151
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Blackburn AC, Jerry DJ. Map making in the 21st century: charting breast cancer susceptibility pathways in rodent models. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:57-64. [PMID: 21380934 PMCID: PMC5512563 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors play an important role in determining risk and resistance to increased breast cancer. Recent technological advances have made it possible to analyze hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms in large-scale association studies in humans and have resulted in identification of alleles in over 20 genes that influence breast cancer risk. Despite these advances, the challenge remains in identifying what the functional polymorphisms are that confer the increased risk, and how these genetic variants interact with each other and with environmental factors. In rodents, the incidence of mammary tumors varies among strains, such that they can provide alternate ideas for candidate pathways involved in humans. Mapping studies in animals have unearthed numerous loci for breast cancer susceptibility that have been validated in human populations. In a reciprocal manner, knockin and knockout mice have been used to validate the tumorigenicity of risk alleles found in population studies. Rodent studies also underscore the complexity of interactions among alleles. The fact that genes affecting risk and resistance to mammary tumors in rodents depend greatly upon the carcinogenic challenge emphasizes the importance of gene x environment interactions. The challenge to rodent geneticists now is to capitalize on the ability to control the genetics and environment in rodent models of tumorigenesis to better understand the biology of breast cancer development, to identify those polymorphisms most relevant to human susceptibility and to identify compensatory pathways that can be targeted for improved prevention in women at highest risk of developing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke C Blackburn
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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152
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Kutanzi KR, Koturbash I, Bronson RT, Pogribny IP, Kovalchuk O. Imbalance between apoptosis and cell proliferation during early stages of mammary gland carcinogenesis in ACI rats. Mutat Res 2010; 694:1-6. [PMID: 20659487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen and ionizing radiation are well-documented human breast carcinogens, yet the exact mechanisms of their deleterious effects on mammary gland remain to be discerned. Here we analyze the balance between cellular proliferation and apoptosis in the mammary glands of rats exposed to estrogen and X-ray radiation and the combined action of these carcinogenic agents. For the first time, we show that combined exposure to estrogen and radiation has a synergistic effect on cell proliferation in the mammary glands of ACI rats, as evidenced by a substantially greater magnitude of cell proliferation, especially after 12 and 18 weeks of treatment, when compared to mammary glands of rats exposed to estrogen or radiation alone. We also demonstrate that an imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, rather than enhanced cell proliferation or apoptosis suppression alone, may be a driving force for carcinogenesis. Our studies further suggest that compromised functional activity of p53 may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the proliferation/apoptosis imbalance. In sum, the results of our study indicate that evaluation of the extent of cell proliferation and apoptosis before the onset of preneoplastic lesions may be a potential biomarker of breast cancer risk after exposure to breast carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy R Kutanzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K3M4 Canada
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153
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Kim JH, Im KS, Kim NH, Yhee JY, Nho WG, Sur JH. Expression of HER-2 and nuclear localization of HER-3 protein in canine mammary tumors: histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Vet J 2010; 189:318-22. [PMID: 20947393 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HER-2 and HER-3 are transmembrane receptor proteins that are considered to be important but poorly understood biomarkers in canine tumors. In this study, the expression and the localization of HER-2 and HER-3 were evaluated immunohistochemically in canine mammary tumors (n=64; 12 benign, 52 malignant). HER-2 overexpression was identified in 2/12 (16.7%) benign and in 18/51 (35.3%) malignant cases. HER-3 was expressed in a non-nuclear localization in 11/12 (91.7%) benign and 18/52 (34.6%) malignant tumors. In contrast, HER-3 was expressed in the nucleus of neoplastic cells in 0/12 (0%) benign and 22/52 (42.3%) malignant tumors. Nuclear HER-3 expression was higher in neoplastic epithelial cells compared to myoepithelial cells, and positively correlated with high histological grade and lymphatic vessel invasion. These results suggest that nuclear HER-3 expression is significantly associated with tumor progression and metastasis and may serve as a useful prognostic biomarker in canine malignant mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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154
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Al-Dissi AN, Haines DM, Singh B, Kidney BA. Immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 in canine simple mammary gland adenocarcinomas. Can Vet J 2010; 51:1109-1114. [PMID: 21197202 PMCID: PMC2942048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The expression of 5 markers associated with angiogenesis, proliferation, and apoptosis was studied in 26 canine simple mammary gland adenocarcinomas (SMGAs). The adenocarcinomas were graded histologically, and tissue sections were immunohistochemically stained for the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), intra-tumor microvessel density, and tumor proliferation (PI) using antibodies against VEGF, VEGFR-2, von Willebrand factor, and Ki-67 antigen, respectively. Apoptotic indices (AI) were determined by an apoptosis assay. Markers VEGF and VEGFR-2 were detected in 96% and 100% of SMGAs, respectively. A high correlation between histologic grade and PI (r = 0.73), a moderate correlation between VEGF and histologic grade (r = 0.33), and between VEGF and PI (r = 0.42) were found. There was a significant difference in median PI among the 3 histologic grade groups (r < 0.05). Vascular endothelial growth factor may stimulate tumor cell proliferation through an autocrine loop, since VEGF and VEGFR-2 were expressed in most tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad N Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.
