151
|
Saadé J, Gahoual R, Beck A, Leize-Wagner E, François YN. Characterization of the Primary Structure of Cysteine-Linked Antibody-Drug Conjugates Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2078:263-272. [PMID: 31643063 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9929-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) enables the characterization of the primary structure of ADCs. An analytical method based on a derived bottom-up proteomic workflow is designed to provide detailed information about the amino acid sequence, the glycosylation profiling, and the location on the peptide backbone of the conjugated drugs. Here we describe the experimental protocol applied on the characterization of cysteine-linked brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris®).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Saadé
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Laboratoire Vecteurs Pour l'Imagerie Moléculaire et le Ciblage Thérapeutique (VICT), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Alain Beck
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, IRPF-Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Abstract
Protein semisynthesis is a powerful tool for studying proteins and has contributed to a better understanding of protein structure and function and also driven innovations in protein science. Expressed protein ligation (EPL) is a widely used method to generate chemically modified proteins. However, EPL has some limitations, particularly relevant to modify challenging proteins such as antibodies. The method termed streamlined expressed protein ligation (SEPL) overcomes some of the problems of EPL, and other methods of protein semisynthesis, to generate challenging modified proteins such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). ADCs targeting highly cytotoxic molecules to cancer cells, offer an attractive strategy to selectively eliminate tumor cells with improved therapeutic index than the antibodies or cytotoxic molecules themselves. Despite the potential of ADCs, the development of such complex molecules is challenging. We provide here protocols to prepare site-specifically modified ADCs by streamlined expressed protein ligation (SEPL), which does not require the incorporation of unnatural modifications into the antibody. Therefore, fully native antibodies, with only the desired cytotoxic molecules attached, can be generated.
Collapse
|
153
|
Abstract
Lysine-conjugated antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are formed by attaching cytotoxic drugs to reactive lysine residues of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) through chemical linkers. During production, the payloads are conjugated nonspecifically to lysine residues in mAbs, resulting in a heterogeneous mixture of ADCs with both different number and conjugation sites of drug payloads per mAb. On account of the drug conjugation sites and levels that both have significant influences on physical and pharmaceutical properties of ADCs, a reliable and straightforward approach for conjugation site analysis for ADCs is highly demanded. Herein, we used a lysine-conjugated ADC, Trastuzumab-MCC-DM1 (T-DM1), as a model ADC, and described an integrative strategy that combines the signature ion fingerprinting method for rapid and reliable filtering of DM1-conjugated peptides, and the normalized area quantitation approach for accurately gauging the conjugation levels for each identified site. This approach is believed to be readily applicable to other maytansinoid derivatives-modified ADCs, and more importantly, universally applicable to lysine-conjugated ADCs for both the recognition of conjugation sites and the measurement of conjugation levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoyuan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Tian
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Abstract
Mass spectrometry performed in nondenaturing conditions (native MS) has proven its utility for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), especially when ADCs' subunits involve noncovalent interactions (i.e., cysteine-conjugated ADCs). Its hyphenation to ion mobility spectrometry (IM-MS) allows differentiation of gas-phase ions based on their rotationally averaged collision cross section providing an additional dimension of conformational characterization of ADCs. More recently, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) appeared as an interesting technique to perform online buffer exchange in an automated way prior to native MS/IM-MS analysis. Online SEC-native MS/IM-MS allows the global structural characterization of ADCs and the assessment of some critical quality attributes (CQAs) required for ADC release on the market, such as drug load distribution (DLD), drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR), the average DAR (DARav), and the relative amount of unconjugated mAb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Beck
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, IRPF-Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a highly efficient separation technique that resolves ions based on their electrophoretic mobility in the presence of an applied voltage. It has been broadly applied for characterizing biotherapeutics including ADCs. In this chapter, step-by-step procedures for characterizing ADCs using CE will be described with focus placed on reduced and non-reduced capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) for purity determination and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (iCIEF) for charge heterogeneity analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ning
- Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yanqun Zhao
- Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Puthenveetil S. Utilizing Solid-Phase to Enable High-Throughput, Site-Specific Conjugation and Dual-Labeled Antibody and Fab Conjugates. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2078:99-112. [PMID: 31643052 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9929-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For therapeutic and diagnostic applications, site-specific antibody conjugates have proven superior for both the ease of characterization as well as for optimal biophysical and therapeutic properties. Screening multiple antibodies on multiple sites with multiple linker-drugs can become very tedious and time-consuming. As solid-phase reactions are best suited to simplify multistep reactions, readily available protein A/L agarose beads can be utilized to generate site-specific, antibody -drug conjugates on engineered cysteines. Multiple site-specific labels on an antibody with either fluorophore or other-linker drugs is highly desired to evaluate antibody trafficking or payload-synergy for therapeutics. Utilizing solid-phase conjugation, a simple method to generate dual-labeled, site-specific antibody and Fab conjugates from antibody with engineered cysteine is also been described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujiet Puthenveetil
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, R&D, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Abstract
Interchain disulfide bonds of antibodies can be reduced by agents such as TCEP or DTT to form reactive cysteine residues. These endogenous cysteines are used for conjugation to biologically active drugs either directly or via linkers to prepare antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). The anti-notch 3 ADC described here is being evaluated in the early clinical development program as a potential treatment for a variety of cancers. The ADC is composed of an IgG1 mAb that is conjugated by endogenous cysteines to a cytotoxic microtubulin inhibitor via a maleimide-containing linker. The endogenous cysteine residues are produced by partial reduction of the mAb with TCEP reducing agent. The conjugation results in the formation of a mixture of 2, 4, 6, and 8 loaded ADC species. In addition to the desired product, several product-related impurities such as aggregates are generated during the conjugation reaction. The product- and process-related impurities are separated from the monomeric ADC by column chromatography and ultrafiltration-diafiltration techniques. The temperature of TCEP reduction step has an impact on the level of aggregates produced in the reaction. The temperature also impacts the isomeric composition of the 4 loaded ADC species.
Collapse
|
158
|
Han L, Zhao Y, Zhang Q. Conjugation Site Analysis by MS/MS Protein Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2078:221-233. [PMID: 31643060 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9929-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In-depth knowledge about the site of drug-linker conjugation is important for the understanding of the conjugation efficiency and the exact locations of payloads for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Here we describe a peptide mapping-based protocol, covering sample preparation procedure, LC-MS/MS setup, and data processing (auto and manual), to determine the locations of drug-linker attachment on mAbs. In comparison with classical mAb peptide mapping, some improvements will be highlighted for maintaining hydrophobic drug-loaded peptides in solution, enabling efficient chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection, and allowing for their unambiguous identification in LC-MS/MS map by using diagnostic fragmentation ions of the payload.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Han
- Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Yanqun Zhao
- Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qunying Zhang
- Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Wei C. Assessing ADC Plasma Stability by LC-MS Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2078:353-359. [PMID: 31643070 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9929-3_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasma stability of ADCs can have a profound impact on ADC efficacy and safety. LC-MS methods enable the detection and characterization of ADC to evaluate its stability in plasma. Here we describe a procedure and LC-MS method for assessing ADC plasma stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Abstract
Antibodies bearing engineered cysteine residues (termed THIOMAB™ antibodies) enable the site-selective attachment of a drug, label or other payload for specific delivery to certain tissues (e.g., tumors). This Chapter describes detailed methods we have developed and optimized for the conjugation, purification and analysis of THIOMAB™ antibody drug conjugates (TDCs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Adhikari
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neelie Zacharias
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jack Sadowsky
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Abstract
