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Hedskog C, Spinner CD, Protzer U, Hoffmann D, Ko C, Gottlieb RL, Askar M, Roestenberg M, de Vries JJC, Carbo EC, Martin R, Li J, Han D, Rodriguez L, Parvangada A, Perry JK, Ferrer R, Antón A, Andrés C, Casares V, Günthard HF, Huber M, McComsey GA, Sadri N, Aberg JA, van Bakel H, Porter DP. No Remdesivir Resistance Observed in the Phase 3 Severe and Moderate COVID-19 SIMPLE Trials. Viruses 2024; 16:546. [PMID: 38675889 PMCID: PMC11053423 DOI: 10.3390/v16040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir (RDV) is a broad-spectrum nucleotide analog prodrug approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients with clinical benefit demonstrated in multiple Phase 3 trials. Here we present SARS-CoV-2 resistance analyses from the Phase 3 SIMPLE clinical studies evaluating RDV in hospitalized participants with severe or moderate COVID-19 disease. The severe and moderate studies enrolled participants with radiologic evidence of pneumonia and a room-air oxygen saturation of ≤94% or >94%, respectively. Virology sample collection was optional in the study protocols. Sequencing and related viral load data were obtained retrospectively from participants at a subset of study sites with local sequencing capabilities (10 of 183 sites) at timepoints with detectable viral load. Among participants with both baseline and post-baseline sequencing data treated with RDV, emergent Nsp12 substitutions were observed in 4 of 19 (21%) participants in the severe study and none of the 2 participants in the moderate study. The following 5 substitutions emerged: T76I, A526V, A554V, E665K, and C697F. The substitutions T76I, A526V, A554V, and C697F had an EC50 fold change of ≤1.5 relative to the wildtype reference using a SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic replicon system, indicating no significant change in the susceptibility to RDV. The phenotyping of E665K could not be determined due to a lack of replication. These data reveal no evidence of relevant resistance emergence and further confirm the established efficacy profile of RDV with a high resistance barrier in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hedskog
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (R.M.); (J.L.); (D.H.); (L.R.); (A.P.); (J.K.P.); (D.P.P.)
| | - Christoph D. Spinner
- TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department of Clinical Medicine—Clinical Department for Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 81675 Munich, Germany; (U.P.); (D.H.)
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Hoffmann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 81675 Munich, Germany; (U.P.); (D.H.)
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Chunkyu Ko
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert L. Gottlieb
- Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; (R.L.G.); (M.A.)
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Burnett School of Medicine at TCU, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Medhat Askar
- Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; (R.L.G.); (M.A.)
- QU Health and Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Leiden University Medical Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (J.J.C.d.V.); (E.C.C.)
| | - Jutte J. C. de Vries
- Leiden University Medical Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (J.J.C.d.V.); (E.C.C.)
| | - Ellen C. Carbo
- Leiden University Medical Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (J.J.C.d.V.); (E.C.C.)
| | - Ross Martin
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (R.M.); (J.L.); (D.H.); (L.R.); (A.P.); (J.K.P.); (D.P.P.)
| | - Jiani Li
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (R.M.); (J.L.); (D.H.); (L.R.); (A.P.); (J.K.P.); (D.P.P.)
| | - Dong Han
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (R.M.); (J.L.); (D.H.); (L.R.); (A.P.); (J.K.P.); (D.P.P.)
| | - Lauren Rodriguez
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (R.M.); (J.L.); (D.H.); (L.R.); (A.P.); (J.K.P.); (D.P.P.)
| | - Aiyappa Parvangada
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (R.M.); (J.L.); (D.H.); (L.R.); (A.P.); (J.K.P.); (D.P.P.)
| | - Jason K. Perry
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (R.M.); (J.L.); (D.H.); (L.R.); (A.P.); (J.K.P.); (D.P.P.)
| | - Ricard Ferrer
- Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (R.F.); (A.A.); (C.A.); (V.C.)
| | - Andrés Antón
- Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (R.F.); (A.A.); (C.A.); (V.C.)
| | - Cristina Andrés
- Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (R.F.); (A.A.); (C.A.); (V.C.)
| | - Vanessa Casares
- Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (R.F.); (A.A.); (C.A.); (V.C.)
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grace A. McComsey
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (G.A.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Navid Sadri
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (G.A.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Judith A. Aberg
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Danielle P. Porter
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA; (R.M.); (J.L.); (D.H.); (L.R.); (A.P.); (J.K.P.); (D.P.P.)
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Thümmler L, Beckmann N, Sehl C, Soddemann M, Braß P, Bormann M, Brochhagen L, Elsner C, Hoertel N, Cougoule C, Ciesek S, Widera M, Dittmer U, Lindemann M, Horn PA, Witzke O, Kadow S, Kamler M, Gulbins E, Becker KA, Krawczyk A. Fluoxetine and Sertraline Potently Neutralize the Replication of Distinct SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Viruses 2024; 16:545. [PMID: 38675888 PMCID: PMC11053511 DOI: 10.3390/v16040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is still a major health problem. Newly emerging variants and long-COVID-19 represent a challenge for the global health system. In particular, individuals in developing countries with insufficient health care need easily accessible, affordable and effective treatments of COVID-19. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase against infections with various viruses, including early variants of SARS-CoV-2. This work investigated whether the acid sphingomyelinase inhibitors fluoxetine and sertraline, usually used as antidepressant molecules in clinical practice, can inhibit the replication of the former and recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants in vitro. Fluoxetine and sertraline potently inhibited the infection with pseudotyped virus-like particles and SARS-CoV-2 variants D614G, alpha, delta, omicron BA.1 and omicron BA.5. These results highlight fluoxetine and sertraline as priority candidates for large-scale phase 3 clinical trials at different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infections, either alone or in combination with other medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thümmler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (P.B.); (M.B.); (L.B.); (O.W.)
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.L.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Nadine Beckmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (C.S.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (E.G.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Carolin Sehl
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (C.S.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (E.G.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Matthias Soddemann
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (C.S.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (E.G.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Peer Braß
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (P.B.); (M.B.); (L.B.); (O.W.)
| | - Maren Bormann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (P.B.); (M.B.); (L.B.); (O.W.)
| | - Leonie Brochhagen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (P.B.); (M.B.); (L.B.); (O.W.)
| | - Carina Elsner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.E.); (U.D.)
| | - Nicolas Hoertel
- Institute Psychiatry and Neuroscience de Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris Cité University, 75014 Paris, France;
- Psychiatry and Addiction Department Corentin-Celton Hospital (AP-HP), 92130 Paris, France
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS), CNRS, University of Toulouse, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France;
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.C.); (M.W.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, 60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.C.); (M.W.)
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.E.); (U.D.)
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.L.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.L.); (P.A.H.)
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (P.B.); (M.B.); (L.B.); (O.W.)
| | - Stephanie Kadow
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (C.S.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (E.G.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Markus Kamler
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (C.S.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (E.G.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Katrin Anne Becker
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (C.S.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (E.G.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.T.); (P.B.); (M.B.); (L.B.); (O.W.)
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.E.); (U.D.)
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Tan B, Zhang X, Ansari A, Jadhav P, Tan H, Li K, Chopra A, Ford A, Chi X, Ruiz FX, Arnold E, Deng X, Wang J. Design of a SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease inhibitor with antiviral efficacy in a mouse model. Science 2024; 383:1434-1440. [PMID: 38547259 DOI: 10.1126/science.adm9724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and drug-resistant mutants calls for additional oral antivirals. The SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) is a promising but challenging drug target. We designed and synthesized 85 noncovalent PLpro inhibitors that bind to a recently discovered ubiquitin binding site and the known BL2 groove pocket near the S4 subsite. Leads inhibited PLpro with the inhibitory constant Ki values from 13.2 to 88.2 nanomolar. The co-crystal structures of PLpro with eight leads revealed their interaction modes. The in vivo lead Jun12682 inhibited SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, including nirmatrelvir-resistant strains with EC50 from 0.44 to 2.02 micromolar. Oral treatment with Jun12682 improved survival and reduced lung viral loads and lesions in a SARS-CoV-2 infection mouse model, suggesting that PLpro inhibitors are promising oral SARS-CoV-2 antiviral candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ahmadullah Ansari
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Prakash Jadhav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Haozhou Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ashima Chopra
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Alexandra Ford
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Xiang Chi
- Department Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Francesc Xavier Ruiz
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Xufang Deng
- Department Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Hoseininezhad-Namin MS, Rahimpour E, Jouyban A. Favipiravir, remdesivir, and lopinavir: metabolites, degradation products and their analytical methods. Drug Metab Rev 2024; 56:127-144. [PMID: 38445647 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2326415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic all over the world. Several studies have suggested that antiviral drugs such as favipiravir (FAV), remdesivir (RDV), and lopinavir (LPV) may potentially prevent the spread of the virus in the host cells and person-to-person transmission. Simultaneously with the widespread use of these drugs, their stability and action mechanism studies have also attracted the attention of many researchers. This review focuses on the action mechanism, metabolites and degradation products of these antiviral drugs (FAV, RDV and LPV) and demonstrates various methods for their quantification and discrimination in the different biological samples. Herein, the instrumental methods for analysis of the main form of drugs or their metabolite and degradation products are classified into two types: optical and chromatography methods which the last one in combination with various detectors provides a powerful method for routine and stability analyses. Some representative studies are reported in this review and the details of them are carefully explained. It is hoped that this review will be a good guideline study and provide a better understanding of these drugs from the aspects investigated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Saleh Hoseininezhad-Namin
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Cao B, Wang Y, Lu H, Huang C, Yang Y, Shang L, Chen Z, Jiang R, Liu Y, Lin L, Peng P, Wang F, Gong F, Hu H, Cheng C, Yao X, Ye X, Zhou H, Shen Y, Liu C, Wang C, Yi Z, Hu B, Xu J, Gu X, Shen J, Xu Y, Zhang L, Fan J, Tang R, Wang C. Oral Simnotrelvir for Adult Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:230-241. [PMID: 38231624 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2301425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simnotrelvir is an oral 3-chymotrypsin-like protease inhibitor that has been found to have in vitro activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and potential efficacy in a phase 1B trial. METHODS In this phase 2-3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we assigned patients who had mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and onset of symptoms within the past 3 days in a 1:1 ratio to receive 750 mg of simnotrelvir plus 100 mg of ritonavir or placebo twice daily for 5 days. The primary efficacy end point was the time to sustained resolution of symptoms, defined as the absence of 11 Covid-19-related symptoms for 2 consecutive days. Safety and changes in viral load were also assessed. RESULTS A total of 1208 patients were enrolled at 35 sites in China; 603 were assigned to receive simnotrelvir and 605 to receive placebo. Among patients in the modified intention-to-treat population who received the first dose of trial drug or placebo within 72 hours after symptom onset, the time to sustained resolution of Covid-19 symptoms was significantly shorter in the simnotrelvir group than in the placebo group (180.1 hours [95% confidence interval {CI}, 162.1 to 201.6] vs. 216.0 hours [95% CI, 203.4 to 228.1]; median difference, -35.8 hours [95% CI, -60.1 to -12.4]; P = 0.006 by Peto-Prentice test). On day 5, the decrease in viral load from baseline was greater in the simnotrelvir group than in the placebo group (mean difference [±SE], -1.51±0.14 log10 copies per milliliter; 95% CI, -1.79 to -1.24). The incidence of adverse events during treatment was higher in the simnotrelvir group than in the placebo group (29.0% vs. 21.6%). Most adverse events were mild or moderate. CONCLUSIONS Early administration of simnotrelvir plus ritonavir shortened the time to the resolution of symptoms among adult patients with Covid-19, without evident safety concerns. (Funded by Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05506176.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cao