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155
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Angelopoulou K, Karagiannis GS. Structural characterization and expression of five novel canine kallikrein-related peptidases in mammary cancer. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:516-24. [PMID: 20853168 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) constitute a major family of proteolytic enzymes implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. Recently, we have suggested that the dog might represent a useful animal model for in vivo KLK studies and sought to investigate the expression patterns of the largely unknown canine KLK family. Along the same lines, in the present report we experimentally characterized five previously unidentified (CANFA)KLKs and investigated their expression in normal and tumorous mammary tissues. We demonstrated that the GenBank sequences that were predicted in silico to represent the canine orthologs of human KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, and KLK8 mRNAs were correct, whereas the one corresponding to the canine KLK4 had a major inconsistency within its 5'-terminus. More specifically, two internal segments of the first intron of KLK4, 78 and 97 bp long, respectively, were wrongfully determined to constitute the initial 175-nucleotide sequence of the KLK4 coding region. (CANFA)KLK8 was further shown to undergo alternative splicing that generated an mRNA transcript missing exon 4 (variant 1). All five (CANFA)KLKs were almost ubiquitously expressed in both cancerous and noncancerous mammary tissues. Lower positivity rates were identified for (CANFA)KLK8 variant 1. A trend for upregulation in tumors was observed for (CANFA)KLK5, (CANFA)KLK7, and (CANFA)KLK8, whereas (CANFA)KLK8 variant 1 tended to be downregulated in cancer. Moreover, a parallel expression of the studied canine KLKs was observed, which suggested a possible participation of the encoded enzymes in interrelated proteolytic cascades taking place in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Angelopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
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156
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Wegwitz F, Kluth MA, Mänz C, Otto B, Gruner K, Heinlein C, Kühl M, Warnecke G, Schumacher U, Deppert W, Tolstonog GV. Tumorigenic WAP-T mouse mammary carcinoma cells: a model for a self-reproducing homeostatic cancer cell system. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12103. [PMID: 20730114 PMCID: PMC2920333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In analogy to normal stem cell differentiation, the current cancer stem cell (CSC) model presumes a hierarchical organization and an irreversible differentiation in tumor tissue. Accordingly, CSCs should comprise only a small subset of the tumor cells, which feeds tumor growth. However, some recent findings raised doubts on the general applicability of the CSC model and asked for its refinement. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we analyzed the CSC properties of mammary carcinoma cells derived from transgenic (WAP-T) mice. We established a highly tumorigenic WAP-T cell line (G-2 cells) that displays stem-like traits. G-2 cells, as well as their clonal derivates, are closely related to primary tumors regarding histology and gene expression profiles, and reflect heterogeneity regarding their differentiation states. G-2 cultures comprise cell populations in distinct differentiation states identified by co-expression of cytoskeletal proteins (cytokeratins and vimentin), a combination of cell surface markers and a set of transcription factors. Cellular subsets sorted according to expression of CD24a, CD49f, CD61, Epcam, Sca1, and Thy1 cell surface proteins, or metabolic markers (e.g. ALDH activity) are competent to reconstitute the initial cellular composition. Repopulation efficiency greatly varies between individual subsets and is influenced by interactions with the respective complementary G-2 cellular subset. The balance between differentiation states is regulated in part by the transcription factor Sox10, as depletion of Sox10 led to up-regulation of Twist2 and increased the proportion of Thy1-expressing cells representing cells in a self-renewable, reversible, quasi-mesenchymal differentiation state. Conclusions/Significance G-2 cells constitute a self-reproducing cancer cell system, maintained by bi- and unidirectional conversion of complementary cellular subsets. Our work contributes to the current controversial discussion on the existence and nature of CSC and provides a basis for the incorporation of alternative hypotheses into the CSC model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wegwitz
- Department of Tumor Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark-Andreas Kluth
- Department of Tumor Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Mänz
- Department of Tumor Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Otto
- Department of Clinical Chemistry/Central Laboratories, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Gruner
- Department of Tumor Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Heinlein
- Department of Tumor Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marion Kühl
- Department of Tumor Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Warnecke
- Department of Tumor Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Department of Anatomy II: Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Deppert
- Department of Tumor Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (WD); (GVT)
| | - Genrich V. Tolstonog
- Department of Tumor Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (WD); (GVT)
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157
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Król M, Polańska J, Pawłowski KM, Turowski P, Skierski J, Majewska A, Ugorski M, Morty RE, Motyl T. Transcriptomic signature of cell lines isolated from canine mammary adenocarcinoma metastases to lungs. J Appl Genet 2010; 51:37-50. [PMID: 20145299 DOI: 10.1007/bf03195709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a final step in the progression of mammary gland cancer, usually leading to death. Potentially, a molecular signature of metastasis can be defined via comparison of primary tumors with their metastases. Currently, there is no data in the literature regarding the molecular portrait of metastases in dogs and only few reports regarding human cancer. This is the first report describing the transcriptomic signature of canine cancer metastatic cells. Two adenocarcinoma cell lines isolated from the canine mammary gland (CMT-W1 and CMT-W2) were compared with cell lines isolated from their lung metastases (CMT-W1M and CMT-W2M) with regards to the following cytometric parameters: cell cycle, ploidy, Bcl-2 expression, susceptibility to induced apoptosis, and transcriptomic profile. Cytometric analyses revealed significant differences in cell cycle and antiapoptotic potential between the examined cells. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we found 104 up-regulated genes in the metastatic cell line CMT-W1M and 21 up-regulated genes in the primary CMT-W1 cell line. We also found 83 up-regulated genes in the CMT-W2M cell line and only 21 up-regulated genes in the CMT-W2 cell line. Among the up-regulated genes in both metastatic cell lines, we found 15 common genes. These differently expressed genes are involved mainly in signal transduction, cell structure and motility, nucleic acid metabolism, developmental processing, and apoptosis (GHSR, RASSF1, ARF1GAP, WDR74, SMOC2, SFRP4, DIAPH1, FSCN1, ALX4, SNX15, PLD2, WNT7B, POU6F2, NKG7, and POLR2F). Seven of them are involved in a cellular pathway dependent on ghrelin via growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Our results suggest that this pathway may be essential for mammary cancer cells to have a metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Król
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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158
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Chen P, O'Neal JF, Ebelt ND, Cantrell MA, Mitra S, Nasrazadani A, Vandenbroek TL, Heasley LE, Van Den Berg CL. Jnk2 effects on tumor development, genetic instability and replicative stress in an oncogene-driven mouse mammary tumor model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10443. [PMID: 20454618 PMCID: PMC2862739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenes induce cell proliferation leading to replicative stress, DNA damage and genomic instability. A wide variety of cellular stresses activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) proteins, but few studies have directly addressed the roles of JNK isoforms in tumor development. Herein, we show that jnk2 knockout mice expressing the Polyoma Middle T Antigen transgene developed mammary tumors earlier and experienced higher tumor multiplicity compared to jnk2 wildtype mice. Lack of jnk2 expression was associated with higher tumor aneuploidy and reduced DNA damage response, as marked by fewer pH2AX and 53BP1 nuclear foci. Comparative genomic hybridization further confirmed increased genomic instability in PyV MT/jnk2−/− tumors. In vitro, PyV MT/jnk2−/− cells underwent replicative stress and cell death as evidenced by lower BrdU incorporation, and sustained chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 (CDT1) and p21Waf1 protein expression, and phosphorylation of Chk1 after serum stimulation, but this response was not associated with phosphorylation of p53 Ser15. Adenoviral overexpression of CDT1 led to similar differences between jnk2 wildtype and knockout cells. In normal mammary cells undergoing UV induced single stranded DNA breaks, JNK2 localized to RPA (Replication Protein A) coated strands indicating that JNK2 responds early to single stranded DNA damage and is critical for subsequent recruitment of DNA repair proteins. Together, these data support that JNK2 prevents replicative stress by coordinating cell cycle progression and DNA damage repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peila Chen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jamye F. O'Neal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nancy D. Ebelt
