovascular involvement were seen only with L. interrogans infections. Thrombocytopenia and liver impairment were seen in both L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii infections. The inadequate sensitivity of culture isolation to identify infecting Leptospira species underscores the need for culture-independent typing methods for Leptospira. There is a huge diversity in pathogenic Leptospira species worldwide, and our knowledge of the currently circulating species is deficient owing to limited isolation and identification of Leptospira species from endemic countries. This prospective study reveals the wide pathogen diversity that causes human leptospirosis in Sri Lanka, representing four species, more than six serogroups, and fifteen clonal groups. Further, the different geographic and climatic zone distributions and clinical manifestations observed underscores the need for prospective studies to expand the molecular epidemiological approaches to combat leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesha Jayasundara
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Indika Senavirathna
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Janith Warnasekara
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Chandika Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Sisira Siribaddana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Michael Matthias
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | | | - Suneth Agampodi
- Leptospirosis Research Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Shriner SA, Ellis JW, Root JJ, Roug A, Stopak SR, Wiscomb GW, Zierenberg JR, Ip HS, Torchetti MK, DeLiberto TJ. SARS-CoV-2 Exposure in Escaped Mink, Utah, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:988-990. [PMID: 33622465 PMCID: PMC7920664 DOI: 10.3201/eid2703.204444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In August 2020, outbreaks of coronavirus disease were confirmed on mink farms in Utah, USA. We surveyed mammals captured on and around farms for evidence of infection or exposure. Free-ranging mink, presumed domestic escapees, exhibited high antibody titers, suggesting a potential severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission pathway to native wildlife.
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Wylezich C, Calvelage S, Schlottau K, Ziegler U, Pohlmann A, Höper D, Beer M. Next-generation diagnostics: virus capture facilitates a sensitive viral diagnosis for epizootic and zoonotic pathogens including SARS-CoV-2. Microbiome 2021; 9:51. [PMID: 33610182 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z/figures/4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of pathogens in clinical and environmental samples using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is often hampered by large amounts of background information, which is especially true for viruses with small genomes. Enormous sequencing depth can be necessary to compile sufficient information for identification of a certain pathogen. Generic HTS combining with in-solution capture enrichment can markedly increase the sensitivity for virus detection in complex diagnostic samples. METHODS A virus panel based on the principle of biotinylated RNA baits was developed for specific capture enrichment of epizootic and zoonotic viruses (VirBaits). The VirBaits set was supplemented by a SARS-CoV-2 predesigned bait set for testing recent SARS-CoV-2-positive samples. Libraries generated from complex samples were sequenced via generic HTS (without enrichment) and afterwards enriched with the VirBaits set. For validation, an internal proficiency test for emerging epizootic and zoonotic viruses (African swine fever virus, Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, Nipah henipavirus, Rift Valley fever virus) was conducted. RESULTS The VirBaits set consists of 177,471 RNA baits (80-mer) based on about 18,800 complete viral genomes targeting 35 epizootic and zoonotic viruses. In all tested samples, viruses with both DNA and RNA genomes were clearly enriched ranging from about 10-fold to 10,000-fold for viruses including distantly related viruses with at least 72% overall identity to viruses represented in the bait set. Viruses showing a lower overall identity (38% and 46%) to them were not enriched but could nonetheless be detected based on capturing conserved genome regions. The internal proficiency test supports the improved virus detection using the combination of HTS plus targeted enrichment but also points to the risk of cross-contamination between samples. CONCLUSIONS The VirBaits approach showed a high diagnostic performance, also for distantly related viruses. The bait set is modular and expandable according to the favored diagnostics, health sector, or research question. The risk of cross-contamination needs to be taken into consideration. The application of the RNA-baits principle turned out to be user friendly, and even non-experts can easily use the VirBaits workflow. The rapid extension of the established VirBaits set adapted to actual outbreak events is possible as shown for SARS-CoV-2. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wylezich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Sten Calvelage
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kore Schlottau
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegler
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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29
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Wylezich C, Calvelage S, Schlottau K, Ziegler U, Pohlmann A, Höper D, Beer M. Next-generation diagnostics: virus capture facilitates a sensitive viral diagnosis for epizootic and zoonotic pathogens including SARS-CoV-2. Microbiome 2021; 9:51. [PMID: 33610182 PMCID: PMC7896545 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of pathogens in clinical and environmental samples using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is often hampered by large amounts of background information, which is especially true for viruses with small genomes. Enormous sequencing depth can be necessary to compile sufficient information for identification of a certain pathogen. Generic HTS combining with in-solution capture enrichment can markedly increase the sensitivity for virus detection in complex diagnostic samples. METHODS A virus panel based on the principle of biotinylated RNA baits was developed for specific capture enrichment of epizootic and zoonotic viruses (VirBaits). The VirBaits set was supplemented by a SARS-CoV-2 predesigned bait set for testing recent SARS-CoV-2-positive samples. Libraries generated from complex samples were sequenced via generic HTS (without enrichment) and afterwards enriched with the VirBaits set. For validation, an internal proficiency test for emerging epizootic and zoonotic viruses (African swine fever virus, Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, Nipah henipavirus, Rift Valley fever virus) was conducted. RESULTS The VirBaits set consists of 177,471 RNA baits (80-mer) based on about 18,800 complete viral genomes targeting 35 epizootic and zoonotic viruses. In all tested samples, viruses with both DNA and RNA genomes were clearly enriched ranging from about 10-fold to 10,000-fold for viruses including distantly related viruses with at least 72% overall identity to viruses represented in the bait set. Viruses showing a lower overall identity (38% and 46%) to them were not enriched but could nonetheless be detected based on capturing conserved genome regions. The internal proficiency test supports the improved virus detection using the combination of HTS plus targeted enrichment but also points to the risk of cross-contamination between samples. CONCLUSIONS The VirBaits approach showed a high diagnostic performance, also for distantly related viruses. The bait set is modular and expandable according to the favored diagnostics, health sector, or research question. The risk of cross-contamination needs to be taken into consideration. The application of the RNA-baits principle turned out to be user friendly, and even non-experts can easily use the VirBaits workflow. The rapid extension of the established VirBaits set adapted to actual outbreak events is possible as shown for SARS-CoV-2. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wylezich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Sten Calvelage