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Yeming Wang
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Chaolin Huang
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Yumei Yang
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Lianhan Shang
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Zhu Chen
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Rongmeng Jiang
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Yihe Liu
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Ling Lin
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Ping Peng
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Fuxiang Wang
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Fengyun Gong
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Honglin Hu
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Cong Cheng
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Xiangyang Yao
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Xianwei Ye
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Hourong Zhou
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Yinzhong Shen
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Chenfan Liu
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Chunying Wang
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Zhennan Yi
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Bijie Hu
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Jiuyang Xu
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Xiaoying Gu
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Jingshan Shen
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Yechun Xu
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Leike Zhang
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Jia Fan
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Renhong Tang
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
| | - Chen Wang
- From the Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (B.C., Y.W., L.S., J.X., Chen Wang) and Clinical Research and Data Management (X.G.), Institute of Respiratory Medicine in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Changping Laboratory (B.C., Chen Wang), the Department of Medicine, Non-oncology, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (Y.Y.), Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (R.J.), and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Chen Wang), Beijing, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen (H.L., F.W.), Jin Yin-tan Hospital (C.H., F.G.) and Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.Z.), Wuhan, the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu (Z.C.), Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin (Y.L.), the Department of Cardiology, Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya (L.L.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou (P.P.), the Department of Clinical Statistics and Data Management, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (H.H.), the Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Y.S.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (B.H.), Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (J.S., Y.X.), and the Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education (J.F.), Shanghai, the Second Hospital of Nanjing (C.C.), Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical (R.T.), and State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development (R.T.), Nanjing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen (X. Yao), Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang (X. Ye, H.Z.), the Second Department of Infection, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan (C.L.), Xuzhou Infectious Diseases Hospital, Xuzhou (Chunying Wang), and Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang (Z.Y.) - all in China
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Spinello I, Saulle E, Quaranta MT, Pelosi E, Castelli G, Cerio A, Pasquini L, Morsilli O, Dupuis ML, Labbaye C. AC-73 and Syrosingopine Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Entry into Megakaryocytes by Targeting CD147 and MCT4. Viruses 2024; 16:82. [PMID: 38257782 PMCID: PMC10818282 DOI: 10.3390/v16010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Coagulation disorders are described in COVID-19 and long COVID patients. In particular, SARS-CoV-2 infection in megakaryocytes, which are precursors of platelets involved in thrombotic events in COVID-19, long COVID and, in rare cases, in vaccinated individuals, requires further investigation, particularly with the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. CD147, involved in the regulation of inflammation and required to fight virus infection, can facilitate SARS-CoV-2 entry into megakaryocytes. MCT4, a co-binding protein of CD147 and a key player in the glycolytic metabolism, could also play a role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we investigated the susceptibility of megakaryocytes to SARS-CoV-2 infection via CD147 and MCT4. We performed infection of Dami cells and human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells induced to megakaryocytic differentiation with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in the presence of AC-73 and syrosingopine, respective inhibitors of CD147 and MCT4 and inducers of autophagy, a process essential in megakaryocyte differentiation. Both AC-73 and syrosingopine enhance autophagy during differentiation but only AC-73 enhances megakaryocytic maturation. Importantly, we found that AC-73 or syrosingopine significantly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection of megakaryocytes. Altogether, our data indicate AC-73 and syrosingopine as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 infection via CD147 and MCT4 that can be used to prevent SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry into megakaryocytes, which are precursors of platelets involved in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Spinello
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (E.S.); (M.T.Q.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Ernestina Saulle
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (E.S.); (M.T.Q.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Maria Teresa Quaranta
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (E.S.); (M.T.Q.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Annamaria Cerio
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (G.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ornella Morsilli
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Luisa Dupuis
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (E.S.); (M.T.Q.); (M.L.D.)
| | - Catherine Labbaye
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (E.S.); (M.T.Q.); (M.L.D.)
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Shah M, Yamin R, Ahmad I, Wu G, Jahangir Z, Shamim A, Nawaz H, Nishan U, Ullah R, Ali EA, Sheheryar, Chen K. In-silico evaluation of natural alkaloids against the main protease and spike glycoprotein as potential therapeutic agents for SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294769. [PMID: 38175855 PMCID: PMC10766191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in global fatalities since late December 2019. Alkaloids play a significant role in drug design for various antiviral diseases, which makes them viable candidates for treating COVID-19. To identify potential antiviral agents, 102 known alkaloids were subjected to docking studies against the two key targets of SARS-CoV-2, namely the spike glycoprotein and main protease. The spike glycoprotein is vital for mediating viral entry into host cells, and main protease plays a crucial role in viral replication; therefore, they serve as compelling targets for therapeutic intervention in combating the disease. From the selection of alkaloids, the top 6 dual inhibitory compounds, namely liensinine, neferine, isoliensinine, fangchinoline, emetine, and acrimarine F, emerged as lead compounds with favorable docked scores. Interestingly, most of them shared the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid framework and belong to Nelumbo nucifera, commonly known as the lotus plant. Docking analysis was conducted by considering the key active site residues of the selected proteins. The stability of the top three ligands with the receptor proteins was further validated through dynamic simulation analysis. The leads underwent ADMET profiling, bioactivity score analysis, and evaluation of drug-likeness and physicochemical properties. Neferine demonstrated a particularly strong affinity for binding, with a docking score of -7.5025 kcal/mol for main protease and -10.0245 kcal/mol for spike glycoprotein, and therefore a strong interaction with both target proteins. Of the lead alkaloids, emetine and fangchinoline demonstrated the lowest toxicity and high LD50 values. These top alkaloids, may support the body's defense and reduce the symptoms by their numerous biological potentials, even though some properties naturally point to their direct antiviral nature. These findings demonstrate the promising anti-COVID-19 properties of the six selected alkaloids, making them potential candidates for drug design. This study will be beneficial in effective drug discovery and design against COVID-19 with negligible side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohibullah Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ramsha Yamin
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zainab Jahangir
- Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amen Shamim
- Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Umar Nishan
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheheryar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Murae M, Sakai S, Miyata N, Shimizu Y, Okemoto-Nakamura Y, Kishimoto T, Ogawa M, Tani H, Tanaka K, Noguchi K, Fukasawa M. Inhibition Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by a Cholesterol Derivative, Nat-20(S)-yne. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:930-940. [PMID: 38692871 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the etiological agent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19, with the recurrent epidemics of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, remains a global public health problem, and new antivirals are still required. Some cholesterol derivatives, such as 25-hydroxycholesterol, are known to have antiviral activity against a wide range of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. At the entry step of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the viral envelope fuses with the host membrane dependent of viral spike (S) glycoproteins. From the screening of cholesterol derivatives, we found a new compound 26,27-dinorcholest-5-en-24-yne-3β,20-diol (Nat-20(S)-yne) that inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 S protein-dependent membrane fusion in a syncytium formation assay. Nat-20(S)-yne exhibited the inhibitory activities of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry and intact SARS-CoV-2 infection in a dose-dependent manner. Among the variants of SARS-CoV-2, inhibition of infection by Nat-20(S)-yne was stronger in delta and Wuhan strains, which predominantly invade into cells via fusion at the plasma membrane, than in omicron strains. The interaction between receptor-binding domain of S proteins and host receptor ACE2 was not affected by Nat-20(S)-yne. Unlike 25-hydroxycholesterol, which regulates various steps of cholesterol metabolism, Nat-20(S)-yne inhibited only de novo cholesterol biosynthesis. As a result, plasma membrane cholesterol content was substantially decreased in Nat-20(S)-yne-treated cells, leading to inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat-20(S)-yne having a new mechanism of action may be a potential therapeutic candidate for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Murae
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Shota Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Non Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Yoshimi Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University
| | - Yuko Okemoto-Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Takuma Kishimoto
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science
| | - Motohiko Ogawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health
| | - Kazuma Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science
| | - Kohji Noguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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Dou X, Sun Q, Liu Y, Lu Y, Zhang C, Xu G, Xu Y, Huo T, Zhao X, Su L, Xing Y, Lai L, Jiao N. Discovery of 3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrazin derivatives as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors through virtual screening and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 97:129547. [PMID: 37944867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to a global pandemic that continues to impact societies and economies worldwide. The main protease (Mpro) plays a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 replication and is an attractive target for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug discovery. Herein, we report a series of 3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrazin derivatives as non-peptidomimetic inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro through structure-based virtual screening and biological evaluation. Further similarity search and structure-activity relationship study led to the identification of compound M56-S2 with the enzymatic IC50 value of 4.0 μM. Moreover, the molecular simulation and predicted ADMET properties, indicated that non-peptidomimetic inhibitor M56-S2 might serve as a useful starting point for the further discovery of highly potent inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qi Sun
- BNLMS, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yameng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Yangbin Lu
- BNLMS, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Caifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tongyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lingyu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yihong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Luhua Lai
- BNLMS, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, China.