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Cantrell
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shreya Mitra
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Azadeh Nasrazadani
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tracy L. Vandenbroek
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn E. Heasley
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anshutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Carla L. Van Den Berg
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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159
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Hsu YC, Meng X, Ou L, Ip MM. Activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase-p38 MAP kinase pathway mediates apoptosis induced by conjugated linoleic acid in p53-mutant mouse mammary tumor cells. Cell Signal 2010; 22:590-9. [PMID: 19932174 PMCID: PMC2838459 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits tumorigenesis and tumor growth in most model systems, an effect mediated in part by its pro-apoptotic activity. We previously showed that trans-10,cis-12 CLA induced apoptosis of p53-mutant TM4t mouse mammary tumor cells through both mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. In the current study, we investigated the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key player in fatty acid metabolism, in CLA-induced apoptosis in TM4t cells. We found that t10,c12-CLA increased phosphorylation of AMPK, and that CLA-induced apoptosis was enhanced by the AMPK agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) and inhibited by the AMPK inhibitor compound C. The increased AMPK activity was not due to nutrient/energy depletion since ATP levels did not change in CLA-treated cells, and knockdown of the upstream kinase LKB1 did not affect its activity. Furthermore, our data do not demonstrate a role for the AMPK-modulated mTOR pathway in CLA-induced apoptosis. Although CLA decreased mTOR levels, activity was only modestly decreased. Moreover, rapamycin, which completely blocked the activity of mTORC1 and mTORC2, did not induce apoptosis, and attenuated rather than enhanced CLA-induced apoptosis. Instead, the data suggest that CLA-induced apoptosis is mediated by the AMPK-p38 MAPK-Bim pathway: CLA-induced phosphorylation of AMPK and p38 MAPK, and increased expression of Bim, occurred with a similar time course as apoptosis; phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was blocked by compound C; the increased Bim expression was blocked by p38 MAPK siRNA; CLA-induced apoptosis was attenuated by the p38 inhibitor SB-203580 and by siRNAs directed against p38 MAPK or Bim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chung Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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160
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Zander SAL, Kersbergen A, van der Burg E, de Water N, van Tellingen O, Gunnarsdottir S, Jaspers JE, Pajic M, Nygren AOH, Jonkers J, Borst P, Rottenberg S. Sensitivity and acquired resistance of BRCA1;p53-deficient mouse mammary tumors to the topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1700-10. [PMID: 20145144 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is no tailored therapy yet for human basal-like mammary carcinomas. However, BRCA1 dysfunction is frequently present in these malignancies, compromising homology-directed DNA repair. This defect may serve as the tumor's Achilles heel and make the tumor hypersensitive to DNA breaks. We have evaluated this putative synthetic lethality in a genetically engineered mouse model for BRCA1-associated breast cancer, using the topoisomerase I (Top1) poison topotecan as monotherapy and in combination with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition by olaparib. All 20 tumors tested were topotecan sensitive, but response heterogeneity was substantial. Although topotecan increased mouse survival, all tumors eventually acquired resistance. As mechanisms of in vivo resistance, we identified overexpression of Abcg2/Bcrp and markedly reduced protein levels of the drug target Top1 (without altered mRNA levels). Tumor-specific genetic ablation of Abcg2 significantly increased overall survival of topotecan-treated animals (P < 0.001), confirming the in vivo relevance of ABCG2 for topotecan resistance in a novel approach. Despite the lack of ABCG2, a putative tumor-initiating cell marker, none of the 11 Abcg2(-/-);Brca1(-/-);p53(-/-) tumors were eradicated, not even by the combination topotecan-olaparib. We find that olaparib substantially increases topotecan toxicity in this model, and we suggest that this might also happen in humans.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma/drug therapy
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, BRCA1/physiology
- Genes, p53/physiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Maximum Tolerated Dose
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Phthalazines/pharmacology
- Phthalazines/therapeutic use
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Topoisomerase I Inhibitors
- Topotecan/administration & dosage
- Topotecan/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge A L Zander
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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161
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Bastid J, Bouchet BP, Ciancia C, Pourchet J, Audoynaud C, Grelier G, Puisieux A, Ansieau S. The SNAIL family member SCRATCH1 is not expressed in human tumors. Oncol Rep 2010; 23:523-529. [PMID: 20043117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The SNAIL and SLUG transcription factors play important roles in embryogenesis owing to their anti-apoptotic properties and their ability to promote morphogenetic changes by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT). These characteristics provide many of the proteins in these families with oncogenic and pro-metastatic capabilities when reactivated in cancers. The SCRATCH subgroup of the SNAIL superfamily, including SCRATCH1 and SCRATCH2, display distinct embryonic functions and diverge early in evolution. Despite the described overexpression of SCRT1 (encoding for SCRATCH1) in a small subset of human lung cancers, there is little data supporting a role of SCRATCH proteins in tumorigenesis. To further explore this possibility, we assessed SNAI1 (SNAIL), SNAI2 (SLUG) and SCRT1 (SCRATCH1) expression in a wide panel of human and murine tumors encompassing 151 primary tumors and 6 different cancer types, including melanomas and multiple different carcinomas. Whereas SNAI1 and SNAI2 are widely expressed in human and murine tumors, our results reveal that SCRT1 transcripts are undetectable in nearly all of the examined tumors suggesting that SCRATCH1 plays a minor role, if any, in tumorigenesis. Our data therefore suggest that oncogenic properties are not shared by all SNAIL superfamily members but instead are specifically allotted to the SNAIL subgroup supporting the conclusions that SNAIL and SCRATCH subgroups are functionally divergent and strengthening the hypothesis that the oncogenic potential of SNAIL and SLUG proteins relies on the hijacking of their embryonic functions.
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162
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Dutertre M, Lacroix-Triki M, Driouch K, de la Grange P, Gratadou L, Beck S, Millevoi S, Tazi J, Lidereau R, Vagner S, Auboeuf D. Exon-based clustering of murine breast tumor transcriptomes reveals alternative exons whose expression is associated with metastasis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:896-905. [PMID: 20103641 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the field of bioinformatics, exon profiling is a developing area of disease-associated transcriptome analysis. In this study, we performed a microarray-based transcriptome analysis at the single exon level in mouse 4T1 primary mammary tumors with different metastatic capabilities. A novel bioinformatics platform was developed that identified 679 genes with differentially expressed exons in 4T1 tumors, many of which were involved in cell morphology and movement. Of 152 alternative exons tested by reverse transcription-PCR, 97 were validated as differentially expressed in primary tumors with different metastatic capability. This analysis revealed candidate progression genes, hinting at variations in protein functions by alternate exon usage. In a parallel effort, we developed a novel exon-based clustering analysis and identified alternative exons in tumor transcriptomes that were associated with dissemination of primary tumor cells to sites of pulmonary metastasis. This analysis also revealed that the splicing events identified by comparing primary tumors were not aberrant events. Lastly, we found that a subset of differentially spliced variant transcripts identified in the murine model was associated with poor prognosis in a large clinical cohort of patients with breast cancer. Our findings illustrate the utility of exon profiling to define novel theranostic markers for study in cancer progression and metastasis.