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kore Schlottau
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegler
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Mazinani M, Rude BJ. The novel zoonotic Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Health perspective on the outbreak. J Healthc Qual Res 2021; 36:47-51. [PMID: 33162382 PMCID: PMC7556804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhqr.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
During late 2019, the first cases of the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) were observed in a Seafood Market in Wuhan. As the first cases took place in a seafood market that consumed live animals, it has been identified as a zoonotic disease. Some reports suggested snakes were the animal host, while others reported bat and pangolin were the sources of infection because coronavirus-origin of these two animals had similar genomic sequences to COVID-19. The common diagnosis method for detection COVID-19 was according to clinical manifestation, epidemiological histories, and ancillary tests, like CT scan, nucleic acid detection, immune identification technology, blood culture, Radiology, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This review presented a perspective about current knowledge about COVID-19 in different aspects including probable zoonotic origins, and Coronaviruses classification was discussed in this context. In addition, epidemiology, clinical signs, treatment, and management strategies for controlling COVID-19 were also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mazinani
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, USA.
| | - B J Rude
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, USA
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31
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Pereira LQ, Ferreira-Silva MM, Ratkevicius CMA, Gómez-Hérnandez C, De Vito FB, Tanaka SCSV, Rodrigues Júnior V, Moraes-Souza H. Identification of Leishmania infantum in blood donors from endemic regions for visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 2021; 148:110-114. [PMID: 33143775 PMCID: PMC11010041 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic protozoonosis observed in over 60 countries, with over 500 000 new cases recorded annually. Although the diagnostic procedure of its symptomatic forms is well established, for asymptomatic patients, who represent about 85% of those infected, there is no consensus on the best method for its identification. Recent studies have presented molecular techniques as viable identification methods, with good sensitivity and specificity indices in asymptomatic individuals. Therefore, we aimed to use molecular methods to assess their effectiveness in identifying the presence of asymptomatic infection by Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) individuals from endemic regions of Brazil. Screening was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and confirmed by sequencing the cytochrome B gene. Of the 127 samples [from 608 blood donors who had participated in a previous study, of which 34 were positive by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) rK39] tested by qPCR, 31 (24.4%) were positive. In the sequencing of 10 qPCR-positive samples, five were identified as L. infantum. Complimentary samples of the ELISA rK39 and conventional PCR showed only reasonable and low agreement with qPCR, respectively. The qPCR confirmed the presence of infection in five of the 10 sequenced samples, ELISA confirmed three, and the conventional PCR confirmed none.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Queli Pereira
- Laboratory of Hematological Research of the Triângulo Mineiro Federal University and Uberaba Regional Blood Center – Hemominas Fundation, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcia Maria Ferreira-Silva
- Laboratory of Hematological Research of the Triângulo Mineiro Federal University and Uberaba Regional Blood Center – Hemominas Fundation, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - César Gómez-Hérnandez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Triângulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bernadelli De Vito
- Laboratory of Hematological Research of the Triângulo Mineiro Federal University and Uberaba Regional Blood Center – Hemominas Fundation, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sarah Cristina Sato Vaz Tanaka
- Laboratory of Hematological Research of the Triângulo Mineiro Federal University and Uberaba Regional Blood Center – Hemominas Fundation, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Helio Moraes-Souza
- Laboratory of Hematological Research of the Triângulo Mineiro Federal University and Uberaba Regional Blood Center – Hemominas Fundation, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Dolz Aspas R, Collado Hernández P, Moliner Lahoz FJ, Salvo Gonzalo MS. [Family outbreak of brucellosis. The importance of epidemiological suspicion.]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2020; 94:e202012145. [PMID: 33226016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brucellosis is the most widespread zoonosis in the world. In Spain its incidence has decreased considerably in recent years thanks to the social and health measures carried out. 40 cases of brucellosis have been reported in humans in 2018, representing a rate of 0.09 per 100,000 inhabitants. The objective of the study was to highlight the importance of epidemiological suspicion, as well as the screening of relatives for the diagnosis of the disease. METHODS A descriptive study of a family outbreak of imported brucellosis was carried out. Five members of the same family were evaluated after the diagnosis of brucellosis in a patient in the Health Area III of Zaragoza, in May 2019. The relatives of the patient and the health center were contacted by telephone to investigate the possibility of involvement of the relatives with whom he had traveled and lived in Morocco. RESULTS In a scenario with a low frequency of disease such as our country at the present time, family screening, after an initial diagnosis of imported brucellosis, allowed the detection and treatment of four members of the same family of Maghreb origin. They were infected during a trip to their place of origin in April 2019, a month in which they lived in rural areas in contact with animals (sheep, goats, cows) and consumed dairy and meat products. The appearance of presented symptoms was temporally consistent with the incubation period of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Emphasize the importance of active surveillance and screening in relatives of patients diagnosed with Brucellosis, since they generally share exposures to a common source.
