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Talreja J, Dileepan K, Puri S, Kabir MH, Segal DM, Stechschulte DJ, Dileepan KN. Human conjunctival epithelial cells lack lipopolysaccharide responsiveness due to deficient expression of MD2 but respond after interferon-gamma priming or soluble MD2 supplementation. Inflammation 2007; 29:170-81. [PMID: 17093906 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-006-9014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell wall components are initiated by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4, respectively. Therefore, the existence of functionally active TLR2 and TLR4 in human conjunctival epithelial cells (HCEC) are critical for the effective host defense against bacterial infections in the eye. We examined the ability of HCEC to respond to TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or TLR2 ligands, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN) using the Chang conjunctival epithelial cell line and the primary conjunctival epithelial cell line (IOBA-NHC) as in vitro models. Incubation of Chang cells with LPS (1 to 1,000 ng/ml) failed to stimulate IL-6 production where as stimulation with LTA or PGN resulted in marked increases in IL-6 production. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analyses showed that Chang cells express TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and proteins. However, these cells expressed little or no mRNA encoding MD2, an accessory molecule required for TLR4 signaling. Incubation of Chang epithelial cells with interferon-gamma (IFNgamma), but not TNF-alpha, stimulated MD2 mRNA expression and restored LPS responsiveness. In addition, when Chang cell cultures were supplemented with soluble MD2, LPS was able to stimulate IL-6 production. The lack of LPS response, deficient expression of MD2, and induction of MD2 expression and LPS response after IFNgamma priming, were also evident in IOBA-NHC cells. These results demonstrate that HCEC lack LPS responsiveness due to deficient expression of MD2 and that the response can be restored by IFN-gamma priming or MD2 supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Talreja
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mail Stop 2026, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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102
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Bourges-Abella N, Raymond-Letron I, Diquelou A, Guillot E, Regnier A, Trumel C. Comparison of cytologic and histologic evaluations of the conjunctiva in the normal equine eye. Vet Ophthalmol 2007; 10:12-8. [PMID: 17204123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the cells observed in conjunctival brush cytology (CBC) from normal horses and compare these findings with conjunctival structural histology so as to understand which cells are recovered from CBC. METHODS This study was divided into three parts. (1) Conjunctival brush smears were collected from 20 healthy horses on both eyes and a differential count on 300 cells was carried out on May Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) smears. (2) A similar protocol was used for whole eyes from five horses obtained rapidly after death from a slaughterhouse. The eyes were then assessed for conjunctival histology. (3) Cytobrush smears were collected from five healthy horses. Smears were examined after MGG or periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. RESULTS The differential cell count showed a majority of deep and intermediate epithelial cells with very few superficial and goblet cells in both eyes. A stratified columnar to cuboidal epithelium was observed on nearly the whole surface of the conjunctiva. A stratified squamous type was observed at the palpebral and bulbar edges. Areas with highest mucus cell indices were found from the nasal to the temporal edge of the equine inferior conjunctiva in the upper palpebral segment near the fornix and in a part of the nasal fornix. In MGG smears no mucus cells were identified; however, they were numerous in PAS smears (22.6% +/- 11) and were mostly cylindrical cells (42.5% +/- 14.4 PAS positive). CONCLUSIONS Cytobrush smears in the healthy horse are characterized by a majority of polyhedral and cylindrical cells and a few squamous cells. The cylindrical cells may be mucous cells and probably originate from the main stratified columnar to cuboidal epithelium.
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103
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Said T, Dutot M, Martin C, Beaudeux JL, Boucher C, Enee E, Baudouin C, Warnet JM, Rat P. Cytoprotective effect against UV-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress: Role of new biological UV filter. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 30:203-10. [PMID: 17188472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The majority of chemical solar filters are cytotoxic, particularly on sensitive ocular cells (corneal and conjunctival cells). Consequently, a non-cytotoxic UV filter would be interesting in dermatology, but more especially in ophthalmology. In fact, light damage to the eye can be avoided thanks to a very efficient ocular antioxidant system; indeed, the chromophores absorb light and dissipate its energy. After middle age, a decrease in the production of antioxidants and antioxidative enzymes appears with accumulation of endogenous molecules that are phototoxic. UV radiations can induce reactive oxygen species formation, leading to various ocular diseases. Because most UV filters are cytotoxic for the eye, we investigated the anti-UV properties of Calophyllum inophyllum oil in order to propose it as a potential vehicle, free of toxicity, with a natural UV filter action in ophthalmic formulation. Calophyllum inophyllum oil, even at low concentration (1/10,000, v/v), exhibited significant UV absorption properties (maximum at 300nm) and was associated with an important sun protection factor (18-22). Oil concentrations up to 1% were not cytotoxic on human conjunctival epithelial cells, and Calophyllum inophyllum oil appeared to act as a cytoprotective agent against oxidative stress and DNA damage (85% of the DNA damage induced by UV radiations were inhibited with 1% Calophyllum oil) and did not induce in vivo ocular irritation (Draize test on New Zealand rabbits). Calophyllum inophyllum oil thus exhibited antioxidant and cytoprotective properties, and therefore might serve, for the first time, as a natural UV filter in ophthalmic preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Said
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université René Descartes-Paris5, Paris, France
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104
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Rostami N, Farsar AR, Shiva N. Prevalence of sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency in 2-5-year-old children in Tehran. East Mediterr Health J 2007; 13:273-9. [PMID: 17684848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To determine vitamin A status using conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) in children aged 2-5 years, we assessed 1257 randomly selected children in urban and rural areas of Tehran. History of using supplemental vitamin A, respiratory or diarrhoeal infection in the previous 6 months, residential location, parents' education, family economic status, and child's age, sex and weight were recorded. Sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency (defined as abnormal CIC) was found in 23.6% of the sample, a rate classified as a moderate public health problem. There was a statistically significant relationship between sex and age and abnormal CIC (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rostami
- Department of Paediatrics, Taleghani Hospital.
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105
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Chen JT, Chen CH, Horng CT, Chien MW, Lu DW, Liang JB, Tai MC, Chang YH, Chen PL, Chen YH. Glucosamine sulfate inhibits proinflammatory cytokine-induced icam-1 production in human conjunctival cells in vitro. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2007; 22:402-16. [PMID: 17238806 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2006.22.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether glucosamine sulfate modulates the production of ICAM-1 induced by proinflammatory cytokines and whether glucosamine sulfate inhibits leukocyte adhesion to a monolayer of human conjunctival epithelial cells stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines. METHODS We used flow cytometry and either primary cultured human conjunctival cells or the Chang conjunctival cell model to determine the effects of glucosamine sulfate on the production of ICAM-1 in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha plus IFN-gamma, or TNF-alpha plus IL-1beta. The effects of glucosamine sulfate on the expression of the ICAM-1 gene, upregulated by various cytokines, were determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The activation and nuclear translocation of the nuclear factors NF-kappaB and STAT1 were evaluated by the transient transfection of reporter gene systems and immunocytochemistry. The influence of glucosamine-sulfate-modulated ICAM-1 on neutrophil adhesion was demonstrated in a model that measures the adherence of conjunctival cells and neutrophils. RESULTS TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-1beta significantly increased the production of ICAM-1 by both primary cultured human conjunctival cells and Chang conjunctival cells. Glucosamine sulfate effectively downregulated the production of ICAM-1 induced by TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha plus IFN-gamma, or TNF-alpha plus IL-1beta. This downregulation occurred through the interferon-stimulated response element, IFN-gamma activation sequence, and binding sequence of NF-kappaB at the mRNA and protein levels. Glucosamine sulfate further inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65 protein in TNF-alpha- and IL-1beta-stimulated Chang conjunctival cells and phosphorylated STAT1 in IFN-gamma-stimulated Chang conjunctival cells. Glucosamine sulfate also significantly reduced the number of neutrophils adhering to a conjunctival monolayer in response to TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, or IL-1beta. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that glucosamine sulfate inhibits ICAM-1 production in conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro. Therefore, glucosamine sulfate might be valuable in the treatment of inflammatory ocular-surface conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiann-Torng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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106
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Hallberg D, Wernstedt P, Hanson C, Wettergren Y, Stenberg K, Brune M, Stenevi U. Donor-derived myofibroblasts in the ocular surface after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 84:774-80. [PMID: 17083537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2006.00748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify and characterize cells of donor origin in the ocular surface of female recipients who have undergone allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) from a male donor. METHODS Cytological impressions from the eyes of nine allografted patients (17 eyes) were analysed. Donor cells were identified using sex-chromosome-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Cells were characterized by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the CK3 and CK19 epithelial markers, the panleucocytic marker CD45 and the myofibroblast marker alpha-SMA. RESULTS No epithelial cells of donor origin were observed in the corneal or conjunctival samples. Cells of donor origin were found in the corneal samples, although these were often too degraded to allow characterization by IHC. In the conjunctiva, a median of 86% of the total number of cells were of recipient origin, including a subgroup (2%) of giant cells exhibiting polyploidy (range 4-18 n), found in the limbal region. Donor cells were detected in the conjunctiva of all nine patients at a median ratio of 9%, of which two-thirds were CD45+/alpha-SMA+. CONCLUSIONS We observed superficially located myofibroblasts of donor origin in all allografted patients, but not in samples from healthy controls. Whether myofibroblasts are implicated in ocular graft-versus-host disease requires further studies.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Adult