Total antibody, conjugated antibody or antibody-conjugated drug, and free drug are key analytes required to establish exposure-response relationships for ADCs. Therefore, bioanalytical strategies for ADCs include ligand-binding assays (LBA) and LC-MS/MS methods. Here we describe detailed methodology to develop a solid-phase-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is the most widely used LBA to quantify large-molecule components of ADC in biological matrices such as plasma, serum, tumor, or tissue homogenates. The approach presented here is designed to quantify total antibody concentrations in ADC containing samples, and can be easily adapted to quantify conjugated antibody concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Ping Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Abstract
The prototypical ADC mechanism involving antigen-mediated uptake and lysosomal release is both elegantly simple and scientifically compelling. However, recent clinical-stage failures have prompted a reevaluation of this delivery paradigm and have resulted in an array of new technologies that have the potential to improve the safety and efficacy of up and coming programs. These innovations can generally be categorized into seven areas that will be elaborated on in this chapter: (1) Exploiting new payload mechanisms; (2) Increasing the drug-antibody ratio (DAR); (3) Increasing the antibody penetration; (4) Overcoming ADC resistance mechanisms; (5) Increasing the efficiency of ADC uptake and processing; (6) Mitigating off-target payload exposure; and (7) Employment of noncytotoxic payloads. It is our belief that these seven areas capture the current "landscape" of innovations that are taking place in the design of next-generation ADCs. Together, these advancements are reshaping the ADC field and providing a path forward in the face of the recent clinical setbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Nathan Tumey
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Abstract
Incomplete removal of free (unconjugated) drug or drug-linker species used to prepare ADCs results in contaminated ADC samples which may pose a risk for toxicity. Due to the extreme potency of typical small molecule toxins employed in ADCs, even relatively low levels of free drug contaminants in ADC samples have been hypothesized to result in nonspecific (i.e., off-target) activity in biological systems. It is possible for trace levels of certain free drug species to persist in final ADC samples despite the inclusion of common purification steps during the preparation processes. Therefore, methods for the detection, quantification, and removal of residual free drug present in ADC samples are ultimately required for the preparation of safe and efficacious final ADC drug products. Herein we report general methods for the detection and removal of such contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sujiet Puthenveetil
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, R&D, Worchester, MA, USA
- Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - L Nathan Tumey
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
- Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Zwaagstra JC, Sulea T, Baardsnes J, Radinovic S, Cepero-Donates Y, Robert A, O’Connor-McCourt MD, Tikhomirov IA, Jaramillo ML. Binding and functional profiling of antibody mutants guides selection of optimal candidates as antibody drug conjugates. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226593. [PMID: 31891584 PMCID: PMC6938348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasingly appreciated conundrum in the discovery of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) is that an antibody that was selected primarily for strong binding to its cancer target may not serve as an optimal ADC. In this study, we performed mechanistic cell-based experiments to determine the correlation between antibody affinity, avidity, internalization and ADC efficacy. We used structure-guided design to assemble a panel of antibody mutants with predicted Her2 affinities ranging from higher to lower relative to the parent antibody, Herceptin. These antibodies were ranked for binding via SPR and via flow-cytometry on high-Her2 SKOV3 cells and low-Her2 MCF7 cells, the latter acting as a surrogate for low-Her2 normal cells. A subpanel of variants, representative of different Her2-binding affinities (2 strong, 2 moderate and 3 weak), were further screened via high-content imaging for internalization efficacies in high versus low-Her2 cells. Finally, these antibodies were evaluated in ADC cytotoxicity screening assays (using DM1 and MMAE secondary antibodies) and as antibody-drug conjugates (DM1 and PNU159682). Our results identified specific but weak Her2-binding variants as optimal candidates for developing DM1 and PNU ADCs since they exhibited high potencies (low to sub-nM) in high-Her2 SKOV3 cells and low toxicities in low-Her2 cells. The 2 strong-affinity variants were highly potent in SKOV3 cells but also showed significant toxicities in low-Her2 cells and therefore are predicted to be toxic in normal tissues. Our findings show that pharmacological profiling of an antibody library in multiple binding and functional assays allows for selection of optimal ADCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Zwaagstra
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (JZ); (MJ)
| | - Traian Sulea
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jason Baardsnes
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stevo Radinovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yuneivy Cepero-Donates
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alma Robert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Maria Luz. Jaramillo
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (JZ); (MJ)
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Zoghebi KA, Bousoik E, Parang K, Elsaid KA. Design and Biological Evaluation of Colchicine-CD44-Targeted Peptide Conjugate in an In Vitro Model of Crystal Induced Inflammation. Molecules 2019; 25:E46. [PMID: 31877739 PMCID: PMC6982808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is an inflammatory arthritis due to the joint deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Phagocytosis of MSU crystals by tissue macrophages results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Colchicine use in gout is limited by severe toxicity. CD44 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed in tissue macrophages and may be involved in gout pathogenesis. The P6 peptide is a 20-amino acid residue peptide that binds to CD44. We hypothesized that the conjugation of colchicine to the P6 peptide would reduce its off-target cytotoxicity while preserving its anti-inflammatory effect. A modified version of P6 peptide and colchicine-P6 peptide conjugate were synthesized using Fmoc/tBu solid-phase and solution-phase chemistry, respectively. A glutaryl amide was used as a linker. The P6 peptide was evaluated for its binding to CD44, association, and internalization by macrophages. Cytotoxic effects of P6 peptide, colchicine, and colchicine-P6 peptide on macrophages were compared and the inhibition of ROS generation and interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion in MSU-stimulated macrophages treated with P6 peptide, colchicine, or colchicine-P6 peptide was studied. We confirmed that the P6 peptide binds to CD44 and its association and internalization by macrophages were CD44-dependent. Colchicine (1, 10, and 25 μM) demonstrated a significant cytotoxic effect on macrophages while the P6 peptide and colchicine-P6 peptide conjugate (1, 10 and 25 μM) did not alter the viability of the macrophages. The P6 peptide (10 and 25 μM) reduced ROS generation and IL-8 secretion mediated by a reduction in MSU phagocytosis by macrophages. The colchicine-P6 peptide significantly reduced ROS generation and IL-8 secretion compared to the P6 peptide alone at 1 and 10 μM concentrations. Conjugation of colchicine to the P6 peptide reduced the cytotoxic effect of colchicine while preserving its anti-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A. Zoghebi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (K.A.Z.); (E.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 82826, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emira Bousoik
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (K.A.Z.); (E.B.)
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (K.A.Z.); (E.B.)
| | - Khaled A. Elsaid
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (K.A.Z.); (E.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Odeh F, Nsairat H, Alshaer W, Ismail MA, Esawi E, Qaqish B, Bawab AA, Ismail SI. Aptamers Chemistry: Chemical Modifications and Conjugation Strategies. Molecules 2019; 25:E3. [PMID: 31861277 PMCID: PMC6982925 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soon after they were first described in 1990, aptamers were largely recognized as a new class of biological ligands that can rival antibodies in various analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Aptamers are short single-stranded RNA or DNA oligonucleotides capable of folding into complex 3D structures, enabling them to bind to a large variety of targets ranging from small ions to an entire organism. Their high binding specificity and affinity make them comparable to antibodies, but they are superior regarding a longer shelf life, simple production and chemical modification, in addition to low toxicity and immunogenicity. In the past three decades, aptamers have been used in a plethora of therapeutics and drug delivery systems that involve innovative delivery mechanisms and carrying various types of drug cargos. However, the successful translation of aptamer research from bench to bedside has been challenged by several limitations that slow down the realization of promising aptamer applications as therapeutics at the clinical level. The main limitations include the susceptibility to degradation by nucleases, fast renal clearance, low thermal stability, and the limited functional group diversity. The solution to overcome such limitations lies in the chemistry of aptamers. The current review will focus on the recent arts of aptamer chemistry that have been evolved to refine the pharmacological properties of aptamers. Moreover, this review will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of such chemical modifications and how they impact the pharmacological properties of aptamers. Finally, this review will summarize the conjugation strategies of aptamers to nanocarriers for developing targeted drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadwa Odeh
- Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.O.); (H.N.); (A.A.B.)
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.O.); (H.N.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mohammad A. Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (M.A.I.); (E.E.); (B.Q.); (S.I.I.)
| | - Ezaldeen Esawi
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (M.A.I.); (E.E.); (B.Q.); (S.I.I.)
| | - Baraa Qaqish
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (M.A.I.); (E.E.); (B.Q.); (S.I.I.)
| | - Abeer Al Bawab
- Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.O.); (H.N.); (A.A.B.)
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Said I. Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (M.A.I.); (E.E.); (B.Q.); (S.I.I.)