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Stigler Granados P, Pacheco GJ, Núñez Patlán E, Betancourt J, Fulton L. Assessing the effectiveness of Chagas disease education for healthcare providers in the United States. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:743. [PMID: 33036559 PMCID: PMC7547496 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease is a zoonotic infection caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which affects an estimated 8-11 million people globally. Chagas disease is almost always associated with poverty in rural areas and disproportionately impacts immigrants from Latin America living in the United States. Approximately 20-30% of people who are infected with Chagas disease will develop a chronic form of the infection that can be fatal if left untreated. Chagas disease is vastly underestimated in the United States, often goes undiagnosed and is not well understood by most U.S. healthcare providers. One of the most important ways at reducing barriers to improving diagnostics of Chagas disease in the U.S. is giving healthcare providers the most up-to-date information and access to leading experts. METHODS An online webinar was conducted for healthcare providers, veterinarians and public health professionals using Chagas disease expert panelists. Pre and post tests were administered to participants (n = 57) to determine the efficacy in raising awareness and to determine key focus areas for improving knowledge. A Wilcoxon rank-sum was used for non-parametric variables equivalent and for questions that assessed knowledge the McNemar's Chi-Square test was used. RESULTS There were statistically significant learning increases in multiple categories including transmission (p = <.001), clinical presentation (p = 0.016), diagnostics (p = <.001), and treatment (p = <.001). CONCLUSION Providing easily accessible learning opportunities using validated testing and evaluations should be further developed for rural healthcare providers in the U.S. as well as healthcare providers serving under represented populations such as immigrants. There is a clear lack of knowledge and awareness surrounding Chagas disease in the United States and just by raising awareness and providing education on the topic, lives will be saved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Stigler Granados
- School of Health Administration, Texas State University, 601 University Dr, San Marcos, TX 78666-4606 USA
| | - Gerardo J. Pacheco
- School of Health Administration, Texas State University, 601 University Dr, San Marcos, TX 78666-4606 USA
| | - Evangelina Núñez Patlán
- School of Health Administration, Texas State University, 601 University Dr, San Marcos, TX 78666-4606 USA
| | - Jose Betancourt
- School of Health Administration, Texas State University, 601 University Dr, San Marcos, TX 78666-4606 USA
| | - Lawrence Fulton
- School of Health Administration, Texas State University, 601 University Dr, San Marcos, TX 78666-4606 USA
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Bhatia R. Need for integrated surveillance at human-animal interface for rapid detection & response to emerging coronavirus infections using One Health approach. Indian J Med Res 2020; 151:132-135. [PMID: 32202259 PMCID: PMC7357400 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_623_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Bhatia
- Former Director, Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization South-East Asia Region Office, New Delhi 110 002, India
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Mravcová K, Štrkolcová G, Mucha R, Barbušinová E, Goldová M, Kačírová J, Maďar M. Cryptosporidium parvum - zoonotic subtype IIdA15G1 in a Slovakian patient. Ann Agric Environ Med 2020; 27:485-488. [PMID: 32955234 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/126619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The parasite Cryptosporidium spp. is an intracellular protozoa which has a broad range of hosts and zoonotic potential. It presents a serious health risk for agricultural workers and veterinarians. The aim of the study was to identify the species and subtypes of Cryptosporidium occurring in a veterinary student who came into contact with calves on a farm. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique was employed to confirm the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. ELISA test was applied to detect coproantigen in faecal specimens. Nested PCR was used to amplify a small ribosomal subunit (SSU rRNA) and sequencing of the GP60 gene served to identify the zoonotic subtypes. RESULTS The nested PCR allowed to confirm the C. parvum species; subsequently, the IIdA15G1 zoonotic subtype was identified. CONCLUSIONS This is the first confirmed case in Slovakia of human cryptosporidiosis caused by the unique subtype IIdA15G1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Mravcová
- Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Gabriela Štrkolcová
- Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Rastislav Mucha
- Institute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Barbušinová
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Animal Breeding, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Goldová
- Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Kačírová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Marián Maďar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Toribio L, Santivanez S, Scott AL, Enriquez R, Sedano C, Soto-Becerra P, Garcia HH, Shiff CJ. Diagnostic urinary cfDNA detected in human cystic echinococcosis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 239:111314. [PMID: 32866606 PMCID: PMC8801304 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a major neglected tropical zoonotic disease caused by the tissue-dwelling larval stage of the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus. For individuals suspected of CE, the diagnostic standard is imaging using ultrasonography, X rays, or computed tomography. These resource-demanding and expensive procedures are rarely available in endemic rural areas where CE is most prevalent. There is a critical need for a new approach to identify CE patients so that they can be managed early in the course of their infection. This study reports on the results of a diagnostic approach that identifies E. granulosus-derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the urine of CE patients. Utilizing PCR to amplify a fragment of a major tandem repeat element found in E. granulosus nuclear DNA, urine samples from all seven imaging-confirmed CE patients who harbored active liver cysts were positive. In addition, the urine samples from 2/4 patients who presented with non-viable/calcified liver cysts were also PCR positive for the repeat fragment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of using parasite cfDNA from urine to diagnose CE. This approach provides an easy to implement and cost-effective method to survey for the prevalence of E. granulosus in humans populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Toribio
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Saul Santivanez
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Alan L Scott
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Raul Enriquez
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar Sedano
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Percy Soto-Becerra
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Clive J Shiff