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, X/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Y/metabolism
- Conjunctiva/cytology
- Conjunctiva/metabolism
- Cornea/cytology
- Cornea/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Keratin-19/metabolism
- Keratin-3/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phenotype
- Tissue Donors
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hallberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
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107
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Abstract
We report for the first time, the detection of conjunctival lymphoid follicles (CLF) in the eyes of New World rodents. CLF were found in 7 of the 15 species examined, 6 of the 10 genera, and in at least one individual in four families of rodents. These follicles are dense collections of leukocytes in the conjunctival substantia propria with a thinned overlying epithelium lacking in goblet cells. Although the precise location of CLF within the conjunctiva varied from species to species, all CLF were found in the fornix of the conjunctival sac. In general, size and complexity of CLF varied with the size of the eye; the larger the eye, the larger and more complex the CLF. Our findings also reveal that some species of New World rodents, like the majority of Old World rodents examined in this and previous studies might lack CLF. However, until larger samples are examined, this is difficult to state with certainty. Consequently, the presence/absence of CLF at this point might not be informative for phylogenetic comparisons. Our findings also suggest the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, might serve as a useful model species for studying ocular infections and immunology of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Astley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Molecular Pathogenesis of Eye Infection Research Center, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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108
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Venza I, Cucinotta M, Caristi S, Mancuso G, Teti D. Transcriptional Regulation of IL-8 byStaphylococcus aureusin Human Conjunctival Cells Involves Activation of AP-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 48:270-6. [PMID: 17197543 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify signal transduction pathways involved in interleukin (IL)-8 expression by human conjunctival cells challenged with Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS Conjunctival cells were cultured in the presence of live or heat-killed S. aureus. IL-8 protein and mRNA were determined by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-kappaB was analyzed by Western blot analysis with phosphospecific antibodies. Conjunctival cells were transfected with wild-type (wt) or mutated IL-8 promoters (IL-8-97, lacking the AP-1 site; IL-8-97 mutant C/EBP; IL-8-97 mutant NF-kappaB; IL-8/AP-1 double mutant for C/EBP and NF-kappaB) or c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK)-responsive GAL-c-Jun. In further experiments, cells were cotransfected with wt IL-8 promoter and expression plasmids for p38MAPK-responsive C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) or wt or dominant negative transactivation domain mutant (TAM-67) c-Jun. A protein-DNA binding study was performed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), to identify the transcription factors bound to the IL-8 promoter. RESULTS S. aureus induced significant IL-8 expression and synthesis in human conjunctival epithelial cells by activating c-Jun phosphorylation and transactivation potential via JNK. The IL-8 promoter activation was NF-kappaB- and p38MAPK-independent. Transfection and EMSA experiments suggested that only AP-1 transcription factors were necessary for optimal IL-8 expression. CONCLUSIONS Human conjunctival epithelial cells possess the ability to respond to Gram-positive S. aureus and to activate the innate immune response by the IL-8 gene expression. These results are the first to delineate the transcription factors involved in S. aureus-induced IL-8 release by conjunctival epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Venza
- Departments of Surgical Specialties, The University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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109
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Yoshida S, Shimmura S, Kawakita T, Miyashita H, Den S, Shimazaki J, Tsubota K. Cytokeratin 15 can be used to identify the limbal phenotype in normal and diseased ocular surfaces. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:4780-6. [PMID: 17065488 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the expression pattern of K15, K19, K14, and K12 in human and mouse ocular surface epithelium as putative markers of epithelial phenotype. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining with specific antibodies for K15, K19, K14, and K12 was performed in human donor cornea tissue and normal ICR mouse corneas, with emphasis on localization of immunopositive cells. Immunohistochemistry was performed in a limbus-deficient mouse model as well as in clinical samples of pannus surgically removed from a thermal burn and a patient with Saltzmann's dystrophy. Staining patterns were classified as limited to the most basal layer (K(bas)), basal and suprabasal layers (K(bas-sup)), predominantly in suprabasal layers (K(sup)) and negative staining (K(-)). RESULTS In human conjunctival epithelium, strong expression of K15 was observed in basal cells, whereas K19 was expressed in both basal and suprabasal layers (K15(bas)/K19(bas-sup)/K12(-)). Limbal epithelial cells were K15(bas-sup)/K19(bas-sup)/K12(sup), whereas epithelial cells in the central cornea were K15(-)/K19(bas-sup)/K12(bas-sup). In contrast, the mouse ocular surface demonstrated a different expression pattern of K15 and K19 than did the human tissue in the conjunctiva (K15(bas-sup)/K19(bas)/K12(-)) and the limbus (K15(bas-sup)/K19(bas)/K12(sup)). Neither K15 nor K19 was expressed in the central mouse cornea (K15(-)/K19(-)/K12(bas-sup)). Similar cytokeratin expression was observed in conjunctivalized corneas in mice and in surgically removed pannus tissue. CONCLUSIONS Although the expression of K15 and K19 differ in humans and mice, specific staining patterns can be used to characterize the epithelial phenotype in normal and diseased ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yoshida
- Cornea Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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110
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Zhang Y, Liu Z, Chen X, Zhang S, Yu D, Li C. [The effect of oculotect gel on the conjunctival goblet cells of rat after corneal transplantation]. Yan Ke Xue Bao 2006; 22:229-32, 243. [PMID: 17378155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of oculotect gel and alteration of goblet cells of rat after corneal transplantation. METHODS 48 SD rats were randomly divided into oculotect gel-treated, 0.1% dexamethasone eye drops-treated, control groups and normal groups. After the rat model of heterograft-heterotopic graft rejection was made, slit-limp microscope and PAS stainings, light microscope and HE PAS staining technique were used to observe the number and morphological difference of goblet cells in conjunctiva between operative groups and normal groups. RESULTS The HE PAS staining detection showed that the number of conjunctiva goblet cells in oculotect gel group 0.1% dexamethasone eye drops group and control groups is lower than that in normal group after surgery (P < 0.01). The number of conjunctiva goblet cells in oculotect gel group and 0.1% dexamethasone eye drops group is higher than that in control group (P < 0.05). That number in 0.1% dexamethasone eye drops group is higher than that in oculotect gel group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that oculotect gel significantly inhibit the decrease of goblet cells after corneal allograft rejection in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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111
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Oriowo MO. A fluorometric study of relative ocular lens cytosensitivity to multipurpose contact lens solutions using the resazurin assay method. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:1548-54. [PMID: 16926091 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relative ocular lens cytosensitivity to three multipurpose contact lens solutions using lens culture and resazurin microplate assay method. Comparison in the cell viability levels of the cultured bovine lenses as influenced by 3h experimental exposure to three contact lens multipurpose solutions (OPTI-FREE Express, Alcon; ReNu MultiPlus, Bausch & Lomb; and COMPLETE Comfort Plus, Allergan) was performed. The pre- and post-exposure fluorescence emission levels of the lenses were obtained, and findings were compared to baseline and control measurements. The solutions demonstrated varying levels of sensitivity (P<0.1), exhibiting non-significant to significant reversible disruption of the lenses'cell viability levels as revealed by the fluorescence intensity levels in the following ranked order (COMPLETE< ReNu< OPTI-FREE solutions). The findings show that OPTI-FREE Express and ReNu MultiPlus solutions exhibited more cytosensitive effect compared to COMPLETE Comfort Plus. These results suggest that the resazurin assay together with lens culture would be a reliable system for in vitro investigation of the effect of contact lens solutions and other ophthalmic formulations on ocular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Olanrewaju Oriowo
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the potential health risks associated with bioengineered ocular surface tissue, which serves as a bellwether for other tissues. METHODS All clinical trials using bioengineered ocular surface tissue published between July 1, 1996, and June 30, 2005, were reviewed with respect to materials used and statements of risk assessment, risk remediation, adverse events, manufacturing standards, and regulatory oversight. RESULTS Ninety-five percent of investigational protocols used 1 or more animal-derived products and an overlapping 95% used 1 or more donor human tissues. Consideration of risks reveals a very low probability of potential harm but a significant risk of disability or death if such an event were to occur. Details of ethics approval, patient consent, and donor serologic test results were not consistently provided. No references were made to risk assessment or to codes of manufacturing and clinical practice. CONCLUSION While a degree of risk is associated with bioengineered ocular surface tissue, investigational reports of this new technology have yet to address issues of risk management and regulatory oversight. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Attention to risk and codes of manufacturing and clinical practice will be required for advancement of the technology. We suggest the adoption of international standards to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan R Schwab
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95871, USA.