- Qatar Genome Project, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Dragovich PS, Adhikari P, Blake RA, Blaquiere N, Chen J, Cheng YX, den Besten W, Han J, Hartman SJ, He J, He M, Rei Ingalla E, Kamath AV, Kleinheinz T, Lai T, Leipold DD, Li CS, Liu Q, Lu J, Lu Y, Meng F, Meng L, Ng C, Peng K, Lewis Phillips G, Pillow TH, Rowntree RK, Sadowsky JD, Sampath D, Staben L, Staben ST, Wai J, Wan K, Wang X, Wei B, Wertz IE, Xin J, Xu K, Yao H, Zang R, Zhang D, Zhou H, Zhao Y. Antibody-mediated delivery of chimeric protein degraders which target estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126907. [PMID: 31902710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric molecules which effect intracellular degradation of target proteins via E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitination (e.g., PROTACs) are currently of high interest in medicinal chemistry. However, these entities are relatively large compounds that often possess molecular characteristics which may compromise oral bioavailability, solubility, and/or in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. Accordingly, we explored whether conjugation of chimeric degraders to monoclonal antibodies using technologies originally developed for cytotoxic payloads might provide alternate delivery options for these novel agents. In this report we describe the construction of several degrader-antibody conjugates comprised of two distinct ERα-targeting degrader entities and three independent ADC linker modalities. We subsequently demonstrate the antigen-dependent delivery to MCF7-neo/HER2 cells of the degrader payloads that are incorporated into these conjugates. We also provide evidence for efficient intracellular degrader release from one of the employed linkers. In addition, preliminary data are described which suggest that reasonably favorable in vivo stability properties are associated with the linkers utilized to construct the degrader conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pragya Adhikari
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robert A Blake
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yun-Xing Cheng
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., BDA Beijing, 6 Tai He Road, 100176, China
| | | | - Jinping Han
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., BDA Beijing, 6 Tai He Road, 100176, China
| | | | - Jintang He
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mingtao He
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., BDA Beijing, 6 Tai He Road, 100176, China
| | | | - Amrita V Kamath
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Tommy Lai
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Chun Sing Li
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., BDA Beijing, 6 Tai He Road, 100176, China
| | - Jiawei Lu
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Ying Lu
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Fanwei Meng
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., BDA Beijing, 6 Tai He Road, 100176, China
| | - Lingyao Meng
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kaishan Peng
- WuXi Biologics, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Jack D Sadowsky
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Deepak Sampath
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Leanna Staben
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Steven T Staben
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Kunpeng Wan
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - BinQing Wei
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ingrid E Wertz
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xin
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., BDA Beijing, 6 Tai He Road, 100176, China
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hui Yao
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Richard Zang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- WuXi AppTec, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
McDaid WJ, Greene MK, Johnston MC, Pollheimer E, Smyth P, McLaughlin K, Van Schaeybroeck S, Straubinger RM, Longley DB, Scott CJ. Repurposing of Cetuximab in antibody-directed chemotherapy-loaded nanoparticles in EGFR therapy-resistant pancreatic tumours. Nanoscale 2019; 11:20261-20273. [PMID: 31626255 PMCID: PMC6861736 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07257h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) antibody Cetuximab (CTX) has demonstrated limited anti-cancer efficacy in cells overexpressing EGFR due to activating mutations in RAS in solid tumours, such as pancreatic cancer. The utilisation of antibodies as targeting components of antibody-drug conjugates, such as trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla), demonstrates that antibodies may be repurposed to direct therapeutic agents to antibody-resistant cancers. Here we investigated the use of CTX as a targeting agent for camptothecin (CPT)-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) directed against KRAS mutant CTX-resistant cancer cells. CPT was encapsulated within poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs using the solvent evaporation method. CTX conjugation improved NP binding and delivery of CPT to CTX-resistant cancer cell lines. CTX successfully targeted CPT-loaded NPs to mutant KRAS PANC-1 tumours in vivo and reduced tumour growth. This study highlights that CTX can be repurposed as a targeting agent against CTX-resistant cancers and that antibody repositioning may be applicable to other antibodies restricted by resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J McDaid
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Michelle K Greene
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Michael C Johnston
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Ellen Pollheimer
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Peter Smyth
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Kirsty McLaughlin
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | | | - Robert M Straubinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-1200, USA
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Christopher J Scott
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Hernandez-Alba O, Houel S, Hessmann S, Erb S, Rabuka D, Huguet R, Josephs J, Beck A, Drake PM, Cianférani S. A Case Study to Identify the Drug Conjugation Site of a Site-Specific Antibody-Drug-Conjugate Using Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2019; 30:2419-2429. [PMID: 31429052 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Middle-down mass spectrometry (MD MS) has emerged as a promising alternative to classical bottom-up approaches for protein characterization. Middle-level experiments after enzymatic digestion are routinely used for subunit analysis of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-related compounds, providing information on drug load distribution and average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR). However, peptide mapping is still the gold standard for primary amino acid sequence assessment, post-translational modifications (PTM), and drug conjugation identification and localization. However, peptide mapping strategies can be challenging when dealing with more complex and heterogeneous mAb formats, like antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). We report here, for the first time, MD MS analysis of a third-generation site-specific DAR4 ADC using different fragmentation techniques, including higher-energy collisional- (HCD), electron-transfer (ETD) dissociation and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD). UVPD used as a standalone technique for ADC subunit analysis afforded, within the same liquid chromatography-MS/MS run, enhanced performance in terms of primary sequence coverage compared to HCD- or ETD-based MD approaches, and generated substantially more MS/MS fragments containing either drug conjugation or glycosylation site information, leading to confident drug/glycosylation site identification. In addition, our results highlight the complementarity of ETD and UVPD for both primary sequence validation and drug conjugation/glycosylation site assessment. Altogether, our results highlight the potential of UVPD for ADC MD MS analysis for drug conjugation/glycosylation site assessment, and indicate that MD MS strategies can improve structural characterization of empowered next-generation mAb-based formats, especially for PTMs and drug conjugation sites validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM R5-0 - 25 Rue Becquerel, Cedex 2, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Houel
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | - Steve Hessmann
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM R5-0 - 25 Rue Becquerel, Cedex 2, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Erb
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM R5-0 - 25 Rue Becquerel, Cedex 2, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - David Rabuka
- Catalent Biologics West, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94530, USA
| | - Romain Huguet
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | - Jonathan Josephs
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Penelope M Drake
- Catalent Biologics West, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94530, USA
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM R5-0 - 25 Rue Becquerel, Cedex 2, 67087, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Del Solar V, Contel M. Metal-based antibody drug conjugates. Potential and challenges in their application as targeted therapies in cancer. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 199:110780. [PMID: 31434020 PMCID: PMC6745269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates have emerged as a very attractive type of targeted therapy in cancer. They combine the antigen-targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the cytotoxic potency of chemotherapeutics. This review focuses on antibody drug conjugates based on metal-containing cytotoxic payloads. We will also describe antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) in which a metal-based component (mostly metallic nanoparticles) exerts a relevant function in the ADC (for photodynamic or photothermal therapy, as air-plasma-enhancer or chemo-sensitizer, as carrier of other cytotoxic payloads or as an integral part of the linker structure). Challenges and opportunities to increase the translational potential of these ADCs will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Del Solar
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - María Contel
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA; Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biochemistry PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Chemistry PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Marculescu C, Lakshminarayanan A, Gault J, Knight JC, Folkes LK, Spink T, Robinson CV, Vallis K, Davis BG, Cornelissen B. Probing the limits of Q-tag bioconjugation of antibodies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11342-11345. [PMID: 31479092 PMCID: PMC6788405 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02303h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Site-selective labelling of antibodies (Abs) can circumvent problems from heterogeneity of conventional conjugation. Here, we evaluate the industrially-applied chemoenzymatic 'Q-tag' strategy based on transglutaminase-mediated (TGase) amide-bond formation in the generation of 89Zr-radiolabelled antibody conjugates. We show that, despite previously suggested high regioselectivity of TGases, in the anti-Her2 Ab Herceptin™ more precise native MS indicates only 70-80% functionalization at the target site (Q298H), in competition with modification at other sites, such as Q3H critically close to the CDR1 region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Marculescu
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
| | - Abirami Lakshminarayanan
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
| | - Joseph Gault
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
| | - James C. Knight
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
| | - Lisa K. Folkes
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
| | - Thomas Spink
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
| | - Carol V. Robinson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
| | - Katherine Vallis
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
| | - Benjamin G. Davis
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford
,
Oxford
, OX3 7DQ
, UK
.