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Thi Kha Tu N, Thi Thu Hong N, Thi Han Ny N, My Phuc T, Thi Thanh Tam P, van Doorn HR, Dang Trung Nghia H, Thao Huong D, An Han D, Thi Thu Ha L, Deng X, Thwaites G, Delwart E, Virtala AMK, Vapalahti O, Baker S, Van Tan L. The Virome of Acute Respiratory Diseases in Individuals at Risk of Zoonotic Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:E960. [PMID: 32872469 PMCID: PMC7552073 DOI: 10.3390/v12090960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emphasizes the need to actively study the virome of unexplained respiratory diseases. We performed viral metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) analysis of 91 nasal-throat swabs from individuals working with animals and with acute respiratory diseases. Fifteen virus RT-PCR-positive samples were included as controls, while the other 76 samples were RT-PCR negative for a wide panel of respiratory pathogens. Eukaryotic viruses detected by mNGS were then screened by PCR (using primers based on mNGS-derived contigs) in all samples to compare viral detection by mNGS versus PCR and assess the utility of mNGS in routine diagnostics. mNGS identified expected human rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, influenza A virus, coronavirus OC43, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A in 13 of 15 (86.7%) positive control samples. Additionally, rotavirus, torque teno virus, human papillomavirus, human betaherpesvirus 7, cyclovirus, vientovirus, gemycircularvirus, and statovirus were identified through mNGS. Notably, complete genomes of novel cyclovirus, gemycircularvirus, and statovirus were genetically characterized. Using PCR screening, the novel cyclovirus was additionally detected in 5 and the novel gemycircularvirus in 12 of the remaining samples included for mNGS analysis. Our studies therefore provide pioneering data of the virome of acute-respiratory diseases from individuals at risk of zoonotic infections. The mNGS protocol/pipeline applied here is sensitive for the detection of a variety of viruses, including novel ones. More frequent detections of the novel viruses by PCR than by mNGS on the same samples suggests that PCR remains the most sensitive diagnostic test for viruses whose genomes are known. The detection of novel viruses expands our understanding of the respiratory virome of animal-exposed humans and warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Kha Tu
- Doctoral School in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
- Dong Thap Provincial Center for Disease Control, Cao Lanh City 660273, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam; (D.A.H.); (L.T.T.H.)
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Hong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
| | - Nguyen Thi Han Ny
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
| | - Tran My Phuc
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
| | - Pham Thi Thanh Tam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ha Noi 8000, Vietnam;
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Ho Dang Trung Nghia
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
| | - Dang Thao Huong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
| | - Duong An Han
- Dong Thap Provincial Center for Disease Control, Cao Lanh City 660273, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam; (D.A.H.); (L.T.T.H.)
| | - Luu Thi Thu Ha
- Dong Thap Provincial Center for Disease Control, Cao Lanh City 660273, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam; (D.A.H.); (L.T.T.H.)
| | - Xutao Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (X.D.); (E.D.)
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Eric Delwart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (X.D.); (E.D.)
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Anna-Maija K. Virtala
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Doctoral School in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Virology and Immunology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
| | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam; (N.T.T.H.); (N.T.H.N.); (T.M.P.); (P.T.T.T.); (H.D.T.N.); (D.T.H.); (G.T.)
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Huong NQ, Nga NTT, Long NV, Luu BD, Latinne A, Pruvot M, Phuong NT, Quang LTV, Hung VV, Lan NT, Hoa NT, Minh PQ, Diep NT, Tung N, Ky VD, Roberton SI, Thuy HB, Long NV, Gilbert M, Wicker L, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK, Goldstein T, Tremeau-Bravard A, Ontiveros V, Joly DO, Walzer C, Fine AE, Olson SH. Coronavirus testing indicates transmission risk increases along wildlife supply chains for human consumption in Viet Nam, 2013-2014. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237129. [PMID: 32776964 PMCID: PMC7416947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of emerging coronaviruses in the past two decades and the current pandemic of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged in China highlight the importance of this viral family as a zoonotic public health threat. To gain a better understanding of coronavirus presence and diversity in wildlife at wildlife-human interfaces in three southern provinces in Viet Nam 2013-2014, we used consensus Polymerase Chain Reactions to detect coronavirus sequences. In comparison to previous studies, we observed high proportions of positive samples among field rats (34.0%, 239/702) destined for human consumption and insectivorous bats in guano farms (74.8%, 234/313) adjacent to human dwellings. Most notably among field rats, the odds of coronavirus RNA detection significantly increased along the supply chain from field rats sold by traders (reference group; 20.7% positivity, 39/188) by a factor of 2.2 for field rats sold in large markets (32.0%, 116/363) and 10.0 for field rats sold and served in restaurants (55.6%, 84/151). Coronaviruses were also detected in rodents on the majority of wildlife farms sampled (60.7%, 17/28). These coronaviruses were found in the Malayan porcupines (6.0%, 20/331) and bamboo rats (6.3%, 6/96) that are raised on wildlife farms for human consumption as food. We identified six known coronaviruses in bats and rodents, clustered in three Coronaviridae genera, including the Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammacoronaviruses. Our analysis also suggested either mixing of animal excreta in the environment or interspecies transmission of coronaviruses, as both bat and avian coronaviruses were detected in rodent feces on wildlife farms. The mixing of multiple coronaviruses, and their apparent amplification along the wildlife supply chain into restaurants, suggests maximal risk for end consumers and likely underpins the mechanisms of zoonotic spillover to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quynh Huong
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Nguyen Van Long
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Viet Nam, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Bach Duc Luu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Viet Nam, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Alice Latinne
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mathieu Pruvot
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | - Vo Van Hung
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Lan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Viet Nam National University of Agriculture, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hoa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Viet Nam National University of Agriculture, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Phan Quang Minh
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Viet Nam, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Diep
