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Abourehab MAS, Rajendran RR, Singh A, Pramanik S, Shrivastav P, Ansari MJ, Manne R, Amaral LS, Deepak A. Alginate as a Promising Biopolymer in Drug Delivery and Wound Healing: A Review of the State-of-the-Art. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9035. [PMID: 36012297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymeric nanoparticulate systems hold favorable carrier properties for active delivery. The enhancement in the research interest in alginate formulations in biomedical and pharmaceutical research, owing to its biodegradable, biocompatible, and bioadhesive characteristics, reiterates its future use as an efficient drug delivery matrix. Alginates, obtained from natural sources, are the colloidal polysaccharide group, which are water-soluble, non-toxic, and non-irritant. These are linear copolymeric blocks of α-(1→4)-linked l-guluronic acid (G) and β-(1→4)-linked d-mannuronic acid (M) residues. Owing to the monosaccharide sequencing and the enzymatically governed reactions, alginates are well-known as an essential bio-polymer group for multifarious biomedical implementations. Additionally, alginate’s bio-adhesive property makes it significant in the pharmaceutical industry. Alginate has shown immense potential in wound healing and drug delivery applications to date because its gel-forming ability maintains the structural resemblance to the extracellular matrices in tissues and can be altered to perform numerous crucial functions. The initial section of this review will deliver a perception of the extraction source and alginate’s remarkable properties. Furthermore, we have aspired to discuss the current literature on alginate utilization as a biopolymeric carrier for drug delivery through numerous administration routes. Finally, the latest investigations on alginate composite utilization in wound healing are addressed.
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Gogna S, Kaur J, Sharma K, Prasad R, Singh J, Bhadariya V, Kumar P, Jarial S. Spirulina- An Edible Cyanobacterium with Potential Therapeutic Health Benefits and Toxicological Consequences. J Am Nutr Assoc 2022:1-14. [PMID: 35916491 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2022.2103852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Spirulina is a blue-green algae which is cultivated not only for its maximum protein content but also due to the presence of other essential nutrients such as carbohydrates and vitamins (A, C and E). It is also a storehouse of minerals including iron, calcium, chromium, copper, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and zinc. Simultaneously, γ- linolenic acid (an essential fatty acid), as well as pigments such as chlorophyll A and phycobiliproteins (C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and β-carotene), is also a major component of its rich nutritional profile. Spirulina is known to have various promising effects on the prevention of cancer, oxidative stress, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and anemia. Moreover, it also plays a positive role in treating muscular cramps. The safety recommended dosage of Spirulina is approximately 3-10 g/d for adults and it's biological value (BV) is 75 with a net protein utilization (NPU) of 62. Spirulina does not have pericardium due to which it does not hinder the absorption of iron by chelation with phytates or oxalates. On the contrasting note, it may have some adverse effects due to the toxins (microcystins, β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)) produced by Spirulina which might contribute to acute poisoning, cancer, liver damage as well as gastrointestinal disturbances. Its long-term consumption may also lead to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The current review focuses on the various aspects of spirulina including its cultivation, nutritional composition, extraction techniques, health benefits, adverse effects, industrial scope and market value which could be beneficial for its utilization in the development of value-added products and supplementary foods due to its high content of protein and bioavailability of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Gogna
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Kartik Sharma
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation (ICE-SSI), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Rasane Prasad
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Vishesh Bhadariya
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sapna Jarial
- Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of emerging materials that are synthesized based on the covalent bonds between different building blocks. COFs possess unique attributes in terms of high porosity, tunable structure, ordered channels, easy modification, large surface area, and great physical and chemical stability. Due to these features, COFs have been extensively applied as adsorbents in various extraction modes. Enhanced extraction performance could be reached with modified COFs, where COFs are presented as composites with other materials including nanomaterials, carbon and its derivatives, silica, metal-organic frameworks, molecularly imprinted polymers, etc. This review article describes the recent advances, developments, and applications of COF-based materials being utilized as adsorbents in the extraction methods. The COFs, their properties, their synthesis approaches as well as their composite structures are reviewed. Most importantly, suggested mechanisms for the extraction of analyte(s) by COF-based materials are also discussed. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of COF-based materials in extraction methods are summarized and considered in order to provide more insights into this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahal Aramesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chengbo Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
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Samatra MY, Noor NQIM, Razali UHM, Bakar J, Shaarani SM. Bovidae-based gelatin: Extractions method, physicochemical and functional properties, applications, and future trends. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3153-3176. [PMID: 35638329 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin is one of the most important multifunctional biopolymers and is widely used as an essential ingredient in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics. Porcine gelatin is regarded as the leading source of gelatin globally then followed by bovine gelatin. Porcine sources are favored over other sources since they are less expensive. However, porcine gelatin is religiously prohibited to be consumed by Muslims and the Jewish community. It is predicted that the global demand for gelatin will increase significantly in the future. Therefore, a sustainable source of gelatin with efficient production and free of disease transmission must be developed. The highest quality of Bovidae-based gelatin (BG) was acquired through alkaline pretreatment, which displayed excellent physicochemical and rheological properties. The utilization of mammalian- and plant-based enzyme significantly increased the gelatin yield. The emulsifying and foaming properties of BG also showed good stability when incorporated into food and pharmaceutical products. Manipulation of extraction conditions has enabled the development of custom-made gelatin with desired properties. This review highlighted the various modifications of extraction and processing methods to improve the physicochemical and functional properties of Bovidae-based gelatin. An in-depth analysis of the crucial stage of collagen breakdown is also discussed, which involved acid, alkaline, and enzyme pretreatment, respectively. In addition, the unique characteristics and primary qualities of BG including protein content, amphoteric property, gel strength, emulsifying and viscosity properties, and foaming ability were presented. Finally, the applications and prospects of BG as the preferred gelatin source globally were outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yazid Samatra
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Umi Hartina Mohamad Razali
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jamilah Bakar
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sharifudin Md Shaarani
- Food Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Ferreira BL, Granato D, Nunes IL. Uses of ionic liquids to obtain bioactive compounds: insights from the main international regulations for technological applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9217-9232. [PMID: 35467994 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2067115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (IL) are innovative alternative solvents to recover bioactive compounds from plant-based sources to replace toxic volatile organic solvents (VOS). ILs are tailored-made solvents with chemical and thermal stabilities, nonvolatile and noninflammable. Although ILs are versatile, cost-effective, and sustainable solutions, the European Commission (EC) has no current regulation to approve extracts obtained with ILs to be applied in foods. Herein, this paper aims to assess the overview of ILs, regulamentation, applications, and its toxic effects, to be used as solvents for extract different bioactive compounds. Studies have suggested novel applications for ILs, such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and others, to obtain bioactive compounds, for instance phenolic compounds, lignans, alkaloids, carotenoids, polysaccharides, using modern approaches as ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction. New IL methods increase the efficiency of recovering target compounds and decrease the extraction time and VOS consumption regarding the traditional techniques. Furthermore, to promote the large-scale use of IL in foods, it is essential to investigate individually the toxicity of each IL used in the extraction processes, aiming to obtain a GRAS stamp, due to the currently lack of regulamentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Ferreira
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Daniel Granato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Itaciara L Nunes
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Dolinar A, Grubelnik G, Srebotnik-Kirbiš I, Strojan Fležar M, Žlajpah M. Optimization of pre-analytical and analytical steps for DNA and RNA analysis of fresh cytology samples. Cancer Med 2022; 11:4021-4032. [PMID: 35403378 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different cytology preparations can be used for molecular diagnostics, however the influence of pre-analytical and analytical steps on the results are not yet well defined. We aimed to determine optimal steps for efficient extraction of DNA and RNA from fresh cells for molecular diagnostics. METHODS MCF7 and FaDu human cell lines, were used as a model to determine fresh cells storage conditions (temperature: 25°C, 4°C, -20°C, -80°C; duration: 0 h, 4 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h) and optimal nucleic acids extraction method. Besides, the minimal number of total cells and minimal percentage of mutated cells needed for successful extraction of nucleic acids and subsequent determination of present mutation were evaluated. RESULTS Extraction of nucleic acids using spin columns yielded the highest quantity and quality of nucleic acids. Isolation of nucleic acids was feasible in all storage conditions, however higher temperature and longer duration of fresh cells storage were associated with lower quality of isolated nucleic acids and similar quantification cycle of housekeeping genes. Successful molecular testing was feasible with least 104 cells, while specific mutation was detected in as low as 5% of mutated cells. CONCLUSIONS Our cell line model, mimicking fresh cytology samples, showed that quantity of extracted either DNA or RNA declined with higher temperatures and longer duration of storage but regardless of the storage conditions, we successfully detected both housekeeping genes and mutated gene using qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dolinar
- Department of molecular genetics, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gašper Grubelnik
- Department of molecular genetics, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Srebotnik-Kirbiš
- Department of cytopathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Margareta Strojan Fležar
- Department of cytopathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Margareta Žlajpah
- Department of molecular genetics, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Vezzulli F, Rocchetti G, Lambri M, Lucini L. Metabolomics Combined with Sensory Analysis Reveals the Impact of Different Extraction Methods on Coffee Beverages from Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora var. Robusta. Foods 2022; 11. [PMID: 35327231 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An untargeted metabolomics approach combined with sensory analysis was used to depict the impact of different traditional Italian extraction methods (i.e., Espresso, Neapolitan, Moka) along with Filter, on Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora var. robusta beverages. To this aim, polyphenols, Maillard reaction products, and coffee metabolites were screened by high resolution mass spectrometry and elaborated through both unsupervised and supervised multivariate statistical approaches. Multivariate statistics showed a distinctive chemical profile for Espresso preparation, while Moka and Neapolitan were very similar. The orthogonal projection to latent structures and discriminant analysis allowed the identification of 86 compounds showing a high VIP discrimination score (i.e., > 0.8). The 2,5-dimethyl-3-(methyldithio)-furan was a marker for the Filter preparation, while 1,2-disinapoylgentiobiose characterized both Filter and Neapolitan extractions. Caffeine (known to be a bitter compound) accumulated highly in Filter vs. Espresso, although at the sensory profile, bitterness was more perceived in Espresso. Vegetal aroma carried by pyrazines, pyridines, and phenolic acids were markers of Espresso, with Robusta showing higher values than Arabica. Notwithstanding, our findings showed that the extraction process played a hierarchically higher role in driving the chemical composition of the beverages when compared to coffee species.