;
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Wang J, Liang D, Feng J, Tang X. Multicolor Cocktail for Breast Cancer Multiplex Phenotype Targeting and Diagnosis Using Bioorthogonal Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanoprobes. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11045-11054. [PMID: 31361124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early precise diagnosis of cancers is crucial to realize more effective therapeutic interventions with minimal toxic effects. Cancer phenotypes may also alter greatly among patients and within individuals over the therapeutic process. The identification and characterization of specific biomarkers expressed on tumor cells are in high demand for diagnosis and treatment, but they are still a challenge. Herein, we designed three new bioorthogonal surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoprobes and successfully applied the cocktail of them for MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer multiplex phenotype detection. The SERS nanoprobes containing Raman reporters with diynl, azide, or cyano moieties demonstrated apparent Raman shift peaks in 2205, 2120, and 2230 cm-1, respectively, in the biologically Raman-silent region. Three target ligands, including oligonucleotide aptamer (AS1411), arginine-glycine-aspatic acid (RGD) peptide, and homing cell adhesion molecule antibody (anti-CD44), were separately conjugated to the nanoprobes for active recognition capability. The cocktail of the nanoprobes manifested minimal cytotoxicity and simultaneously multiplex phenotype imaging of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. Quantitative measurement of cellular uptake by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) verified that MDA-MB-231 cells harbored a much higher expression level of CD44 receptor than MCF-7 cells. For in vivo SERS detection, Raman shift peaks of 2120, 2205, and 2230 cm-1 in the micro-tumor were clearly observed, representing the existence of three specific biomarkers of nucleolin, integrin αvβ3, and CD44 reporter, which could be used for early cancer phenotype identification. The biodistribution results indicated that target ligand modified nanoprobes exhibited much more accumulation in tumors than those nanoprobes without target ligands. The multicolor cocktail of bioorthogonal SERS nanoprobes offers an attractive and insightful strategy for early cancer multiplex phenotype targeting and diagnosis in vivo that is noninvasive and has low cross-talk, unique spectral-molecular signature, high sensitivity, and negligible background interference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Road , Beijing 100191 , P.R. China
| | - Duanwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Road , Beijing 100191 , P.R. China
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Road , Beijing 100191 , P.R. China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , No. 38, Xueyuan Road , Beijing 100191 , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Huang CH, Mendez N, Echeagaray OH, Weeks J, Wang J, Vallez CN, Gude N, Trogler WC, Carson DA, Hayashi T, Kummel AC. Conjugation of a Small-Molecule TLR7 Agonist to Silica Nanoshells Enhances Adjuvant Activity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:26637-26647. [PMID: 31276378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and/or NOD-like receptors on immune cells initiates and directs immune responses that are essential for vaccine adjuvants. The small-molecule TLR7 agonist, imiquimod, has been approved by the FDA as an immune response modifier but is limited to topical application due to its poor pharmacokinetics that causes undesired adverse effects. Nanoparticles are increasingly used with innate immune stimulators to mitigate side effects and enhance adjuvant efficacy. In this study, a potent small-molecule TLR7 agonist, 2-methoxyethoxy-8-oxo-9-(4-carboxybenzyl)adenine (1V209), was conjugated to hollow silica nanoshells (NS). Proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-12) release by mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that the potency of silica nanoshells-TLR7 conjugates (NS-TLR) depends on nanoshell size and ligand coating density. Silica nanoshells of 100 nm diameter coated with a minimum of ∼6000 1V209 ligands/particle displayed 3-fold higher potency with no observed cytotoxicity when compared to an unconjugated TLR7 agonist. NS-TLR activated the TLR7-signaling pathway, triggered caspase activity, and stimulated IL-1β release, while neither unconjugated TLR7 ligands nor silica shells alone produced IL-1β. An in vivo murine immunization study, using the model antigen ovalbumin, demonstrated that NS-TLR increased antigen-specific IgG antibody induction by 1000× with a Th1-biased immune response, compared to unconjugated TLR7 agonists. The results show that the TLR7 ligand conjugated to silica nanoshells is capable of activating an inflammasome pathway to enhance both innate immune-stimulatory and adjuvant potencies of the TLR7 agonist, thereby broadening applications of innate immune stimulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsin Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Natalie Mendez
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Oscar Hernandez Echeagaray
- Molecular Biology Institute , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - Joi Weeks
- Molecular Biology Institute , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - James Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Charles N Vallez
- Molecular Biology Institute , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - Natalie Gude
- Molecular Biology Institute , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - William C Trogler
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Moores Cancer Center , University of California , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0695 , United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center , University of California , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0695 , United States
| | - Andrew C Kummel
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Shatz W, Hass PE, Peer N, Paluch MT, Blanchette C, Han G, Sandoval W, Morando A, Loyet KM, Bantseev V, Booler H, Crowell S, Kamath A, Scheer JM, Kelley RF. Identification and characterization of an octameric PEG-protein conjugate system for intravitreal long-acting delivery to the back of the eye. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218613. [PMID: 31251757 PMCID: PMC6599134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative protein engineering and chemical conjugation technologies have yielded an impressive number of drug candidates in clinical development including >80 antibody drug conjugates, >60 bispecific antibodies, >35 Fc-fusion proteins and >10 immuno-cytokines. Despite these innovations, technological advances are needed to address unmet medical needs with new pharmacological mechanisms. Age-related eye diseases are among the most common causes of blindness and poor vision in the world. Many such diseases affect the back of the eye, where the inaccessibility of the site of action necessitates therapeutic delivery via intravitreal (IVT) injection. Treatments administered via this route typically have vitreal half-lives <10 days in humans, requiring frequent administration. Since IVT injection is burdensome to patients, there exists a strong need to develop therapeutics with prolonged residence time in the eye. We report here a strategy to increase retention of a therapeutic fragment antibody (Fab) in the eye, using an anti-complement factor D Fab previously optimized for ocular delivery. Polyethylene glycol structures, varying in length, geometry and degree of branching, were coupled to the Fab via maleimide-activated termini. A screening strategy was developed to allow for key determinants of ocular half-life to be measured in vitro. After compound selection, a scalable process was established to enable tolerability and pharmacokinetic studies in cynomolgus monkeys, demonstrating an increase in vitreal half-life with no associated adverse events. Further, we show that the technique for compound selection, analytical characterization, and scalable production is general for a range of antibody fragments. The application of the technology has broad impact in across many therapeutic areas with the first major advancement in the treatment of an important ocular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Shatz
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Philip E. Hass
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nikhil Peer
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maciej T. Paluch
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Craig Blanchette
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guanghui Han
- Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley Morando
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. Loyet
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Bantseev
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Helen Booler
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Susan Crowell
- Pre-clinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Amrita Kamath
- Pre-clinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Justin M. Scheer
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Kelley
- Drug Delivery, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Ma XH, Wang S, Liu SY, Chen K, Wu ZY, Li DF, Mi YT, Hu LB, Chen ZW, Zhao XM. Development and in vitro study of a bi-specific magnetic resonance imaging molecular probe for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3030-3043. [PMID: 31293339 PMCID: PMC6603812 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i24.3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks second in terms of cancer mortality worldwide. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) targeting HCC biomarkers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) or glypican-3 (GPC3) offers new strategies to enhance specificity and help early diagnosis of HCC. However, the existing iron oxide nanoparticle-based MR molecular probes singly target AFP or GPC3, which may hinder their efficiency to detect heterogeneous micro malignant HCC tumors < 1 cm (MHCC). We hypothesized that the strategy of double antibody-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles which simultaneously target AFP and GPC3 antigens may potentially be used to overcome the tumor heterogeneity and enhance the detection rate for MRI-based MHCC diagnosis.
AIM To synthesize an AFP/GPC3 double antibody-labeled iron oxide MRI molecular probe and to assess its impact on MRI specificity and sensitivity at the cellular level.
METHODS A double antigen-targeted MRI probe for MHCC anti-AFP–USPIO–anti-GPC3 (UAG) was developed by simultaneously conjugating AFP andGPC3 antibodies to a 5 nm ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (USPIO). At the same time, the singly labeled probes of anti-AFP–USPIO (UA) and anti-GPC3–USPIO (UG) and non-targeted USPIO (U) were also prepared for comparison. The physical characterization including morphology (transmission electron microscopy), hydrodynamic size, and zeta potential (dynamic light scattering) was conducted for each of the probes. The antigen targeting and MRI ability for these four kinds of USPIO probes were studied in the GPC3-expressing murine hepatoma cell line Hepa1-6/GPC3. First, AFP and GPC3 antigen expression in Hepa1-6/GPC3 cells was confirmed by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Then, the cellular uptake of USPIO probes was investigated by Prussian blue staining assay and in vitro MRI (T2-weighted and T2-map) with a 3.0 Tesla clinical MR scanner.
RESULTS Our data showed that the double antibody-conjugated probe UAG had the best specificity in targeting Hepa1-6/GPC3 cells expressing AFP and GPC3 antigens compared with single antibody-conjugated and unconjugated USPIO probes. The iron Prussian blue staining and quantitative T2-map MRI analysis showed that, compared with UA, UG, and U, the uptake of double antigen-targeted UAG probe demonstrated a 23.3% (vs UA), 15.4% (vs UG), and 57.3% (vs U) increased Prussian stained cell percentage and a 14.93% (vs UA), 9.38% (vs UG), and 15.3% (vs U) reduction of T2 relaxation time, respectively. Such bi-specific probe might have the potential to overcome tumor heterogeneity. Meanwhile, the coupling of two antibodies did not influence the magnetic performance of USPIO, and the relatively small hydrodynamic size (59.60 ± 1.87 nm) of double antibody-conjugated USPIO probe makes it a viable candidate for use in MHCC MRI in vivo, as they are slowly phagocytosed by macrophages.