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Viet Nam, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Tung
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Viet Nam, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Van Dang Ky
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Viet Nam, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Scott I. Roberton
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Bich Thuy
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Van Long
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Martin Gilbert
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Leanne Wicker
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Kreuder Johnson
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alex Tremeau-Bravard
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Victoria Ontiveros
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Damien O. Joly
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Chris Walzer
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amanda E. Fine
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah H. Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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Massetti L, Colella V, Zendejas PA, Ng-Nguyen D, Harriott L, Marwedel L, Wiethoelter A, Traub RJ. High-throughput multiplex qPCRs for the surveillance of zoonotic species of canine hookworms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008392. [PMID: 32542036 PMCID: PMC7316352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The canine hookworms Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala are not only capable of producing morbidity and mortality in dogs but are also neglected tropical zoonoses. Each hookworm species differs considerably in its geographical distribution, life cycle, biology, pathogenic impacts on both canine and human hosts, zoonotic potential, and response to treatment with anthelminthics. Here we describe the development and validation of two Taq-Man based multiplex PCR assays capable of detecting and differentiating all four canine hookworm species in faeces of naturally infected dogs. The analytical sensitivity of both assays was assessed using 10-fold serial dilutions of synthetic gene block fragments containing individual sequence targets of each hookworm species. The sensitivity of the assays and ability to detect mixed species infections were compared to a conventional PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism based-approach when applied to laboratory and field samples from endemic areas. The qPCRs detected at least one species of hookworms in 82.4% of PCR-RFLP-negative but microscopy-positive samples. The qPCRs detected an additional 68% mixed infections with different species of canine hookworms, and additional single species infection with A. caninum (47%), U. stenocephala (33%) and A. ceylanicum (0.02%) that were missed by PCR-RFLP. These multiplex qPCR assays will assist field based epidemiological surveillance studies towards an accurate and sensitive monitoring of canine hookworm infections in dogs, to inform their species-specific zoonotic risks to populations living in endemic areas, globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Massetti
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vito Colella
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patsy A Zendejas
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dinh Ng-Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Dak Lak, Vietnam
| | - Lana Harriott
- Pest Animal Research Centre, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Lara Marwedel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anke Wiethoelter
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Cabrera Orrego R, Ríos-Osorio LA, Keynan Y, Rueda ZV, Gutiérrez LA. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in livestock farmers and cattle from Magdalena Medio in Antioquia, Colombia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234360. [PMID: 32520958 PMCID: PMC7286501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in animals. In humans, it causes acute febrile illnesses like influenza, pneumonia, hepatitis, and chronic illnesses such as endocarditis, vascular infection, and post-infectious fatigue syndrome. It is widely distributed worldwide, and its main reservoirs are sheep, goats, and cattle. This study aimed to determine the frequency of C. burnetii infection using molecular detection and to identify the associated factors in livestock farmers and cattle from the Magdalena Medio region of Antioquia, Colombia. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), molecular detection was performed for the IS1111 insertion sequence of C. burnetii using genomic DNA collected from the peripheral blood of 143 livestock farmers and 192 cattle from 24 farms located in Puerto Berrío, Puerto Nare, and Puerto Triunfo. To confirm the results, bidirectional amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA was performed in four of the positive samples. Additionally, factors associated with C. burnetii were identified using a Poisson regression with cluster effect adjustment. Real-time PCR showed positive results in 25.9% and 19.5% of livestock farmer samples and cattle samples, respectively. For livestock farmers, factors associated with C. burnetii were the area where the farm was located [Puerto Berrío, adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 2.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-4.11], presence of hens (aPR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.21-1.79), horses (aPR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.54-1.67), and ticks (aPR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.03-5.42) in the residence, and consumption of raw milk (aPR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.26-1.72). For cattle, the factors associated with Coxiella genus were municipality (Puerto Nare; aPR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.37-0.41) and time of residence on the farm (≥49 months; aPR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.03-5.20). By analyzing sequences of the 16S rRNA molecular marker, C. burnetii infection was confirmed in livestock farmers. However, in cattle, only the presence of Coxiella-type bacteria was identified. Further research is necessary to determine the potential role that these types of bacteria have as etiological agents for disease in livestock farmers and cattle from the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Cabrera Orrego
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Alberto Ríos-Osorio
- Escuela de Microbiología, Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Veterinaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Lina Andrea Gutiérrez
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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O'Connor CM, Abid M, Walsh AL, Behbod B, Roberts T, Booth LV, Thomas HL, Smith NH, Palkopoulou E, Dale J, Nunez-Garcia J, Morgan D. Cat-to-Human Transmission of Mycobacterium bovis, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:2284-2286. [PMID: 31742516 PMCID: PMC6874266 DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.190012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infection with Mycobacterium bovis is reported infrequently in the United Kingdom. Most cases involve previous consumption of unpasteurized milk. We report a rare occurrence of 2 incidents of cat-to-human transmission of M. bovis during a cluster of infection in cats.