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Yue KX, Li HL, Pi ZF, Song FR, Wang YP, Liu ZY. Multi-residue screening of pesticides in Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1702-1710. [PMID: 35263500 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an efficient screening method based on a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was established for the determination of 90 pesticides residues in Panax Ginseng. The accuracy of the method was then verified by analyzing the false positive rate and the screening detection limit in Ginseng. The results revealed that the screening detection limit of 33 of 90 pesticide residues were 0.01mg·kg-1 , 22 species were 0.05 mg·kg-1 , 11 species were 0.10 mg·kg-1 , 8 species were 0.20 mg·kg-1 , and another 16 species were greater than 0.20 mg·kg-1 . A total of 73 pesticides were ultimately suitable to be practically applied for rapid analysis of pesticide residues in Ginseng. Finally, the established method was used to analyze the pesticide residues in 35 Ginseng samples available on the market. And the residual of Dimethomorph, Azoxystrobin, Tebuconazole, Pyraclostrobin was relatively severe in Ginseng samples. This work expanded the range of pesticides detected and provided a rapid, effective method for pesticides screening in Ginseng. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xin Yue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Han-Lin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zi-Feng Pi
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Jilin Province, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.,College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Feng-Rui Song
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Jilin Province, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- Jilin Agricultural University, State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhong-Ying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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Zayed A, Sheashea M, Kassem IAA, Farag MA. Red and white cabbages: An updated comparative review of bioactives, extraction methods, processing practices, and health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7025-7042. [PMID: 35174750 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2040416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Red and white cabbages (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba and rubra, respectively) are two of the most commercially valued vegetables in crucifers, well-recognized for their unique sensory and nutritive attributes in addition to a myriad of health-promoting benefits. The current review addressed the differential qualitative/quantitative phytochemical make-ups for the first time for better utilization as nutraceuticals and to identify potential uses based on the chemical makeup of both cultivars (cvs.). In addition, extraction methods are compared highlighting their advantages and/or limitations with regards to improving yield and stability of cabbage bioactives, especially glucosinolates. Besides, the review recapitulated detailed action mechanism and safety of cabbage bioactives, as well as processing technologies to further improve their effects are posed as future perspectives. White and red cabbage cvs. revealed different GLSs profile which affected by food processing, including enzymatic hydrolysis, thermal breakdown, and leaching. In addition, the red cultivar provides high quality pigment for industrial applications. Moreover, non-conventional modern extraction techniques showed promising techniques for the recovery of their bioactive constituents compared to solvent extraction. All these findings pose white and red cabbages as potential candidates for inclusion in nutraceuticals and/or to be commercialized as functional foods prepared in different culinary forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mohamed Sheashea
- Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman A A Kassem
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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de Andrade JC, Galvan D, Effting L, Tessaro L, Aquino A, Conte-Junior CA. Multiclass Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables from Brazil: A Systematic Review of Sample Preparation Until Post-Harvest. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1174-1196. [PMID: 34908509 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2013157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Brazil annually produces around 43 million tons of fruits and vegetables. Therefore, large amounts of pesticides are needed to grow these foods. The use of unauthorized or indiscriminate pesticides can lead to the adherence of residues of these compounds to the product in a concentration above the maximum residue limit (MRL). Pesticide residues (PRs) monitoring is a continuous challenge due to several factors influencing the detection of these compounds in the food matrix. Currently, several adaptations to conventional techniques have been developed to minimize these problems. This systematic review presents the main information obtained from 52 research articles, taken from five databases, on changes and advances in Brazil in sample preparation methods for determining PRs in fruits and vegetables in the last nine years. We cover the preexisting ones and some others that might be suitable alternatives approaches. In addition, we present a brief discussion on the monitoring of PRs in different Brazilian regions, and we found that residues belonging to the organophosphate and pyrethroid classes were detected more frequently. Approximately 67% of the residues detected are of irregular use in 28 types of fruits and vegetables commonly consumed and exported by Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmir Craveiro de Andrade
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Galvan
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciane Effting
- Chemistry Department, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Letícia Tessaro
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Aquino
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lau SS, Forster AL, Richardson SD, Mitch WA. Disinfection Byproduct Recovery during Extraction and Concentration in Preparation for Chemical Analyses or Toxicity Assays. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:14136-14145. [PMID: 34618438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over 700 disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been identified, but they account for only ∼30% of total organic halogen (TOX). Extracting disinfected water is necessary to assess the overall toxicity of both known and unknown DBPs. Commonly used DBP extraction methods include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE), which may use either XAD resins or other polymeric sorbents. With few exceptions, DBP recoveries have not been quantified. We compared recoveries by LLE, XAD resins, and a mixture of Phenomenex Sepra SPE sorbents (hereafter SPE) for (semi-)volatile DBPs and nonvolatile model compounds at the 1-L scale. We scaled up the three methods to extract DBPs in 10 L of chlorinated creek waters. For (semi-)volatile DBPs, XAD resulted in lower recoveries than LLE and SPE at both 1- and 10-L scales. At the 10-L scale, recovery of certain trihalomethanes and trihalogenated haloacetic acids by XAD was negligible, while recovery of other (semi-)volatile DBPs extracted by XAD (<30%) was lower than by SPE or LLE (30-60%). TOX recovery at the 10-L scale was generally similar by the three extraction methods. The low TOX recovery (<30%) indicates that the toxicity assessed by bioassays predominantly reflects the contribution of the nonvolatile, hydrophobic fraction of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Lau
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alexandria L Forster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Roca M, Pérez-Gálvez A. Metabolomics of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Analytical Methods and Metabolome-Based Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1622. [PMID: 34679756 PMCID: PMC8533378 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylls and carotenoids are two families of antioxidants present in daily ingested foods, whose recognition as added-value ingredients runs in parallel with the increasing number of demonstrated functional properties. Both groups include a complex and vast number of compounds, and extraction and analysis methods evolved recently to a modern protocol. New methodologies are more potent, precise, and accurate, but their application requires a better understanding of the technical and biological context. Therefore, the present review compiles the basic knowledge and recent advances of the metabolomics of chlorophylls and carotenoids, including the interrelation with the primary metabolism. The study includes material preparation and extraction protocols, the instrumental techniques for the acquisition of spectroscopic and spectrometric properties, the workflows and software tools for data pre-processing and analysis, and the application of mass spectrometry to pigment metabolomics. In addition, the review encompasses a critical description of studies where metabolomics analyses of chlorophylls and carotenoids were developed as an approach to analyzing the effects of biotic and abiotic stressors on living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
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Maksoud S, Abdel-Massih RM, Rajha HN, Louka N, Chemat F, Barba FJ, Debs E. Citrus aurantium L. Active Constituents, Biological Effects and Extraction Methods. An Updated Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195832. [PMID: 34641373 PMCID: PMC8510401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus genus is a prominent staple crop globally. Long-term breeding and much hybridization engendered a myriad of species, each characterized by a specific metabolism generating different secondary metabolites. Citrus aurantium L., commonly recognized as sour or bitter orange, can exceptionally be distinguished from other Citrus species by unique characteristics. It is a fruit with distinctive flavor, rich in nutrients and phytochemicals which possess different health benefits. This paper presents an overview of the most recent studies done on the matter. It intends to provide an in-depth understanding of the biological activities and medicinal uses of active constituents existing in C. aurantium. Every plant part is first discussed separately with regards to its content in active constituents. All extraction methods, their concepts and yields, used to recover these valuable molecules from their original plant matrix are thoroughly reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawssan Maksoud
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (S.M.); (R.M.A.-M.); (E.D.)
| | - Roula M. Abdel-Massih
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (S.M.); (R.M.A.-M.); (E.D.)
| | - Hiba N. Rajha
- Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Beyrouth (ESIB), Saint-Joseph University, CST Mkalles Mar Roukos, P.O. Box 11-514, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon;
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, P.O. Box 17-5208, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, P.O. Box 17-5208, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Farid Chemat
- GREEN Extraction Team, INRA, UMR408, Avignon University, F-84000 Avignon, France;
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avenida Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-544-972
| | - Espérance Debs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (S.M.); (R.M.A.-M.); (E.D.)