CONCLUSION The bi-specific probe presents enhanced targeting efficiency and MRI sensitivity to HCC cells than singly- or non-targeted USPIO, paving the way for in vivo translation to further evaluate its clinical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Si-Yun Liu
- GE Healthcare (China), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Kun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Deng-Feng Li
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yong-Tao Mi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Long-Bin Hu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | | | - Xin-Ming Zhao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Carl P, Ramos II, Segundo MA, Schneider RJ. Antibody conjugation to carboxyl-modified microspheres through N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry for automated immunoassay applications: A general procedure. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218686. [PMID: 31242246 PMCID: PMC6594677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunochemical techniques are the workhorse for sample enrichment and detection of a large variety of analytes. In contrast to classical microtiter plate-based assays, microparticles are a next generation solid support, as they promote automation of immunoassays using flow-based techniques. Antibody immobilization is a crucial step, as these reagents are expensive, and inefficient coupling can result in low sensitivities. This paper proposes a general procedure for efficient immobilization of antibodies onto TentaGel particles, via N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. The goal was the preparation of solid supports with optimum immunorecognition, while increasing the sustainability of the process. The influence of buffer composition, activation and coupling time, as well as the amount of antibody on the immobilization efficiency was investigated, resorting to fluorophore-labeled proteins and fluorescence imaging. Buffer pH and activation time are the most important parameters for efficient coupling. It is demonstrated, that the hydrolysis of N-hydroxysuccinimide esters occurs at similar rates as in solution, limiting the utilizable time for coupling. Finally, applicability of the generated material for automated affinity extraction is demonstrated on the mesofluidic platform lab-on-valve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Carl
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inês I. Ramos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcela A. Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rudolf J. Schneider
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Hwang D, Nilchan N, Nanna AR, Li X, Cameron MD, Roush WR, Park H, Rader C. Site-Selective Antibody Functionalization via Orthogonally Reactive Arginine and Lysine Residues. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1229-1239.e9. [PMID: 31231031 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that use a highly reactive buried lysine (Lys) residue embedded in a dual variable domain (DVD)-IgG1 format can be assembled with high precision and efficiency under mild conditions. Here we show that replacing the Lys with an arginine (Arg) residue affords an orthogonal ADC assembly that is site-selective and stable. X-ray crystallography confirmed the location of the reactive Arg residue at the bottom of a deep pocket. As the Lys-to-Arg mutation is confined to a single residue in the heavy chain of the DVD-IgG1, heterodimeric assemblies that combine a buried Lys in one arm, a buried Arg in the other arm, and identical light chains, are readily assembled. Furthermore, the orthogonal conjugation chemistry enables the loading of heterodimeric DVD-IgG1s with two different cargos in a one-pot reaction and thus affords a convenient platform for dual-warhead ADCs and other multifaceted antibody conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dobeen Hwang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Napon Nilchan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Alex R Nanna
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Xiaohai Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - William R Roush
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - HaJeung Park
- X-Ray Crystallography Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Bam R, Laffey M, Nottberg K, Lown PS, Hackel BJ, Wilson KE. Affibody-Indocyanine Green Based Contrast Agent for Photoacoustic and Fluorescence Molecular Imaging of B7-H3 Expression in Breast Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1677-1689. [PMID: 31082216 PMCID: PMC6745046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic photoacoustic (sPA) molecular imaging has high potential for identification of exogenous contrast agents targeted to specific markers. Antibody-dye conjugates have recently been used extensively for preclinical sPA and other optical imaging modalities for highly specific molecular imaging of breast cancer. However, antibody-based agents suffer from long circulation times that limit image specificity. Here, the efficacy of a small protein scaffold, the affibody (ABY), conjugated to indocyanine green (ICG), a near-infrared fluorescence dye, as a targeted molecular imaging probe is demonstrated. In particular, B7-H3 (CD276), a cellular receptor expressed in breast cancer, was imaged via sPA and fluorescence molecular imaging to differentiate invasive tumors from normal glands in mice. Administration of ICG conjugated to an ABY specific to B7-H3 (ABYB7-H3-ICG) showed significantly higher signal in mammary tumors compared to normal glands of mice. ABYB7-H3-ICG is a compelling scaffold for molecular sPA imaging for breast cancer detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Bam
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Makenna Laffey
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Katharine Nottberg
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Patrick S. Lown
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Hackel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katheryne E. Wilson
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Zhang P, Yang S, Pineda-Gómez R, Ibarlucea B, Ma J, Lohe MR, Akbar TF, Baraban L, Cuniberti G, Feng X. Electrochemically Exfoliated High-Quality 2H-MoS 2 for Multiflake Thin Film Flexible Biosensors. Small 2019; 15:e1901265. [PMID: 31034144 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) gives a new inspiration for the field of nanoelectronics, photovoltaics, and sensorics. However, the most common processing technology, e.g., liquid-phase based scalable exfoliation used for device fabrication, leads to the number of shortcomings that impede their large area production and integration. Major challenges are associated with the small size and low concentration of MoS2 flakes, as well as insufficient control over their physical properties, e.g., internal heterogeneity of the metallic and semiconducting phases. Here it is demonstrated that large semiconducting MoS2 sheets (with dimensions up to 50 µm) can be obtained by a facile cathodic exfoliation approach in nonaqueous electrolyte. The synthetic process avoids surface oxidation thus preserving the MoS2 sheets with intact crystalline structure. It is further demonstrated at the proof-of-concept level, a solution-processed large area (60 × 60 µm) flexible Ebola biosensor, based on a MoS2 thin film (6 µm thickness) fabricated via restacking of the multiple flakes on the polyimide substrate. The experimental results reveal a low detection limit (in femtomolar-picomolar range) of the fabricated sensor devices. The presented exfoliation method opens up new opportunities for fabrication of large arrays of multifunctional biomedical devices based on novel 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- Chair for Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sheng Yang
- Chair for Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roberto Pineda-Gómez
- Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials Dresden and Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials Dresden and Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Chair for Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin R Lohe
- Chair for Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Teuku Fawzul Akbar
- Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials Dresden and Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Larysa Baraban
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials Dresden and Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials Dresden and Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Chair for Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Chio TI, Gu H, Mukherjee K, Tumey LN, Bane SL. Site-Specific Bioconjugation and Multi-Bioorthogonal Labeling via Rapid Formation of a Boron-Nitrogen Heterocycle. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1554-1564. [PMID: 31026151 PMCID: PMC6585445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Precise control of covalent bond formation in the presence of multiple functional groups is pertinent in the development of many next-generation bioconjugates and materials. Strategies derived from bioorthogonal chemistries are contributing greatly in that regard; however, the gain of chemoselectivity is often compromised by the slow rates of many of these existing chemistries. Recent work on a variation of the classical aldehyde/ketone condensation based on ortho-carbonylphenylboronic acids has uncovered markedly accelerated rates compared to those of the simple carbonyl counterparts. The products of these reactions are distinct, often in the form of boron-nitrogen heterocycles. In particular, we have shown that 2-formylphenylboronic acid (2fPBA), when coupled with an α-amino-hydrazide, produces a unique zwitterionic and stable 2,3,1-benzodiazaborine derivative. In this work, we apply this chemistry to generate chemically defined and functional bioconjugates, herein illustrated with immunoconjugates. We show that an antibody and a fluorophore (as payload) equipped with the relevant reactive handles undergo rapid conjugation at near-stoichiometric ratios, displaying a reaction half-life of only ∼5 min with 2 equiv of the linker payload. Importantly, the reaction can be extended to multicomponent labeling by partnering with the popular strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition and tetrazine- trans-cyclooctene (Tz-TCO) ligation. The mutual orthogonality to both of these chemistries allows simultaneous triple bioorthogonal conjugations, a rare feat thus far that will widen the scope of various multilabeling applications. Further collaboration with the Tz-TCO reaction enables rapid one-pot synthesis of a site-specific dual-payload antibody conjugate. Altogether, we envision that the 2fPBA-α-amino-hydrazide ligation will facilitate efficient assembly of diverse bioconjugates and materials, enabling access to more complex modalities via partnership with other orthogonal chemistries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tak Ian Chio
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Han Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Kamalika Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - L. Nathan Tumey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Susan L. Bane
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Wu M, Liu X, Bai H, Lai L, Chen Q, Huang G, Liu B, Tang G. Surface-Layer Protein-Enhanced Immunotherapy Based on Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles for the Effective Inhibition of Tumor Growth and Metastasis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:9850-9859. [PMID: 30788951 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chemo-immunotherapy is an important tool to overcome tumor immune suppression in cancer immunotherapy. Herein, we report a surface-layer (S-layer) protein-enhanced immunotherapy strategy based on cell membrane-coated S-CM-HPAD nanoparticles for the effective malignant tumor therapy and metastasis inhibition. The S-CM-HPAD NPs could effectively deliver the tumor antigen, DOX, and immunoadjuvant to the homotypic tumor by the homotypic targeting ability of the coated cell membrane. In addition to its ability to induce tumor cell death, the loaded DOX could enhance the immunotherapy response by inhibition of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Because of the intrinsic adjuvant property and capability to surface display epitopes and proteins, the S-layers localized on the surface of S-CM-HPAD NPs potentiated the immune response to the antigen. The results confirmed that the protective immunity against tumor occurrence was promoted effectively by prompting proliferation of lymphocytes and secretion of cytokine caused by the tumor-associated antigen and adjuvant. The excellent combinational therapeutic effects on the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis in the melanoma tumor models demonstrated that the S-layer-enhanced immunotherapeutic method is a promising strategy for tumor immunotherapy of malignant tumor growth and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310028 , China