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Loreck K, Mitrenga S, Heinze R, Ehricht R, Engemann C, Lueken C, Ploetz M, Greiner M, Meemken D. Use of meat juice and blood serum with a miniaturised protein microarray assay to develop a multi-parameter IgG screening test with high sample throughput potential for slaughtering pigs. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:106. [PMID: 32252773 PMCID: PMC7137480 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serological screening of pig herds at the abattoir is considered a potential tool to improve meat inspection procedures and herd health management. Therefore, we previously reported the feasibility of a miniaturised protein microarray as a new serological IgG screening test for zoonotic agents and production diseases in pigs. The present study investigates whether the protein microarray-based assay is applicable for high sample throughput using either blood serum or meat juice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Microarrays with 12 different antigens were produced by Abbott (formerly Alere Technologies GmbH) Jena, Germany in a previously offered 'ArrayTube' platform and in an 'ArrayStrip' platform for large-scale use. A test protocol for the use of meat juice on both microarray platforms was developed. Agreement between serum and meat juice was analysed with 88 paired samples from three German abattoirs. Serum was diluted 1:50 and meat juice 1:2. ELISA results for all tested antigens from a preceding study were used as reference test to perform Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis for both test specimens on both microarray platforms. RESULTS High area under curve values (AUC > 0.7) were calculated for the analysis of T. gondii (0.87), Y. enterocolitica (0.97), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (0.84) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (0.71) with serum as the test specimen and for T. gondii (0.99), Y. enterocolitica (0.94), PRRSV (0.88), A. pleuropneumoniae (0.78) and Salmonella spp. (0.72) with meat juice as the test specimen on the ArrayStrip platform. Cohens kappa values of 0.92 for T. gondii and 0.82 for Y. enterocolitica were obtained for the comparison between serum and meat juice. When applying the new method in two further laboratories, kappa values between 0.63 and 0.94 were achieved between the laboratories for these two pathogens. CONCLUSION Further development of a miniaturised pig-specific IgG protein microarray assay showed that meat juice can be used on microarray platforms. Two out of twelve tested antigens (T. gondii, Y. enterocolitica) showed high test accuracy on the ArrayTube and the ArrayStrip platform with both sample materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Loreck
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sylvia Mitrenga
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Regina Heinze
- Abbott (Alere Technologies GmbH), Löbstedter Straße 103-105, D-07749, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Department for Optical Molecular Diagnostics and Systems Technology, Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Centre for Applied Research, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07737, Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Engemann
- Indical Bioscience GmbH, Deutscher Platz 5b, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Caroline Lueken
- LUFA Nord-West, Institut für Tiergesundheit, Ammerländer Heerstraße 123, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine Ploetz
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Greiner
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, D-10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Meemken
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Section Meat Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, D-14163, Berlin, Germany
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Xing F, Li X, Lo SKF, Poon RWS, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Dirofilaria hongkongensis infection presenting as recurrent shoulder mass. Parasitol Int 2020; 77:102117. [PMID: 32234557 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2012, a novel canine Dirofilaria species, D. hongkongensis was identified in Hong Kong that caused human diseases and subsequently reported in an Austrian traveller returning from the Indian subcontinent. Here we present a case of human infection by D. hongkongensis manifested as recurrent shoulder mass. Diagnosis was achieved by cox1 gene sequencing of the excised specimen. The case illustrated that parasitic infection represents an important differential diagnosis for musculoskeletal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Xing
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, 518053 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon K F Lo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rosana W S Poon
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, 518053 Shenzhen, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, 518053 Shenzhen, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Heo DH, Kang YM, Song KH, Seo JW, Kim JH, Chun JY, Jun KI, Kang CK, Moon SM, Choe PG, Park WB, Bang JH, Kim ES, Kim HB, Park SW, Oh WS, Kim NJ, Oh MD. Clinical Score System to Differentiate Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Patients from Patients with Scrub Typhus or Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e77. [PMID: 32193903 PMCID: PMC7086083 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease with high mortality in East Asia. This study aimed to develop, for primary care providers, a prediction score using initial symptoms and basic laboratory blood tests to differentiate between SFTS and other endemic zoonoses in Korea. METHODS Patients aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with endemic zoonoses during a 3-year period (between January 2015 and December 2017) were retrospectively enrolled from 4 tertiary university hospitals. A prediction score was built based on multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Of 84 patients, 35 with SFTS and 49 with other endemic zoonoses were enrolled. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of SFTS included neurologic symptoms (odds ratio [OR], 12.915; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.173-76.747), diarrhea (OR, 10.306; 95% CI, 1.588-66.895), leukopenia (< 4,000/mm³) (OR, 19.400; 95% CI, 3.290-114.408), and normal C-reactive protein (< 0.5 mg/dL) (OR, 24.739; 95% CI, 1.812-337.742). We set up a prediction score by assigning one point to each of these four predictors. A score of ≥ 2 had 82.9% sensitivity (95% CI, 71.7%-87.5%) and 95.9% specificity (95% CI, 88.0%-99.2%). The area under the curve of the clinical prediction score was 0.950 (95% CI, 0.903-0.997). CONCLUSION This study finding suggests a simple and useful scoring system to predict SFTS in patients with endemic zoonoses. We expect this strategic approach to facilitate early differentiation of SFTS from other endemic zoonoses, especially by primary care providers, and to improve the clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyuk Heo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yu Min Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jun Won Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jeong Han Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - June Young Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kang Il Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Kyung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Mi Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Pyoeng Gyun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Sup Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung Don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Fero E, Juma A, Koni A, Boci J, Kirandjiski T, Connor R, Wareth G, Koleci X. The seroprevalence of brucellosis and molecular characterization of Brucella species circulating in the beef cattle herds in Albania. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229741. [PMID: 32134953 PMCID: PMC7058276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is a ubiquitous zoonotic disease globally. It is endemic among bovines, sheep, and goats in Albania. The national control and eradication programs for brucellosis has been applied on sheep and goat farms as well as large dairy cattle farms, i.e., those with more than ten milking cows. The current study aims at estimating the herd and average individual animal prevalence of brucellosis in the national beef cattle herds, the missing information that was essential to propose the most appropriate control measures for this sub-population. Rose Bengal Test (RBT), Fluorescence Polarization Assay (FPA), and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were used as serological tests and classical bacteriology for isolation. Results were also used to investigate the difference in sensitivity between the assays used. Methodology In total, 655 animals from 38 beef cattle herds from six southern districts of Albania were sampled. Sera were tested using RBT, FPA, and ELISA. Fifteen positive cows and a bull from eight high-prevalence positive herds were slaughtered, and particular tissue samples were collected for bacteriology. Results The overall herd seroprevalence in the tested beef cattle population was 55%, while the overall average within-herd prevalence (including only positive herds) was 38.3%, 42.7%, and 45.6% determined by the RBT, ELISA, and FPA, respectively. FPA was used for the first time in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in Albania, and its sensitivity was higher than RBT and ELISA. Three B. abortus strains were identified, two from the supra-mammary lymph node of two cows and one from the epididymis of a seropositive bull. Conclusion Brucellosis was highly prevalent in beef cattle in the southern part of Albania, and B. abortus was isolated from this subpopulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first statistically based survey of bovine brucellosis in beef herds in Albania. Using the FPA in parallel with other serological tests improved overall diagnostic sensitivity. Test and slaughter policy is not a rational approach for the control of brucellosis in beef cattle in Albania, and vaccination is only applicable, including strict control of the movement of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edi Fero
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Arla Juma
- Animal Health Laboratory, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Tirana, Albania
| | - Anita Koni
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Jonida Boci
- Animal Health Laboratory, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Robert Connor
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
- Animal Health Expert, ISUV, Tirana, Albania
| | - Gamal Wareth
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Xhelil Koleci
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
- * E-mail:
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Cheikhrouhou S, Trabelsi S, Aloui D, Bouchekoua M, Khaled S. Avian mite bites acquired from pigeons: Report of three cases and review of the literature. Tunis Med 2020; 98:241-245. [PMID: 32395818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin lesions caused by avian mite bites are uncommon and often misdiagnosed. They are usually caused by bites from avian mites that have infested domestic poultry or birds nesting in or near human habitation. We report three cases of human skin lesions from avian mites infesting pigeons. OBSERVATIONS Three persons working in the same place developed similar skin pruritic papules simultaneously. The diagnosis remained unknown until Dermanyssus gallinae (chicken mite) was found on the computer's table of the three individuals workplace, situated near a window where pigeons used to live. Antihistaminic treatment was carried out with a skin disinfestation. In two cases, symptoms resolved after one week of treatment. In the third case, corticosteroids were needed. CONCLUSIONS Avian mite bites skin lesions can remain unrecognized or misdiagnosed. Inquiry about contact with pigeons or poultry may be helpful in patients with nonspecific skin lesions.
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Santiago L, Oliveira D, Cardoso JC, Figueired A. Human Orf: An Under-recognized Entity. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2019; 27:280-281. [PMID: 31969245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dear Editor, Orf, also called contagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dermatitis, sore mouth, or scabby mouth, is a highly contagious zoonotic disease which is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus, ORFV (Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae) (1). The infection is endemic to sheep and goats, and humans are infected either through direct transmission from active lesions on infected animals or through contact with fomites (2). Orf is an occupational hazard and the population at risk includes shepherds, butchers, farmers, wool shearers, and veterinarians (2,3). Professionals rarely seek medical attention as they are aware of its benign nature (4). A 59-year-old woman presented with two painful plaques involving the dorsal aspect of her right thumb and the first interdigital space of the left hand. On examination, targetoid appearance with a central umbilication surrounded by a violaceous bullous halo was observed (Figure 1). The patient had been raising goats on her farm that recently presented udder and perioral crusted lesions. She did not wear gloves while performing this task. A skin biopsy was performed and showed elongation of the rete ridges, edematous papillary dermis, and eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in vacuolated cells (Figure 2). A diagnosis of human orf was established and the patient was started on a topical antiseptic solution to prevent secondary infection. The lesions healed without scarring after 6 weeks. Orf is characterized by one or multiple nodules on the hands and fingers, but also on the feet, legs, neck, and face. After an incubation period of 3-7 days, the lesions evolve through six clinical stages (2-4): (1) maculopapular stage (days 1-7), with erythematous macules or papules; (2) target stage (days 7-14), with necrotic center and red outer halo; (3) acute stage (days 14-21), in which the nodule begins to weep; (4) regenerative stage (days 21-28), in which the nodule becomes dry; (5) papilloma stage (days 28-35), where the lesion become papilloma-like and forms a dry crust; (6) regression stage (after 35 days). The lesions may be accompanied by lymphangitis, lymphadenopathy, malaise, fever, erysipelas, and occasionally erythema multiforme and bullous pemphigoid (3). Orf is usually a clinical diagnosis (2-4). The characteristic clinical appearance and location of the lesions along with the history of contact with infected animals is sufficient to establish a diagnosis. The differential diagnosis includes milker's nodule, cutaneous anthrax, neutrophilic dermatosis, atypical mycobacterial infection, cutaneous leishmaniasis, pyogenic granuloma, keratoacanthoma, and