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163
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Angelopoulou K, Karagiannis GS. The canine kallikrein-related peptidases 9 and 10: structural characterization and expression in mammary cancer. Mamm Genome 2009; 20:758-67. [PMID: 19953256 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-009-9237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Angelopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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164
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Dykxhoorn DM, Wu Y, Xie H, Yu F, Lal A, Petrocca F, Martinvalet D, Song E, Lim B, Lieberman J. miR-200 enhances mouse breast cancer cell colonization to form distant metastases. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7181. [PMID: 19787069 PMCID: PMC2749331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of metastases involves the dissociation of cells from the primary tumor to penetrate the basement membrane, invade and then exit the vasculature to seed, and colonize distant tissues. The last step, establishment of macroscopic tumors at distant sites, is the least well understood. Four isogenic mouse breast cancer cell lines (67NR, 168FARN, 4TO7, and 4T1) that differ in their ability to metastasize when implanted into the mammary fat pad are used to model the steps of metastasis. Only 4T1 forms macroscopic lung and liver metastases. Because some miRNAs are dysregulated in cancer and affect cellular transformation, tumor formation, and metastasis, we examined whether changes in miRNA expression might explain the differences in metastasis of these cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS miRNA expression was analyzed by miRNA microarray and quantitative RT-PCR in isogenic mouse breast cancer cells with distinct metastatic capabilities. 4T1 cells that form macroscopic metastases had elevated expression of miR-200 family miRNAs compared to related cells that invade distant tissues, but are unable to colonize. Moreover, over-expressing miR-200 in 4TO7 cells enabled them to metastasize to lung and liver. These findings are surprising since the miR-200 family was previously shown to promote epithelial characteristics by inhibiting the transcriptional repressor Zeb2 and thereby enhancing E-cadherin expression. We confirmed these findings in these cells. The most metastatic 4T1 cells acquired epithelial properties (high expression of E-cadherin and cytokeratin-18) compared to the less metastatic cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Expression of miR-200, which promotes a mesenchymal to epithelial cell transition (MET) by inhibiting Zeb2 expression, unexpectedly enhances macroscopic metastases in mouse breast cancer cell lines. These results suggest that for some tumors, tumor colonization at metastatic sites might be enhanced by MET. Therefore the epithelial nature of a tumor does not predict metastatic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. Dykxhoorn
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The John T. Macdonald Foundation of Human Genetics and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JL); (DMD)
| | - Yichao Wu
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Huangming Xie
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fengyan Yu
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Breast Surgery, No. 2 Affiliated Hospital, Sun-Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ashish Lal
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fabio Petrocca
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erwei Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, No. 2 Affiliated Hospital, Sun-Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Lim
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JL); (DMD)
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165
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Gaspar C, Franken P, Molenaar L, Breukel C, van der Valk M, Smits R, Fodde R. A targeted constitutive mutation in the APC tumor suppressor gene underlies mammary but not intestinal tumorigenesis. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000547. [PMID: 19578404 PMCID: PMC2697381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene are responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), an autosomal dominant hereditary predisposition to the development of multiple colorectal adenomas and of a broad spectrum of extra-intestinal tumors. Moreover, somatic APC mutations play a rate-limiting and initiating role in the majority of sporadic colorectal cancers. Notwithstanding its multifunctional nature, the main tumor suppressing activity of the APC gene resides in its ability to regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Notably, genotype–phenotype correlations have been established at the APC gene between the length and stability of the truncated proteins encoded by different mutant alleles, the corresponding levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity they encode for, and the incidence and distribution of intestinal and extra-intestinal tumors. Here, we report a novel mouse model, Apc1572T, obtained by targeting a truncated mutation at codon 1572 in the endogenous Apc gene. This hypomorphic mutant allele results in intermediate levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation when compared with other Apc mutations associated with multifocal intestinal tumors. Notwithstanding the constitutive nature of the mutation, Apc+/1572T mice have no predisposition to intestinal cancer but develop multifocal mammary adenocarcinomas and subsequent pulmonary metastases in both genders. The histology of the Apc1572T primary mammary tumours is highly heterogeneous with luminal, myoepithelial, and squamous lineages and is reminiscent of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast in humans. The striking phenotype of Apc+/1572T mice suggests that specific dosages of Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity differentially affect tissue homeostasis and initiate tumorigenesis in an organ-specific fashion. Although signal transduction pathways are often described as “on–off” systems, the more quantitative aspects of signalling are likely to represent a very important means of regulation of the downstream biological outcomes. Mutations in members of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway represent among the most common defects in human cancers. However, it is yet unclear which factors determine tissue and organ specificity of the tumours arising upon Wnt constitutive activation. Previously, we have generated a series of hypomorphic alleles at the Apc tumor suppressor gene and showed that the differentiation potential of embryonic stem cells is dependent on the dosage of Wnt/β-catenin signalling these mutants encode for. Likewise, analysis of the two mutational hits occurring at the Apc gene in human and mouse intestinal tumors showed that these are selected to retain specific residual dosages of β-catenin downregulation. Here, we provide further support for this “just-right” signalling model by targeting a germline Apc mutation encoding for very low levels of Wnt signalling activation when compared with other mutants known to trigger intestinal tumorigenesis. Notwithstanding the constitutive nature of this mutation, heterozygous mice show a remarkable and highly penetrant predisposition to multifocal and metastatic mammary cancers without the GI tract tumor phenotype characteristic of the majority of Apc mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gaspar
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Franken
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lia Molenaar
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Breukel
- Human and Clinical Genetics Center, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van der Valk
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Smits
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Fodde
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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166
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Rao NAS, van Wolferen ME, Gracanin A, Bhatti SFM, Krol M, Holstege FC, Mol JA. Gene expression profiles of progestin-induced canine mammary hyperplasia and spontaneous mammary tumors. J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 60 Suppl 1:73-84. [PMID: 19609016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous mammary tumors are the most prevalent type of neoplasms in women as well as in female dogs. Although ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone are known to play a key role in mammary tumorigenesis, conflicting reports have been obtained from in vivo and in vitro studies concerning the role of especially progesterone in mammary tumorigenesis. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of progesterone during the unusually long luteal phase of the estrous cycle is suspected to be the key event in canine mammary tumorigenesis. Accordingly, previous studies have shown the development of mammary hyperplasia in dogs upon prolonged progestin administration. In this study, a dog-specific cDNA microarray was used to identify oncogenic determinants in progestin-induced canine hyperplasia (CMH) and spontaneous mammary tumors (CMC) by comparing expression profiles to those obtained from mammary glands of healthy dogs. The CMH profile showed elevated expression of genes involved in cell proliferation such as PCNA, NPY, RAN and also alterations in expression of transcription factors and cell adhesion molecules. Whereas in CMC, major alterations to the expression of genes involved in cell motility, cytoskeletal organization and extra cellular matrix production was evident besides differential expression of cell proliferation inducing genes. The overall gene expression profile of CMH was related to cell proliferation where as that of CMC was associated with both cell proliferation as well as neoplastic transformation. In conclusion, our findings support a strong cell proliferation inducing potential of progestins in the canine mammary gland. Moreover, deregulated genes identified in CMC are potentially involved in their malignant and may serve as prospective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A S Rao