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Dias MC, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS. Plant Flavonoids: Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175377. [PMID: 34500810 PMCID: PMC8434187 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, more attention has been paid to natural sources of antioxidants. Flavonoids are natural substances synthesized in several parts of plants that exhibit a high antioxidant capacity. They are a large family, presenting several classes based on their basic structure. Flavonoids have the ability to control the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via scavenger ROS when they are formed. Therefore, these antioxidant compounds have an important role in plant stress tolerance and a high relevance in human health, mainly due to their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. In addition, flavonoids have several applications in the food industry as preservatives, pigments, and antioxidants, as well as in other industries such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. However, flavonoids application for industrial purposes implies extraction processes with high purity and quality. Several methodologies have been developed aimed at increasing flavonoid extraction yield and being environmentally friendly. This review presents the most abundant natural flavonoids, their structure and chemical characteristics, extraction methods, and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Celeste Dias
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.C.G.A.P.); (A.M.S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-239-240-752
| | - Diana C. G. A. Pinto
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.C.G.A.P.); (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.C.G.A.P.); (A.M.S.S.)
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Macioszek S, Dudzik D, Jacyna J, Wozniak A, Schöffski P, Markuszewski MJ. A Robust Method for Sample Preparation of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour for LC/MS Untargeted Metabolomics. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080554. [PMID: 34436495 PMCID: PMC8400919 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumour has already been well explored at the genome level; however, little is known about metabolic processes occurring in the sarcoma. Sample preparation is a crucial step in untargeted metabolomics workflow, highly affecting the metabolome coverage and the quality of the results. In this study, four liquid-liquid extraction methods for the isolation of endogenous compounds from gastrointestinal stromal tumours were compared and evaluated. The protocols covered two-step or stepwise extraction with methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or dichloromethane. The extracts were subjected to LC-MS analysis by the application of reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography to enable the separation and detection of both polar and nonpolar analytes. The extraction methods were compared in terms of efficiency (total number of detected metabolites) and reproducibility. The method was based on the stepwise extraction with MTBE, methanol, and water proved to be the most reproducible, and thus, its robustness to fluctuations in experimental conditions was assessed employing Plackett–Burman design and hierarchical modelling. While most studied factors had no effect on the metabolite abundance, the highest coefficient value was observed for the volume of MTBE added during extraction. Herein, we demonstrate the application and the feasibility of the selected protocol for the analysis of gastrointestinal stromal tumour samples. The method selected could be considered as a reference for the best characterization of underlying molecular changes associated with complex tissue extracts of GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Macioszek
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (S.M.); (D.D.); (J.J.)
| | - Danuta Dudzik
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (S.M.); (D.D.); (J.J.)
| | - Julia Jacyna
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (S.M.); (D.D.); (J.J.)
| | - Agnieszka Wozniak
- Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (A.W.); (P.S.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Schöffski
- Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (A.W.); (P.S.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michał J. Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (S.M.); (D.D.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-1493
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Guo H, Fu MX, Zhao YX, Li H, Li HB, Wu DT, Gan RY. The Chemical, Structural, and Biological Properties of Crude Polysaccharides from Sweet Tea ( Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Chun) Based on Different Extraction Technologies. Foods 2021; 10:1779. [PMID: 34441556 PMCID: PMC8391304 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight extraction technologies were used to extract sweet tea (Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Chun) crude polysaccharides (STPs), and their chemical, structural, and biological properties were studied and compared. Results revealed that the compositions, structures, and biological properties of STPs varied dependent on different extraction technologies. Protein-bound polysaccharides and some hemicellulose could be extracted from sweet tea with diluted alkali solution. STPs extracted by deep-eutectic solvents and diluted alkali solution exhibited the most favorable biological properties. Moreover, according to the heat map, total phenolic content was most strongly correlated with biological properties, indicating that the presence of phenolic compounds in STPs might be the main contributor to their biological properties. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the chemical, structural, and biological properties of STPs, and the results contribute to understanding the relationship between the chemical composition and biological properties of STPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (H.G.); (H.L.)
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China;
| | - Meng-Xi Fu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China;
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China;
| | - Yun-Xuan Zhao
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China;
| | - Hang Li
- National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (H.G.); (H.L.)
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China;
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China;
- Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (H.G.); (H.L.)
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China;
- Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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Rivas MÁ, Casquete R, Martín A, Córdoba MG, Aranda E, Benito MJ. Strategies to Increase the Biological and Biotechnological Value of Polysaccharides from Agricultural Waste for Application in Healthy Nutrition. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:5937. [PMID: 34205897 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a growing interest in the extraction and identification of new high added-value compounds from the agro-food industry that will valorize the great amount of by-products generated. Many of these bioactive compounds have shown beneficial effects for humans in terms of disease prevention, but they are also of great interest in the food industry due to their effect of extending the shelf life of foods by their well-known antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. For this reason, an additional research objective is to establish the best conditions for obtaining these compounds from complex by-product structures without altering their activity or even increasing it. This review highlights recent work on the identification and characterization of bioactive compounds from vegetable by-products, their functional activity, new methodologies for the extraction of bioactive compounds from vegetables, possibly increasing their biological activity, and the future of the global functional food and nutraceuticals market.
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Rizal S, H. P. S. AK, Oyekanmi AA, Gideon ON, Abdullah CK, Yahya EB, Alfatah T, Sabaruddin FA, Rahman AA. Cotton Wastes Functionalized Biomaterials from Micro to Nano: A Cleaner Approach for a Sustainable Environmental Application. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1006. [PMID: 33805242 PMCID: PMC8037842 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The exponential increase in textile cotton wastes generation and the ineffective processing mechanism to mitigate its environmental impact by developing functional materials with unique properties for geotechnical applications, wastewater, packaging, and biomedical engineering have become emerging global concerns among researchers. A comprehensive study of a processed cotton fibres isolation technique and their applications are highlighted in this review. Surface modification of cotton wastes fibre increases the adsorption of dyes and heavy metals removal from wastewater. Cotton wastes fibres have demonstrated high adsorption capacity for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants in wastewater. Cotton wastes fibres have found remarkable application in slope amendments, reinforcement of expansive soils and building materials, and a proven source for isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Several research work on the use of cotton waste for functional application rather than disposal has been done. However, no review study has discussed the potentials of cotton wastes from source (Micro-Nano) to application. This review critically analyses novel isolation techniques of CNC from cotton wastes with an in-depth study of a parameter variation effect on their yield. Different pretreatment techniques and efficiency were discussed. From the analysis, chemical pretreatment is considered the most efficient extraction of CNCs from cotton wastes. The pretreatment strategies can suffer variation in process conditions, resulting in distortion in the extracted cellulose's crystallinity. Acid hydrolysis using sulfuric acid is the most used extraction process for cotton wastes-based CNC. A combined pretreatment process, such as sonication and hydrolysis, increases the crystallinity of cotton-based CNCs. The improvement of the reinforced matrix interface of textile fibres is required for improved packaging and biomedical applications for the sustainability of cotton-based CNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samsul Rizal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Khalil H. P. S.