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60
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Zhao Z, Zhu Q, Zhou X, Li W, Yin X, Li J. Structural Basis for the Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 M pro D48N Mutant by Shikonin and PF-07321332. Viruses 2023; 16:65. [PMID: 38257765 PMCID: PMC10818409 DOI: 10.3390/v16010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants is crucial in the fight against COVID-19. Inhibition of the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is the key to disrupting viral replication, making Mpro a promising target for therapy. PF-07321332 and shikonin have been identified as effective broad-spectrum inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro bound to PF-07321332 and shikonin have been resolved in previous studies. However, the exact mechanism regarding how SARS-CoV-2 Mpro mutants impact their binding modes largely remains to be investigated. In this study, we expressed a SARS-CoV-2 Mpro mutant, carrying the D48N substitution, representing a class of mutations located near the active sites of Mpro. The crystal structures of Mpro D48N in complex with PF-07321332 and shikonin were solved. A detailed analysis of the interactions between Mpro D48N and two inhibitors provides key insights into the binding pattern and its structural determinants. Further, the binding patterns of the two inhibitors to Mpro D48N mutant and wild-type Mpro were compared in detail. This study illustrates the possible conformational changes when the Mpro D48N mutant is bound to inhibitors. Structural insights derived from this study will inform the development of new drugs against novel coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Qinyao Zhu
- Applied Biology Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China;
| | - Xuelan Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenwen Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiushan Yin
- Applied Biology Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China;
| | - Jian Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
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Jin H, Gong Y, Cheng L, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, He Y. Susceptibility and Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants to LCB1 and Its Multivalent Derivatives. Viruses 2023; 16:36. [PMID: 38257736 PMCID: PMC10819472 DOI: 10.3390/v16010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
LCB1 is a computationally designed three-helix miniprotein that precisely targets the spike (S) receptor-binding motif (RBM) of SARS-CoV-2, exhibiting remarkable antiviral efficacy; however, emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants could substantially compromise its neutralization effectiveness. In this study, we constructed two multivalent LCB1 fusion proteins termed LCB1T and LCB1T-Fc, and characterized their potency in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and authentic virus in vitro. In the inhibition of various SARS-CoV-2 variants, the two LCB1 fusion proteins exhibited markedly improved inhibitory activities compared to LCB1 as anticipated; however, it was observed that relative to the D614G mutation hosting variant, the variants Delta, Lambda, and Omicron BQ.1.1, XBB, XBB.1.5, and EG.5.1 caused various degrees of resistance to the two fusion proteins' inhibition, with XBB, XBB.1.5, and EG.5.1 variants showing high-level resistance. Moreover, we demonstrated that bat coronavirus RaTG13 and pangolin coronavirus PCoV-GD/PCoV-GX were highly sensitive to two LCB1 fusion proteins, but not LCB1, inhibition. Importantly, our findings revealed a notable decrease in the blocking capacity of the multivalent LCB1 inhibitor on the interaction between the virus's RBD/S and the cell receptor ACE2 when confronted with the XBB variant compared to WT and the Omicron BA.1 variant. In conclusion, our studies provide valuable insights into the antiviral profiling of multivalent LCB1 inhibitors and offer a promising avenue for the development of novel broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102600, China; (H.J.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yani Gong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102600, China; (H.J.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lin Cheng
- Institute of Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China;
| | - Yuanmei Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102600, China; (H.J.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China;
| | - Yuxian He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102600, China; (H.J.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
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Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Alshammari A, Alharbi M, Albekairi TH, Zheng C. Exploring the structural and molecular interaction landscape of nirmatrelvir and Mpro complex: The study might assist in designing more potent antivirals targeting SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:1961-1970. [PMID: 37883855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several therapeutics have been developed and approved against SARS-CoV-2 occasionally; nirmatrelvir is one of them. The drug target of nirmatrelvir is Mpro, and therefore, it is necessary to comprehend the structural and molecular interaction of the Mpro-nirmatrelvir complex. METHODS Integrative bioinformatics, system biology, and statistical models were used to analyze the macromolecular complex. RESULTS Using two macromolecular complexes, the study illustrated the interactive residues, H-bonds, and interactive interfaces. It informed of six and nine H-bond formations for the first and second complex, respectively. The maximum bond length was observed as 3.33 Å. The ligand binding pocket's surface area and volume were noted as 303.485 Å2 and 295.456 Å3 for the first complex and 308.397 Å2 and 304.865 Å3 for the second complex. The structural proteome dynamics were evaluated by analyzing the complex's NMA mobility, eigenvalues, deformability, and B-factor. Conversely, a model was created to assess the therapeutic status of nirmatrelvir. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the structural and molecular interaction landscape of Mpro-nirmatrelvir complex. The study will guide researchers in designing more broad-spectrum antiviral molecules mimicking nirmatrelvir, which assist in fighting against SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious viruses. It will also help to prepare for future epidemics or pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India.
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer H Albekairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infection Diseases, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Bianconi E, Gidari A, Souma M, Sabbatini S, Grifagni D, Bigiotti C, Schiaroli E, Comez L, Paciaroni A, Cantini F, Francisci D, Macchiarulo A. The hope and hype of ellagic acid and urolithins as ligands of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 and inhibitors of viral replication. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2251721. [PMID: 37638806 PMCID: PMC10464554 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2251721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-structural protein 5 (Nsp5) is a cysteine protease that plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 replication, suppressing host protein synthesis and promoting immune evasion. The investigation of natural products as a potential strategy for Nsp5 inhibition is gaining attention as a means of developing antiviral agents. In this work, we have investigated the physicochemical properties and structure-activity relationships of ellagic acid and its gut metabolites, urolithins A-D, as ligands of Nsp5. Results allow us to identify urolithin D as promising ligand of Nsp5, with a dissociation constant in the nanomolar range of potency. Although urolithin D is able to bind to the catalytic cleft of Nsp5, the appraisal of its viral replication inhibition against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 assay highlights a lack of activity. While these results are discussed in the framework of the available literature reporting conflicting data on polyphenol antiviral activity, they provide new clues for natural products as potential viral protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bianconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Gidari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Souma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Samuele Sabbatini
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Deborah Grifagni
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Carlo Bigiotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Schiaroli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Comez
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-IOM, National Research Council-CNR, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Cantini
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Naderi Beni R, Elyasi-Ebli P, Gharaghani S, Seyedarabi A. In silico studies of anti-oxidative and hot temperament-based phytochemicals as natural inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295014. [PMID: 38033024 PMCID: PMC10688677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is considered one of the key targets due to its role in viral replication. The use of traditional phytochemicals is an important part of complementary/alternative medicine, which also accompany the concept of temperament, where it has been shown that hot medicines cure cold and cold medicines cure hot, with cold and hot pattern being associated with oxidative and anti-oxidative properties in medicine, respectively. Molecular docking in this study has demonstrated that a number of anti-oxidative and hot temperament-based phytochemicals have high binding affinities to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, both in the monomeric and dimeric deposited states of the protein. The highest ranking phytochemicals identified in this study included savinin, betulinic acid and curcumin. Complexes of savinin, betulinic acid, curcumin as well as Nirmatrelvir (the only approved inhibitor, used for comparison) bound to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro were further subjected to molecular dynamics simulations. Subsequently, RMSD, RMSF, Rg, number of hydrogen bonds, binding free energies and residue contributions (using MM-PBSA) and buried surface area (BSA), were analysed. The computational results suggested high binding affinities of savinin, betulinic acid and curcumin to both the monomeric and dimeric deposited states of Mpro, while highlighting the lower binding energy of betulinic acid in comparison with savinin and curcumin and even Nirmatrelvir, leading to a greater stability of the betulinic acid-SARS-CoV-2 Mpro complex. Overall, based on the increasing mutation rate in the spike protein and the fact that the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro remains highly conserved, this study provides an insight into the use of phytochemicals against COVID-19 and other coronavirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Naderi Beni
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Elyasi-Ebli
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Drug Design, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Gharaghani
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Drug Design, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Seyedarabi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Chen J, Farraj RA, Limonta D, Tabatabaei Dakhili SA, Kerek EM, Bhattacharya A, Reformat FM, Mabrouk OM, Brigant B, Pfeifer TA, McDermott MT, Ussher JR, Hobman TC, Glover JNM, Hubbard BP. Reversible and irreversible inhibitors of coronavirus Nsp15 endoribonuclease. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105341. [PMID: 37832873 PMCID: PMC10656235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019, has resulted in the largest pandemic in recent history. Current therapeutic strategies to mitigate this disease have focused on the development of vaccines and on drugs that inhibit the viral 3CL protease or RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzymes. A less-explored and potentially complementary drug target is Nsp15, a uracil-specific RNA endonuclease that shields coronaviruses and other nidoviruses from mammalian innate immune defenses. Here, we perform a high-throughput screen of over 100,000 small molecules to identify Nsp15 inhibitors. We characterize the potency, mechanism, selectivity, and predicted binding mode of five lead compounds. We show that one of these, IPA-3, is an irreversible inhibitor that might act via covalent modification of Cys residues within Nsp15. Moreover, we demonstrate that three of these inhibitors (hexachlorophene, IPA-3, and CID5675221) block severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication in cells at subtoxic doses. This study provides a pipeline for the identification of Nsp15 inhibitors and pinpoints lead compounds for further development against coronavirus disease 2019 and related coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rabih Abou Farraj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Limonta
- Department of Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Evan M Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ashim Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Filip M Reformat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ola M Mabrouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin Brigant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom A Pfeifer
- High Throughput Biology Facility, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark T McDermott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John R Ussher
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tom C Hobman
- Department of Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - J N Mark Glover
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Basil P Hubbard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Sanderson T, Hisner R, Donovan-Banfield I, Hartman H, Løchen A, Peacock TP, Ruis C. A molnupiravir-associated mutational signature in global SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Nature 2023; 623:594-600. [PMID: 37748513 PMCID: PMC10651478 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Molnupiravir, an antiviral medication widely used against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), acts by inducing mutations in the virus genome during replication. Most random mutations are likely to be deleterious to the virus and many will be lethal; thus, molnupiravir-induced elevated mutation rates reduce viral load1,2. However, if some patients treated with molnupiravir do not fully clear the SARS-CoV-2 infections, there could be the potential for onward transmission of molnupiravir-mutated viruses. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 sequencing databases contain extensive evidence of molnupiravir mutagenesis. Using a systematic approach, we find that a specific class of long phylogenetic branches, distinguished by a high proportion of G-to-A and C-to-T mutations, are found almost exclusively in sequences from 2022, after the introduction of molnupiravir treatment, and in countries and age groups with widespread use of the drug. We identify a mutational spectrum, with preferred nucleotide contexts, from viruses in patients known to have been treated with molnupiravir and show that its signature matches that seen in these long branches, in some cases with onward transmission of molnupiravir-derived lineages. Finally, we analyse treatment records to confirm a direct association between these high G-to-A branches and the use of molnupiravir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Hisner
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - I'ah Donovan-Banfield
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health and Care Research, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Christopher Ruis
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Miura K, Suzuki Y, Ishida K, Arakawa M, Wu H, Fujioka Y, Emi A, Maeda K, Hamajima R, Nakano T, Tenno T, Hiroaki H, Morita E. Distinct motifs in the E protein are required for SARS-CoV-2 virus particle formation and lysosomal deacidification in host cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0042623. [PMID: 37830820 PMCID: PMC10617393 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00426-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused a global public health crisis. The E protein, a structural protein found in this virus particle, is also known to be a viroporin. As such, it forms oligomeric ion channels or pores in the host cell membrane. However, the relationship between these two functions is poorly understood. In this study, we showed that the roles of E protein in virus particle and viroporin formation are distinct. This study contributes to the development of drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virus particle formation. Additionally, we designed a highly sensitive and high-throughput virus-like particle detection system using the HiBiT tag, which is a useful tool for studying the release of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Miura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Masashi Arakawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Fujioka
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akino Emi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koki Maeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Ryusei Hamajima
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tenno
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
- BeCellBar LLC, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Hiroaki
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
- BeCellBar LLC, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Eiji Morita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
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Bakheit AH, Saquib Q, Ahmed S, Ansari SM, Al-Salem AM, Al-Khedhairy AA. Covalent Inhibitors from Saudi Medicinal Plants Target RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2023; 15:2175. [PMID: 38005857 PMCID: PMC10675690 DOI: 10.3390/v15112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has caused a huge loss of human life, and the number of deaths is still continuing. Despite the lack of repurposed drugs and vaccines, the search for potential small molecules to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 is in demand. Hence, we relied on the drug-like characters of ten phytochemicals (compounds 1-10) that were previously isolated and purified by our research team from Saudi medicinal plants. We computationally evaluated the inhibition of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) by compounds 1-10. Non-covalent (reversible) docking of compounds 1-10 with RdRp led to the formation of a hydrogen bond with template primer nucleotides (A and U) and key amino acid residues (ASP623, LYS545, ARG555, ASN691, SER682, and ARG553) in its active pocket. Covalent (irreversible) docking revealed that compounds 7, 8, and 9 exhibited their irreversible nature of binding with CYS813, a crucial amino acid in the palm domain of RdRP. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation analysis by RMSD, RMSF, and Rg parameters affirmed that RdRP complexes with compounds 7, 8, and 9 were stable and showed less deviation. Our data provide novel information on compounds 7, 8, and 9 that demonstrated their non-nucleoside and irreversible interaction capabilities to inhibit RdRp and shed new scaffolds as antivirals against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Quaiser Saquib
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-S.); (A.A.A.-K.)