fungal infection (4,5). Further investigations are performed only when the diagnosis is in doubt and include electron microscopy, virology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or PCR-based approaches (4). The histological findings depend on the stage of the lesion and include eosinophilic inclusion bodies, epidermal necrosis, vacuolated keratinocytes, a dense mixed dermal infiltrate, and delicate finger-like projections in the epidermis (6).There is no specific treatment since the disease resolves spontaneously within 6-8 weeks, but successful application of cryotherapy, topical imiquimod, and cidofovir has been reported without supporting evidence (4). Surgical debridement should be avoided because it prolonged the recovery period (5). For prevention, wearing nonporous gloves, washing after handling, and isolation of infected animals is effective (2,4). In the present case, the diagnosis of orf was established in a straightforward manner after a good clinical examination and occupational history, allowing us to reassure the patient on its benign nature. The knowledge of this diagnosis prevents multiple complementary investigations (blood tests, histopathology, skin cultures, PCR detection, and electron microscopy) and unnecessary overtreatment. Although a rare entity, the predominant hand involvement in professionals can have significant morbidity that reflects on their productivity and quality of life. This reinforces the need for using appropriate measures to prevent animal-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Santiago
- Luis Santiago, MD, Dermatology Department Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal;
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Saito S, Kitamura-Muramatsu Y, Komine F, Polat M, Takeshima SN, Takei M, Aida Y. Absence of bovine leukemia virus proviral DNA in Japanese human blood cell lines and human cancer cell lines. Arch Virol 2019; 165:207-214. [PMID: 31776677 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infects cattle worldwide and causes B-cell lymphoma in cattle. BLV has been identified in human breast and lung cancer and in blood, but the association of BLV and human cancer is controversial. In this study, we investigated the existence of BLV in 145 Japanese human blood cell lines and 54 human cancer cell lines, using a new highly sensitive PCR assay that can amplify even one copy of BLV using LTR primers different from those in previous studies on BLV provirus in breast cancer. All samples were found negative for BLV provirus, suggesting that BLV is unlikely to infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Saito
- RIKEN GENESIS CO., LTD, Life Innovation Center 3F, 3-25-22 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yuri Kitamura-Muramatsu
- RIKEN GENESIS CO., LTD, Life Innovation Center 3F, 3-25-22 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Fumiko Komine
- RIKEN GENESIS CO., LTD, Life Innovation Center 3F, 3-25-22 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Meripet Polat
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University, 2-1-28 Sugasawa, Niiza, Saitama, 352-0017, Japan
| | - Masami Takei
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
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Meregildo-Rodriguez ED, Villegas-Chiroque M. [Jungle yellow fever with positive serology for leptospira in a young peruvian male]. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2019; 36:700-704. [PMID: 31967265 DOI: 10.17843/rpmesp.2019.364.4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) and leptospirosis are under-diagnosed endemic zoonoses of the tropical regions of Africa and South America. Both may be clinically indistinguishable and present as an acute icterohemorrhagic febrile syndrome. We report the case of a 20-year-old male from the department of Amazonas who presented with nine days of disease characterized by multiorgan failure (neurological, renal, hepatic, respiratory, and hematological involvement). He received antibiotic treatment, as well as, transfusion, dialysis, hemodynamic, and ventilatory support. Despite the severity of the clinical condition, he evolved favorably. YF was confirmed by Rt-PCR and positive serology was obtained for leptospira by ELISA and microagglutination. However, from a laboratory point of view, real co-infection by yellow fever and leptospira could not be demonstrated. This case of severe YF with non-fatal outcome emphasizes the importance of adequate syndromic diagnosis, and early and aggressive supportive treatment that can save a patient's life.
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50
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Yale G, Gibson AD, Mani RS, P K H, Costa NC, Corfmat J, Otter I, Otter N, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BM, Mellanby RJ, Desai S, Naik V, Gamble L, Mazeri S. Evaluation of an Immunochromatographic Assay as a Canine Rabies Surveillance Tool in Goa, India. Viruses 2019; 11:E649. [PMID: 31311178 PMCID: PMC6669590 DOI: 10.3390/v11070649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal. More than 95% of the human rabies cases in India are attributed to exposure to rabid dogs. This study evaluated the utility of a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFA) (Anigen Rapid Rabies Ag Test Kit, Bionote, Hwaseong-si, Korea) for rapid post mortem diagnosis of rabies in dogs. Brain tissue was collected from 202 animals that were screened through the Government of Goa rabies surveillance system. The brain tissue samples were obtained from 188 dogs, nine cats, three bovines, one jackal and one monkey. In addition, 10 dogs that died due to trauma from road accidents were included as negative controls for the study. The diagnostic performance of LFA was evaluated using results from direct fluorescence antibody test (dFT); the current gold standard post mortem test for rabies infection. Three samples were removed from the analysis as they were autolysed and not fit for testing by dFT. Of the 209 samples tested, 117 tested positive by LFA and 92 tested negative, while 121 tested positive by dFT and 88 tested negative. Estimates of LFA sensitivity and specificity were 0.96 (95% CI 0.91-0.99) and 0.99 (95% CI 0.94-1.00), respectively. The LFA is a simple and low-cost assay that aids in the rapid diagnosis of rabies in the field without the need for expensive laboratory equipment or technical expertise. This study found that Bionote LFA has potential as a screening tool in rabies endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Yale
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa 403002, India.
| | - Andrew D Gibson
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - Reeta S Mani
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Harsha P K
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Niceta Cunha Costa
- Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Services, Patto, Panjim, Goa 403001, India
| | | | - Ilona Otter
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Hicks ITC, Goa 403507, India
| | - Nigel Otter
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Hicks ITC, Goa 403507, India
| | - Ian G Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Barend Mark Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Santosh Desai
- Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Services, Patto, Panjim, Goa 403001, India
| | - Vilas Naik
- Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Services, Patto, Panjim, Goa 403001, India
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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