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia; (O.N.G.); (C.K.A.); (E.B.Y.); (T.A.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Adeleke A. Oyekanmi
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia; (O.N.G.); (C.K.A.); (E.B.Y.); (T.A.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Olaiya N. Gideon
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia; (O.N.G.); (C.K.A.); (E.B.Y.); (T.A.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Che K. Abdullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia; (O.N.G.); (C.K.A.); (E.B.Y.); (T.A.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Esam B. Yahya
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia; (O.N.G.); (C.K.A.); (E.B.Y.); (T.A.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Tata Alfatah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia; (O.N.G.); (C.K.A.); (E.B.Y.); (T.A.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Fatimah A. Sabaruddin
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia; (O.N.G.); (C.K.A.); (E.B.Y.); (T.A.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Azhar A. Rahman
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia;
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Condurache (Lazăr) NN, Croitoru C, Enachi E, Bahrim GE, Stănciuc N, Râpeanu G. Eggplant Peels as a Valuable Source of Anthocyanins: Extraction, Thermal Stability and Biological Activities. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10030577. [PMID: 33803722 PMCID: PMC8003047 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to use eggplant peels as a potential source of anthocyanins with biological activities. Two different extraction methods were tested in order to obtain extracts with a high anthocyanin content. The selected methods were the solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methods. For each method, two concentrations of ethanol (EtOH) were used, while varying the extraction time and temperature. Based on the results, the extracts obtained by SLE using EtOH 96% after 30 min of extraction at 50 °C showed the highest anthocyanin concentration. The UAE allowed the best results with EtOH 96% after 30 min at 25 °C. Both selected extracts showed similar chromatographic profiles, with delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside as the major anthocyanin, but in a higher concentration in UAE. The extracts also presented inhibitory activity against lipoxygenase (LOX), lipase, and α-amylase, thus suggesting a possible involvement in reducing the risk of various disorders. The first order kinetic model was used to predict the changes that can occur in the anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity from the eggplant peel extract. The calculated kinetic and thermodynamic parameters confirm the irreversible degradation of phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina-Nicoleta Condurache (Lazăr)
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, E Building, 800201 Galati, Romania; (N.-N.C.); (E.E.); (G.-E.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Constantin Croitoru
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 61 Marasti Blvd, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Elena Enachi
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, E Building, 800201 Galati, Romania; (N.-N.C.); (E.E.); (G.-E.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Gabriela-Elena Bahrim
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, E Building, 800201 Galati, Romania; (N.-N.C.); (E.E.); (G.-E.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Nicoleta Stănciuc
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, E Building, 800201 Galati, Romania; (N.-N.C.); (E.E.); (G.-E.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Gabriela Râpeanu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, E Building, 800201 Galati, Romania; (N.-N.C.); (E.E.); (G.-E.B.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-613-0177
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Jaimez-Ordaz J, Contreras-López E, Hernández-Sánchez T, González-Olivares LG, Añorve-Morga J, Ramírez-Godínez J. Comparative Evaluation of Four Extraction Methods of Antioxidant Compounds from Decatropis bicolor in Aqueous Medium Applying Response Surface Design. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041042. [PMID: 33671156 PMCID: PMC7922995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to compare conventional, ultrasound, microwave, and French press methods for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from Decatropis bicolor in an aqueous medium. This plant is widely used in Mexican traditional medicine for breast cancer treatment. Despite that, there are few studies on D. bicolor. Two response surface designs were applied to establish the best conditions of the liberation of antioxidants from D. bicolor, which were determined by DPPH• and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) techniques. The total phenolic content was evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results showed that D. bicolor is a source of antioxidants (669–2128 mg ET/100 g and 553–1920 mg EFe2+/100 g, respectively) and phenolic compounds (2232–9929 mg EGA/100 g). Among the physical factors that were analyzed, the temperature was the determinant factor to liberate the compounds of interest by using low concentrations of the sample and short times of extraction. The French press was the most efficient method, obtaining values of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds even higher than those reported by using extraction methods with solvents such as methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Jaimez-Ordaz
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo 42184, Mexico; (J.J.-O.); (E.C.-L.); (L.G.G.-O.); (J.A.-M.)
| | - Elizabeth Contreras-López
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo 42184, Mexico; (J.J.-O.); (E.C.-L.); (L.G.G.-O.); (J.A.-M.)
| | - Tania Hernández-Sánchez
- Área Académica de Gastronomía, Instituto de Ciencias Económico Administrativas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito La Concepción Km 2.5 Col. San Juan Tilcuautla, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo 42160, Mexico;
| | - Luis Guillermo González-Olivares
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo 42184, Mexico; (J.J.-O.); (E.C.-L.); (L.G.G.-O.); (J.A.-M.)
| | - Javier Añorve-Morga
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo 42184, Mexico; (J.J.-O.); (E.C.-L.); (L.G.G.-O.); (J.A.-M.)
| | - Juan Ramírez-Godínez
- Área Académica de Gastronomía, Instituto de Ciencias Económico Administrativas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito La Concepción Km 2.5 Col. San Juan Tilcuautla, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo 42160, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-771-7172000 (ext. 2512)
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Pagliano G, Galletti P, Samorì C, Zaghini A, Torri C. Recovery of Polyhydroxyalkanoates From Single and Mixed Microbial Cultures: A Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:624021. [PMID: 33644018 PMCID: PMC7902716 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.624021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An overview of the main polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) recovery methods is here reported, by considering the kind of PHA-producing bacteria (single bacterial strains or mixed microbial cultures) and the chemico-physical characteristics of the extracted polymer (molecular weight and polydispersity index). Several recovery approaches are presented and categorized in two main strategies: PHA recovery with solvents (halogenated solvents, alkanes, alcohols, esters, carbonates and ketones) and PHA recovery by cellular lysis (with oxidants, acid and alkaline compounds, surfactants and enzymes). Comparative evaluations based on the recovery, purity and molecular weight of the recovered polymers as well as on the potential sustainability of the different approaches are here presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pagliano
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Paola Galletti
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- CIRI-Fonti Rinnovabili, Ambiente, Mare ed Energia, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Chiara Samorì
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- CIRI-Fonti Rinnovabili, Ambiente, Mare ed Energia, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Agnese Zaghini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Cristian Torri
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- CIRI-Fonti Rinnovabili, Ambiente, Mare ed Energia, Ravenna, Italy
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72
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Ibáñez MD, Blázquez MA. Curcuma longa L. Rhizome Essential Oil from Extraction to Its Agri-Food Applications. A Review. Plants (Basel) 2020; 10:E44. [PMID: 33379197 PMCID: PMC7823572 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Curcuma longa L. rhizome essential oil is a valuable product in pharmaceutical industry due to its wide beneficial health effects. Novel applications in the agri-food industry where more sustainable extraction processes are required currently and safer substances are claimed for the consumer are being investigated. This review provides information regarding the conventional and recent extraction methods of C. longa rhizome oil, their characteristics and suitability to be applied at the industrial scale. In addition, variations in the chemical composition of C. longa rhizome and leaf essential oils regarding intrinsic and extrinsic factors and extraction methods are also analysed in order to select the most proper to obtain the most efficient activity. Finally, the potential applications of C. longa rhizome oil in the agri-food industry, such as antimicrobial, weedicide and a food preservative agent, are included. Regarding the data, C. longa rhizome essential oil may play a special role in the agri-food industry; however, further research to determine the application threshold so as not to damage crops or affect the organoleptic properties of food products, as well as efficient encapsulation techniques, are necessary for its implementation in global agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Amparo Blázquez
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Avd. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain;
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Chuo SC, Nasir HM, Mohd-Setapar SH, Mohamed SF, Ahmad A, Wani WA, Muddassir M, Alarifi A. A Glimpse into the Extraction Methods of Active Compounds from Plants. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:667-696. [PMID: 32954795 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1820851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Naturally active compounds are usually contained inside plants and materials thereof. Thus, the extraction of the active compounds from plants needs appropriate extraction methods. The commonly employed extraction methods are mostly based on solid-liquid extraction. Frequently used conventional extraction methods such as maceration, heat-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and hydrodistillation are often criticized for large solvent consumption and long extraction times. Therefore, many advanced extraction methods incorporating various technologies such as ultrasound, microwaves, high pressure, high voltage, enzyme hydrolysis, innovative solvent systems, adsorption, and mechanical forces have been studied. These advanced extraction methods are often better than conventional methods in terms of higher yields, higher selectivity, lower solvent consumption, shorter processing time, better energy efficiency, and potential to avoid organic solvents. They are usually designed to be greener, more sustainable, and environment friendly. In this review, we have critically described recently developed extraction methods pertaining to obtaining active compounds from plants and materials thereof. Main factors that affect the extraction performances are tuned, and extraction methods are chosen in line with the properties of targeted active compounds or the objectives of extraction. The review also highlights the advancements in extraction procedures by using combinations of extraction methods to obtain high overall yields or high purity extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Chuong Chuo
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.,Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hasmida Mohd Nasir
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hamidah Mohd-Setapar
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.,Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sarajul Fikri Mohamed
- Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Akil Ahmad
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.,Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Waseem A Wani
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Tral, Kashmir, J&K, India
| | - Mohd Muddassir
- Catalytic Chemistry Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alarifi
- Catalytic Chemistry Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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74
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Li X, Bosch-Tijhof CJ, Wei X, de Soet JJ, Crielaard W, Loveren CV, Deng DM. Efficiency of chemical versus mechanical disruption methods of DNA extraction for the identification of oral Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520925594. [PMID: 32459112 PMCID: PMC7278108 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520925594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Clinical diagnostics often requires the detection of multiple bacterial
species in limited clinical samples with a single DNA extraction method.