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sabiha M. Ansari
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Salem
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-S.); (A.A.A.-K.)
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Khedhairy
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-S.); (A.A.A.-K.)
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Harris E. Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Sequence Linked With Antiviral Use. JAMA 2023; 330:1515. [PMID: 37792421 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.19202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
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Duan Y, Zhou H, Liu X, Iketani S, Lin M, Zhang X, Bian Q, Wang H, Sun H, Hong SJ, Culbertson B, Mohri H, Luck MI, Zhu Y, Liu X, Lu Y, Yang X, Yang K, Sabo Y, Chavez A, Goff SP, Rao Z, Ho DD, Yang H. Molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 resistance to nirmatrelvir. Nature 2023; 622:376-382. [PMID: 37696289 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Nirmatrelvir is a specific antiviral drug that targets the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 and has been approved to treat COVID-191,2. As an RNA virus characterized by high mutation rates, whether SARS-CoV-2 will develop resistance to nirmatrelvir is a question of concern. Our previous studies have shown that several mutational pathways confer resistance to nirmatrelvir, but some result in a loss of viral replicative fitness, which is then compensated for by additional alterations3. The molecular mechanisms for this observed resistance are unknown. Here we combined biochemical and structural methods to demonstrate that alterations at the substrate-binding pocket of Mpro can allow SARS-CoV-2 to develop resistance to nirmatrelvir in two distinct ways. Comprehensive studies of the structures of 14 Mpro mutants in complex with drugs or substrate revealed that alterations at the S1 and S4 subsites substantially decreased the level of inhibitor binding, whereas alterations at the S2 and S4' subsites unexpectedly increased protease activity. Both mechanisms contributed to nirmatrelvir resistance, with the latter compensating for the loss in enzymatic activity of the former, which in turn accounted for the restoration of viral replicative fitness, as observed previously3. Such a profile was also observed for ensitrelvir, another clinically relevant Mpro inhibitor. These results shed light on the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 evolves to develop resistance to the current generation of protease inhibitors and provide the basis for the design of next-generation Mpro inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinkai Duan
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mengmeng Lin
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Qucheng Bian
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Haofeng Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Seo Jung Hong
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce Culbertson
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Mohri
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria I Luck
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yan Zhu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoce Liu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchi Lu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuna Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Kailin Yang
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yosef Sabo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alejandro Chavez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P Goff
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zihe Rao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Innovation Center for Pathogen Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Haitao Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China.
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71
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Hu T, Li L, Ma Q. Research Progress of Immunomodulation on Anti-COVID-19 and the Effective Components from Traditional Chinese Medicine. Am J Chin Med 2023; 51:1337-1360. [PMID: 37465964 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has posed a threat to the health of people around the world because of its strong transmission and high virulence. Currently, there is no specific medicine for the treatment of COVID-19. However, for a wide variety of medicines used to treat COVID-19, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays a major role. In this paper, the effective treatment of COVID-19 using TCM was consulted first, and several Chinese medicines that were frequently used apart from their huge role in treating it were found. Then, when exploring the active ingredients of these herbs, it was discovered that most of them contained flavonoids. Therefore, the structure and function of the potential active substances of flavonoids, including flavonols, flavonoids, and flavanes, respectively, are discussed in this paper. According to the screening data, these flavonoids can bind to the key proteins of SARS-CoV-2, 3CLpro, PLpro, and RdRp, respectively, or block the interface between the viral spike protein and ACE2 receptor, which could inhibit the proliferation of coronavirus and prevent the virus from entering human cells. Besides, the effects of flavonoids on the human body systems are expounded on in this paper, including the respiratory system, digestive system, and immune system, respectively. Normally, flavonoids boost the body's immune system. However, they can suppress the immune system when over immunized. Ultimately, this study hopes to provide a reference for the clinical drug treatment of COVID-19 patients, and more TCM can be put into the market accordingly, which is expected to promote the development of TCM on the international stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Qin Ma
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, P. R. China
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72
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Ghavami G, Adibzadeh S, Amiri S, Sardari S. Combined in silico strategy for repurposing DrugBank entries towards introducing potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 101:268-285. [PMID: 36848647 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from China in December 2019 led to the coronavirus disorder 2019 pandemic, which has affected tens of millions of humans worldwide. Various in silico research via bio-cheminformatics methods were performed to examine the efficiency of a range of repurposed approved drugs with a new role as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. The current study has been performed to screen the approved drugs in the DrugBank database based on a novel bioinformatics/cheminformatics strategy to repurpose available approved drugs towards introducing them as a possible anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug. As a result, 96 approved drugs with the best docking scores passed through several relevant filters were presented as the candidate drugs with potential novel antiviral activities against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Ghavami
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setare Adibzadeh
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Amiri
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Sardari
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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73
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Choudhary P, Singh T, Amod A, Singh S. Evaluation of phytoconstituents of Tinospora cordifolia against K417N and N501Y mutant spike glycoprotein and main protease of SARS-CoV-2- an in silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:4106-4123. [PMID: 35467486 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2062787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused appalling conditions over the globe, which is currently faced by the entire human population. One of the primary reasons behind the uncontrollable situation is the lack of specific therapeutics. In such conditions, drug repurposing of available drugs (viz. Chloroquine, Lopinavir, etc.) has been proposed, but various clinical and preclinical investigations indicated the toxicity and adverse side effects of these drugs. This study explores the inhibition potency of phytochemicals from Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) against SARS CoV-2 drugable targets (spike glycoprotein and Mpro proteins) using molecular docking and MD simulation studies. ADMET, virtual screening, MD simulation, postsimulation analysis (RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, PCA, FES) and MM-PBSA calculations were carried out to predict the inhibition efficacy of the phytochemicals against SARS CoV-2 targets. Tinospora compounds showed better binding affinity than the corresponding reference. Their binding affinity ranges from -9.63 to -5.68 kcal/mole with spike protein and -10.27 to -7.25 kcal/mole with main protease. Further 100 ns exhaustive simulation studies and MM-PBSA calculations supported favorable and stable binding of them. This work identifies Nine Tinospora compounds as potential inhibitors. Among those, 7-desacetoxy-6,7-dehydrogedunin was found to inhibit both spike (7NEG) and Mpro (7MGS and 6LU7) proteins, and Columbin was found to inhibit selected spike targets (7NEG and 7NX7). In all the analyses, these compounds performed well and confirms the stable binding. Hence the identified compounds, advocated as potential inhibitors can be taken for further in vitro and in vivo experimental validation to determine their anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Princy Choudhary
- Applied Science Department, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tanu Singh
- Applied Science Department, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ayush Amod
- Applied Science Department, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Applied Science Department, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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74
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McCollum C, Courtney CM, O’Connor NJ, Aunins TR, Jordan TX, Rogers KL, Brindley S, Brown JM, Nagpal P, Chatterjee A. Safety and Biodistribution of Nanoligomers Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Genome for the Treatment of COVID-19. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1656-1671. [PMID: 36853144 PMCID: PMC10000012 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
As the world braces to enter its fourth year of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the need for accessible and effective antiviral therapeutics continues to be felt globally. The recent surge of Omicron variant cases has demonstrated that vaccination and prevention alone cannot quell the spread of highly transmissible variants. A safe and nontoxic therapeutic with an adaptable design to respond to the emergence of new variants is critical for transitioning to the treatment of COVID-19 as an endemic disease. Here, we present a novel compound, called SBCoV202, that specifically and tightly binds the translation initiation site of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase within the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome, inhibiting viral replication. SBCoV202 is a Nanoligomer, a molecule that includes peptide nucleic acid sequences capable of binding viral RNA with single-base-pair specificity to accurately target the viral genome. The compound has been shown to be safe and nontoxic in mice, with favorable biodistribution, and has shown efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Safety and biodistribution were assessed using three separate administration methods, namely, intranasal, intravenous, and intraperitoneal. Safety studies showed the Nanoligomer caused no outward distress, immunogenicity, or organ tissue damage, measured through observation of behavior and body weight, serum levels of cytokines, and histopathology of fixed tissue, respectively. SBCoV202 was evenly biodistributed throughout the body, with most tissues measuring Nanoligomer concentrations well above the compound KD of 3.37 nM. In addition to favorable availability to organs such as the lungs, lymph nodes, liver, and spleen, the compound circulated through the blood and was rapidly cleared through the renal and urinary systems. The favorable biodistribution and lack of immunogenicity and toxicity set Nanoligomers apart from other antisense therapies, while the adaptability of the nucleic acid sequence of Nanoligomers provides a defense against future emergence of drug resistance, making these molecules an attractive potential treatment for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen
R. McCollum
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Colleen M. Courtney
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Sachi Bio, Colorado Technology Center, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
| | - Nolan J. O’Connor
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Thomas R. Aunins
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Tristan X. Jordan
- Department
of Microbiology, New York University Langone, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Keegan L. Rogers
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Stephen Brindley
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Jared M. Brown
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Prashant Nagpal
- Sachi Bio, Colorado Technology Center, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
- Antimicrobial
Regeneration Consortium Labs, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
| | - Anushree Chatterjee
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Sachi Bio, Colorado Technology Center, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
- Antimicrobial
Regeneration Consortium Labs, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
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75
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Karges J, Cohen SM. Rhenium(V) Complexes as Cysteine-Targeting Coordinate Covalent Warheads. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3088-3105. [PMID: 36752718 PMCID: PMC9969397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Interest in covalent enzyme inhibitors as therapeutic agents has seen a recent resurgence. Covalent enzyme inhibitors typically possess an organic functional group that reacts with a key feature of the target enzyme, often a nucleophilic cysteine residue. Herein, the application of small, modular ReV complexes as inorganic cysteine-targeting warheads is described. These metal complexes were found to react with cysteine residues rapidly and selectively. To demonstrate the utility of these ReV complexes, their reactivity with SARS-CoV-2-associated cysteine proteases is presented, including the SARS-CoV-2 main protease and papain-like protease and human enzymes cathepsin B and L. As all of these proteins are cysteine proteases, these enzymes were found to be inhibited by the ReV complexes through the formation of adducts. These findings suggest that these ReV complexes could be used as a new class of warheads for targeting surface accessible cysteine residues in disease-relevant target proteins.