| | - Xingang Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310028 , China
| | - Hongzhen Bai
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310028 , China
| | - Lihua Lai
- Institute of Immunology , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310028 , China
| | - Guojun Huang
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310028 , China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4 , 117585 Singapore
| | - Guping Tang
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310028 , China
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Abstract
The supply of growth factors to engineered tissues is essential for many physiological processes. These processes include the proper organization of the cells into functioning tissues, maintenance of their viability, vasculogenesis, proliferation, and differentiation. Systems to efficiently control the release of growth factors were previously incorporated into tissue engineering scaffolds to affect cells. However, because the initial concentration of the factors in these systems is finite, their ability to provide a long-term physiological effect is limited. Here, we report on a new reloadable system in which 3D fibrous scaffolds conjugated with an anti His-tag antibody enable the retention and controlled release of any His-tag-modified proteinaceous growth factor. The scaffolds can be reloaded in vitro or in vivo with any His-tagged biomolecule at any time according to the physiological need. We show the ability of the scaffolds to release angiogenic factors in a static cell culture or under flow in a microfluidics device and effect on endothelial cells. We also demonstrate the potential of the system to be sequentially reloaded in vivo with various factors, and as a proof of concept, we provide evidence for the efficient in vivo vascularization of scaffolds after reloading with tagged VEGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LeeRon Shefet Carasso
- The School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Itai Benhar
- The School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Correspondence to Itai Benhar () or Tal Dvir ()
| | - Tal Dvir
- The School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Sagol Center for Regenerative Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Correspondence to Itai Benhar () or Tal Dvir ()
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Yong KW, Yuen D, Chen MZ, Porter CJH, Johnston APR. Pointing in the Right Direction: Controlling the Orientation of Proteins on Nanoparticles Improves Targeting Efficiency. Nano Lett 2019; 19:1827-1831. [PMID: 30773887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein-conjugated nanoparticles have the potential to precisely deliver therapeutics to target sites in the body by specifically binding to cell surface receptors. To maximize targeting efficiency, the three-dimensional presentation of ligands toward these receptors is crucial. Herein, we demonstrate significantly enhanced targeting of nanoparticles to cancer cells by controlling the protein orientation on the nanoparticle surface. To engineer the point of attachment, we used amber codon reassignment to incorporate a synthetic amino acid, p-azidophenylalanine (azPhe), at specific locations within a single domain antibody (sdAb or nanobody) that recognizes the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The azPhe modified sdAb can be tethered to the nanoparticle in a specific orientation using a bioorthogonal click reaction with a strained cyclooctyne. The crystal structure of the sdAb bound to EGFR was used to rationally select sites likely to optimally display the sdAb upon conjugation to a fluorescent nanocrystal (Qdot). Qdots with sdAb attached at the azPhe13 position showed 6 times greater binding affinity to EGFR expressing A549 cells, compared to Qdots with conventionally (succinimidyl ester) conjugated sdAb. As ligand-targeted delivery systems move toward clinical application, this work shows that nanoparticle targeting can be optimized by engineering the site of protein conjugation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken W Yong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Daniel Yuen
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Moore Z Chen
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , Monash University , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Angus P R Johnston
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , Monash University , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Knight JC, Mosley MJ, Kersemans V, Dias GM, Allen PD, Smart S, Cornelissen B. Dual-isotope imaging allows in vivo immunohistochemistry using radiolabelled antibodies in tumours. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 70:14-22. [PMID: 30825614 PMCID: PMC6599172 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
While radiolabelled antibodies have found great utility as PET and SPECT imaging agents in oncological investigations, a notable shortcoming of these agents is their propensity to accumulate non-specifically within tumour tissue. The degree of this non-specific contribution to overall tumour uptake is highly variable and can ultimately lead to false conclusions. Therefore, in an effort to obtain a reliable measure of inter-individual differences in non-specific tumour uptake of radiolabelled antibodies, we demonstrate that the use of dual-isotope imaging overcomes this issue, enables true quantification of epitope expression levels, and allows non-invasive in vivo immunohistochemistry. The approach involves co-administration of (i) an antigen-targeting antibody labelled with zirconium-89 (89Zr), and (ii) an isotype-matched non-specific control IgG antibody labelled with indium-111 (111In). As an example, the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab was radiolabelled with 89Zr, and co-administered intravenously together with its 111In-labelled non-specific counterpart to mice bearing human breast cancer xenografts with differing HER2 expression levels (MDA-MB-468 [HER2-negative], MDA-MB-231 [low-HER2], MDA-MB-231/H2N [medium-HER2], and SKBR3 [high-HER2]). Simultaneous PET/SPECT imaging using a MILabs Vector4 small animal scanner revealed stark differences in the intratumoural distribution of [89Zr]Zr-trastuzumab and [111In]In-IgG, highlighting regions of HER2-mediated uptake and non-specific uptake, respectively. Normalisation of the tumour uptake values and tumour-to-blood ratios obtained with [89Zr]Zr-trastuzumab against those obtained with [111In]In-IgG yielded values which were most strongly correlated (R = 0.94; P = 0.02) with HER2 expression levels for each breast cancer type determined by Western blot and in vitro saturation binding assays, but not non-normalised uptake values. Normalised intratumoural distribution of [89Zr]Zr-trastuzumab correlated well with intratumoural heterogeneity HER2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C Knight
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Mosley
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Veerle Kersemans
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma M Dias
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P Danny Allen
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Smart
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Marston JC, Kennedy GD, Lapi SE, Hartman YE, Richardson MT, Modi HM, Warram JM. Panitumumab-IRDye800CW for Fluorescence-Guided Surgical Resection of Colorectal Cancer. J Surg Res 2019; 239:44-51. [PMID: 30798171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) is a rapidly advancing field that may improve outcomes in several cancer types. Although screening has decreased colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality, it remains a common and often fatal malignancy. In this study, we sought to identify an optical imaging agent for the application of FGS technology to CRC. METHODS We compared a panitumumab-IRDye800CW conjugate to an IgG-IRDye800CW isotype control. Mice were implanted with one of three CRC cell lines (LS174T, Colo205, and SW948) and imaged with open- and closed-filed fluorescence imaging systems. Fluorescent contrast was quantified by calculating the ratio between tumor and background fluorescence. After 10 d, the mice were sacrificed, and their tumors stained for microscopic imaging. RESULTS Panitumumab-IRDye800CW produced significantly greater (P < 0.05) fluorescent contrast in all three cell lines. Average tumor to background ratio was 6.00 versus 2.60 for LS174T, 5.78 versus 2.52 for Colo205, and 4.31 versus 1.70 for SW948. A 1-mg tumor fragment produced significantly greater fluorescent contrast in the Colo205 and SW948 cell lines in the panitumumab-IRDye800CW group. Western blotting for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and a semiquantitative analysis of EGFR expression noted strong expression in all three cell lines; however, EGFR expression did not directly correlate to tumor to background ratio. CONCLUSIONS Panitumumab-IRDye800CW produces significantly greater fluorescent contrast than IgG-IRDye800CW in a murine model of CRC and is a suitable agent for the application of FGS technology to CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Marston
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Gregory D Kennedy
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yolanda E Hartman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birminghamz, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Morgan T Richardson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Himani M Modi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jason M Warram
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birminghamz, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Zhang X, Zhang C, Yang X, Hou X, Zhao W, Benson D, Yu J, Dong Y. Design, synthesis and evaluation of anti-CD38 antibody drug conjugate based on Daratumumab and maytansinoid. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:479-482. [PMID: 30594452 PMCID: PMC6339845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Daratumumab, an FDA approved antibody drug, displays specific targeting ability to abnormal white blood cells overexpressing CD38 and provides efficacious therapy for multiple myeloma. Here, in order to achieve enhanced remission of multiple myeloma, we designed Dara-DM4, antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) by conjugating Daratumumab and DM4 via a disulfide linker. Dara-DM4 showed significantly higher cellular uptake and inhibitory efficacy on MM1S cells that overexpressing CD38 with an IC50 of 0.88 µg/mL post 72 hr treatment. These results support a promising ADCs strategy for multiple myeloma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinfu Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chengxiang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Xucheng Hou
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Weiyu Zhao
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Don Benson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, United States.
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; The Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Yang CT, Xu Y, Pourhassan-Moghaddam M, Tran DP, Wu L, Zhou X, Thierry B. Surface Plasmon Enhanced Light Scattering Biosensing: Size Dependence on the Gold Nanoparticle Tag. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E323. [PMID: 30650578 PMCID: PMC6359480 DOI: 10.3390/s19020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmon enhanced light scattering (SP-LS) is a powerful new sensing SPR modality that yields excellent sensitivity in sandwich immunoassay using spherical gold nanoparticle (AuNP) tags. Towards further improving the performance of SP-LS, we systematically investigated the AuNP size effect. Simulation results indicated an AuNP size-dependent scattered power, and predicted the optimized AuNPs sizes (i.e., 100 and 130 nm) that afford extremely high signal enhancement in SP-LS. The maximum scattered power from a 130 nm AuNP is about 1700-fold higher than that obtained from a 17 nm AuNP. Experimentally, a bio-conjugation protocol was developed by coating the AuNPs with mixture of low and high molecular weight PEG molecules. Optimal IgG antibody bioconjugation conditions were identified using physicochemical characterization and a model dot-blot assay. Aggregation prevented the use of the larger AuNPs in SP-LS experiments. As predicted by simulation, AuNPs with diameters of 50 and 64 nm yielded significantly higher SP-LS signal enhancement in comparison to the smaller particles. Finally, we demonstrated the feasibility of a two-step SP-LS protocol based on a gold enhancement step, aimed at enlarging 36 nm AuNPs tags. This study provides a blue-print for the further development of SP-LS biosensing and its translation in the bioanalytical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Tsung Yang
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio and Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia.
| | - Yi Xu
- Electronics and Photonics Department, Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632, Singapore.