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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167
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Westbrook L, Ramanathan HN, Isayeva T, Mittal AR, Qu Z, Johnson MD, Kern FG, Ponnazhagan S, Grubbs CJ, Thottassery JV. High Cks1 expression in transgenic and carcinogen-initiated mammary tumors is not always accompanied by reduction in p27Kip1. Int J Oncol 2009; 34:1425-1431. [PMID: 19360356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cks1 plays an essential role in SCFSkp2-mediated ubiquitination, and consequently turnover, of the cdk2 inhibitor and tumor supressor p27Kip1. High Cks1 expression is associated with aggressive breast tumors and correlates with low p27Kip1 levels in some cases, although it is also an independent prognostic marker for survival, and provides predictive information in addition to that provided by p27Kip1 alone. In this report we demonstrate that Cks1 protein and mRNA are elevated to very high levels in mammary tumors initiated by erbB2, c-myc and polyoma middle-T (PyMT) in transgenic mice, whereas Cks1 protein is hardly detectable in the normal mammary epithelium. Cks1 is also highly upregulated in rat mammary tumors initiated by methylnitrosourea (MNU). Despite high levels of Cks1 expression, p27Kip1 levels were not reduced, and were in fact slightly higher in mammary tumors initiated by erbB2, PyMT and MNU. In contrast mammary tumors from MMTV-c-myc mice did exhibit low p27Kip1 and higher levels of Skp2. Together, these data suggest that deregulated Cks1 expression might play roles in oncogene and carcinogen-initiated mammary tumorigenesis independent of p27Kip1 turnover in certain tumors. Stable overexpression of Cks1 in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells did not significantly reduce p27Kip1 expression, although it conferred resistance to Faslodex (ICI 182780)-mediated inhibition of colony outgrowth in these cells. In contrast, Cks1-depleted MCF-7 cells formed fewer colonies in estrogen-containing medium. Therefore, our studies also suggest that Cks1 levels regulate the responsiveness of ER+ breast cancers to estrogens and anti-estrogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- CDC2-CDC28 Kinases/genetics
- CDC2-CDC28 Kinases/metabolism
- Carcinogens
- Carcinoma/chemically induced
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Estradiol/analogs & derivatives
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Female
- Fulvestrant
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Methylnitrosourea
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Westbrook
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
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168
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Krol M, Pawlowski KM, Skierski J, Rao NAS, Hellmen E, Mol JA, Motyl T. Transcriptomic profile of two canine mammary cancer cell lines with different proliferative and anti-apoptotic potential. J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 60 Suppl 1:95-106. [PMID: 19609018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify the genes responsible for the high growth rate and antiapoptotic potential in selected canine mammary cancer cells. cDNA canine microarrays were used to compare the transcriptome in simple carcinoma CMT-U27 and spindle-cell tumor CMT-U309 cell lines. In CMT-U27 cell line the growth rate (shorter cell cycle), anti-apoptotic potential (higher expression of Bcl-2) was higher and spontaneous and induced apoptosis was lower. Comparison of transcriptomes revealed 333 genes which expression differed similarly. We focused on genes involved in cell proliferation, adhesion and apoptosis, and selected 29 of them. The high growth rate and anti-apoptotic potential in CMT-U27 cells was associated with enhanced expression of genes (at the level of transcripts) involved in Ca(2+) signaling pathway (Calmodulin 1, 2, 3 and SPSB2) and growth hormone cellular pathway. The low-proliferative and pro-apoptotic phenotype of CMTU309 cells was more dependent on TGFbeta, neuregulin 1 pathways and adhesion-related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krol
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland.
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169
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Pawlowski KM, Krol M, Majewska A, Badowska-Kozakiewicz A, Mol JA, Malicka E, Motyl T. Comparison of cellular and tissue transcriptional profiles in canine mammary tumor. J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 60 Suppl 1:85-94. [PMID: 19609017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived cell lines are widely used as in vitro cancer models. Cell lines historically served as the primary experimental model systems for exploration of tumor cell biology and pharmacology. However, their ability to accurately reflect the phenotype and genotype of the parental histology remains questionable, given the prevalence of documented cell line-specific cytogenetic changes. Sometimes cell line studies are interpreted in the context of artifacts introduced by selection and establishment of cell lines in vitro. This complication has led to difficulties in the extrapolation of biology observed in cell lines to tumor biology in vivo. The aim of our study was to compare gene expression profiles in canine mammary tumor tissue and cell cultures derived from those tumors using cDNA microarrays. Tumors of two different origins were used; chondrosarcoma and adenocarcinoma and their primary cell cultures. It has been found that cell culture gene expression profiles closely resembled those of their corresponding in vivo tumor. In adenocarcinoma and chondrosarcoma only 6.0% and 2.7% of genes respectively, have shown significant difference in expression. In the most cases the difference concerned up-regulation of gene expression in cell lines, particularly genes involved in: protein metabolism and modification, signal transduction and nucleotide, nucleoside and nucleic acid metabolism. These experiments revealed that transcriptome of our primary cell culture corresponds to transcriptome of its parental tumor tissue and for this reason cell culture represents the reliable in vitro model for oncogenomic and pharmacogenomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Pawlowski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland
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170
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Uva P, Aurisicchio L, Watters J, Loboda A, Kulkarni A, Castle J, Palombo F, Viti V, Mesiti G, Zappulli V, Marconato L, Abramo F, Ciliberto G, Lahm A, La Monica N, de Rinaldis E. Comparative expression pathway analysis of human and canine mammary tumors. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:135. [PMID: 19327144 PMCID: PMC2670324 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous tumors in dog have been demonstrated to share many features with their human counterparts, including relevant molecular targets, histological appearance, genetics, biological behavior and response to conventional treatments. Mammary tumors in dog therefore provide an attractive alternative to more classical mouse models, such as transgenics or xenografts, where the tumour is artificially induced. To assess the extent to which dog tumors represent clinically significant human phenotypes, we performed the first genome-wide comparative analysis of transcriptional changes occurring in mammary tumors of the two species, with particular focus on the molecular pathways involved. RESULTS We analyzed human and dog gene expression data derived from both tumor and normal mammary samples. By analyzing the expression levels of about ten thousand dog/human orthologous genes we observed a significant overlap of genes deregulated in the mammary tumor samples, as compared to their normal counterparts. Pathway analysis of gene expression data revealed a great degree of similarity in the perturbation of many cancer-related pathways, including the 'PI3K/AKT', 'KRAS', 'PTEN', 'WNT-beta catenin' and 'MAPK cascade'. Moreover, we show that the transcriptional relationships between different gene signatures observed in human breast cancer are largely maintained in the canine model, suggesting a close interspecies similarity in the network of cancer signalling circuitries. CONCLUSION Our data confirm and further strengthen the value of the canine mammary cancer model and open up new perspectives for the evaluation of novel cancer therapeutics and the development of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers to be used in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Uva
- IRBM P Angeletti, Merck MRL-Rome, Pomezia, Italy.