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76
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Shen JX, Du WW, Xia YL, Zhang ZB, Yu ZF, Fu YX, Liu SQ. Identification of and Mechanistic Insights into SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Non-Covalent Inhibitors: An In-Silico Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044237. [PMID: 36835648 PMCID: PMC9959744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The indispensable role of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) in the viral replication cycle and its dissimilarity to human proteases make Mpro a promising drug target. In order to identify the non-covalent Mpro inhibitors, we performed a comprehensive study using a combined computational strategy. We first screened the ZINC purchasable compound database using the pharmacophore model generated from the reference crystal structure of Mpro complexed with the inhibitor ML188. The hit compounds were then filtered by molecular docking and predicted parameters of drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics. The final molecular dynamics (MD) simulations identified three effective candidate inhibitors (ECIs) capable of maintaining binding within the substrate-binding cavity of Mpro. We further performed comparative analyses of the reference and effective complexes in terms of dynamics, thermodynamics, binding free energy (BFE), and interaction energies and modes. The results reveal that, when compared to the inter-molecular electrostatic forces/interactions, the inter-molecular van der Waals (vdW) forces/interactions are far more important in maintaining the association and determining the high affinity. Given the un-favorable effects of the inter-molecular electrostatic interactions-association destabilization by the competitive hydrogen bond (HB) interactions and the reduced binding affinity arising from the un-compensable increase in the electrostatic desolvation penalty-we suggest that enhancing the inter-molecular vdW interactions while avoiding introducing the deeply buried HBs may be a promising strategy in future inhibitor optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Wen-Wen Du
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yuan-Ling Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Zhi-Bi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ze-Fen Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yun-Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Human Genetics Center and Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.-X.F.); (S.-Q.L.)
| | - Shu-Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-X.F.); (S.-Q.L.)
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77
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Service RF. Could a popular antiviral supercharge the pandemic? Science 2023; 379:526. [PMID: 36758089 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Molnupiravir appears to be speeding SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
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78
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Toelzer C, Gupta K, Berger I, Schaffitzel C. Cryo-EM reveals binding of linoleic acid to SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, suggesting an antiviral treatment strategy. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:111-121. [PMID: 36762857 PMCID: PMC9912919 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798323000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and concomitant lockdowns presented a global health challenge and triggered unprecedented research efforts to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. The spike glycoprotein decorating the surface of SARS-CoV-2 virions is a prime target for vaccine development, antibody therapy and serology as it binds the host cell receptor and is central for viral cell entry. The electron cryo-microscopy structure of the spike protein revealed a hydrophobic pocket in the receptor-binding domain that is occupied by an essential fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA). The LA-bound spike protein adopts a non-infectious locked conformation which is more stable than the infectious form and shields important immunogenic epitopes. Here, the impact of LA binding on viral infectivity and replication, and the evolutionary conservation of the pocket in other highly pathogenic coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), are reviewed. The importance of LA metabolic products, the eicosanoids, in regulating the human immune response and inflammation is highlighted. Lipid and fatty-acid binding to a hydrophobic pocket in proteins on the virion surface appears to be a broader strategy employed by viruses, including picornaviruses and Zika virus. Ligand binding stabilizes their protein structure and assembly, and downregulates infectivity. In the case of rhinoviruses, this has been exploited to develop small-molecule antiviral drugs that bind to the hydrophobic pocket. The results suggest a COVID-19 antiviral treatment based on the LA-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Toelzer
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre: BrisSynBio, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kapil Gupta
- Imophoron Ltd, St Philips Central, Albert Road, Bristol BS2 0XJ, United Kingdom
| | - Imre Berger
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre: BrisSynBio, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Schaffitzel
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre: BrisSynBio, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
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79
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Winokur P, Gayed J, Fitz-Patrick D, Thomas SJ, Diya O, Lockhart S, Xu X, Zhang Y, Bangad V, Schwartz HI, Denham D, Cardona JF, Usdan L, Ginis J, Mensa FJ, Zou J, Xie X, Shi PY, Lu C, Buitrago S, Scully IL, Cooper D, Koury K, Jansen KU, Türeci Ö, Şahin U, Swanson KA, Gruber WC, Kitchin N. Bivalent Omicron BA.1-Adapted BNT162b2 Booster in Adults Older than 55 Years. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:214-227. [PMID: 36652353 PMCID: PMC9933930 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2213082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of immune-escape variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 warrants the use of sequence-adapted vaccines to provide protection against coronavirus disease 2019. METHODS In an ongoing phase 3 trial, adults older than 55 years who had previously received three 30-μg doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine were randomly assigned to receive 30 μg or 60 μg of BNT162b2, 30 μg or 60 μg of monovalent B.1.1.529 (omicron) BA.1-adapted BNT162b2 (monovalent BA.1), or 30 μg (15 μg of BNT162b2 + 15 μg of monovalent BA.1) or 60 μg (30 μg of BNT162b2 + 30 μg of monovalent BA.1) of BA.1-adapted BNT162b2 (bivalent BA.1). Primary objectives were to determine superiority (with respect to 50% neutralizing titer [NT50] against BA.1) and noninferiority (with respect to seroresponse) of the BA.1-adapted vaccines to BNT162b2 (30 μg). A secondary objective was to determine noninferiority of bivalent BA.1 to BNT162b2 (30 μg) with respect to neutralizing activity against the ancestral strain. Exploratory analyses assessed immune responses against omicron BA.4, BA.5, and BA.2.75 subvariants. RESULTS A total of 1846 participants underwent randomization. At 1 month after vaccination, bivalent BA.1 (30 μg and 60 μg) and monovalent BA.1 (60 μg) showed neutralizing activity against BA.1 superior to that of BNT162b2 (30 μg), with NT50 geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of 1.56 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 2.08), 1.97 (95% CI, 1.45 to 2.68), and 3.15 (95% CI, 2.38 to 4.16), respectively. Bivalent BA.1 (both doses) and monovalent BA.1 (60 μg) were also noninferior to BNT162b2 (30 μg) with respect to seroresponse against BA.1; between-group differences ranged from 10.9 to 29.1 percentage points. Bivalent BA.1 (either dose) was noninferior to BNT162b2 (30 μg) with respect to neutralizing activity against the ancestral strain, with NT50 GMRs of 0.99 (95% CI, 0.82 to 1.20) and 1.30 (95% CI, 1.07 to 1.58), respectively. BA.4-BA.5 and BA.2.75 neutralizing titers were numerically higher with 30-μg bivalent BA.1 than with 30-μg BNT162b2. The safety profile of either dose of monovalent or bivalent BA.1 was similar to that of BNT162b2 (30 μg). Adverse events were more common in the 30-μg monovalent-BA.1 (8.5%) and 60-μg bivalent-BA.1 (10.4%) groups than in the other groups (3.6 to 6.6%). CONCLUSIONS The candidate monovalent or bivalent omicron BA.1-adapted vaccines had a safety profile similar to that of BNT162b2 (30 μg), induced substantial neutralizing responses against ancestral and omicron BA.1 strains, and, to a lesser extent, neutralized BA.4, BA.5, and BA.2.75 strains. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04955626.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Winokur
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Juleen Gayed
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - David Fitz-Patrick
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Oyeniyi Diya
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Stephen Lockhart
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Xia Xu
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Vishva Bangad
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Howard I Schwartz
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Douglas Denham
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Jose F Cardona
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Lisa Usdan
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - John Ginis
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Federico J Mensa
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Jing Zou
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Xuping Xie
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Claire Lu
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Sandra Buitrago
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Ingrid L Scully
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - David Cooper
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Kenneth Koury
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Kathrin U Jansen
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Özlem Türeci
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Uğur Şahin
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Kena A Swanson
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - William C Gruber
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
| | - Nicholas Kitchin
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (P.W.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (J. Gayed, O.D., S.L., N.K.); East-West Medical Research Institute, Honolulu (D.F.-P.); the State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (Y.Z., C.L., S.B., I.L.S., D.C., K.K., K.U.J., K.A.S., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (X. Xu, V.B., J. Ginis); CenExel RCA, Hollywood (H.I.S.), and Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah (J.F.C.) - both in Florida; Clinical Trials of Texas, San Antonio (D.D.), and the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (J.Z., X. Xie, P.-Y.S.) - both in Texas; CNS Healthcare, Memphis, TN (L.U.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (F.J.M., Ö.T., U.Ş.)