This study aimed to compare the bacterial DNA extraction efficiency of two
lysis methods automated with the MagNA-Pure LC instrument. The samples
included five oral bacterial species (three Gram-positive and two
Gram-negative) with or without human saliva background. Methods Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from bacterial cultures by bead-beating
lysis (BMP) or chemical lysis (MP), followed by automated purification and
measurement by quantitative PCR. Results For pure bacterial cultures, the MP method yielded higher quantities of
extracted DNA and a lower detection limit than the BMP method, except where
the samples contained high numbers of Gram-positive bacteria. For bacterial
cultures with a saliva background, no difference in gDNA extraction efficacy
was observed between the two methods. Conclusions The efficiency of a bacterial DNA extraction method is not only affected by
the bacterial cell wall structure but also by the sample milieu. The MP
method provided superior gDNA extraction efficiency when the samples
contained a single bacterial species, whereas either of the BMP and MP
methods could be applied with similar efficiencies to samples containing
multiple species of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Li
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline J Bosch-Tijhof
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Johannes J de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor van Loveren
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Mei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Senizza B, Rocchetti G, Okur MA, Zengin G, Yıldıztugay E, Ak G, Montesano D, Lucini L. Phytochemical Profile and Biological Properties of Colchicum triphyllum (Meadow Saffron). Foods 2020; 9:E457. [PMID: 32276367 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the phytochemical profile and the biological properties of Colchicum triphyllum (an unexplored Turkish cultivar belonging to Colchicaceae) have been comprehensively investigated for the first time. Herein, we focused on the evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects of flower, tuber, and leaf extracts, obtained using different extraction methods, namely maceration (both aqueous and methanolic), infusion, and Soxhlet. Besides, the complete phenolic and alkaloid untargeted metabolomic profiling of the different extracts was investigated. In this regard, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) allowed us to putatively annotate 285 compounds when considering the different matrix extracts, including mainly alkaloids, flavonoids, lignans, phenolic acids, and tyrosol equivalents. The most abundant polyphenols were flavonoids (119 compounds), while colchicine, demecolcine, and lumicolchicine isomers were some of the most widespread alkaloids in each extract analyzed. In addition, our findings showed that C. triphyllum tuber extracts were a superior source of both total alkaloids and total polyphenols, being on average 2.89 and 10.41 mg/g, respectively. Multivariate statistics following metabolomics allowed for the detection of those compounds most affected by the different extraction methods. Overall, C. triphyllum leaf extracts showed a strong in vitro antioxidant capacity, in terms of cupric reducing antioxidant power (CUPRAC; on average 96.45 mg Trolox Equivalents (TE)/g) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) reducing power (on average 66.86 mg TE/g). Interestingly, each C. triphyllum methanolic extract analyzed (i.e., from tuber, leaf, and flower) was active against the tyrosinase in terms of inhibition, recording the higher values for methanolic macerated leaves (i.e., 125.78 mg kojic acid equivalent (KAE)/g). On the other hand, moderate inhibitory activities were observed against AChE and α-amylase. Strong correlations (p < 0.01) were also observed between the phytochemical profiles and the biological activities determined. Therefore, our findings highlighted, for the first time, the potential of C. triphhyllum extracts in food and pharmaceutical applications.
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76
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Zhou S, Rahman A, Li J, Wei C, Chen J, Linhardt RJ, Ye X, Chen S. Extraction Methods Affect the Structure of Goji ( Lycium barbarum) Polysaccharides. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040936. [PMID: 32093113 PMCID: PMC7070559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are considered to be the most important active substances in Goji. However, the structure of polysaccharides varies according to the extraction methods applied, and the solution used to prepare Goji polysaccharides (LBPs) were limited. Thus, it is important to clarify the connection between extraction methods and structure of Goji polysaccharide. In view of the complex composition of cell wall polysaccharides and the various forms of interaction, different extraction methods will release different parts of the cell wall. The present study compared the effects of different extraction methods, which have been used to prepare different types of plant cell wall polysaccharides based on various sources, on the structure of cell-wall polysaccharides from Goji, by the single separate use of hot water, hydrochloric acid (0.4%) and sodium hydroxide (0.6%), at both high and low temperatures. Meanwhile, in order to explore the limitations of single extraction, sequential extraction methods were applied. Structural analysis including monosaccharide analysis, GPC-MALLS, AFM and 1H-NMR suggested the persistence of more extensively branched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) domains in the procedures involving low-temperature-alkali, while procedures prepared by high-temperature-acid contains more homogalacturonan (HG) regions and results in the removal of a substantial part of the side chain, specifically the arabinan. A kind of acidic heteropolysaccharide was obtained by hot water extraction. SEC-MALLS and AFM confirmed large-size polymers with branched morphologies in alkali-extracted polysaccharides. Our results provide new insight into the extraction of Goji polysaccharides, which differ from the hot water extraction used by traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyi Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.Z.); (A.R.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Atikur Rahman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.Z.); (A.R.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.Z.); (A.R.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Chaoyang Wei
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.Z.); (A.R.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jianle Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.Z.); (A.R.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA;
| | - Xingqian Ye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.Z.); (A.R.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (S.C.); Tel./Fax: +86-0571-88982151 (S.C.)
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.Z.); (A.R.); (J.L.); (C.W.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (S.C.); Tel./Fax: +86-0571-88982151 (S.C.)
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Borges A, José H, Homem V, Simões M. Comparison of Techniques and Solvents on the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Extracts from Acacia dealbata and Olea europaea. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E48. [PMID: 32012935 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological use of plant natural extracts has been known since ancient times. The optimization of plant molecule extraction is fundamental in obtaining relevant extraction yields. The main purpose of this study was to understand the role of different extraction techniques (solid-liquid, ultrasound, Soxhlet, and microwave) and solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, dichloromethane, and hexane) on the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of extracts from Olea europaea (olive) and Acacia dealbata (mimosa). Crude plant extracts were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by the disk diffusion method. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was determined by ABTS (2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methods. In terms of extraction yield, ultrasound extraction and the solvents methanol, acetone (O. europaea) or water (A. dealbata) were found to be the best options. However, ethanol and acetone proved to be the best solvents to extract compounds with antimicrobial activity and antioxidant capacity, respectively (regardless of the extraction method employed). Soxhlet and microwave were the best techniques to extract compounds with antimicrobial activity, whereas any of the tested techniques showed the ability to extract compounds with antioxidant capacity. In most of the cases, both plant extracts (mimosa and olive) were more efficient against S. aureus than E. coli. In the present study, both mimosa and olive leaf crude extracts proved to have antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, increasing the demand of these natural products as a source of compounds with health benefits.
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78
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Knez Hrnčič M, Ivanovski M, Cör D, Knez Ž. Chia Seeds ( Salvia hispanica L.): An Overview-Phytochemical Profile, Isolation Methods, and Application. Molecules 2019; 25:E11. [PMID: 31861466 PMCID: PMC6994964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a small seed that comes from an annual herbaceous plant, Salvia hispanica L. In recent years, usage of Chia seeds has tremendously grown due to their high nutritional and medicinal values. Chia was cultivated by Mesopotamian cultures, but then disappeared for centuries until the middle of the 20th century, when it was rediscovered. Chia seeds contain healthy ω-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, proteins, vitamins, and some minerals. Besides this, the seeds are an excellent source of polyphenols and antioxidants, such as caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and others. Today, chia has been analyzed in different areas of research. Researches around the world have been investigating the benefits of chia seeds in the medicinal, pharmaceutical, and food industry. Chia oil is today one of the most valuable oils on the market. Different extraction methods have been used to produce the oil. In the present study, an extensive overview of the chemical composition, nutritional properties, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, along with extraction methods used to produce chia oil, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Knez Hrnčič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.I.); (D.C.)
| | - Maja Ivanovski
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.I.); (D.C.)
| | - Darija Cör
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.I.); (D.C.)
| | - Željko Knez
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.I.); (D.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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79
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Chen H, Chen Z, Fu Y, Liu J, Lin S, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Wu D, Lin D, Han G, Wang L, Qin W. Structure, Antioxidant, and Hypoglycemic Activities of Arabinoxylans Extracted by Multiple Methods from Triticale. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120584. [PMID: 31775251 PMCID: PMC6943583 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Different methods of isolating arabinoxylans (AXs) from triticale were performed to investigate the extraction methods’ effects on the physiological functions of the AXs. Structural, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities were determined. The molecular weights (MWs) of enzyme- or water-extracted AXs were lower than those of alkali-extracted AXs. Opposite trends were shown by the arabinose–xylose ratio. Enzyme-extracted AXs exhibited higher glucose adsorption capacity and hydroxyl radical-scavenging efficiency than alkali-extracted AXs. The α-amylase inhibition ability, DPPH radical-scavenging capacity, and metal-chelating activity of alkali-extracted AXs were higher than those of enzyme-extracted AXs. Water-extracted AXs had the highest glucose dialysis retardation index. In conclusion, extraction methods can influence the physiological function of AXs through their structural features. AXs with higher MWs and esterified ferulic acid (FA) levels had higher antioxidant ability, whereas AXs with higher solubility and free FA level exhibited higher hypoglycemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Zhuoyun Chen
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Siying Lin
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Yuntao Liu
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Dingtao Wu
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Derong Lin
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Guoquan Han
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Food and Drug Inspection, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China;
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China; (H.C.); (Z.C.); (Y.F.); (J.L.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (D.L.); (G.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0835-2882576
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80
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Kiełbasa A, Krakowska-Sieprawska A, Kowalkowski T, Rafińska K, Buszewski B. Distribution of sapogenins in morphological Medicago sativa L. parts: Comparison of various extraction techniques. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:671-680. [PMID: 31670460 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Saponins in plant extracts were indirectly determined by estimation of the content of sapogenins. The first step of determination is extraction with high efficiency. One conventional extraction technique (maceration) and two modern ones (accelerated solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction) were compared. Methanol and ethanol were used as solvents or co-solvents. The results were supported by statistical analysis. Saponins were extracted from leaves, roots, and sprouts of Medicago sativa. Acid hydrolysis, purification, and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector were used. The content of sapogenins was the highest in the roots. Smaller amounts of sapogenins were found in sprouts and the smallest ones in leaves. The main ingredient was medicagenic acid with mean concentration of 621.8 µg/g in roots, 456.7 µg/g in sprouts, and 471.3 µg/g in leaf extract. The highest content of sapogenins in extract was obtained after maceration with methanol; however, this method is nonselective in relation to biologically active compounds. Due to the possibility of using the obtained extracts with sapogenins in the cosmetic or pharmaceutical industry, the selection of extraction techniques and solvents is a very important aspect. Additionally, the chosen technique should be considered eco-friendly and consistent with the assumptions of "green chemistry."