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171
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Kuraguchi M, Ohene-Baah NY, Sonkin D, Bronson RT, Kucherlapati R. Genetic mechanisms in Apc-mediated mammary tumorigenesis. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000367. [PMID: 19197353 PMCID: PMC2629572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many components of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway also play critical roles in mammary tumor development, yet the role of the tumor suppressor gene APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) in breast oncongenesis is unclear. To better understand the role of Apc in mammary tumorigenesis, we introduced conditional Apc mutations specifically into two different mammary epithelial populations using K14-cre and WAP-cre transgenic mice that express Cre-recombinase in mammary progenitor cells and lactating luminal cells, respectively. Only the K14-cre–mediated Apc heterozygosity developed mammary adenocarcinomas demonstrating histological heterogeneity, suggesting the multilineage progenitor cell origin of these tumors. These tumors harbored truncation mutation in a defined region in the remaining wild-type allele of Apc that would retain some down-regulating activity of β-catenin signaling. Activating mutations at codons 12 and 61 of either H-Ras or K-Ras were also found in a subset of these tumors. Expression profiles of acinar-type mammary tumors from K14-cre; ApcCKO/+ mice showed luminal epithelial gene expression pattern, and clustering analysis demonstrated more correlation to MMTV-neu model than to MMTV-Wnt1. In contrast, neither WAP-cre–induced Apc heterozygous nor homozygous mutations resulted in predisposition to mammary tumorigenesis, although WAP-cre–mediated Apc deficiency resulted in severe squamous metaplasia of mammary glands. Collectively, our results suggest that not only the epithelial origin but also a certain Apc mutations are selected to achieve a specific level of β-catenin signaling optimal for mammary tumor development and explain partially the colon- but not mammary-specific tumor development in patients that carry germline mutations in APC. Breast cancer is one of the most common malignanices in women in Western countries. Many components of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway are known to play critical roles in mammary tumor development, yet the role of the tumor suppressor gene APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) in breast oncongenesis is unclear. To study the role of Apc in mammary tumorigenesis, we introduced conditional Apc mutations specifically into two different mammary epithelial populations using K14 (Keratin 14)-cre and WAP (Whey Acidic Protein)-cre transgenic mice that express Cre recombinase in mammary progenitor cells and lactating luminal cells, respectively. In this study, we show that a specific type of Apc somatic mutations in mammary progenitor/stem cell population in mice induces mammary carcinomas with histological and molecular heterogeneity, but a complete deletion leads to squamous metaplasia. Our data show that mutations in a multilineage progenitor cell are important in certain mammary tumors. We also show that certain Apc mutations are selected to achieve a specific level of β-catenin signaling optimal for mammary tumor development and explain partially the reason why breast cancers do not develop as frequently as colorectal tumors in patients that carry germline mutations in APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kuraguchi
- Harvard-Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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172
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van Kesteren PCE, Beems RB, Luijten M, Robinson J, de Vries A, van Steeg H. DNA repair-deficient Xpa/p53 knockout mice are sensitive to the non-genotoxic carcinogen cyclosporine A: escape of initiated cells from immunosurveillance? Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:538-43. [PMID: 19136475 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA repair-deficient Xpa(-/-)p53(+/-) (Xpa/p53) mouse is a potent model for carcinogenicity testing, representing increased sensitivity toward genotoxic but surprisingly also toward true human non-genotoxic carcinogens. The mechanism of this increased sensitivity in Xpa/p53 mice toward non-genotoxic carcinogens is still unknown. Here, we investigated the mechanism of the human non-genotoxic carcinogen cyclosporine A (CsA) in the Xpa/p53 mouse model. Xpa/p53 mice exposed to CsA for 39 weeks showed a significantly increased lymphoma incidence as compared with untreated Xpa/p53 mice and CsA-treated wild-type (WT) mice. We excluded concealed genotoxicity of CsA in Xpa/p53 mice by mutant frequency analyses. As a next step, we used a genetic approach: immunodeficient DNA-PKcs mice, defective in the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase, were crossed with Xpa and Xpa/p53 mice. Xpa/p53 mice had an increased lymphoma incidence with shorter latency times as compared with DNA-PKcs-deficient WT and Xpa mice. Surprisingly, also six of 15 DNA-PKcs/Xpa/p53 females had developed an adenocarcinoma of the mammary gland. Tumor responses in CsA-treated and DNA-PKcs-deficient Xpa/p53 mice were comparable as both genotypes developed mainly splenic lymphomas enriched in B lymphocytes. From our present studies, we hypothesize that levels of initiated precancerous cells are elevated in Xpa/p53 mice. These cells are insufficiently eliminated due to either suppression of the immune system by CsA or through immune-related DNA-PKcs deficiency. Based on the current studies and those conducted previously, we conclude that the Xpa/p53 model is an excellent adjunct to the current chronic rodent bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C E van Kesteren
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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173
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Morse DL, Carroll D, Day S, Gray H, Sadarangani P, Murthi S, Job C, Baggett B, Raghunand N, Gillies RJ. Characterization of breast cancers and therapy response by MRS and quantitative gene expression profiling in the choline pathway. NMR Biomed 2009; 22:114-27. [PMID: 19016452 PMCID: PMC4130559 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor choline metabolites have potential for use as diagnostic indicators of breast cancer phenotype and can be non-invasively monitored in vivo by MRS. Extract studies have determined that the principle diagnostic component of these peaks is phosphocholine (PCho), the biosynthetic precursor to the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho). The ability to resolve and quantify PCho in vivo would improve the accuracy of this putative diagnostic tool. In addition, determining the biochemical mechanisms underlying these metabolic perturbations will improve the understanding of breast cancer and may suggest potential molecular targets for drug development. Reported herein is the in vivo resolution and quantification of PCho and glycerophosphocholine (GPC) in breast cancer xenografts in SCID mice via image-guided 31P MRS, localized to a single voxel. Tumor metabolites are also detected using ex vivo extracts and high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and are quantified in the metastatic tumor line, MDA-mb-231. Also reported is the quantification of cytosolic and lipid metabolites in breast cells of differing cancer phenotype, and the identification of metabolites that differ among these cell lines. In cell extracts, PCho and the PtdCho breakdown products, lysophosphatidylcholine, GPC and glycerol 3-phosphate, are all raised in breast cancer lines relative to an immortalized non-malignant line. These metabolic differences are in direct agreement with differences in expression of genes encoding enzymes in the choline metabolic pathway. Results of this study are consistent with previous studies, which have concluded that increased choline uptake, increased choline kinase activity, and increased phosholipase-mediated turnover of PtdCho contribute to the observed increase in PCho in breast cancer. In addition, this study presents evidence suggesting a specific role for phospholipase A2-mediated PtdCho catabolism. Gene expression changes following taxane therapy are also reported and are consistent with previously reported changes in choline metabolites after the same therapy in the same tumor model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Extracts