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113
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O’Sullivan NL, Baylor AE, Montgomery PC. Development of immortalized rat conjunctival epithelial cell lines: an in vitro model to examine transepithelial antigen delivery. Exp Eye Res 2006; 84:323-31. [PMID: 17123516 PMCID: PMC1839946 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of these studies was to develop conjunctival epithelial cell lines for investigation of antigen translocation across a mucosal barrier. Conjunctival epithelial cells from Fischer 344 rats were immortalized with pSV3(neo) resulting in two cell lines--CJ4.1A and CJ4.3C. Each formed confluent cell layers with epithelial morphology when grown on permeable membrane filters. They expressed the SV40 T antigen, the conjunctiva-specific cytokeratin 4, the goblet cell-specific cytokeratin 7 and were negative for the corneal epithelial cell-specific cytokeratin 12. The cell lines have been in culture for over 60 passages, and the population doubling times were 22+/-7h for CJ4.1A and 23+/-9h for CJ4.3C. When grown on Transwell membranes, each cell line achieved a transepithelial electrical resistance of 600-800 Omega cm2 by 3-4 days and maintained a high resistance for several days. Both cell lines expressed zona occludens-1 at confluence. At 24h following addition of 250 microg of FITC-labeled ovalbumin to the apical chambers, 15+/-6 microg could be detected in the basal chamber of CJ4.1A and 6+/-1 microg in the basal medium of CJ4.3C. In contrast, 82+/-6 microg was detected in the lower chambers of cell-free Transwells. Similarly, Transwells containing confluent CJ4.1A or CJ4.3C cells impeded passage of 0.1 microm diameter polystyrene microspheres (5+/-1% and 4+/-1%, respectively, of the apical input), compared to 26+/-6% of the input microspheres recovered from the basal chambers of cell-free Transwells. Pretreatment with 4mM EGTA for 10 min caused an increase in OVA-FITC translocation across CJ4.3C cells. Incubation in the presence of 4mM EGTA significantly increased OVA-FITC translocation across both cell lines, relative to untreated cell layers. Morphological and functional characterization indicates that these cells provide a useful experimental tool to assess strategies for enhancing transepithelial antigen uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. O’Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Corresponding author. Dr. Nancy L. O’Sullivan, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State, University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Ave. Detroit, MI 48210, USA., Telephone: (313) 577-1370, Fax: (313) 577-1155
| | - Alfred E. Baylor
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Paul C. Montgomery
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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114
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Kitano A, Saika S, Yamanaka O, Ikeda K, Reinach PS, Nakajima Y, Okada Y, Shirai K, Ohnishi Y. Genipin Suppresses Subconjunctival Fibroblast Migration, Proliferation and Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation. Ophthalmic Res 2006; 38:355-60. [PMID: 17047408 DOI: 10.1159/000096231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inchin-ko-to is a herbal medicine which has therapeutic effects in ameliorating liver fibrosis or cholestatic liver diseases. Its main bioactive component is genipin, which is an intestinal bacterial metabolite of this medication. Accordingly, we determined whether or not Inchin-ko-to suppresses in a wound healing model subconjunctival fibroblast (SCF) migration proliferation and myofibroblast transdifferentiation since an inhibitory effect could be of value in improving trabeculotomy outcome. METHODS Effects of genipin on SCF cell migration were examined subsequent to wounding confluent monolayer cultures. Alamar blue staining evaluated the effects of genipin (0-50 microg/ml) on fibroblast cell proliferation. Immunostaining determined alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) expression. Western blotting evaluated (alphaSMA) expression and phospho-Smad2 formation. Real-time RT-PCR evaluated TGFbeta1 and collagen Ialpha2 mRNA expression. Enzyme-immunoassay determined culture medium collagen I content. RESULTS Genipin suppressed wound-induced cell migration and proliferation. It also decreased collagen type I TGFbeta1 and alphaSMA mRNA and protein expression. Smad2 signaling was inhibited by genipin in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Genipin suppresses injury-induced fibrogenic responses in SCFs. This result suggests that the herbal medicine Inchin-ko-to might have therapeutic value following trabeculotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Kitano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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Clarke DW, Alizadeh H, Niederkorn JY. Intracorneal Instillation of Latex Beads Induces Macrophage-Dependent Protection againstAcanthamoebaKeratitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:4917-25. [PMID: 17065507 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Instillation of sterile 1.0 microM latex beads into the central corneal epithelium renders Chinese hamsters resistant to corneal infection with Acanthamoeba castellanii. By contrast, activation of the adaptive immune response by subcutaneous immunization with A. castellanii antigens fails to protect against Acanthamoeba keratitis. This study was undertaken to examine the mechanisms that mediate latex bead-induced resistance to Acanthamoeba keratitis. METHODS In vitro experiments examined the effect of latex bead treatment on the capacity of A. castellanii trophozoites to adhere to and kill corneal epithelial cells. In vivo administration of antineutrophil antiserum was used to evaluate the role of neutrophils in latex-bead-induced protection against Acanthamoeba keratitis. Liposomes containing the macrophagicidal drug clodronate were used to deplete conjunctival macrophages and determine the role of macrophages in the latex-bead-induced resistance. RESULTS Latex bead treatment did not affect adherence of trophozoites to the corneal epithelium or protect corneal epithelial or stromal cells from trophozoite-mediated cytolysis in vitro. Neutrophil depletion did not abrogate the latex beads' protective effect. Latex bead treatment induced a significant infiltration of macrophages into the corneas that peaked at day 4 of infection. Moreover, depletion of conjunctival macrophages with the macrophagicidal drug clodronate eliminated the latex beads' protective effect. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that intracorneal injection of latex beads induces a remarkable resistance to Acanthamoeba keratitis that is largely, if not entirely, mediated by macrophages. These results underscore the importance of the innate immune apparatus in the resistance to Acanthamoeba keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Clarke
- Department of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Peiretti E, Dessì S, Mulas MF, Abete C, Galantuomo MS, Fossarello M. Fibroblasts isolated from human pterygia exhibit altered lipid metabolism characteristics. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83:536-42. [PMID: 16696971 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether the fibrovascular proliferation observed in pterygium, may be, at least in part, mediated by an increased activity of cholesterol metabolism. The correlation between lipid metabolism and rate of growth was studied in human normal conjunctival (NCF) and primary pterygium fibroblasts (PFs) in primary culture. The expression of two proliferation markers (Ki-67 and p53) was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining techniques. Proliferation was evaluated by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and by immunohistochemical assays. Lipid metabolism was evaluated by (14)C-oleate incorporated into cholesterol esters as well as by oil red O staining. Moreover, the cultures of pterygium fibroblasts were supplemented with two antiproliferative drugs in order to confirm the effective alterations in cholesterol metabolism related to proliferation. Immunohistochemistry of frozen sections from primary pterygium demonstrated an increased staining in Ki-67 and p53 compared with staining observed in normal conjunctiva. A dramatically increased activity of intracellular cholesterol metabolism was demonstrated in pterygium fibroblasts obtained from four different patients. This finding was confirmed by the reduction of cholesterol metabolism in pterygium fibroblasts treated with antiproliferative drugs. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that alterations of cholesterol metabolism are involved in the development of pterygia. This finding may represent a target of new therapeutic approaches for treatment and prevention of pterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Peiretti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy
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Yamamoto N, Yamamoto N, Petroll MW, Jester JV, Cavanagh HD. Regulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa internalization after contact lens wear in vivo and in serum-free culture by ocular surface cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:3430-40. [PMID: 16877413 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of contact lenses (CLs) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection on localization of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) on corneal surface epithelial cells and the association between lipid raft formation and CFTR in mediating PA binding and internalization in ocular surface epithelium. METHODS CFTR immunolocalization was evaluated in vivo in rabbit corneal-conjunctival epithelium (with/without CL wear) before and after PA exposure and in serum-free human corneal epithelial cell culture (hTCEpi). Lipid raft formation was visualized with Alexa555-conjugated cholera toxin beta-subunit. Lipid raft involvement in PA internalization was assayed in vivo by gentamicin survival assays after topical filipin pretreatment. Involvement of CFTR in PA binding and internalization was evaluated by blockade with CFTR peptides or LPS. RESULTS CL wear in vivo enhanced anti-CFTR staining, but CFTR localization did not correlate with the PA binding by ocular surface cells. Conjunctival epithelial cells stained for CFTR but did not bind or internalize PA. Corneal epithelial cells in vivo did not stain for CFTR unless challenged by contact lens-induced hypoxia. PA internalization by hTCEpi was significantly inhibited by LPS (P < 0.01), but not by CFTR peptides. Remarkably, normal conjunctival epithelial cells showed lipid raft formation and CFTR staining but did not bind PA. Inhibition of raft formation by filipin blocked PA internalization in vivo after CL wear. CONCLUSIONS CFTR is not the predominant receptor for ocular surface PA infection, and after hypoxic CL challenge, neither lipid rafts nor CFTR localization alone predicts PA binding; however, lipid rafts are critical to CL-mediated PA internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoka Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, USA