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kiełbasa
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
| | - Aneta Krakowska-Sieprawska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalkowski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
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81
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Lourenço SC, Moldão-Martins M, Alves VD. Antioxidants of Natural Plant Origins: From Sources to Food Industry Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:E4132. [PMID: 31731614 PMCID: PMC6891691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, great interest has been focused on using natural antioxidants in food products, due to studies indicating possible adverse effects that may be related to the consumption of synthetic antioxidants. A variety of plant materials are known to be natural sources of antioxidants, such as herbs, spices, seeds, fruits and vegetables. The interest in these natural components is not only due to their biological value, but also to their economic impact, as most of them may be extracted from food by-products and under-exploited plant species. This article provides an overview of current knowledge on natural antioxidants: their sources, extraction methods and stabilization processes. In addition, recent studies on their applications in the food industry are also addressed; namely, as preservatives in different food products and in active films for packaging purposes and edible coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vítor D. Alves
- LEAF, Linking, Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.L.); (M.M.-M.)
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82
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Abstract
A method for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in caulk and glazing materials was developed and evaluated by application to a combination of 36 samples of caulk and glazing materials, from four schools in the northeastern area of the United States. Quality control analysis showed a range of 45 to 170% for spike recovery from the various samples and a range of 10.9 to 20.1% difference in precision among replicates. The result for the samples analyzed showed that three of the four schools sampled contained caulking and glazing materials with levels of PCBs >50 μg/g (range 54.6 μg/g to 445,000 μg/g). Across the four schools, 24% of collected caulk and glazing samples contained elevated PCB levels relative to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) bulk product waste criterion of 50 μg/g under “The Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act.” The PCBs determined in the samples, exhibited characteristic chromatographic patterns similar to those of Aroclors 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262, and a 1016/1254 mix.
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83
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Pegoraro CN, Nutter D, Thevenon M, Ramirez CL. Chemical profiles of cannabis sativa medicinal oil using different extraction and concentration methods. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:2249-2252. [PMID: 31512513 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1663515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study shows the variability in chemical profiles of three different varieties of Cannabis sativa extracts used in medicinal cannabis oil when using two different extraction and evaporation methods. Procedures were compared by analyzing rate of total terpenoids to the principal cannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction of inflorescences using soxhlet method showed the highest mass of final extract. Also, the use of heating and the presence of oxygen when evaporating the solvents, greatly modified the final profiles due to evaporation or chemical reactions. These variations in chemical profiles must be carefully taken into account and standardized in the elaboration of medicinal oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar N Pegoraro
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Conicet, Argentina
| | - Diego Nutter
- CAMEDA (Cannabis Medicinal Argentina), Olazabal, Argentina
| | - Mario Thevenon
- Laboratorio de Botánica, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Cristina L Ramirez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Conicet, Argentina
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84
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Sonmezdag AS, Kelebek H, Selli S. Elucidation of hulling-induced changes in the aroma and aroma-active compounds of cv. Uzun pistachio (Pistacia vera). J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:4702-4711. [PMID: 30919982 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to define the effects of the hulling process on the aroma and aroma-active composition of cv. Uzun pistachio. Four different hulling processes, namely wet, wet-dry, dry-dry and brine, were applied. In addition, solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), simultaneous distillation/extraction (SDE) and purge and trap (P&T) extraction methods were also tested to obtain the best representative aroma extract. RESULTS The results revealed that the dry-dry hulling method was the most prominent according to the aroma and aroma-active compounds, and this was especially the case with terpene compounds. The method increased the content of terpenes, pyrazines and total aroma compounds. By application of aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), a total of 18 compounds were detected, of which 11 were identified for the first time in the fruit of pistachio. 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine were the compounds that had the highest flavour dilution factors. CONCLUSION In general, the results of the present research indicated that the hulling method highly affected the overall aroma structure of pistachios. The dry-dry hulling method is therefore suggested to manufacturers to obtain better pistachios with rich and high-quality aroma. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Salih Sonmezdag
- Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Hasim Kelebek
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Adana Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Serkan Selli
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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85
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Cesarz S, Eva Schulz A, Beugnon R, Eisenhauer N. Testing soil nematode extraction efficiency using different variations of the Baermann-funnel method. Soil Org 2019; 91:61-72. [PMID: 32607134 PMCID: PMC7326606 DOI: 10.25674/so91201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes are increasingly used as powerful bioindicators of soil food web composition and functioning in ecological studies. Todays' ecological research aims to investigate not only local relationships but global patterns, which requires consistent methodology across locations. Thus, a common and easy extraction protocol of soil nematodes is needed. In this study, we present a detailed protocol of the Baermann-funnel method and highlight how different soil pre-treatments and equipment (soil type, soil height, sieving, and filter type) can affect extraction efficiency and community composition by using natural nematode communities. We found that highest nematode extraction efficiency was achieved using lowest soil height as indicated by the thickness of the soil sample in the extractor (1, 2, or 4 cm soil height) in combination with soil sieving (instead of no sieving), and by using milk filters (instead of paper towels). PCA at the family level revealed that different pre-treatments significantly affected nematode community composition. Increasing the height of the soil sample by adding more soil increased the proportion of larger-sized nematodes likely because those are able to overcome long distances but selected against small nematodes. Sieving is suggested to break up soil aggregates and, therefore, facilitate moving in general. Interestingly, sieving did not negatively affect larger nematodes that are supposed to have a higher probability of getting bruised during sieving but, even if not significant, tended to yield more extracted nematodes than no sieving. We therefore recommend to use small heights of sieved soil with milk filter to extract free-living soil nematodes with the Baermann-funnel method. The present study shows that variations in the extraction protocol can alter the total density and community composition of extracted nematodes and provides recommendations for an efficient and standardized approach in future studies. Having a simple, cheap, and standardized extraction protocol can facilitate the assessment of soil biodiversity in global contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Annika Eva Schulz
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rémy Beugnon
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
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86
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Pollini L, Rocchi R, Cossignani L, Mañes J, Compagnone D, Blasi F. Phenol Profiling and Nutraceutical Potential of Lycium spp. Leaf Extracts Obtained with Ultrasound and Microwave Assisted Techniques. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8080260. [PMID: 31370335 PMCID: PMC6721263 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, agricultural and industrial residues have attracted a lot of interest in the recovery of phytochemicals used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In this paper, a study on the recovery of phenol compounds from Lycium spp. leaves is presented. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) have been used with alcoholic and hydroalcoholic solvents. Methanolic UAE was the most successful technique for extracting phenols from Lycium leaves, and we used on leaves from L. barbarum and L. chinense cultivated in Italy. The extracts were then characterized as regards to the antioxidant properties by in vitro assays and the phenol profiling by a high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Chlorogenic acid and rutin were the main phenol compounds, but considerable differences have been observed between the samples of the two Lycium species. For example, cryptochlorogenic acid was found only in L. barbarum samples, while quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside only in L. chinense leaves. Finally, multivariate statistical analysis techniques applied to the phenol content allowed us to differentiate samples from different Lycium spp. The results of this study confirm that the extraction is a crucial step in the analytical procedure and show that Lycium leaves represent an interesting source of antioxidant compounds, with potential use in the nutraceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Pollini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Rachele Rocchi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technologies for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lina Cossignani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technologies for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Blasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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87
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Piovesana S, Capriotti AL, Foglia P, Montone CM, La Barbera G, Zenezini Chiozzi R, Laganà A, Cavaliere C. Development of an Analytical Method for the Metaproteomic Investigation of Bioaerosol from Work Environments. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1900152. [PMID: 31315163 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The metaproteomic analysis of air particulate matter provides valuable information about the properties of bioaerosols in the atmosphere and their influence on climate and public health. In this work, a new method for the extraction and analysis of proteins in airborne particulate matter from quartz microfiber filters is developed. Different protein extraction procedures are tested to select the best extraction protocol based on protein recovery. The optimized method is tested for the extraction of proteins from spores of ubiquitous bacteria species and used for the metaproteomic characterization of filters from three work environments. In particular, ambient aerosol samples are collected in a composting plant, in a wastewater treatment plant, and in an agricultural holding. A total of 179, 15, 205, and 444 proteins are identified in composting plant, wastewater treatment plant, and agricultural holding, (cow stable and blending plant), respectively. In agreement with the major categories of primary biological aerosol particles, all identified proteins originated primarily from fungi, bacteria, and plants. The paper is the first metaproteomic study applied to bioaerosol samples collected in occupationally relevant environmental sites and, even though not aimed at monitoring the risk exposure of workers, it provides information on the possible exposure in the working environmental sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susy Piovesana
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Foglia
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia La Barbera
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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88
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Piva GS, Weschenfelder TA, Franceschi E, Cansian RL, Paroul N, Steffens C. Linseed ( Linum usitatissimum) Oil Extraction