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Choline/metabolism
- Docetaxel
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, Neoplasm
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways/drug effects
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Phenotype
- Phosphatidylcholines/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Taxoids/pharmacology
- Taxoids/therapeutic use
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Morse
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Danielle Carroll
- Department of Radiology, The University of Arizona, Medical Research Building, P.O. Box 245215, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Sam Day
- Department of Radiology, The University of Arizona, Medical Research Building, P.O. Box 245215, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Heather Gray
- Department of Radiology, The University of Arizona, Medical Research Building, P.O. Box 245215, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Pooja Sadarangani
- Department of Radiology, The University of Arizona, Medical Research Building, P.O. Box 245215, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Shiva Murthi
- Department of Radiology, The University of Arizona, Medical Research Building, P.O. Box 245215, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Constantin Job
- Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Biotechnology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Brenda Baggett
- Department of Radiology, The University of Arizona, Medical Research Building, P.O. Box 245215, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Natarajan Raghunand
- Department of Radiology, The University of Arizona, Medical Research Building, P.O. Box 245215, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Robert J. Gillies
- Department of Radiology, The University of Arizona, Medical Research Building, P.O. Box 245215, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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174
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Zavlaris M, Angelopoulou K, Vlemmas I, Papaioannou N. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression in canine mammary tissues: a specific marker for malignancy? Anticancer Res 2009; 29:319-325. [PMID: 19331168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), the catalytic subunit of the enzyme telomerase, is expressed in virtually all human tumors. Telomerase activity has also been reported in the majority of canine tumors and dogTERT also correlates with the enzyme activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS DogTERT expression in normal and malignant mammary tissues was investigated by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. RESULTS Using a highly specific TERT antibody in canins for the first time, immunoreactivity was identified in 46/50 malignant tumors, 26/50 adjacent to the tumor mammary tissues and 0/4 healthy mammary tissues. Two patterns of immunostaining were observed: cytoplasmic and concomitant nuclear and cytoplasmic. DogTERT mRNA was detected in 48/50 malignant tissues, 44/50 adjacent mammary tissues and in 2/4 healthy mammary tissues. CONCLUSION The observation that normal canine mammary epithelium expresses TERT challenges the conventional view that this gene is repressed in somatic and activated in malignant cells and supports the notion that dogTERT may not be a useful marker for canine mammary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zavlaris
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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175
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Paz MM, Ladwa S, Champeil E, Liu Y, Rockwell S, Boamah EK, Bargonetti J, Callahan J, Roach J, Tomasz M. Mapping DNA adducts of mitomycin C and decarbamoyl mitomycin C in cell lines using liquid chromatography/ electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:2370-8. [PMID: 19053323 PMCID: PMC2630229 DOI: 10.1021/tx8002615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The antitumor antibiotic and cancer chemotherapeutic agent mitomycin C (MC) alkylates and crosslinks DNA, forming six major MC-deoxyguanosine adducts of known structures in vitro and in vivo. Two of these adducts are derived from 2,7-diaminomitosene (2,7-DAM), a nontoxic reductive metabolite of MC formed in cells in situ. Several methods have been used for the analysis of MC-DNA adducts in the past; however, a need exists for a safer, more comprehensive and direct assay of the six-adduct complex. Development of an assay, based on mass spectrometry, is described. DNA from EMT6 mouse mammary tumor cells, Fanconi Anemia-A fibroblasts, normal human fibroblasts, and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was isolated after MC or 10-decarbamoyl mitomycin C (DMC) treatment of the cells, digested to nucleosides, and submitted to liquid chromatography electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Two fragments of each parent ion were monitored ("multiple reaction monitoring"). Identification and quantitative analysis were based on a standard mixture of six adducts, the preparation of which is described here in detail. The lower limit of detection of adducts is estimated as 0.25 pmol. Three initial applications of this method are reported as follows: (i) differential kinetics of adduct repair in EMT6 cells, (ii) analysis of adducts in MC- or DMC-treated Fanconi Anemia cells, and (iii) comparison of the adducts generated by treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with MC and DMC. Notable results are the following: Repair removal of the DNA interstrand cross-link and of the two adducts of 2,7-DAM is relatively slow; both MC and DMC generate DNA interstrand cross-links in human fibroblasts, Fanconi Anemia-A fibroblasts, and MCF-7 cells as well as EMT6 cells; and DMC shows a stereochemical preference of linkage to the guanine-2-amino group opposite from that of MC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Tomasz
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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176
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Marcotte R, Muller WJ. Signal transduction in transgenic mouse models of human breast cancer--implications for human breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:323-35. [PMID: 18651209 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMs) of human breast cancer, have provided important insight into molecular basis or human breast cancer. This review will focus on two of the most extensively studied mouse models for human breast cancer involving mammary gland specific expression of the polyoma middle T (PyV MT) antigen and of the ErbB2. In addition, this review will discuss past and recent advances in understanding relative contribution of the signaling pathways in tumor induction and metastasis by these potent mammary oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Marcotte
- Molecular Oncology Group, Royal Victoria Hospital, room H5.21, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A1
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177
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Abstract
The mouse model for breast cancer has developed into a most effective means of dissecting and understanding this devastating disease. The inbred transgenic mouse lends itself to biological, molecular, immunological, and genetic studies. The observation, dissection, transplantation, and subsequent amplification of precancerous mammary lesions and tumors give the scientist the means to readily study the tissues and design interventions and therapeutic drugs for the future eventual control of breast cancer. There are many inbred strains of mice, selected for specific characteristics. The mouse is easy to handle, breeds well, and does not require extensive facilities, funding, and handling such as monkeys, chimps, and other animal models. A huge advantage is the capability for the transplantation of tissues as well as gene manipulation, which make the transgenic mouse a major research resource. The mouse has served the scientific community well for over a century and will continue to do so in the quest for understanding breast cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J T Young