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118
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Tanioka H, Kawasaki S, Yamasaki K, Ang LPK, Koizumi N, Nakamura T, Yokoi N, Komuro A, Inatomi T, Kinoshita S. Establishment of a cultivated human conjunctival epithelium as an alternative tissue source for autologous corneal epithelial transplantation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:3820-7. [PMID: 16936093 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The corneal epithelium is essential for maintaining corneal transparency, and efforts have been made to develop improved techniques for corneal epithelial transplantation in patients with total limbal failure. We evaluated the suitability of transplanted cultivated human conjunctival epithelium (HCjE) as a corneal epithelium replacement in rabbits with total corneal and limbal deficiency. METHODS HCjE cells, cultivated on human amniotic membrane (AM) to confluence and exposed to an air-liquid interface (air-lifted), were transplanted onto denuded rabbit corneas and monitored for 2 weeks. The cultivated HCjE sheet and the engrafted epithelium were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS The transplanted HCjE remained transparent, smooth, and without epithelial defects during the follow-up period. Both the cultivated HCjE cells and the engrafted epithelium manifested five to six layers of stratified squamous epithelium similar in morphology to normal corneal epithelium. The basal cells expressed the putative stem cell markers (ABCG2 and P63) and hemidesmosome and desmosome component proteins. The cytokeratins (CK4, CK13, CK3, and CK12) and MUC4 were found in the engrafted epithelium. However, MUC5AC was not expressed. The results indicate that HCjE cultivated on AM has the potential to be used as an alternative corneal epithelium. CONCLUSIONS The transplantation of cultivated HCjE sheets is a promising technique for the treatment of eyes with limbal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Tanioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Nakamura T, Inatomi T, Sekiyama E, Ang LPK, Yokoi N, Kinoshita S. Novel clinical application of sterilized, freeze-dried amniotic membrane to treat patients with pterygium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 84:401-5. [PMID: 16704707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2006.00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the use of sterilized, freeze-dried amniotic membrane (FD-AM) transplantation for pterygium surgery. METHODS This study involved a prospective, non-comparative, interventional case series. Thirteen eyes of 13 patients with primary (eight eyes) or recurrent (five eyes) pterygium were studied. After excision of the pterygium fibrous tissues and application of intraoperative use of mitomycin-C, sterilized FD-AM was sutured over the bare scleral defect. The integrity of the FD-AM graft, epithelialization over the FD-AM, pterygium recurrence and postoperative complications were evaluated. RESULTS Postoperatively, the FD-AM was well retained in all patients, and complete epithelialization over the transplanted membrane was achieved within 1-2 weeks. All patients demonstrated early resolution of ocular inflammation and there was no recurrence of pterygium in any of the treated patients during the mean follow-up of 13.9 +/- 6.0 months. No ocular complications were noted following transplantation. CONCLUSION Sterilized FD-AM showed excellent biocompatibility on the human ocular surface. This novel and promising biomaterial may be a useful alternative to conjunctival grafting in the treatment of pterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Pauly A, Brignole-Baudouin F, Guenoun JM, Riancho L, Rat P, Warnet JM, Baudouin C. Comparative study of topical anti-allergic eye drops on human conjunctiva-derived cells: responses to histamine and IFNγ and toxicological profiles. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 245:534-46. [PMID: 16900358 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-006-0353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to compare toxic effects and responses to histamine and IFN gamma associated with the use of some widely used anti-allergic eye drops commercially available today. METHODS For dynamic studies, the Wong-Kilbourne cell line was stimulated for 24 h with histamine or IFN gamma in the presence or absence of anti-allergic eye drops. Supernatants of histamine-stimulated cells were evaluated for the production of IL-6 and IL-8 by ELISA, while the expression of ICAM-1 was evaluated by flow cytometry on IFN gamma-stimulated cells. Toxicological assays were performed using cold light cytofluorometry: viability and apoptosis as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and O2(.)- production were assessed using neutral red, Hoechst/propidium iodide, H(2)-DCFDA and hydroethidine tests, respectively. RESULTS Antihistamines reduced IL-6 release and presented dose-dependent inhibitory effects on IL-8 production. None of the eye drops decreased the basal or IFN gamma-stimulated expression of ICAM-1. Conversely, eye drops preserved with benzalkonium chloride (BAC) induced even higher ICAM-1 expression levels on IFN gamma-stimulated cells than did IFN gamma alone, whereas unpreserved drugs had no effect. Toxicological assays confirmed the pivotal role of BAC in proportionally reducing cell viability while increasing apoptosis and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS The ability of topical ocular anti-H(1) drugs to significantly reduce the production of IL-6 and IL-8 argues that they may help treat the inflammatory processes occurring in allergic ocular surface disorders. Nevertheless, preserved ophthalmic formulations may enhance epithelial conjunctival expression of ICAM-1 in the presence of a low inflammatory stimulus, such as IFN gamma, and displayed toxic as well as pro-oxidative effects on these cells. Therefore, BAC used as preservative might in part interfere with the potential anti-inflammatory properties of the active compound by modulating the immuno-inflammatory response of epithelial conjunctival cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Pauly
- U598, INSERM, Cordeliers Biomedical Institute, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, 75006, Paris, France
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Yamanaka O, Saika S, Ikeda K, Miyazaki KI, Ohnishi Y, Ooshima A. Interleukin-7 modulates extracellular matrix production and TGF-beta signaling in cultured human subconjunctival fibroblasts. Curr Eye Res 2006; 31:491-9. [PMID: 16769608 DOI: 10.1080/02713680600701380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the role of interleukin-7 (IL-7) in modulation of production of extracellular matrix (ECM), immunolocalization of Smads, and cell migration and expressions of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in cultured human subconjunctival fibroblasts. IL-7 is capable of inducing Smad7, an inhibitory Smad that interferes with TGF-beta/Smad signal. METHODS The effects of IL-7 on ECM production, immunolocalization of Smads, type I collagen, fibronectin, alpha -smooth muscle actin (alpha -SMA), and cell migration were examined in human subconjunctival fibroblast culture with or without TGF-beta1. ECM production, such as type I collagen and fibronectin, was measured by immunoassay or real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cell migration was examined using an in vitro wound model in monolayer cultures. We also examined the effects of IL-7, PKC inhibitor, and STAT inhibitor on the expressions of TGF-beta1 and type I collagen alpha1 chain (col1A1) m-RNA by using real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS IL-7 reduced the ECM production much more markedly in the cells treated with TGF-1beta than in the control fibroblasts. TGF-beta1 strongly showed immunolocalization of phospho-Smad2, and IL-7 also showed immunolocalization of Smad7 in the nuclei. The immunoreactivities of alpha -SMA and fibronectin were weaker in the presence of IL-7 than in the control cells. IL-7 also delayed defect closure in the monolayer cell sheets, and the delay was recovered by exogenous type I collagen or fibronectin. Each of IL-7, BIS I, or AGS 490 reduced the mRNA expressions of TGF-beta1 and col1A1. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that IL-7 is involved in ECM production in the subconjunctival fibroblasts activated by exogenous TGF-beta1, suggesting that administration of IL-7 can be a novel therapeutic strategy in preventing undesirable bleb scar formation during healing after filtration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if the gastroprotective drug OPC-12759 increased proliferation of rat conjunctival goblet cells in culture. METHODS Cultured goblet cells were incubated with 10(-12) to 10(-8) M OPC-12759 for 1 to 7 days. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was used as a positive control. Cell proliferation was determined by a MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] colorimetric assay and by immunohistochemical staining with anti-Ki-67, a marker of cell division. Goblet cells were identified by double-labeling with anti-Ki-67, a marker of cell division, and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I lectin, anti-MUC5AC and anticytokeratin 7. Stratified squamous cells were identified by using Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin and anticytokeratin 4 antibody. RESULTS As determined by MTT conversion to formazan, OPC-12579 at 10(-11) M induced an almost 2-fold increase in goblet cell proliferation on Days 1 and 3 of incubation but not on Days 5 and 7. The FBS at 10% increased cell proliferation by 2- to 3-fold at each time point. Daily replenishment of OPC-12579 for 3 consecutive days induced cell proliferation at all concentrations. Proliferation as determined by the number of Ki-67 positive cells increased by 4- and 3-fold at Days 1 and 3, respectively with addition of 10(-11) M OPC-12579. The FBS at 10% induced a 10-fold increase in goblet cell proliferation on Days 1, 3, and 5. Colocalization of Ulex europaeus agglutinin I, MUC5AC and anticytokeratin 7 with Ki-67 indicated that proliferating cells were goblet cells. Proliferating cells were negative for the nongoblet cell markers Bandeiraea lectin and anticytokeratin 4. CONCLUSIONS The OPC-12759 stimulates proliferation of conjunctival goblet cells in primary culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- José D Ríos
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114-2500, USA.