Using Different Solvents. Food Technol Biotechnol 2018; 56:366-372. [PMID: 30510480 PMCID: PMC6233019 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.56.03.18.5318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims at characterizing linseed oil obtained using different extraction methods (hexane, subcritical propane and pressurized ethanol), and comparing the results with commercial linseed oil extracted by cold mechanical press method. An experimental design helped to evaluate temperature and pressure effects on the oil extraction using propane and ethanol. Gas chromatography assisted in evaluating the essential fatty acids. There were no significant differences among the ω-3, 6 and 9 fatty acids from linseed oil obtained using the different extraction methods. Only the acidity of linseed oil extracted by subcritical propane (0.956%) showed significant differences among the physicochemical parameters. Extraction using organic solvent (Soxhlet) gave a 36.12% yield. Extraction using subcritical propane at 107 Pa and 40 °C for 1.5 h gave a better yield (28.39%) than pressurized ethanol (8.05%) under similar conditions. Linseed oil extraction using subcritical propane was economically viable, resulting in a 124.58 US$/L product cost. The results present subcritical propane extraction as a promising alternative for obtaining linseed oil at mild temperature and pressure conditions, without losing quality and quantity of fatty acids such as ω-3, 6 and 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Sabadin Piva
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro 1621, 99700-000, Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Elton Franceschi
- Colloidal System Research Center (NUESC), Research and Technology Institute (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), 49032-490, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Rogério Luis Cansian
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro 1621, 99700-000, Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalia Paroul
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro 1621, 99700-000, Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarice Steffens
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro 1621, 99700-000, Erechim, RS, Brazil
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89
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Cook L, Starr K, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Hayden R, Sam SS, Caliendo AM. Does Size Matter? Comparison of Extraction Yields for Different-Sized DNA Fragments by Seven Different Routine and Four New Circulating Cell-Free Extraction Methods. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:e01061-18. [PMID: 30282788 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01061-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An element essential for PCR detection of microbial agents in many sample types is the extraction step, designed to purify nucleic acids. Despite the importance of this step, yields have not been extensively compared across methods to determine whether the method used contributes to quantitative differences and the lack of commutability seen with existing clinical methods. This may in part explain why plasma and blood viral load assays have proven difficult to standardize. Also, studies have identified small DNA fragments of <200 bp in plasma (cell-free DNA [cfDNA]), which may include significant quantities of viral DNA. Our study evaluated extraction yields for 11 commercially available extraction methods, including 4 new methods designed to isolate cfDNA. Solutions of DNA fragments with sizes ranging from 50 to 1,500 bp were extracted, and then the eluates were tested by droplet digital PCR to determine the DNA fragment yield for each method. The results demonstrated a wide range of extraction yields across the variety of methods/instruments used, with the 50- and 100-bp fragment sizes showing especially inconsistent quantitative results and poor yields of less than 20%. Slightly higher, more consistent yields were seen with 2 of the 4 circulating cell-free extraction kits. These results demonstrate a significant need for further evaluation of nucleic acid yields across the variety of extraction platforms and highlight the poor extraction yields of small DNA fragments by existing methods. Further work is necessary to determine the impact of this inconsistency across instruments and the relevance of the low yields for smaller DNA fragments in clinical virology testing.
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90
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Neag MA, Mocan A, Echeverría J, Pop RM, Bocsan CI, Crişan G, Buzoianu AD. Berberine: Botanical Occurrence, Traditional Uses, Extraction Methods, and Relevance in Cardiovascular, Metabolic, Hepatic, and Renal Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:557. [PMID: 30186157 PMCID: PMC6111450 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine-containing plants have been traditionally used in different parts of the world for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, skin diseases, wound healing, reducing fevers, affections of eyes, treatment of tumors, digestive and respiratory diseases, and microbial pathologies. The physico-chemical properties of berberine contribute to the high diversity of extraction and detection methods. Considering its particularities this review describes various methods mentioned in the literature so far with reference to the most important factors influencing berberine extraction. Further, the common separation and detection methods like thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry are discussed in order to give a complex overview of the existing methods. Additionally, many clinical and experimental studies suggest that berberine has several pharmacological properties, such as immunomodulatory, antioxidative, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and renoprotective effects. This review summarizes the main information about botanical occurrence, traditional uses, extraction methods, and pharmacological effects of berberine and berberine-containing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Neag
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Raluca M. Pop
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Corina I. Bocsan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gianina Crişan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca D. Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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91
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Delaney S, Murphy R, Walsh F. A Comparison of Methods for the Extraction of Plasmids Capable of Conferring Antibiotic Resistance in a Human Pathogen From Complex Broiler Cecal Samples. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1731. [PMID: 30150971 PMCID: PMC6100392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct extraction of plasmid DNA containing antibiotic resistance genes from complex samples is imperative when studying plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance from a One Health perspective, in order to obtain a wide representation of all the resistance plasmids present in these microbial communities. There are also relatively few bacterial species from natural environments which can be cultured in vitro. Extracting plasmids from the cultivable fraction of these complex microbiomes may only represent a fraction of the total antibiotic resistance plasmids present. We compared different methods of plasmid extraction from broiler cecal samples, whose resistance could be expressed in a human pathogen—Escherichia coli. We found that kits designed for DNA extraction from complex samples such as soil or feces did not extract intact plasmid DNA. Commercial kits specific for plasmid extraction were also generally unsuccessful, most likely due to the complexity of our sample and intended use of the kits with bacterial culture. An alkaline lysis method specific for plasmid extraction was ineffective, even with further optimization. Transposon-aided capture of plasmids (TRACA) allowed for the acquirement of a small range of resistance plasmids. Multiple displacement amplification provided the broadest range of resistance plasmids by amplifying all extracted circular plasmid DNA, but the results were not reproducible across all samples. Exogenous plasmid isolation enabled the extraction of resistance plasmids from the microbial fraction by relying on the mobility of the plasmids in the sample. This was the most consistent method from which we obtained a range of resistance plasmids from our samples. We therefore recommend the use of the exogenous plasmid isolation method in order to reliably obtain the greatest representation of the total antibiotic resistance plasmidome in complex samples. While this method has limitations, it is one which will vastly increase our current knowledge of antibiotic resistance plasmids present in complex environments and which are capable of transferring to a human and animal pathogen and environmental contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Delaney
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbiome Research Group, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland.,Alltech European Bioscience Centre, Dunboyne, Ireland
| | | | - Fiona Walsh
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbiome Research Group, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
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92
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Khanam B, Chandra R. Comparative analysis of prodigiosin isolated from endophyte Serratia marcescens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 66:194-201. [PMID: 29283452 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extraction of pigments from endophytes is an uphill task. Up till now, there are no efficient methods available to extract the maximum amount of prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens. This is one of the important endophytes of Beta vulgaris L. The present work was carried out for the comparative study of six different extraction methods such as homogenization, ultrasonication, freezing and thawing, heat treatment, organic solvents and inorganic acids to evaluate the efficiency of prodigiosin yield. Our results demonstrated that highest extraction was observed in ultrasonication (98·1 ± 1·7%) while the lowest extraction by freezing and thawing (31·8 ± 3·8%) methods. However, thin layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared data suggest that bioactive pigment in the extract was prodigiosin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study of extraction methods and identification and purification of prodigiosin from cell biomass of Ser. marcescens isolated from Beta vulgaris L. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The prodigiosin family is a potent drug with anticancer, antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, antiproliferative and immunosuppressive activities. Moreover, it has immense potential in pharmaceutical, food and textile industries. For the industrial perspective, it is essential to achieve purified, high yield and cost-effective extraction of prodigiosin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study on prodigiosin extraction and also the first report on endophyte Serratia marcescens isolated from Beta vulgaris L. The significance of our results is to extract high amount and good quality prodigiosin for commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Khanam
- Department of Bioengineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, India
| | - R Chandra
- Department of Bioengineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, India
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93
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Zhang L, Zhou QL, Yang XW. Determination of the transformation of ginsenosides in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma during decoction with water using ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1039-1049. [PMID: 29205862 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the variations of ginsenosides in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma when using different preparation solvents and explore the major factors for changes. With an established ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method which could quantify 52 ginsenosides, the extraction differences were characterized and compared using different solvents (water, 70% aqueous ethanol, and ethanol). Subsequently, a series of aqueous solutions with different pH were prepared to test the influence of pH to the changes of ginsenosides. Meanwhile, acetic acid and aspartic acid were used to verify whether the reaction had a relationship with the kind of acids. After refluxing with water, not only highly polar ginsenosides were extracted, some less polar ginsenosides such as ginsenoside Rg3 , Rg5 , Rk1 , and Rh2 occurred or increased rapidly. Further experiments indicated that less polar ginsenosides were easier to generate at low pH values, and the reaction was only related to pH other than what kind of acids were used. It is the first time to elaborate the contents variation of 52 ginsenosides when using different extraction methods. The results indicated that decoction with water could enhance the transformation of highly polar ginsenosides to less polar ginsenosides and the process was pH dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Le Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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94