- SUTD-MIT International Design Center & Science and Math Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
| | - Mohammad Pourhassan-Moghaddam
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Duy Phu Tran
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio and Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia.
| | - Lin Wu
- Electronics and Photonics Department, Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632, Singapore.
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio and Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Poty S, Carter LM, Mandleywala K, Membreno R, Abdel-Atti D, Ragupathi A, Scholz WW, Zeglis BM, Lewis JS. Leveraging Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry to Improve 225Ac-Radioimmunotherapy of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:868-880. [PMID: 30352909 PMCID: PMC6343144 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interest in targeted alpha-therapy has surged due to α-particles' high cytotoxicity. However, the widespread clinical use of this approach could be limited by on-/off-target toxicities. Here, we investigated the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder ligation between an 225Ac-labeled tetrazine radioligand and a trans-cyclooctene-bearing anti-CA19.9 antibody (5B1) for pretargeted α-radioimmunotherapy (PRIT) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This alternative strategy is expected to reduce nonspecific toxicities as compared with conventional radioimmunotherapy (RIT).Experimental Design: A side-by-side comparison of 225Ac-PRIT and conventional RIT using a directly 225Ac-radiolabeled immunoconjugate evaluates the therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of both methodologies in PDAC murine models. RESULTS A comparative biodistribution study of the PRIT versus RIT methodology underscored the improved pharmacokinetic properties (e.g., prolonged tumor uptake and increased tumor-to-tissue ratios) of the PRIT approach. Cerenkov imaging coupled to PRIT confirmed the in vivo biodistribution of 225Ac-radioimmunoconjugate but-importantly-further allowed for the ex vivo monitoring of 225Ac's radioactive daughters' redistribution. Human dosimetry was extrapolated from the mouse biodistribution and confirms the clinical translatability of 225Ac-PRIT. Furthermore, longitudinal therapy studies performed in subcutaneous and orthotopic PDAC models confirm the therapeutic efficacy of 225Ac-PRIT with the observation of prolonged median survival compared with control cohorts. Finally, a comparison with conventional RIT highlighted the potential of 225Ac-PRIT to reduce hematotoxicity while maintaining therapeutic effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS The ability of 225Ac-PRIT to deliver a radiotherapeutic payload while simultaneously reducing the off-target toxicity normally associated with RIT suggests that the clinical translation of this approach will have a profound impact on PDAC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Poty
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Lukas M Carter
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Komal Mandleywala
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rosemery Membreno
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Dalya Abdel-Atti
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ashwin Ragupathi
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York
- Departments of Radiology and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Departments of Radiology and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Abstract
Proteins can be labeled site-specifically and in inducible fashion by exposing a small peptide tag (G4Y) on any of its termini and activating the newly exposed tyrosine residue with the enzyme mushroom tyrosinase. The enzyme generates a quinone by oxidizing the tyrosine, which in turn can perform strain-promoted oxidation-controlled ortho-quinone cycloaddition (SPOCQ) with strained alkynes and alkenes, generating a stable conjugation product. Here, we describe a protocol to perform SPOCQ reaction on proteins, along with notes to optimize yield and reaction rates. Conjugation efficiencies of over 95% to antibodies have been reported using this protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorick J Bruins
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Criss van de Wouw
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi F Keijzer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Albada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Floris L van Delft
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are highly potent targeted anticancer therapies. They rely on the linking of a selectively targeting antibody moiety with potent cytotoxic payloads to effect antitumoral activity. In recent years, one focus in the ADC field was to create novel methods for site-specifically conjugating payloads to antibodies. The method presented here is based on the S. aureus sortase A-mediated transpeptidation reaction. This method requires antibodies to be engineered in such a way that they possess the sortase recognition pentapeptide motif LPETG on the C-terminus of the immunoglobulin heavy and/or light chains. In addition, the toxin must contain an oligoglycine motif in order to make it a suitable substrate for sortase A. Here we describe a detailed method to conjugate a pentaglycine-modified toxin to the C-termini of LPETG-tagged antibody heavy and light chains using sortase-mediated antibody conjugation (SMAC-Technology™). Highly homogenous, site-specifically conjugated ADCs with controlled drug to antibody ratio and improved overall properties can be obtained with this method.
Collapse
|
191
|
Hwang CS, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD. Heat shock proteins: A dual carrier-adjuvant for an anti-drug vaccine against heroin. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:125-132. [PMID: 30497790 PMCID: PMC6442938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heroin is a highly abused opioid that has reached epidemic status within the United States. Yet, existing therapies to treat addiction are inadequate and frequently result into rates of high recidivism. Vaccination against heroin offers a promising alternative therapeutic option but requires further development to enhance the vaccine's performance. Hsp70 is a conserved protein with known immunomodulatory properties and is considered an excellent immunodominant antigen. Within an antidrug vaccine context, we envisioned Hsp70 as a potential dual carrier-adjuvant, wherein immunogenicity would be increased by co-localization of adjuvant and antigenic drug hapten. Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp70 was appended with heroin haptens and the resulting immunoconjugate granted anti-heroin antibody production and blunted heroin-induced antinociception. Moreover, Hsp70 as a carrier protein surpassed our benchmark Her-KLH cocktail through antibody-mediated blockade of 6-acetylmorphine, the main mediator of heroin's psychoactivity. The work presents a new avenue for exploration in the use of hapten-Hsp70 conjugates to elicit anti-drug immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candy S Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Cohen DT, Zhang C, Fadzen CM, Mijalis AJ, Hie L, Johnson KD, Shriver Z, Plante O, Miller SJ, Buchwald SL, Pentelute BL. A chemoselective strategy for late-stage functionalization of complex small molecules with polypeptides and proteins. Nat Chem 2019; 11:78-85. [PMID: 30397320 PMCID: PMC6454892 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Conjugates between proteins and small molecules enable access to a vast chemical space that is not achievable with either type of molecule alone; however, the paucity of specific reactions capable of functionalizing proteins and natural products presents a formidable challenge for preparing conjugates. Here we report a strategy for conjugating electron-rich (hetero)arenes to polypeptides and proteins. Our bioconjugation technique exploits the electrophilic reactivity of an oxidized selenocysteine residue in polypeptides and proteins, and the electron-rich character of certain small molecules to provide bioconjugates in excellent yields under mild conditions. This conjugation chemistry enabled the synthesis of peptide-vancomycin conjugates without the prefunctionalization of vancomycin. These conjugates have an enhanced in vitro potency for resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Additionally, we show that a 6 kDa affibody protein and a 150 kDa immunoglobulin-G antibody could be modified without diminishing bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Colin M Fadzen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander J Mijalis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liana Hie
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a relatively young class of cancer therapeutics that combine the superior selectivity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the high potency of cytotoxic agents. In the first generation of ADCs, the toxic payload is attached to the mAb via chemical conjugation to endogenous lysine or cysteine residues providing only limited control over site specificity and drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR). The resulting product is a heterogeneous population of different ADC species, each with individual characteristics concerning pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and efficacy. Such diverse ADC mixtures are not only difficult to develop but are potentially also accompanied by a suboptimal therapeutic window. To overcome these limitations, alternative conjugation technologies have been developed that allow the production of tailor-made homogeneous ADCs. Due to its high specificity and robust applicability, microbial transglutaminase (mTG), a protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferase isolated from Streptomyces mobaraensis, emerged as a versatile tool for ADC manufacturing. Herein, we report a protocol for the site-specific, mTG-mediated modification of antibodies that allows the production of homogeneous and defined ADCs. Moreover, analytical methods for ADC characterization are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Deweid
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Roland Kellner
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rasche
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Abstract
Conventional antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) randomly assemble small-molecule drugs onto Lys or Cys residues of a tumor-targeting antibody, featured with heterogeneity in payload numbers and conjugation positions. Glycosite-specific ADCs (gsADCs) link payload drugs onto IgG Fc N-glycans with high homogeneity that facilitates structural optimization and quality control for ADC drug development. In this protocol, we report two strategies for preparation of homogeneous ADCs via chemoenzymatic glycoengineering. First, an azido-tagged unnatural N-glycan substrate is transferred onto Fc glycosites of a therapeutic antibody through Endo-S-catalyzed glycoremodeling, followed by click reaction with an alkyne-tagged payload drug to give a well-defined gsADC. In an alternative way, glycoengineering of antibody with a natural sialylated N-glycan and successive selective oxidation of sialic acid moieties using sodium periodate provided an aldehyde handle on the glycans for conjugation with an aminooxy-assembled payload. These two strategies both enable gsADCs with high homogeneity in their conjugation sites, payload numbers, and glycoforms, which are characterized of a single mass under mass-spectral detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Dickgiesser S, Kellner R, Kolmar H, Rasche N. Site-Specific Conjugation of Thiol-Reactive Cytotoxic Agents to Nonnative Cysteines of Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2033:1-14. [PMID: 31332743 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9654-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have been proven to be a successful therapeutic concept, allowing targeted delivery of highly potent active pharmaceutical ingredients (HPAPIs) selectively to tumor tissue. So far, HPAPIs have been mainly attached to the antibody via a chemical reaction of the payload with lysine or cysteine side chains of the antibody backbone. However, these conventional conjugation technologies result in formation of rather heterogeneous products with undesired properties. To overcome the limitations of heterogeneous ADC mixtures, several site-specific conjugation technologies have been developed over the last years. Originally pioneered by scientist from Genentech with their work on THIOMABs, several engineered cysteine mAb ADCs (ECM-ADCs) are now investigated in clinical trials. Here, we describe in detail how to engineer additional cysteines into antibodies and efficiently use them as highly site-specific conjugation sites for HPAPIs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cysteine/chemistry
- Cysteine/genetics
- Cytotoxins/chemistry
- Cytotoxins/genetics
- Cytotoxins/immunology
- Cytotoxins/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/genetics
- Immunoconjugates/immunology
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Engineering
- Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemistry
- Trastuzumab/chemistry
- Trastuzumab/genetics
- Trastuzumab/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roland Kellner
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rasche
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Abstract
Mass cytometers are time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer-coupled flow cytometers (known as CyTOFs) that quantify the abundance of metal-tagged antibodies (Abs) or other cellular probes within single cell suspensions or laser-ablated tissue sections. While many strategies exist for covalently crosslinking to proteins, the Fluidigm MaxPar® process is currently the most widely used and involves first loading a metal-chelating polymer with an elementally and isotopically enriched metal. Once the chelation sites have been filled, a maleimide moiety on the polymer is reacted with the free thiol groups on the partially reduced monoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) Ab to form an irreversible covalent bond. Here we describe modifications to the Fluidigm MaxPar® protocol that increase the quantity of Ab per reaction up to 150 μg, introduce an initial Ab quality control step, utilize metal labels not included in the Fluidigm catalog, and provide an option to perform two reactions in one centrifugal filter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a promising tool for gene therapy-based disease treatments. However, delivery of siRNA to the target cells requires a specific and reliable carrier system. Herein we describe a targeted carrier system that can deliver siRNA to cancer cells overexpressing the human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) receptor. Trastuzumab-conjugated poly(amido)amine dendrimers can be synthesized using the protocols described here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Kulhari
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India.