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Cook EB, Stahl JL, Brooks AM, Graziano FM, Barney NP. Allergic Tears Promote Upregulation of Eosinophil Adhesion to Conjunctival Epithelial Cells in an Ex Vivo Model: Inhibition with Olopatadine Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:3423-9. [PMID: 16877412 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanism by which eosinophils adhere to the ocular surface during allergic inflammation is unknown. This study examined whether the incubation of human conjunctival epithelial cells (HCEs) with tears from allergic subjects promotes eosinophil adhesion, and it examined the effect of treatment with olopatadine on this process. METHODS Allergic subjects (n = 6) and nonallergic subjects (n = 4) were treated in season for 1 week with olopatadine in one eye while the other eye remained untreated. Tears were collected from both eyes with the use of a microcapillary tube. HCEs were acquired by enzymatic digestion of cadaveric conjunctival tissues. Confluent cultures of HCEs were treated with diluted tears for 24 hours before incubation with peripheral blood eosinophils (purified with negative magnetic bead selection). Eosinophil adhesion was measured with an eosinophil peroxidase assay. RESULTS Incubation of HCEs with tears from allergic subjects significantly upregulated eosinophil adhesion compared with eosinophil adhesion to untreated HCEs or with HCEs treated with nonallergic tears and untreated HCEs (P < 0.05). Eosinophil adhesion to HCEs treated with tears from olopatadine-treated allergic subjects was inhibited (P < 0.01) compared with tear-stimulated adhesion observed from untreated eyes. Percentage of inhibition was 43.3% +/- 13.9% (mean +/- SD). Blocking antibodies demonstrated that eosinophil adhesion to HCEs in vitro involved beta2 integrins on eosinophils but not intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on human HCEs. CONCLUSIONS Tears collected from allergic subjects contain bioactivity capable of upregulating eosinophil adhesion to HCEs in vitro. Inhibition of this process by treatment of subjects with olopatadine suggests that some of the cellular targets of this drug may play a role in promoting eosinophil adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen B Cook
- Departmentsof Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53792, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the appearance of normal conjunctiva and conjunctival inflammation by in vivo confocal microscopy. METHODS Conjunctiva of 15 normal patients and 21 patients with conjunctivitis including bacterial, papillary, follicular, granulomatous, and cicatrizing disease were analyzed by the Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRTII)/Rostock cornea modul (RCM). RESULTS Scans of normal bulbar and tarsal conjunctiva corresponded well to the established anatomy except for a prominent, thickened epithelial basement membrane observed by in vivo microscopy. Presumed goblet cells were visible throughout the conjunctival epithelium. Adenoid structures and hair follicles were discernible in the tarsal conjunctiva in vivo. Conjunctival perfusion could be observed directly. Acute and chronic inflammatory cells, conjunctival papillary, and follicular reactions, as well as conjunctival cicatrization, could be discriminated. In a patient with conjunctival granuloma, in vivo confocal microscopy disclosed suture material inside the lesion. CONCLUSION Confocal microscopy using near-infrared laser light is a useful new tool in the analysis of conjunctival tissue in vivo. It is a valuable aid in the differential diagnosis of conjunctival inflammation and thus may guide therapeutical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Messmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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125
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Yamanaka O, Ikeda K, Saika S, Miyazaki KI, Ooshima A, Ohnishi Y. Gene transfer of Smad7 modulates injury-induced conjunctival wound healing in mice. Mol Vis 2006; 12:841-51. [PMID: 16902401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Smad7 is a molecule that blocks the Smad2/3 signal. Herein, we examined the effects of Smad7 gene introduction on post-injury conjunctival wound healing in mice. Its effects on the cultured human subconjunctival fibroblasts (SCFs) were also investigated. METHODS A circumferential incision was made in the equatorial conjunctiva by using scissors in the right eye of fully anesthetized adult C57BL/6 mice (n=72). Smad7 cDNA-expressing adenoviral vector was topically applied. The control eye received nonfunctioning adenoviral vector. After 2, 5, 7, and 30 days the eyes were processed for histological or immunohistochemical examination to evaluate wound healing of conjunctiva. The expressions of type-I collagen and growth factors were evaluated by real time-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The effects of Smad7 gene introduction on the cultured human SCFs were also studied. RESULTS Marked Smad7 protein expression was detected in the vector-treated conjunctival epithelium and fibroblasts that coincided with green fluorescein protein expression, whereas faint endogenous Smad7 expression was observed in the control tissue. In vivo Smad7 gene introduction blocked Smad2/3 nuclear translocation with suppression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in fibroblasts and invasion of macrophages. Smad7 gene transfer suppressed mRNA expressions of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), VEGF, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in vivo and those of type-I collagen, alphaSMA, and CTGF in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Smad7 gene transfer modulates injury-induced wound healing of conjunctival tissue in mice, suggesting that this strategy may be effective in preventing excessive scarring following filtration surgery. The mechanism might include suppression of activation of fibroblasts and reduction of macrophage invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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Fukuda K, Fujitsu Y, Kumagai N, Nishida T. Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Synthesis in Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts by Interleukin-4 or Interleukin-13. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:2857-64. [PMID: 16799025 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibroproliferative lesions of the conjunctiva known as giant papillae are a characteristic of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). The abundance of T helper 2 (Th2) cells and cytokines is increased in the giant papillae and tear fluid of individuals with VKC, and the Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 each stimulate the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by conjunctival fibroblasts. The role of Th2 cytokines in the development of giant papillae was further examined by determination of the effects of these molecules on the production by conjunctival fibroblasts of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, a key enzyme in ECM degradation. METHODS The amount of MMP-3 released into the culture medium by human conjunctival fibroblasts was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the intracellular abundance of MMP-3 mRNA was quantitated by reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Signaling by the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 was evaluated by immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses. RESULTS Of the Th2 cytokines tested, only IL-4 and -13 inhibited both the basal and IL-1beta-induced release of MMP-3 by conjunctival fibroblasts. These effects of IL-4 and -13 were inhibited by neutralizing antibodies to the IL-4 receptor complex. IL-4 and -13 also each reduced the basal abundance, as well as inhibited the IL-1beta-induced upregulation, of MMP-3 mRNA in these cells. Neither IL-4 nor -13 affected the IL-1beta-induced activation of NF-kappaB or the AP-1 component c-Jun. CONCLUSIONS IL-4 and -13 each inhibit MMP-3 synthesis in human conjunctival fibroblasts, suggesting that these Th2 cytokines may contribute to the excessive deposition of ECM in giant papillae by preventing matrix degradation mediated by this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fukuda
- Department of Biomolecular Recognition and Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To study the modulation of immunoregulatory genes in ocular surface epithelial cells cultured on amniotic membrane (AM). METHODS Microarray analysis was performed in a conjunctival epithelial cell line (CCL20.2) expanded on denuded AM. Among the genes that were upregulated by an AM substrate compared with collagen-coated dishes, the fetal nonclassic major histocompatibility complex molecule, HLA-G, was found to be the only immunoregulatory gene up-regulated by more than 2.5-fold. Because CCL20.2 is contaminated by HeLa cells, expression of HLA-G mRNA was confirmed in primary-cultured limbal (LE) and conjunctival epithelial (CE) cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), semiquantitative real-time PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot analysis. A functional assay was performed using an HLA-G-transfected K-562 human erythroleukemia cell line. RESULTS Freshly dissociated limbal epithelial cells express HLA-G mRNA; however, protein levels were low. Western blots and immunocytochemistry showed that both LE and CE cells upregulated the HLA-G protein when cultured on collagen-coated dishes and on AM. HLA-G mRNA levels were significantly higher in CE cultured on AM compared with collagen. Natural killer (NK) cell-induced cell lysis of an HLA class 1-negative K-562 human erythroleukemia cell line was slightly reduced when transfected with LE-derived HLA-G mRNA. CONCLUSION CE and LE cells express functional HLA-G when expanded ex vivo, which may affect inflammation and immune reaction when transplanted to the ocular surface.
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Miyairi I, Mahdi OS, Ouellette SP, Belland RJ, Byrne GI. Different growth rates of Chlamydia trachomatis biovars reflect pathotype. J Infect Dis 2006; 194:350-7. [PMID: 16826483 DOI: 10.1086/505432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite small genomic differences, Chlamydia trachomatis biovars exhibit diverse disease manifestations and different growth rates in vivo and in cell culture models. METHODS Chlamydial inclusion-forming units were enumerated over time in HeLa cells, to evaluate the length of the developmental cycle for C. trachomatis strains A, B, C, and E/Bour (ocular strains) as well as D, E/UW5/Cx, F, and L2 (genital strains). Prototype strains A, D, and L2 were selected for detailed analysis of reticulate body growth, division, and genomic replication. The impact that changing host cells and that coinfection with different strains has on growth was also assessed. RESULTS The genital strains completed the developmental cycle in 36-44 h, whereas the ocular strains lagged behind considerably. Differences were the result of a longer lag phase (entry plus differentiation) and generation time for the ocular strains. A prototype ocular strain grew faster in conjunctival cells than in cervical cells. Coinfection with genital (D or L2) and ocular strains expedited recovery of the ocular strain. CONCLUSIONS Precise temporal evaluation of the chlamydial developmental cycle for selected genital and ocular C. trachomatis biovars provides a means for investigating genomic differences that define chlamydial pathotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Miyairi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Corfield AP, Donapaty SR, Carrington SD, Hicks SJ, Schauer R, Kohla G. Identification of 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid in normal canine pre-ocular tear film secreted mucins and its depletion in Keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Glycoconj J 2006; 22:409-16. [PMID: 16311885 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-005-3698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
O-Acetylated sialic acids have been reported in many sialoglycoproteins where they mediate a variety of immune and other biological events. We have previously demonstrated that the protective mucus barrier on the surface of the canine eye contains sialoglycoproteins. We have also investigated the occurrence of O-acetylated sialic acids in these ocular mucins. Mucus aspirated from the surface of normal dog eyes and those with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) was fractionated into three pools by density gradient centrifugation. Sialic acids comprised 0.6-0.9% of the dry weight of the mucins isolated. The sialic acid profile in these pools was examined using HPLC. O-Acetylated sialic acids, mainly Neu5,9Ac2, were detected in normal animals and made up 10-30% of the total sialic acids detected. A doubling of the sialic acid content was found in KCS mucins, but the level of 9-O-acetylated sialic acid was reduced below 4% of total. Histological analysis of conjunctival tissue from normal and KCS dogs showed the presence of sialic acids, detected with the alpha(2-6) sialic acid-specific lectin Sambucus nigra, in the goblet cells and corresponding to the staining pattern for MUC5AC, the major ocular-secreted mucin gene product. In KCS animals a disruption of the normal pattern of conjunctival goblet cells was seen with preservation of the pattern of lectin binding observed in normal animals. Thus the data demonstrate the presence of mono-O-Acetylated sialic acids in normal canine ocular mucins and a loss of this population of sialic acids in dry eye disease in spite of a significant increase in total sialic acids in KCS mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Corfield
- Mucin Research Group, Clinical Sciences at South Bristol, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
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130
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Abstract
The ocular surface is covered by tworapidly renewing and embryologically-related linings, the corneal and conjunctival epithelia. The long-term survival of thesetissues is ultimately dependent on their respective resident stem cells. In the corneal epithelium, the stem cells and their early precursors are exclusively circumscribed to the narrow vasscularize limbal rim that provides epithelial precursor cells to the critically transparent central cornea. Limbal damage causes an interruption of this essential cell supply and allows the invasion of the corneal surface by the conjunctival epithelium, an event that ultimately leads to corneal scarring. The limited supply of immunocompatible tissue is a major hindrance to efforts to develop effective procedures for ocular surface reconstruction. This review describes some of the current work and strategies being developed to achieve the isolation of the limbal stem cell and define its genetic, biochemical, and functional make-up. The study of isolated ocular surface stem cells will foster basic understanding of the environmentalrequisites for their survival and proliferation in a self-replicative mode, leading eventually to advances in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mario Wolosin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the incidence and clinical characteristics of presumed immunologic reactions in limbal grafts after keratolimbal allograft(KLAL). METHODS A total of 121 KLALs performed in consecutive 85 eyes of 78 patients with total limbal stem-cell deficiency were analyzed retrospectively. Mean follow-up period was 46.6 months. Three types of limbal graft changes classified as epithelial defects, acute edema, and vascular engorgement were analyzed as probable signs of immunologic rejection. RESULTS One or more changes in limbal grafts were observed after 16 KLALs (13.1%). All but 1 eye used systemic and local immunosuppression using corticosteroid and cyclosporine A, and most of the changes developed within 3 months postoperatively. All but 2 eyes developed epithelial breakdown in the central cornea, and 12 corneas underwent conjunctivalization. The rate of corneal epithelialization in eyes with limbal graft changes was significantly worse than those without the changes (P < 0.0001). Histologic examination in eyes with the limbal graft changes revealed high incidence of lymphocyte infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Presumed limbal graft rejection occurred in approximately 13% of cases after KLAL. Suppression of the immune reaction remains a key to success in KLAL.