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Mæhre HK, Dalheim L, Edvinsen GK, Elvevoll EO, Jensen IJ. Protein Determination-Method Matters. Foods 2018; 7:E5. [PMID: 29301260 PMCID: PMC5789268 DOI: 10.3390/foods7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The reported protein content of foods depends on the analytical method used for determination, making a direct comparison between studies difficult. The aim of this study was to examine and compare protein analytical methods. Some of these methods require extraction preceding analysis. The efficacy of protein extraction differs depending on food matrices and thus extraction yield was determined. Overall, most analytical methods overestimated the protein contents. The inaccuracies were linked to indirect measurements, i.e. nitrogen determination and subsequent conversion to protein, or interference from other chemical substances. Amino acid analysis is the only protein analysis method where interfering substances do not affect the results. Although there is potential for improvement in regards to the hydrolysis method, we recommend that this method should be the preferred for food protein determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne K Mæhre
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Lars Dalheim
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Guro K Edvinsen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Edel O Elvevoll
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Ida-Johanne Jensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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95
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Mehta MJ, Kumar A. Green and Efficient Processing of Cinnamomum cassia Bark by Using Ionic Liquids: Extraction of Essential Oil and Construction of UV-Resistant Composite Films from Residual Biomass. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:3150-3155. [PMID: 28990285 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is significant interest in the development of a sustainable and integrated process for the extraction of essential oils and separation of biopolymers by using novel and efficient solvent systems. Herein, cassia essential oil enriched in coumarin is extracted from Cinnamomum cassia bark by using a protic ionic liquid (IL), ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), through dissolution and the creation of a biphasic system with the help of diethyl ether. The process has been perfected, in terms of higher biomass dissolution ability and essential oil yield through the addition of aprotic ILs (based on the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (C4 mim) cation and chloride or acetate anions) to EAN. After extraction of oil, cellulose-rich material and free lignin were regenerated from biomass-IL solutions by using a 1:1 mixture of acetone-water. The purity of the extracted essential oil and biopolymers were ascertained by means of FTIR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and GC-MS techniques. Because lignin contains UV-blocking chromophores, the oil-free residual lignocellulosic material has been directly utilized to construct UV-light-resistant composite materials in conjunction with the biopolymer chitosan. Composite material thus obtained was processed to form biodegradable films, which were characterized for mechanical and optical properties. The films showed excellent UV-light resistance and mechanical properties, thereby making it a material suitable for packaging and light-sensitive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit J Mehta
- Salt and Marine Chemicals Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar-, 364002, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Salt and Marine Chemicals Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar-, 364002, India
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96
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Kalantari K, Moniri M, Boroumand Moghaddam A, Abdul Rahim R, Bin Ariff A, Izadiyan Z, Mohamad R. A Review of the Biomedical Applications of Zerumbone and the Techniques for Its Extraction from Ginger Rhizomes. Molecules 2017; 22:E1645. [PMID: 28974019 PMCID: PMC6151537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zerumbone (ZER) is a phytochemical isolated from the subtropical Zingiberaceae family and as a natural compound it has different biomedical properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory anti-proliferative activity. ZER also has effects on angiogenesis and acts as an antitumor drug in the treatment of cancer, showing selective toxicity toward various cancer cell lines. Several techniques also have been established for extraction of ZER from the rhizomes of ginger. This review paper is an overview of recent research about different extraction methods and their efficiencies, in vivo and vitro investigations of ZER and also its prominent chemopreventive properties and treatment mechanisms. Most of the studies mentioned in this review paper may be useful use as a knowledge summary to explain ZER extraction and anticancer activities, which will show a way for the development of strategies in the treatment of malignancies using ZER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Kalantari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Mona Moniri
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Amin Boroumand Moghaddam
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Arbakariya Bin Ariff
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Zahra Izadiyan
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia.
| | - Rosfarizan Mohamad
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Univerciti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
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97
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Ng NT, Kamaruddin AF, Wan Ibrahim WA, Sanagi MM, Abdul Keyon AS. Advances in organic-inorganic hybrid sorbents for the extraction of organic and inorganic pollutants in different types of food and environmental samples. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:195-208. [PMID: 28834218 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of the extraction and removal of pollutants from food and the environment has been an important issue in analytical science. By incorporating inorganic species into an organic matrix, a new material known as an organic-inorganic hybrid material is formed. As it possesses high selectivity, permeability, and mechanical and chemical stabilities, organic-inorganic hybrid materials constitute an emerging research field and have become popular to serve as sorbents in various separaton science methods. Here, we review recent significant advances in analytical solid-phase extraction employing organic-inorganic composite/nanocomposite sorbents for the extraction of organic and inorganic pollutants from various types of food and environmental matrices. The physicochemical characteristics, extraction properties, and analytical performances of sorbents are discussed; including morphology and surface characteristics, types of functional groups, interaction mechanism, selectivity and sensitivity, accuracy, and regeneration abilities. Organic-inorganic hybrid sorbents combined with extraction techniques are highly promising for sample preparation of various food and environmental matrixes with analytes at trace levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyuk-Ting Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Amirah Farhan Kamaruddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Aemi S Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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98
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Blicharski T, Oniszczuk A, Olech M, Oniszczuk T, Wójtowicz A, Krawczyk W, Nowak R. Puffed cereals with added chamomile - quantitative analysis of polyphenols and optimization of their extraction method. Ann Agric Environ Med 2017; 24:222-228. [PMID: 28664698 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1233564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED [b]Abstract Introduction[/b]. Functional food plays an important role in the prevention, management and treatment of chronic diseases. One of the most interesting techniques of functional food production is extrusion-cooking. Functional foods may include such items as puffed cereals, breads and beverages that are fortified with vitamins, some nutraceuticals and herbs. Due to its pharmacological activity, chamomile flowers are the most popular components added to functional food. OBJECTIVE Quantitative analysis of polyphenolic antioxidants, as well as comparison of various methods for the extraction of phenolic compounds from corn puffed cereals, puffed cereals with an addition of chamomile (3, 5, 10 and 20%) and from [i]Chamomillae anthodium. [/i] [b]Materials and Methods[/b]. Two modern extraction methods - ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) at 40 °C and 60 °C, as well as accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) at 100 °C and 120 °C were used for the isolation of polyphenols from functional food. Analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids was carried out using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). [b]Results and Conclusions[/b]. For most of the analyzed compounds, the highest yields were obtained by ultrasound assisted extraction. The highest temperature during the ultrasonification process (60 °C) increased the efficiency of extraction, without degradation of polyphenols. UAE easily arrives at extraction equilibrium and therefore permits shorter periods of time, reducing the energy input. Furthermore, UAE meets the requirements of 'Green Chemistry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Blicharski
- Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopedics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Oniszczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marta Olech
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Oniszczuk
- Department of Food Process Engineering, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wójtowicz
- Department of Food Process Engineering, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krawczyk
- Department of Expert Medical Assistance with Emergency Medicine Unit, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata Nowak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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99
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Bleakley S, Hayes M. Algal Proteins: Extraction, Application, and Challenges Concerning Production. Foods 2017; 6:E33. [PMID: 28445408 PMCID: PMC5447909 DOI: 10.3390/foods6050033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Population growth combined with increasingly limited resources of arable land and fresh water has resulted in a need for alternative protein sources. Macroalgae (seaweed) and microalgae are examples of under-exploited "crops". Algae do not compete with traditional food crops for space and resources. This review details the characteristics of commonly consumed algae, as well as their potential for use as a protein source based on their protein quality, amino acid composition, and digestibility. Protein extraction methods applied to algae to date, including enzymatic hydrolysis, physical processes, and chemical extraction and novel methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed electric field, and microwave-assisted extraction are discussed. Moreover, existing protein enrichment methods used in the dairy industry and the potential of these methods to generate high value ingredients from algae, such as bioactive peptides and functional ingredients are discussed. Applications of algae in human nutrition, animal feed, and aquaculture are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Bleakley
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland.
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Health and Environment, Sustainability and Health Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin D08 NF82, Ireland.
| | - Maria Hayes
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 KN3K, Ireland.
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100
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Krulj J, Brlek T, Pezo L, Brkljača J, Popović S, Zeković Z, Bodroža Solarov M. Extraction methods of Amaranthus sp. grain oil isolation. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:3552-3558. [PMID: 26592492 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amaranthus sp. is a fast-growing crop with well-known beneficial nutritional values (rich in protein, fat, dietary fiber, ash, and minerals, especially calcium and sodium, and containing a higher amount of lysine than conventional cereals). Amaranthus sp. is an underexploited plant source of squalene, a compound of high importance in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. RESULTS This paper has examined the effects of the different extraction methods (Soxhlet, supercritical fluid and accelerated solvent extraction) on the oil and squalene yield of three genotypes of Amaranthus sp. grain. The highest yield of the extracted oil (78.1 g kg(-1) ) and squalene (4.7 g kg(-1) ) in grain was obtained by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) in genotype 16. Post hoc Tukey's HSD test at 95% confidence limit showed significant differences between observed samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used for assessing the effect of different genotypes and extraction methods on oil and squalene yield, and also the fatty acid composition profile. Using coupled PCA and CA of observed samples, possible directions for improving the quality of product can be realized. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that it is very important to choose both the right genotype and the right method of extraction for optimal oil and squalene yield. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Krulj
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tea Brlek
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Jovana Brkljača
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sanja Popović
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zoran Zeković
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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