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80
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Bobileva O, Bobrovs R, Sirma EE, Kanepe I, Bula AL, Patetko L, Ramata-Stunda A, Grinberga S, Jirgensons A, Jaudzems K. 3-(Adenosylthio)benzoic Acid Derivatives as SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 Methyltransferase Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020768. [PMID: 36677825 PMCID: PMC9862586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 guanine-N7-methyltransferase plays an important role in the viral RNA translation process by catalyzing the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) to viral mRNA cap. We report a structure-guided design and synthesis of 3-(adenosylthio)benzoic acid derivatives as nsp14 methyltransferase inhibitors resulting in compound 5p with subnanomolar inhibitory activity and improved cell membrane permeability in comparison with the parent inhibitor. Compound 5p acts as a bisubstrate inhibitor targeting both SAM and mRNA-binding pockets of nsp14. While the selectivity of 3-(adenosylthio)benzoic acid derivatives against human glycine N-methyltransferase was not improved, the discovery of phenyl-substituted analogs 5p,t may contribute to further development of SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 bisubstrate inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bobileva
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence:
| | - Raitis Bobrovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Iveta Kanepe
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna L. Bula
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Liene Patetko
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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81
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Alamshany ZM, Khattab RR, Hassan NA, El-Sayed AA, Tantawy MA, Mostafa A, Hassan AA. Synthesis and Molecular Docking Study of Novel Pyrimidine Derivatives against COVID-19. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020739. [PMID: 36677798 PMCID: PMC9863666 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines; pyrido[3,2-e][1,3,4]triazolo; and tetrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines were synthesized via different chemical transformations starting from pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl)-N,N-dimethylcarbamimidic chloride 3b (prepared from the reaction of o-aminonitrile 1b and phosogen iminiumchloride). The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic data and elemental analyses. Designated compounds are subjected for molecular docking by using Auto Dock Vina software in order to evaluate the antiviral potency for the synthesized compounds against SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) main protease M pro. The antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 showed that tested compounds 7c, 7d, and 7e had the most promising antiviral activity with lower IC50 values compared to Lopinavir, "the commonly used protease inhibitor". Both in silico and in vitro results are in agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra M. Alamshany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham R. Khattab
- Photochemistry Department (Synthetic Unit), National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Nasser A. Hassan
- Photochemistry Department (Synthetic Unit), National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. El-Sayed
- Photochemistry Department (Synthetic Unit), National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.E.-S.); (A.A.H.)
| | | | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Allam A. Hassan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez 43221, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.E.-S.); (A.A.H.)
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Sargsyan K, Mazmanian K, Lim C. A strategy for evaluating potential antiviral resistance to small molecule drugs and application to SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2023; 13:502. [PMID: 36627366 PMCID: PMC9831016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in viral fitness cannot be inferred from only mutagenesis studies of an isolated viral protein. To-date, no systematic analysis has been performed to identify mutations that improve virus fitness and reduce drug efficacy. We present a generic strategy to evaluate which viral mutations might diminish drug efficacy and applied it to assess how SARS-CoV-2 evolution may affect the efficacy of current approved/candidate small-molecule antivirals for Mpro, PLpro, and RdRp. For each drug target, we determined the drug-interacting virus residues from available structures and the selection pressure of the virus residues from the SARS-CoV-2 genomes. This enabled the identification of promising drug target regions and small-molecule antivirals that the virus can develop resistance. Our strategy of utilizing sequence and structural information from genomic sequence and protein structure databanks can rapidly assess the fitness of any emerging virus variants and can aid antiviral drug design for future pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sargsyan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Karine Mazmanian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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83
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Imai M, Ito M, Kiso M, Yamayoshi S, Uraki R, Fukushi S, Watanabe S, Suzuki T, Maeda K, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y. Efficacy of Antiviral Agents against Omicron Subvariants BQ.1.1 and XBB. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:89-91. [PMID: 36476720 PMCID: PMC9749618 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2214302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tadaki Suzuki
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Santos LH, Kronenberger T, Almeida RG, Silva EB, Rocha REO, Oliveira JC, Barreto LV, Skinner D, Fajtová P, Giardini MA, Woodworth B, Bardine C, Lourenço AL, Craik CS, Poso A, Podust LM, McKerrow JH, Siqueira-Neto JL, O’Donoghue AJ, da Silva
Júnior EN, Ferreira RS. Structure-Based Identification of Naphthoquinones and Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors of Main Protease M pro and Papain-like Protease PL pro of SARS-CoV-2. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:6553-6573. [PMID: 35960688 PMCID: PMC9397563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 urgently demands novel direct antiviral treatments. The main protease (Mpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) are attractive drug targets among coronaviruses due to their essential role in processing the polyproteins translated from the viral RNA. In this study, we virtually screened 688 naphthoquinoidal compounds and derivatives against Mpro of SARS-CoV-2. Twenty-four derivatives were selected and evaluated in biochemical assays against Mpro using a novel fluorogenic substrate. In parallel, these compounds were also assayed with SARS-CoV-2 PLpro. Four compounds inhibited Mpro with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values between 0.41 μM and 9.0 μM. In addition, three compounds inhibited PLpro with IC50 ranging from 1.9 μM to 3.3 μM. To verify the specificity of Mpro and PLpro inhibitors, our experiments included an assessment of common causes of false positives such as aggregation, high compound fluorescence, and inhibition by enzyme oxidation. Altogether, we confirmed novel classes of specific Mpro and PLpro inhibitors. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest stable binding modes for Mpro inhibitors with frequent interactions with residues in the S1 and S2 pockets of the active site. For two PLpro inhibitors, interactions occur in the S3 and S4 pockets. In summary, our structure-based computational and biochemical approach identified novel naphthoquinonal scaffolds that can be further explored as SARS-CoV-2 antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucianna H. Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology,
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Department of Oncology and Pneumonology, Internal
Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen,
Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, DE72076 Tübingen,
Germany
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio,
Finland
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal
Chemistry and Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery (TüCAD2),
Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der
Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Renata G. Almeida
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry,
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Elany B. Silva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La
Jolla, California 92093-0657, United States
| | - Rafael E. O. Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology,
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Joyce C. Oliveira
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry,
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiza V. Barreto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology,
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Danielle Skinner
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La
Jolla, California 92093-0657, United States
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La
Jolla, California 92093-0657, United States
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague,
Czech Republic
| | - Miriam A. Giardini
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La
Jolla, California 92093-0657, United States
| | - Brendon Woodworth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla,
California 92093, United States
| | - Conner Bardine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco,
California 94143, United States
| | - André L. Lourenço
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco,
California 94143, United States
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco,
California 94143, United States
| | - Antti Poso
- Department of Oncology and Pneumonology, Internal
Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen,
Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, DE72076 Tübingen,
Germany
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio,
Finland
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La
Jolla, California 92093-0657, United States
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La
Jolla, California 92093-0657, United States
| | - Jair L. Siqueira-Neto
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La
Jolla, California 92093-0657, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La
Jolla, California 92093-0657, United States
| | - Eufrânio N. da Silva
Júnior
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry,
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S. Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology,
Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
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Abstract
The recent outbreak of COVID-19 infection started in Wuhan, China, and spread across China and beyond. Since the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic (March 11, 2020), three vaccines and only one antiviral drug (remdesivir) have been approved (Oct 22, 2020) by the FDA. The coronavirus enters human epithelial cells by the binding of the densely glycosylated fusion spike protein (S protein) to a receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2) on the host cell surface. Therefore, inhibiting the viral entry is a promising treatment pathway for preventing or ameliorating the effects of COVID-19 infection. In the current work, we have used all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the influence of the MLN-4760 inhibitor on the conformational properties of ACE2 and its interaction with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. We have found that the presence of an inhibitor tends to completely/partially open the ACE2 receptor where the two subdomains (I and II) move away from each other, while the absence results in partial or complete closure. The current study increases our understanding of ACE inhibition by MLN-4760 and how it modulates the conformational properties of ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Lin Frank Song
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Kenneth M. Merz
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Nishimura Y, Nomiyama K, Okamoto S, Igarashi M, Yorifuji Y, Sato Y, Kamezaki A, Morihara A, Kuribayashi F, Yamauchi A. Identification of anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents based on flavor/fragrance compositions that inhibit the interaction between the virus receptor binding domain and human angiotensin converting enzyme 2. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279182. [PMID: 36534650 PMCID: PMC9762593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a threat to human beings and numerous cases of infection as well as millions of victims have been reported. The binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) to human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) is known to promote the engulfment of the virus by host cells. Employment of flavor/fragrance compositions to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection by inhibiting the binding of viral RBD (vRBD) to hACE2 might serve as a favorable, simple, and easy method for inexpensively preventing COVID-19, as flavor/fragrance compositions are known to directly interact with the mucosa in the respiratory and digestive systems and have a long history of use and safety assessment. Herein we report the results of screening of flavor/fragrance compositions that inhibit the binding of vRBD to hACE2. We found that the inhibitory effect was observed with not only the conventional vRBD, but also variant vRBDs, such as L452R, E484K, and N501Y single-residue variants, and the K417N+E484K+N501Y triple-residue variant. Most of the examined flavor/fragrance compositions are not known to have anti-viral effects. Cinnamyl alcohol and Helional inhibited the binding of vRBD to VeroE6 cells, a monkey kidney cell line expressing ACE2. We termed the composition with inhibitory effect on vRBD-hACE2 binding as "the molecularly targeted flavor/fragrance compositions". COVID-19 development could be prevented by using these compositions with reasonable administration methods such as inhalation, oral administration, and epidermal application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenta Nomiyama
- Shiono Koryo Kaisha, LTD, 1-6 Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mika Igarashi
- Shiono Koryo Kaisha, LTD, 1-6 Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yorifuji
- Shiono Koryo Kaisha, LTD, 1-6 Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukino Sato
- Shiono Koryo Kaisha, LTD, 1-6 Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayasa Kamezaki
- Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Aya Morihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kuribayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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87
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Nagahawatta DP, Liyanage NM, Je JG, Jayawardhana HHACK, Jayawardena TU, Jeong SH, Kwon HJ, Choi CS, Jeon YJ. Polyphenolic Compounds Isolated from Marine Algae Attenuate the Replication of SARS-CoV-2 in the Host Cell through a Multi-Target Approach of 3CL pro and PL pro. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120786. [PMID: 36547933 PMCID: PMC9781010 DOI: 10.3390/md20120786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A global health concern has emerged as a response to the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The identification and inhibition of drug targets of SARS-CoV-2 is a decisive obligation of scientists. In addition to the cell entry mechanism, SARS-CoV-2 expresses a complicated replication mechanism that provides excellent drug targets. Papain-like protease (PLpro) and 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) play a vital role in polyprotein processing, producing functional non-structural proteins essential for viral replication and survival in the host cell. Moreover, PLpro is employed by SARS-CoV-2 for reversing host immune responses. Therefore, if some particular compound has the potential to interfere with the proteolytic activities of 3CLpro and PLpro of SARS-CoV-2, it may be effective as a treatment or prophylaxis for COVID-19, reducing viral load, and reinstating innate immune responses. Thus, the present study aims to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 through 3CLpro and PLpro using marine natural products isolated from marine algae that contain numerous beneficial biological activities. Molecular docking analysis was utilized in the present study for the initial screening of selected natural products depending on their 3CLpro and PLpro structures. Based on this approach, Ishophloroglucin A (IPA), Dieckol, Eckmaxol, and Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) were isolated and used to perform in vitro evaluations. IPA presented remarkable inhibitory activity against interesting drug targets. Moreover, Dieckol, Eckmaxol, and DPHC also expressed significant potential as inhibitors. Finally, the results of the present study confirm the potential of IPA, Dieckol, Eckmaxol, and DPHC as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that assesses the use of marine natural products as a multifactorial approach against 3CLpro and PLpro of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. P. Nagahawatta
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - N. M. Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Geon Je
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Thilina U. Jayawardena
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Seong-Hun Jeong
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kwon
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (C.S.C.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (C.S.C.); (Y.-J.J.)