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132
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Sosne G, Albeiruti AR, Hollis B, Siddiqi A, Ellenberg D, Kurpakus-Wheater M. Thymosin beta4 inhibits benzalkonium chloride-mediated apoptosis in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83:502-7. [PMID: 16630613 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin beta-4 (Tbeta(4)) is known to promote ocular wound healing, to decrease ocular inflammation, and to have anti-apoptotic effects on corneal epithelium. In this study, the effect of Tbeta(4) on the survival of human ocular surface epithelial cells exposed to benzalkonium chloride (BAK) was measured. Human conjunctival epithelial cells (HC0597) or human corneal epithelial cells (HCET) were treated with 0%, 0.001%, 0.01%, or 0.1% BAK for 15 min. After 3 or 24h of recovery in culture medium containing 1 microg/ml Tbeta(4), a dosage that has been demonstrated effective in several published studies, DNA synthesis was measured using a colorimetric BrdU incorporation assay. Both conjunctival and corneal epithelial DNA synthesis was inhibited by BAK in a dose-dependent manner. Tbeta(4) did not protect the epithelial cells from BAK-induced inhibition of proliferation. To assess the ability of Tbeta(4) to prevent apoptosis, epithelial cells were treated with 0.01% BAK+Tbeta(4) and cell death was measured using a colorimetric assay. BAK-induced apoptosis increased throughout the duration of the assay, which was carried out to 5 days in culture. Treatment of HC0597 cells with Tbeta(4) significantly inhibited the apoptosis shown to be initiated by BAK. Treatment of non-transformed human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) with Tbeta(4) also significantly inhibited the apoptosis shown to be initiated by BAK at later times in culture. Ocular solutions containing BAK as a preservative are typically used for extended periods of time. This study suggests that Tbeta(4) may be able to overcome the apoptotic side effect of BAK, and may be a useful additive to solutions containing this preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Sosne
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Scott Hall 8314, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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133
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ocular conjunctivas of healthy dogs were studied by conjunctival impression cytology for evaluation of feasibility, protocol standardization, and normal cytologic pattern recognition of this technique. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty healthy, adult, cross-breed dogs. PROCEDURES Samples of the bulbar conjunctiva were collected after instillation of topical anesthetic drops at the ocular surface. Impression cytology was performed by applying asymmetric strips of Millipore filter on the superior temporal bulbar conjunctiva near the limbus. The filter strip was gently pressed against the conjunctiva for 5 s and removed with a peeling motion. Samples were immediately fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol, stained with periodic acid-Schiff and hematoxylin, and mounted on slides cover-slipped using synthetic resin. The slides were examined by light microscopy. RESULTS Microscopic examination of the impressions revealed superficial, intermediate and basal epithelial cells arranged in sheets. Keratinized epithelial cells, goblet cells and leukocytes, as well as cellular debris and mucus were observed. CONCLUSIONS Feasibility of impression cytology for sampling the bulbar conjunctiva of the dog and the standardization the the proposed protocol was shown. The results allowed the recognition the the normal cytologic pattern of healthy conjunctivas in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A Bolzan
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Chen D, Texada DE, Duggan C, Deng Y, Redens TB, Langford MP. Caspase-3 and -7 mediate apoptosis of human Chang's conjunctival cells induced by enterovirus 70. Virology 2006; 347:307-22. [PMID: 16427675 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 70 (EV70) is the major etiological agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC). EV70 m.o.i.- (multiplicity of infection) and time-dependently induced apoptosis in human Chang's conjunctival (HCC) cells. UV- or heat-inactivated EV70 did not induce apoptosis. EV70-induced apoptosis was inhibited by cycloheximide and methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-chloromethylketone (MPCMK), but not actinomycin D and guanidine.HCl (although guanidine.HCl inhibited the apoptosis induced by EV70 infection at 0.5 PFU/cell for 18 h). EV70 infection induced activation of caspase-3 and -7 and degradation of the constitutively activated caspase-6. EV70-induced apoptotic DNA ladders and activated caspase-3 and -7, correlated with virus release. Caspase inhibitor IX (Z-VD-FMK) inhibited EV70-induced apoptosis and virus release, but not intracellular viral production. The results suggest that infectious virus and the syntheses of viral proteins especially EV70 proteases, but not viral genome RNA, are required for caspase-3 and -7-mediated EV70-induced apoptosis, and that apoptosis through cell lysis promotes EV70 release from HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.
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135
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Abstract
Effects of unilateral exposure to anisotonic conditions on diffusional water permeability of the isolated rabbit conjunctiva were determined. A segment of the bulbar-palpebral conjunctiva was mounted between Ussing-type hemichambers under short-circuit conditions. Unidirectional water fluxes ( Jdw) were measured in either direction by adding3H2O to one hemichamber and sampling from the other. Electrical parameters were measured simultaneously. Jdwwere determined under control isosmotic conditions and after introduction of either hyper- or hypotonic solutions against the tear or stromal sides of the preparations. In each of these four separate conditions, the anisotonic medium produced an ∼20–30% reduction in Jdwacross the tissue, with the exception that to obtain such reduction with increased tonicity from the stromal side (medium osmolality increased by adding sucrose), conditions presumptively inhibiting regulatory volume increase mechanisms (e.g., pretreatment with amiloride and bumetanide) were also required. All reductions in Jdwelicited by the various anisotonic conditions were reversible on restoration of control tonicity. In experiments in which preparations were pretreated with the protein cross-linking agent glutaraldehyde, anisotonicity-elicited reductions in Jdwwere not observed. Such reductions were also not observed in the presence of HgCl2, implying the involvement of aquaporins. However, it is possible that the mercurial may be toxic to the epithelium, preventing the tonicity response. Nevertheless, from concomitant changes in transepithelial electrical resistance, as well as [14C]mannitol fluxes, [14C]butanol fluxes, and Arrhenius plots, arguments are presented that the above effects are best explained as a cell-regulated reduction in membrane water permeability that occurs at the level of water-transporting channels. Presumably both apical and basolateral membranes can downregulate their water permeabilities as part of a protective mechanism to help maintain cell volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Candia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 100th St. and 5th Ave., New York, NY 10029, USA.
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136
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Kawasaki S, Tanioka H, Yamasaki K, Yokoi N, Komuro A, Kinoshita S. Clusters of Corneal Epithelial Cells Reside Ectopically in Human Conjunctival Epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:1359-67. [PMID: 16565369 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ocular surface is covered by two biologically distinct epithelia: corneal and conjunctival. The expression of keratin12 (K12) is currently considered a hallmark of cornea-type differentiation. In the current study, the biological features of K12-positive cells in human bulbar conjunctival epithelium were examined. METHODS Human conjunctival tissues were subjected to investigate the K12-positive cells in conjunctiva by immunostaining, in situ hybridization, Western blot analysis, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Gene expression profiling of these cells was performed with introduced amplified-fragment length polymorphism (iAFLP). To determine the presence of stem- or progenitor cells, immunostaining and colony-forming assays were performed. RESULTS Western blot analysis, RT-PCR revealed that K12 was expressed in conjunctival epithelium. Immunostaining analysis showed that K12-positive cells reside mainly in clusters in conjunctival epithelium. FACS analysis showed that 0.2% to 1.7% of conjunctival epithelial cells collected from the inferior bulbar conjunctiva were K12 positive. iAFLP analysis revealed that the gene expression patterns of these cells were highly similar to that of corneal epithelial cells. p63 and ABCG2 were expressed beneath the K12-positive cells. Some colony-forming cells expressed K12. CONCLUSIONS The K12-positive cells appear to be ectopically residing, self-maintaining corneal epithelial cells in the conjunctival epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kawasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-dori, Kyoto, Japan.