| | - Ashok K Jangid
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - David J Adams
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Aung W, Tsuji AB, Sugyo A, Takashima H, Yasunaga M, Matsumura Y, Higashi T. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy of pancreatic cancer using an indocyanine green-labeled anti-tissue factor antibody. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:5491-5504. [PMID: 30622378 PMCID: PMC6319132 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i48.5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate near-infrared photoimmunotherapeutic effect mediated by an anti-tissue factor (TF) antibody conjugated to indocyanine green (ICG) in a pancreatic cancer model.
METHODS Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a highly selective tumor treatment that utilizes an antibody-photosensitizer conjugate administration, followed by NIR light exposure. Anti-TF antibody 1849-ICG conjugate was synthesized by labeling of rat IgG2b anti-TF monoclonal antibody 1849 (anti-TF 1849) to a NIR photosensitizer, ICG. The expression levels of TF in two human pancreatic cancer cell lines were examined by western blotting. Specific binding of the 1849-ICG to TF-expressing BxPC-3 cells was examined by fluorescence microscopy. NIR-PIT-induced cell death was determined by cell viability imaging assay. In vivo longitudinal fluorescence imaging was used to explore the accumulation of 1849-ICG conjugate in xenograft tumors. To examine the effect of NIR-PIT, tumor-bearing mice were separated into 5 groups: (1) 100 μg of 1849-ICG i.v. administration followed by NIR light exposure (50 J/cm2) on two consecutive days (Days 1 and 2); (2) NIR light exposure (50 J/cm2) only on two consecutive days (Days 1 and 2); (3) 100 μg of 1849-ICG i.v. administration; (4) 100 μg of unlabeled anti-TF 1849 i.v. administration; and (5) the untreated control. Semiweekly tumor volume measurements, accompanied with histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of tumors, were performed 3 d after the 2nd irradiation with NIR light to monitor the effect of treatments.
RESULTS High TF expression in BxPC-3 cells was observed via western blot analysis, concordant with the observed preferential binding with intracellular localization of 1849-ICG via fluorescence microscopy. NIR-PIT-induced cell death was observed by performing cell viability imaging assay. In contrast to the other test groups, tumor growth was significantly inhibited by NIR-PIT with a statistically significant difference in relative tumor volumes for 27 d after the treatment start date [2.83 ± 0.38 (NIR-PIT) vs 5.42 ± 1.61 (Untreated), vs 4.90 ± 0.87 (NIR), vs 4.28 ± 1.87 (1849-ICG), vs 4.35 ± 1.42 (anti-TF 1849), at Day 27, P < 0.05]. Tumors that received NIR-PIT showed evidence of necrotic cell death-associated features upon hematoxylin-eosin staining accompanied by a decrease in Ki-67-positive cells (a cell proliferation marker) by IHC examination.
CONCLUSION The TF-targeted NIR-PIT with the 1849-ICG conjugate can potentially open a new platform for treatment of TF-expressing pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Winn Aung
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST-NIRS), Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi B Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST-NIRS), Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Aya Sugyo
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST-NIRS), Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takashima
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yasunaga
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsumura
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST-NIRS), Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Ren S, Sun X, Wang H, Nguyen TH, Sadeghipour N, Xu X, Kang CS, Liu Y, Xu H, Wu N, Chen Y, Tichauer K, Minh DDL, Chong HS. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Polyaminocarboxylate Ligand-Based Theranostic Conjugates for Antibody-Targeted Cancer Therapy and Near-Infrared Optical Imaging. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2606-2617. [PMID: 30403833 PMCID: PMC6324731 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of polyaminocarboxylate ligand-based antibody conjugates for potential application in targeted cancer therapy and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging. We synthesized a new polyaminocarboxylate chelate (CAB-NE3TA) as a potential anticancer agent. CAB-NE3TA displayed potent inhibitory activities against various cancer cell lines. We then designed a multifunctional theranostic platform (CAB-NE3TA-PAN-IR800) constructed on an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted antibody (panitumumab, PAN) labeled with a NIR fluorescent dye. We also built the first atomistic model of the EGFR-PAN complex and loaded it with the cytotoxic CAB-NE3TA and the NIR dye. The therapeutic (CAB-NE3TA-PAN) and theranostic (CAB-NE3TA-PAN-IR800) conjugates were evaluated using an EGFR-positive A431 (human skin cancer) cell xenograft mouse model. Biodistribution studies using NIR fluorescence imaging demonstrated that the CAB-NE3TA-PAN labeled with the IR800 dye selectively targeted the A431 tumors in mice and resulted in prolonged retention in the tumor tissue and displayed excellent clearance in blood and normal organs. The therapeutic conjugate was capable of significantly inhibiting tumor growth, leading to nearly complete disappearance of tumors in the mice. The results of our pilot in vivo studies support further evaluation of the novel ligand-based therapeutic and theranostic conjugates for targeted iron chelation cancer therapy and imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ren
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Haixing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Trung Hai Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Negar Sadeghipour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Armour College of Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaochun Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Armour College of Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chi Soo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ningjie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yanda Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth Tichauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Armour College of Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David D. L. Minh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hyun-Soon Chong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Yang YSS, Moynihan KD, Bekdemir A, Dichwalkar TM, Noh MM, Watson N, Melo M, Ingram J, Suh H, Ploegh H, Stellacci FR, Irvine DJ. Targeting small molecule drugs to T cells with antibody-directed cell-penetrating gold nanoparticles. Biomater Sci 2018; 7:113-124. [PMID: 30444251 PMCID: PMC6310171 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01208c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We sought to develop a nanoparticle vehicle that could efficiently deliver small molecule drugs to target lymphocyte populations. The synthesized amphiphilic organic ligand-protected gold nanoparticles (amph-NPs) were capable of sequestering large payloads of small molecule drugs within hydrophobic pockets of their ligand shells. These particles exhibit membrane-penetrating activity in mammalian cells, and thus enhanced uptake of a small molecule TGF-β inhibitor in T cells in cell culture. By conjugating amph-NPs with targeting antibodies or camelid-derived nanobodies, the particles' cell-penetrating properties could be temporarily suppressed, allowing targeted uptake in specific lymphocyte subpopulations. Degradation of the protein targeting moieties following particle endocytosis allowed the NPs to recover their cell-penetrating activity in situ to enter the cytoplasm of T cells. In vivo, targeted amph-NPs showed 40-fold enhanced uptake in CD8+ T cells relative to untargeted particles, and delivery of TGF-β inhibitor-loaded particles to T cells enhanced their cytokine polyfunctionality in a cancer vaccine model. Thus, this system provides a facile approach to concentrate small molecule compounds in target lymphocyte populations of interest for immunotherapy in cancer and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sang Sabrina Yang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cambridge, 02139, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|