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88
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Wang W, Li W, Wen Z, Wang C, Liu W, Zhang Y, Liu J, Ding T, Shuai L, Zhong G, Bu Z, Qu L, Ren M, Li F. Gossypol Broadly Inhibits Coronaviruses by Targeting RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2203499. [PMID: 36266926 PMCID: PMC9762316 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of coronaviruses (CoVs), especially severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have posed serious threats to humans and animals, which urgently calls for effective broad-spectrum antivirals. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) plays an essential role in viral RNA synthesis and is an ideal pan-coronaviral therapeutic target. Herein, based on cryo-electron microscopy and biochemical approaches, gossypol (GOS) is identified from 881 natural products to directly block SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, thus inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication in both cellular and mouse infection models. GOS also acts as a potent inhibitor against the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) and exerts same inhibitory effects toward mutated RdRps of VOCs as the RdRp of the original SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, that the RdRp inhibitor GOS has broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus activity against alphacoronaviruses (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus), betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2), gammacoronaviruses (avian infectious bronchitis virus), and deltacoronaviruses (porcine deltacoronavirus) is showed. The findings demonstrate that GOS may serve as a promising lead compound for combating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and other coronavirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed LaboratorySanyaHainan572025P. R. China
| | - Wenkang Li
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbinHeilongjiang150069P. R. China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbinHeilongjiang150069P. R. China
| | - Weilong Liu
- Institute for HepatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseaseShenzhen Third People's HospitalThe Second Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518112P. R. China
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
| | - Juncheng Liu
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
| | - Tianze Ding
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
| | - Lei Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbinHeilongjiang150069P. R. China
| | - Gongxun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbinHeilongjiang150069P. R. China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary BiotechnologyHarbin Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbinHeilongjiang150069P. R. China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
- Institute of Urban AgricultureChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduSichuan610213P. R. China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed LaboratorySanyaHainan572025P. R. China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
- Institute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangHenan455000P. R. China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed LaboratorySanyaHainan572025P. R. China
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89
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El Hassab MA, Eldehna WM, Al-Rashood ST, Alharbi A, Eskandrani RO, Alkahtani HM, Elkaeed EB, Abou-Seri SM. Multi-stage structure-based virtual screening approach towards identification of potential SARS-CoV-2 NSP13 helicase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:563-572. [PMID: 35012384 PMCID: PMC8757614 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.2022659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
On account of its crucial role in the virus life cycle, SARS-COV-2 NSP13 helicase enzyme was exploited as a promising target to identify a novel potential inhibitor using multi-stage structure-based drug discovery approaches. Firstly, a 3D pharmacophore was generated based on the collected data from a protein-ligand interaction fingerprint (PLIF) study using key interactions between co-crystallised fragments and the NSP13 helicase active site. The ZINC database was screened through the generated 3D-pharmacophore retrieving 13 potential hits. All the retrieved hits exceeded the benchmark score of the co-crystallised fragments at the molecular docking step and the best five-hit compounds were selected for further analysis. Finally, a combination between molecular dynamics simulations and MM-PBSA based binding free energy calculations was conducted on the best hit (compound FWM-1) bound to NSP13 helicase enzyme, which identified FWM-1 as a potential potent NSP13 helicase inhibitor with binding free energy equals -328.6 ± 9.2 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. El Hassab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Salman International University (KSIU), Ras Sudr, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M. Eldehna
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Sara T. Al-Rashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan O. Eskandrani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad M. Alkahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eslam B. Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar M. Abou-Seri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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90
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Abstract
We performed an annotation of 35 mutations in the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Our analysis of the mutations indicates that Omicron has gained prominent immune evasion and potential for enhanced transmissibility. Previous modeling study has revealed that continued evolution in both immune evasion and enhanced transmissibility by SARS-CoV-2 would compromise vaccines as tools for the pandemic control. To combat the future variants of SARS-CoV-2, the world needs novel antiviral drugs that are effective at curb viral spreading without introducing additional selective pressure towards resistant variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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91
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Takashita E, Yamayoshi S, Halfmann P, Wilson N, Ries H, Richardson A, Bobholz M, Vuyk W, Maddox R, Baker DA, Friedrich TC, O'Connor DH, Uraki R, Ito M, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Adachi E, Saito M, Koga M, Tsutsumi T, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Kiso M, Yotsuyanagi H, Watanabe S, Hasegawa H, Imai M, Kawaoka Y. In Vitro Efficacy of Antiviral Agents against Omicron Subvariant BA.4.6. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:2094-2097. [PMID: 36383452 PMCID: PMC9730936 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2211845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Takashita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hunter Ries
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Max Bobholz
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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92
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Fujita S, Kosugi Y, Kimura I, Yamasoba D, Sato K. Structural Insight into the Resistance of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 Variants to Cilgavimab. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122677. [PMID: 36560681 PMCID: PMC9785715 DOI: 10.3390/v14122677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently revealed that the new SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages BA.4 and BA.5 exhibit increased resistance to cilgavimab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody, and the resistance to cilgavimab is attributed to the spike L452R substitution. However, it remains unclear how the spike L452R substitution renders resistance to cilgavimab. Here, we demonstrated that the increased resistance to cilgavimab of the spike L452R is possibly caused by the steric hindrance between cilgavimab and its binding interface on the spike. Our results suggest the importance of developing therapeutic antibodies that target SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring the spike L452R substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Fujita
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kosugi
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
| | - Izumi Kimura
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| | - Daichi Yamasoba
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 6500017, Japan
| | | | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
- International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 2778561, Japan
- Collaboration Unit for Infection, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-6409-2212
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93
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Saito S, Funayama K, Kato W, Okuda M, Kawamoto M, Matsubara T, Sato T, Sato A, Otsuguro S, Sasaki M, Orba Y, Sawa H, Maenaka K, Shindo K, Imoto M, Arai MA. Dihydromaniwamycin E, a Heat-Shock Metabolite from Thermotolerant Streptomyces sp. JA74, Exhibiting Antiviral Activity against Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 Viruses. J Nat Prod 2022; 85:2583-2591. [PMID: 36223390 PMCID: PMC9578650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dihydromaniwamycin E (1), a new maniwamycin derivative featuring an azoxy moiety, has been isolated from the culture extract of thermotolerant Streptomyces sp. JA74 along with the known analogue maniwamycin E (2). Compound 1 is produced only by cultivation of strain JA74 at 45 °C, and this type of compound has been previously designated a "heat shock metabolite (HSM)" by our research group. Compound 2 is detected as a production-enhanced metabolite at high temperature. Structures of 1 and 2 are elucidated by NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses. The absolute structure of 1 is determined after the total synthesis of four stereoisomers. Though the absolute structure of 2 has been proposed to be the same as the structure of maniwamycin D, the NMR and the optical rotation value of 2 are in agreement with those of maniwamycin E. Therefore, this study proposes a structural revision of maniwamycins D and E. Compounds 1 and 2 show inhibitory activity against the influenza (H1N1) virus infection of MDCK cells, demonstrating IC50 values of 25.7 and 63.2 μM, respectively. Notably, 1 and 2 display antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, when used to infect 293TA and VeroE6T cells, with 1 and 2 showing IC50 values (for infection of 293TA cells) of 19.7 and 9.7 μM, respectively. The two compounds do not exhibit cytotoxicity in these cell lines at those IC50 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Saito
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Kayo Funayama
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Wataru Kato
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Mayu Okuda
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Meiko Kawamoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Teruhiko Matsubara
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Toshinori Sato
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
| | - Akihiko Sato
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory,
Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka541-0045,
Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International
Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo001-0020, Japan
| | - Satoko Otsuguro
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812,
Japan
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International
Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo001-0020, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International
Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo001-0020, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for
Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020,
Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International
Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo001-0020, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for
Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo001-0020,
Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo060-0818, Japan
- Global Virus Network,
Baltimore, Maryland21201, United States
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812,
Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shindo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan
Women’s University, Tokyo112-8681, Japan
| | - Masaya Imoto
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo
University School of Medicine, Tokyo113-8431,
Japan
| | - Midori A. Arai
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama223-8522,
Japan
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94
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Lee LYY, Suryadinata R, McCafferty C, Ignjatovic V, Purcell DFJ, Robinson P, Morton CJ, Parker MW, Anderson GP, Monagle P, Subbarao K, Neil JA. Heparin Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122620. [PMID: 36560624 PMCID: PMC9785945 DOI: 10.3390/v14122620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination, supported by social and public health measures, has proven efficacious for reducing disease severity and virus spread. However, the emergence of highly transmissible viral variants that escape prior immunity highlights the need for additional mitigation approaches. Heparin binds the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and can inhibit virus entry and replication in susceptible human cell lines and bronchial epithelial cells. Primary infection predominantly occurs via the nasal epithelium, but the nasal cell biology of SARS-CoV-2 is not well studied. We hypothesized that prophylactic intranasal administration of heparin may provide strain-agnostic protection for household contacts or those in high-risk settings against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, we investigated the ability of heparin to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in differentiated human nasal epithelial cells and showed that prolonged exposure to heparin inhibits virus infection. Furthermore, we establish a method for PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes in heparin-treated samples that can be adapted for the detection of viruses in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Yi Yang Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Randy Suryadinata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Conor McCafferty
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Haematology, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Damian F. J. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Phil Robinson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Craig J. Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Gary P. Anderson
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Haematology, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Jessica A. Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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95
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Chen C, Liang H, Deng Y, Yang X, Li X, Hou C. Analysis and Identification of Bioactive Compounds of Cannabinoids in Silico for Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121729. [PMID: 36551156 PMCID: PMC9775500 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the approval of multiple vaccinations in different countries, the majority of the world's population remains unvaccinated due to discrepancies in vaccine distribution and limited production capacity. The SARS-CoV-2 RBD-ACE2 complex (receptor binding domain that binds to ACE2) could be a suitable target for the development of a vaccine or an inhibitor. Various natural products have been used against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we docked 42 active cannabinoids to the active site of the SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV complex of RBD-ACE2. To ensure the flexibility and stability of the complex produced after docking, the top three ligand molecules with the best overall binding energies were further analyzed through molecular dynamic simulation (MDS). Then, we used the webserver Swissadme program and binding free energy to calculate and estimate the MMPBSA and ADME characteristics. Our results showed that luteolin, CBGVA, and CBNA were the top three molecules that interact with the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-ACE2 complex, while luteolin, stigmasterol, and CBNA had the strongest contact with that SARS-CoV. Our findings show that luteolin may be a potential inhibitor of infections caused by coronavirus-like pathogens such as COVID-19, although further in vivo and in vitro research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Hao Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Institute of Vegetable Science, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yanchun Deng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Xiushi Yang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Bioengineering Research Center, Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (C.H.); Tel.: +86-731-88998569 (C.H.)