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137
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, the applications of in vivo confocal microscopy to the investigation of ocular surface diseases in the living eye have been greatly extended. Confocal microscopy enables detailed investigation of tarsal and palpebral conjunctiva, central and peripheral cornea, tear film, and lids, and it allows evaluation of the ocular surface at the cellular level. High-quality imaging in both contact and noncontact modes has allowed new understanding of the functions of the ocular surface system, and in the coming years, such knowledge will become increasingly comprehensive and specific. Confocal microscopy may provide a link between well-established ex vivo histology and in vivo study of ocular pathology, not only in clinical science but also in clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about in vivo confocal microscopy of the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Zhivov
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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138
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Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to determine whether long-term tolerant contact lens (CL) wear causes changes in the expression of mucin mRNA by the conjunctival epithelium and mucin protein content in tears and to determine whether specific mucins adhere to contact lenses. METHODS Twenty long-term (> or = 5 years ) and tolerant CL wearers (2 with hard and 18 with soft contact lenses) were compared with 23 non-CL wearers. One hour after CL removal, tear fluid was collected after instillation of 60 microL of sterile water onto the ocular surface, and protein concentration was determined. Impression cytology was performed on the bulbar temporal region of conjunctiva to collect cells for RNA isolation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed using TaqMan primer and probes for MUC1, 4, 5AC, and 16. ELISA was performed on the collected tears to detect MUC5AC and the mucin carbohydrate epitope H185. For the analysis of adherent mucins on CL, discarded daily-wear contact lenses were collected, rinsed, and incubated overnight at 4 degrees C in mucin isolation buffer. Immunoblot analysis of adherent mucins was performed to detect MUC1, 4, 5AC, 16, and H185. RESULTS No significant changes in the levels of mucin mRNA from impression cytology samples were detected when comparing CL and non-CL wearers. The amount of total protein in tears collected from CL wearers (39.9 +/- 27.2 microg) was significantly less than that from non-CL wearers (95.1 +/- 73.8 microg, P = 0.001). The level of MUC5AC mucin and the H185 epitope in tears per unit protein in CL wearers was not significantly different from non-CL wearers. Low levels of membrane-associated mucins, the secreted mucin MUC5AC, and the carbohydrate epitope, H185, were detected in protein extracts from discarded CLs. Compared with MUC1, 4, and 5AC, there was less MUC16 adherent to the CLs. CONCLUSION Neither mucin mRNA expression by conjunctival epithelia nor mucin content per unit protein in tears was altered by long-term tolerant CL wear; however, the amount of protein in the tears was significantly less. Shed membrane-associated mucins and the goblet cell mucins adhere to CLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Hori
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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139
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Drewa T, Krawczyk A, Gałazka P, Kałuzny J, Sir J. [Eyelid conjunctiva can be a potential cells source for conjunctival sack reconstruction purpose]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2006; 20:333-6. [PMID: 16780269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is no ideal culture establishing method for the conjunctival sac reconstruction. Two methods of primary conjunctival culture establishing were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS The internal surface of rat's eyelid was used. In the 1st method cells migrate from specimen and attached to the surface of culture plate. In the 2nd method tissue was digested and placed in the flask. Epithelial character of cultured cells was confirmed. RESULTS Both methods allow to set up the culture of epithelial cells. Efficiency of enzymatic isolation was higher then growing from previously attached specimen. At the end of the experiment the cultures were similar. CONCLUSIONS Both methods allow to establish the primary culture of conjunctival epithelial cells. Eyelid conjunctiva can be a cells source for the conjunctival sack reconstruction purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Drewa
- Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Zakład Inzynierii Tkankowej, Katedra Biologii Medycznej.
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140
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Zhu X, Beuerman RW, Chan-Park MBE, Cheng Z, Ang LPK, Tan DTH. Enhancement of the mechanical and biological properties of a biomembrane for tissue engineering the ocular surface. Ann Acad Med Singap 2006; 35:210-4. [PMID: 16625272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we have developed and optimised a novel gelatin-chitosan (GC) substrate for use as a cellular carrier for tissue-engineered conjunctival epithelium. MATERIALS AND METHODS The substrate was fabricated by casting and the mechanical properties of the substrate, including tensile strength and elongation, were measured. Using the MTT, cell proliferation assay with rabbit conjunctival fibroblasts, we optimised the G:C ratio to enhance cytocompatibility. Rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells were immunostained using monoclonal antibodies for keratin 4 and pancytokeratin to investigate the biological effects of the GC substrate on the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells. RESULTS We found that increasing the amount of gelatin resulted in an increase in elasticity (from 1:9 to 1:1 ratio), reaching a maximum (101.89% +/- 7.13%) at a ratio of 1:1. The MTT assay showed that the proliferation of conjunctival fibroblasts significantly increased from 0.068 +/- 0.017 to 0.177 +/- 0.011 (P = 0.014) as the gelatin was increased from 20% (1:4) to 50% (1:1). Additional studies using tissue-cultured conjunctiva explants showed that these explants grew well on the substrate, forming a multilayered epithelium. Cell morphology on this substrate was similar to that of cells grown on culture dishes alone. Positive staining of keratin 4 and pancytokeratin indicated that the substrate supported normal differentiation of conjunctival epithelial cells. CONCLUSION By enhancing the proportion of gelatin, both the mechanical and biological properties of the chitosan substrate were improved. The results also suggest that this GC biomembrane may be a useful candidate for reconstructive tissue engineering of the conjunctiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
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141
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Mittal V, Sangwan VS, Fernandes M, Thomas R. Survival analysis of conjunctival limbal grafts and amniotic membrane transplantation in eyes with total limbal stem cell deficiency. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 141:599-600; author reply 600. [PMID: 16490530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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142
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Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative, facultative pathogen, causes severe and often even lethal infections in immunocompromised patients, as well as cystic fibrosis patients. We show here that a variety of P. aeruginosa strains activate phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cultured epithelial cells, and fibroblasts, resulting in increased intracellular and extracellular arachidonic acid release. The use of different PLA2 inhibitors revealed that P. aeruginosa-induced arachidonic acid release is mediated by activation of cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), whereas iPLA2 or sPLA2 do not seem to be involved in the response to P. aeruginosa. Likewise, the cPLA2-specific inhibitors MAFP and AACOCF3 prevented apoptosis of cultured epithelial cells upon P. aeruginosa infection, whereas inhibitors specific for iPLA2 or sPLA2 were without effect. The physiological significance of these findings is indicated by an inhibition of apoptosis in tracheal epithelial cells upon in vivo infection with P. aeruginosa. The data indicate that arachidonic acid generation by activation of cPLA2 during P. aeruginosa infection plays an important role in the induction of host cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kirschnek
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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143
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Levin MH, Kim JK, Hu J, Verkman AS. Potential difference measurements of ocular surface Na+ absorption analyzed using an electrokinetic model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:306-16. [PMID: 16384978 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal and conjunctival epithelia are capable of transcellular Na+ absorption and Cl- secretion, which drives water movement across these tissues. A recent study demonstrated with a new open-circuit potential difference (PD) technique that Cl- moves across the ocular surface in mice through Ca2+- and cAMP-sensitive Cl- channels, the latter pathway being the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The purpose of the present study was to identify transporting mechanisms involved in Na+ absorption and to develop a mathematical model of ocular surface ion transport to quantify the relative magnitudes of and electrochemical coupling among transporting processes. METHODS PDs across the fluid-bathed ocular surface were measured in anesthetized wild-type and CF mice in response to Na+, Cl-, and K+ ion substitution and transporter agonists, inhibitors, and substrates. An electrokinetic model of the ocular surface epithelium was developed to simulate PD measurements, which involved computation of membrane potentials and cell [Na+], [K+], [Cl-] and volume from transporter activities and extracellular ion concentrations. RESULTS Na+ replacement produced a 6 +/- 2-mV depolarization that was blocked by amiloride (K(i) 0.8 microM) and benzamil (Ki 0.2 microM). The Na+-dependent depolarization by amiloride was significantly greater in CF mice (19 +/- 3 mV). In wild-type mice, D-, but not L-glucose produced a phloridzin-sensitive, 4.1-mV hyperpolarization in the presence of Na+ and amiloride, with a Km for D-glucose of 2.5 mM. Glycine and L-arginine also produced Na+-dependent hyperpolarizations. The epithelial transport model accurately reproduced experimental PD measurements. CONCLUSIONS PD measurements coupled with model computations defined quantitatively the roles of Na+ and Cl- transport processes in ocular surface ion and fluid secretion, and indicated that CFTR-dependent changes in apparent epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) activity could be accounted for by electrochemical coupling, without requiring ENaC-CFTR interactions. The data and modeling also predicted significant enhancement of ocular surface fluid secretion by ENaC inhibitors and CFTR activators as possible therapies for dry eye syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H Levin
- Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
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Viveiros MMH, Schellini SA, Rogato S, Rainho C, Padovani CR. Análise do cultivo de fibroblastos de pterígios primários e recidivados e da cápsula de Tenon normal. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2006; 69:57-62. [PMID: 16491236 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27492006000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate fibroblast proliferation activity of the Tenon capsule from primary and recurrent pterygia. METHODS A randomized prospective study was performed with 43 surgical samples from 30 primary and 13 recurrent pterygia, and samples of normal Tenon capsule from the same pterygium patients. Proliferation, migration, and confluence rate, and patient age, lesion location and type (fleshy or involutive; primary or recurrent) were evaluated. Data were submitted to statistical analysis. RESULTS Of the 30 cultivated primary pterygia, 21 migrated and proliferated, and 18 (60%) went to confluence. Migration, proliferation and confluence started much later in fibroblasts from normal Tenon than from pterygia lesion. The recurrent pterygia showed migration, proliferation, and confluence starting much earlier than the primary ones. There was no statistically significant difference in the start of migration, proliferation and confluence between fleshy and involuted pterygia, or between pterygias of Grades I-II and III-IV. CONCLUSION Pterygium fibroblasts are more viable than normal Tenon in cell culture. Migration, proliferation, and confluence differ in primary and recurrent pterygia. Fleshy and involutive pterygia are similar in culture; there is also no difference between pterygia according to lesion size in cell culture.