| | - Chunsheng Hou
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (C.H.); Tel.: +86-731-88998569 (C.H.)
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96
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Delen LA, Gok A, Kasapoglu US, Cagasar O, Gok Z, Berber N, Derya S, Tetik B. EFFECTS OF HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE PLUS FAVIPIRAVIR TREATMENT ON THE CLINICAL COURSE AND BIOMARKERS IN HOSPITALIZED COVID-19 PATIENTS WITH PNEUMONIA. Acta Clin Croat 2022; 61:403-411. [PMID: 37492367 PMCID: PMC10364115 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2022.61.03.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, the most common serious clinical manifestation of the coronavirus infection being pneumonia. Unfortunately, the optimal treatment approach is still uncertain. However, many studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of several medications in the treatment of COVID-19 infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) + favipiravir (FAV) treatment regimen and HCQ alone by comparing the patient's clinical response and laboratory results on the fifth day of treatment in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection. Patients and methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted in Malatya Training and Research Hospital between March 2020 and July 2020. The study included 69 patients with confirmed COVID-19 with pneumonia. The patients were divided into 2 groups, those receiving HCQ alone and those receiving the HCQ + FAV combination. Results A total of 69 patients were included in the study, and the mean age was 60.09±15.56 years. A statistically significant decrease was observed in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, at the end of the fifth day, in patients who received HCQ + FAV treatment (p=0.002), whereas there was no decrease in CRP levels in patients who received HCQ treatment alone. In addition, an increase in lymphocyte count and a better fever response was observed at the end of the fifth day in patients who received HCQ + FAV (p=0.008). However, there was no statistical difference between both treatment regimens in terms of hospital stay and treatment results (p=0.008, p=0.744, p=0.517). Conclusion Although the combination of HCQ + FAV treatment was observed to be effective on CRP levels and fever response in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, there was no difference in terms of hospital stay and discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leman Acun Delen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Turgut Ozal University, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Gok
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Turgut Ozal University, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Umut Sabri Kasapoglu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Turgut Ozal University, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Cagasar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Turgut Ozal University, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Zarife Gok
- Department of Ophthalmology, Turgut Ozal University, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Berber
- Department of Chest Diseases, Turgut Ozal University, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Serdar Derya
- Department of Traumatology and Emergency Medicine, Turgut Ozal University, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Bora Tetik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
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97
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Kim TY, Kim JY, Kwon HC, Jeon S, Lee SJ, Jung H, Kim S, Jang DS, Lee CJ. Astersaponin I from Aster koraiensis is a natural viral fusion blocker that inhibits the infection of SARS-CoV-2 variants and syncytium formation. Antiviral Res 2022; 208:105428. [PMID: 36252824 PMCID: PMC9568284 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants prolongs COVID-19 pandemic. Although SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapeutics are currently available, there is still a need for development of safe and effective drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and also for preparedness for the next pandemic. Here, we discover that astersaponin I (AI), a triterpenoid saponin in Aster koraiensis inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry pathways at the plasma membrane and within the endosomal compartments mainly by increasing cholesterol content in the plasma membrane and interfering with the fusion of SARS-CoV-2 envelope with the host cell membrane. Moreover, we find that this functional property of AI as a fusion blocker enables it to inhibit the infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants including the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron with a similar efficacy, and the formation of syncytium, a multinucleated cells driven by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell-to-cell fusion. Finally, we claim that the triterpene backbone as well as the attached hydrophilic sugar moieties of AI are structurally important for its inhibitory activity against the membrane fusion event. Overall, this study demonstrates that AI is a natural viral fusion inhibitor and proposes that it can be a broad-spectrum antiviral agent against current COVID-19 pandemic and future outbreaks of novel viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Young Kim
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Hak Cheol Kwon
- KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, 25451, South Korea
| | - Sangeun Jeon
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sol Ji Lee
- IBS Virus Facility, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
| | - Haejin Jung
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Research Solution Center, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, South Korea.
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea.
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98
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Yang K, Wang C, Kreutzberger AJB, Ojha R, Kuivanen S, Couoh-Cardel S, Muratcioglu S, Eisen TJ, White KI, Held RG, Subramanian S, Marcus K, Pfuetzner RA, Esquivies L, Doyle CA, Kuriyan J, Vapalahti O, Balistreri G, Kirchhausen T, Brunger AT. Nanomolar inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection by an unmodified peptide targeting the prehairpin intermediate of the spike protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210990119. [PMID: 36122200 PMCID: PMC9546559 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210990119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) challenge currently available coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies through epitope change on the receptor binding domain of the viral spike glycoprotein. Hence, there is a specific urgent need for alternative antivirals that target processes less likely to be affected by mutation, such as the membrane fusion step of viral entry into the host cell. One such antiviral class includes peptide inhibitors, which block formation of the so-called heptad repeat 1 and 2 (HR1HR2) six-helix bundle of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and thus interfere with viral membrane fusion. We performed structural studies of the HR1HR2 bundle, revealing an extended, well-folded N-terminal region of HR2 that interacts with the HR1 triple helix. Based on this structure, we designed an extended HR2 peptide that achieves single-digit nanomolar inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in cell-based and virus-based assays without the need for modifications such as lipidation or chemical stapling. The peptide also strongly inhibits all major SARS-CoV-2 variants to date. This extended peptide is ∼100-fold more potent than all previously published short, unmodified HR2 peptides, and it has a very long inhibition lifetime after washout in virus infection assays, suggesting that it targets a prehairpin intermediate of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Together, these results suggest that regions outside the HR2 helical region may offer new opportunities for potent peptide-derived therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, and even more distantly related viruses, and provide further support for the prehairpin intermediate of the S protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailu Yang
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Chuchu Wang
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Alex J. B. Kreutzberger
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ravi Ojha
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Sergio Couoh-Cardel
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Serena Muratcioglu
- HHMI, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Timothy J. Eisen
- HHMI, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - K. Ian White
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Richard G. Held
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Subu Subramanian
- HHMI, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kendra Marcus
- HHMI, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Richard A. Pfuetzner
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Luis Esquivies
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Catherine A. Doyle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - John Kuriyan
- HHMI, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital Diagnostic Center, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | | | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Axel T. Brunger
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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99
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Zhao G, Liu X, Wang S, Bai Z, Zhang S, Wang Y, Yu H, Xu X. Hydrogen bonding penalty used for virtual screening to discover potent inhibitors for Papain-Like cysteine proteases of SARS-CoV-2. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:502-514. [PMID: 35792890 PMCID: PMC9349924 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Papain-Like proteases (PLpro) of SARS-CoV-2 play a crucial role in viral replication and the formation of nonstructural proteins. To find available inhibitors, the 3D structure of PLpro of SARS2 was obtained by homologous modelling, and we used this structure as a target to search for inhibitors through molecular docking and MM/GBSA binding free energy rescoring. A novel hydrogen bonding penalty was applied to the screening process, which meanwhile took desolvation into account. Finally, 61 compounds were acquired and 4 of them with IC50 at micromolar level tested in vitro enzyme activity assay, which includes clinical drugs tegaserod. Considering the importance of crystal water molecules, the 4 compounds were re-docked and considered bound waters in the active site as a part of PLpro. The binding modes of these 4 compounds were further explored with metadynamics simulations. The hits will provide a starting point for future key interactions identified and lead optimization targetting PLpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and PharmacyOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyCenter for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & EvaluationQingdaoChina
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of QingdaoQingdaoChina
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and PharmacyOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyCenter for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & EvaluationQingdaoChina
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of QingdaoQingdaoChina
| | - Suyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega‐ScienceWuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Zhongyue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and PharmacyOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyCenter for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & EvaluationQingdaoChina
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of QingdaoQingdaoChina
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyCenter for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & EvaluationQingdaoChina
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of QingdaoQingdaoChina
- School of Life ScienceLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Yifan Wang
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyCenter for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & EvaluationQingdaoChina
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of QingdaoQingdaoChina
- College of Food Science and EngineeringOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BioscienceUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ximing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and PharmacyOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyCenter for Innovation Marine Drug Screening & EvaluationQingdaoChina
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of QingdaoQingdaoChina
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100
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Takashita E, Yamayoshi S, Fukushi S, Suzuki T, Maeda K, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Ito M, Uraki R, Halfmann P, Watanabe S, Takeda M, Hasegawa H, Imai M, Kawaoka Y. Efficacy of Antiviral Agents against the Omicron Subvariant BA.2.75. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1236-1238. [PMID: 36121928 PMCID: PMC9511631 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2209952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Takashita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Tadaki Suzuki
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Makoto Takeda
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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