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145
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Solomon A, Wajngarten M, Alviano F, Anteby I, Elchalal U, Pe'er J, Levi-Schaffer F. Suppression of inflammatory and fibrotic responses in allergic inflammation by the amniotic membrane stromal matrix. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 35:941-8. [PMID: 16008682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amniotic membrane (AM), which is the innermost layer of the placenta, was shown to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties in various in vitro and clinical studies. PURPOSE To evaluate the anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects of the AM matrix (AMM) on human conjunctival and lung fibroblasts in an in vitro system that tests fibrotic and inflammatory responses at the effector stages of allergic inflammation. METHODS Human conjunctival or lung fibroblasts were seeded on plastic or on the stromal aspect of the AM, which was mounted on plastic inserts. Sonicates of human peripheral blood eosinophils activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or human mast cell (HMC-1) leukaemia cell sonicates, were added to sub-confluent fibroblast monolayers. Proliferation of the sub-confluent fibroblasts was assessed using the [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay. The production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-8 in conjunctival or lung fibroblasts was measured in conditioned media from these cultures by ELISA. RESULTS After 4 days in culture, the [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay indicated a reduced proliferation of activated conjunctival and lung fibroblasts when cultured directly on the AMM. The production of both TGF-beta1 and IL-8 was significantly suppressed in activated conjunctival fibroblasts cultured on the AMM compared with those cultured on plastic, while the production of both TGF-beta1 and GM-CSF was decreased in human lung fibroblast cultured on the AMM. CONCLUSIONS The AMM is capable of suppressing fibrotic responses in an in vitro system of effector stages of ocular allergic inflammation. These data may provide a basis for exploring matrix components in the AM for the treatment of allergic eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Solomon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Hospital, The Hebrew University--Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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146
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Chen L, Cursiefen C, Barabino S, Zhang Q, Dana MR. Novel expression and characterization of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronate receptor 1 (LYVE-1) by conjunctival cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 46:4536-40. [PMID: 16303945 PMCID: PMC1397798 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor (LYVE-1) is a newly discovered lymphatic-specific marker. To date, there is no report of its expression on conjunctival cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of LYVE-1 in normal conjunctiva, to phenotype LYVE-1+ cells, and to study changes in their expression levels during corneal inflammation. METHODS Flat-mounted conjunctivae or cross sections of eyeballs were harvested from BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks of age) for immunofluorescent confocal microscopic studies. RESULTS The data demonstrate, for the first time, that in addition to its expression on lymphatic vessels, LYVE-1 was expressed on CD45+, CD11b+, and CD31- conjunctival cells, indicating a bone-marrow-derived monocytic lineage. Surprisingly, the number of cells that expressed LYVE-1 decreased during corneal inflammation, in conjunction with ingrowth of lymphatics into the cornea. CONCLUSIONS A new population of monocytic cells has been found to express LYVE-1 in normal conjunctiva. These cells that normally express LYVE-1 may act as a reservoir for lymphangiogenesis and cell recruitment when the immune system is challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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147
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Asano-Kato N, Fukagawa K, Okada N, Dogru M, Tsubota K, Fujishima H. Tryptase increases proliferative activity of human conjunctival fibroblasts through protease-activated receptor-2. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 46:4622-6. [PMID: 16303958 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tryptase that is released by mast cell degranulation has recently been thought to play a key role in wound healing in allergic bronchitis. Conjunctival fibroblasts secrete mediators and extracellular matrices that could exacerbate inflammation and papillary formation in allergic conjunctivitis. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of tryptase on the proliferation of conjunctival fibroblasts and studied whether this effect was mediated by protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2. METHODS Conjunctival fibroblasts were cultured with or without tryptase (0.1 ng/mL to 1.0 microg/mL), and the proliferation rate was assessed after 48 hours. The effects of tryptase inhibitors (leupeptin, benzamidine) and a PAR-2 agonist (SLIGKV) were examined. The existence of PAR-2 mRNA and protein in conjunctival fibroblasts was examined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The existence of PAR-2 in cultured conjunctival fibroblasts and conjunctival papillae from patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis, as well as conjunctival tissue from normal subjects was examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Conjunctival fibroblast proliferation was upregulated by tryptase in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001). Leupeptin and benzamidine inhibited tryptase-induced fibroblast proliferation (P < 0.05), and SLIGKV mimicked tryptase's effect. PAR-2 mRNA and protein were detected in cultured conjunctival fibroblasts using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. PAR-2 immunoreactivity in both the cultured conjunctival fibroblasts and in stromal cells in excised conjunctival tissues was observed. CONCLUSIONS Tryptase increased conjunctival fibroblast proliferation and this response appeared to be mediated by PAR-2. Mast cells are the most likely source of tryptase in the conjunctiva and may play an important role in chronic exacerbations with conjunctival papillary formation in allergic conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Asano-Kato
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Keio University Shinanomachi, Tokyo, Japan.
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148
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Macaluso M, Montanari M, Marshall CM, Gambone AJ, Tosi GM, Giordano A, Massaro-Giordano M. Cytoplasmic and nuclear interaction between Rb family proteins and PAI-2: a physiological crosstalk in human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:1515-22. [PMID: 16397580 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2) is a potent inhibitor of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and also acts as a multifunctional protein. However, the biological activity of intracellular PAI-2, as well as its intracellular targets, until now remain an enigma. Here, we show that pRb2/p130 and Rb1/p105, but not p107, interact with PAI-2 in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of normal primary human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. We provided the first in vivo evidence that a specific fragment of the PAI-2 promoter is bound simultaneously by pRb2/ p130, PAI-2, E2F5, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and histone methyltransferase (SUV39H1), in normal primary human corneal epithelial cells, and by pRb2/p130, PAI-2, E2F5, HDAC1, and DNMT1, in normal primary human conjunctiva epithelial cells. Our results strongly indicate a physiological interaction between pRb family members and PAI-2, suggesting the hypothesis that pRb2/p130 and PAI-2 may cooperate in modulating PAI-2 gene expression by chromatin remodeling, in normal corneal and conjunctival cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Macaluso
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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149
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Kageyama M, Nakatsuka K, Yamaguchi T, Owen RL, Shimada T. Ocular defense mechanisms with special reference to the demonstration and functional morphology of the conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue in Japanese monkeys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 69:311-22. [PMID: 17372387 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.69.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to define the histological components of ocular defense, the conjunctiva in Japanese monkeys was studied using a whole mount method, light microscopy, and electron microscopy. We investigated the distribution of the conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) using stereoscopic observations of the conjunctiva immunostained with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR antibody and /or stained with alcian-blue. The outer surface of the conjunctival fornix was lined by sheets of mucus secreting goblet cells, with small epithelial patches without goblet cells, scattered among them. The patches, termed CALT, consisted of flattened epithelial cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes and dendritic cells, and lymphoid follicles with a germinal center. The CALT in Japanese monkeys was fundamentally similar in structure to those found in other animal species. CALT patches ranged in size ranging from 200 microm to 300 microm in diameter. The number of patches varied from 20 to 40 in the superior eyelid and 10 to 20 in the inferior eyelid. Latex microspheres administrated as eye drops were selectively taken up first by flattened associated epithelial cells covering the surfaces of CALT patches and then by intraepithelial dendritic cells of the CALT. These morphological findings show that CALT patches in the eyelids of primates are focal sites for particulate uptake and contact with lymphoid constituents, indicating that they are inductive sites for the common mucosal immune system as well as important components in ocular defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kageyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
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Ang LPK, Cheng ZY, Beuerman RW, Teoh SH, Zhu X, Tan DTH. The Development of a Serum-Free Derived Bioengineered Conjunctival Epithelial Equivalent Using an Ultrathin Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Membrane Substrate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:105-12. [PMID: 16384951 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the use of an ultrathin poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) membrane as a substrate for the development of a serum-free-derived conjunctival epithelial equivalent. METHODS Ultrathin PCL membranes 6 microm in thickness were prepared by solvent casting and biaxial stretching and analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile testing, and water-contact angle measurement. Rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells were cultivated on sodium hydroxide (NaOH)-treated PCL membranes and untreated PCL membranes in serum-free medium. The proliferative capacity of cultivated cells was analyzed with a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) ELISA proliferation assay. Conjunctival equivalents were xenografted into severe combined immune-deficient (SCID) mice. Immunostaining for tissue-specific and basement membrane-related proteins was performed. RESULTS After biaxial stretching, the tensile strength of PCL membranes increased from 21 to 42 MPa, with a Young's modulus of 225 MPa. AFM and SEM showed that biaxially stretched PCL membranes consisted of closely packed microfibrils. PCL membranes supported the attachment and proliferation of conjunctival epithelial cells to form confluent stratified epithelial sheets. Surface modification with NaOH resulted in greater hydrophilicity and cellular proliferation than that of untreated membranes. Transplanted conjunctival equivalents underwent greater proliferation and stratification in vivo. Cultivated conjunctival cells expressed K4, K19, MUC5AC, and Ki67, whereas collagen IV and integrin beta4 were detected at the basement membrane junction. CONCLUSIONS An ultrathin PCL membrane was shown to be biocompatible, mechanically strong enough to stand up to handling, and able to support conjunctival epithelial cell proliferation. This membrane may have potential for use as a scaffold matrix for tissue-engineered conjunctival equivalents.
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