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Hutchison and County Road 98, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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178
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Moral R, Solanas M, Garcia G, Grau L, Vela E, Escrich R, Escrich E. High corn oil and high extra virgin olive oil diets have different effects on the expression of differentiation-related genes in experimental mammary tumors. Oncol Rep 2008; 20:429-435. [PMID: 18636208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary lipids can modify the clinical behavior and morphological features of experimental breast tumors. We previously demonstrated that a high corn oil diet has a tumor-enhancing effect in 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary adenocarcinomas, whereas a high olive oil diet acts as a negative modulator of carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated whether these high fat diets modulate the expression of genes related to differentiation. Rats were induced with DMBA and fed a low fat diet, a high corn oil diet, a high olive oil diet, or both high fat diets. The expression levels of the mammary differentiation biomarkers alpha-casein, beta-casein and transferrin and of beta-actin and its transporter zipcode binding protein 1 (ZBP1) were analyzed by Northern and/or Western blot in the mammary adenocarcinomas. The high fat diets did not induce changes in the expression of caseins, while transferrin expression was increased as a result of the high olive oil diet. beta-actin mRNA levels were higher in the high fat diet groups, though no changes in the protein levels were observed. The expression of ZBP1, a protein reported as having a role in carcinogenesis, was significantly increased by the high corn oil diet. These results suggest that in this model caseins are not good biomarkers of the changes in tumor morphological differentiation conferred by the high fat diets. The modulation of transferrin and ZBP1 expression by the high olive oil and the high corn oil diets could be one of the mechanisms by which such diets have a different influence on mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Moral
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Medical School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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179
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Kurz SG, Hansen KK, McLaughlin MT, Shivaswamy V, Schaffer BS, Gould KA, McComb RD, Meza JL, Shull JD. Tissue-specific actions of the Ept1, Ept2, Ept6, and Ept9 genetic determinants of responsiveness to estrogens in the female rat. Endocrinology 2008; 149:3850-9. [PMID: 18420736 PMCID: PMC2488241 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ept1, Ept2, Ept6, and Ept9 are quantitative trait loci mapped in crosses between the ACI and Copenhagen (COP) rat strains as genetic determinants of responsiveness of the pituitary gland to estrogens. We have developed four congenic rat strains, each of which carries, on the genetic background of the ACI rat strain, alleles from the COP rat strain that span one of these quantitative trait loci. Relative to the female ACI rats, female ACI.COP-Ept1 rats exhibited reduced responsiveness to 17beta-estradiol (E2) in the pituitary gland, as evidenced by quantification of pituitary mass and circulating prolactin, and in the mammary gland, as evidenced by reduced susceptibility to E2-induced mammary cancer. The ACI.COP-Ept2 rat strain exhibited reduced responsiveness to E2 in the pituitary gland but did not differ from the ACI strain in regard to susceptibility to E2-induced mammary cancer. Interestingly, female Ept2 congenic rats exhibited increased responsiveness to E2 in the thymus, as evidenced by enhanced thymic atrophy. The ACI.COP-Ept6 rat strain exhibited increased responsiveness to E2 in the pituitary gland, which was associated with a qualitative phenotype suggestive of enhanced pituitary vascularization. The ACI.COP-Ept9 rat strain exhibited reduced responsiveness to E2 in the anterior pituitary gland, relative to the ACI rat strain. Neither Ept6 nor Ept9 impacted responsiveness to E2 in the mammary gland or thymus. These data indicate that each of these Ept genetic determinants of estrogen action is unique in regard to the tissues in which it exerts its effects and/or the direction of its effect on estrogen responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Kurz
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, 6005 Durham Research Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5805, USA
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180
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Verschoyle RD, Brown K, Steward WP, Gescher AJ. Consumption of silibinin, a flavonolignan from milk thistle, and mammary cancer development in the C3(1) SV40 T,t antigen transgenic multiple mammary adenocarcinoma (TAg) mouse. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 62:369-72. [PMID: 17909802 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Silibinin is a flavonolignan extracted from milk thistle with cancer chemopreventive activity in preclinical models of prostate and colorectal cancer. A milk thistle extract, of which silibin is a major component, has recently been shown to exacerbate mammary carcinogenesis in two rodent models. We tested the hypothesis that consumption of silibinin or silipide, a silibinin formulation with pharmaceutical properties superior to the unformulated agent, affect breast cancer development in the C3(1) SV40 T,t antigen transgenic multiple mammary adenocarcinoma mouse model. Mice received silibinin or silipide (0.2% silibinin equivalents) with their diet from weaning, and tumour development was monitored by weekly palpation and the number and weight of neoplasms at the end of the experiment. Intervention neither promoted, nor interfered with, tumour development. The result suggests that promotion of carcinogenesis is not a feature of silibinin consistent across rodent models of mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Verschoyle
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, RKCSB, LRI, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
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181
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Seixas F, Palmeira C, Pires MA, Lopes C. Are complex carcinoma of the feline mammary gland and other invasive mammary carcinoma identical tumours? Comparison of clinicopathologic features, DNA ploidy and follow up. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84:428-33. [PMID: 17663997 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline mammary carcinomas are known for their unfavourable prognosis due to a strong tendency to local recurrence and metastasis. We studied 73 spontaneous primary mammary carcinomas and identified eight cases presenting a biphasic nature, with neoplastic epithelial and myoepithelial cells (complex carcinoma). These cases presented histopathologic features associated with a better prognosis; they were also associated with higher overall survival and disease-free survival rates compared to other common invasive mammary carcinomas of non-specified type. Complex carcinoma appears to be a low-grade malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Seixas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-811 Vila Real, Portugal.
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182
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Calogero RA, Cordero F, Forni G, Cavallo F. Inflammation and breast cancer. Inflammatory component of mammary carcinogenesis in ErbB2 transgenic mice. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 9:211. [PMID: 17705881 PMCID: PMC2206718 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses genes differentially expressed in the mammary gland transcriptome during the progression of mammary carcinogenesis in BALB/c mice that are transgenic for the rat neu (ERBB2, or HER-2/neu) oncogene (BALB-neuT664V-E mice). The Ingenuity knowledge database was used to characterize four functional association networks whose hub genes are directly linked to inflammation (specifically, the genes encoding IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor, interferon-γ, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CC chemokine ligand-2) and are increasingly expressed during such progression. In silico meta-analysis in a human breast cancer dataset suggests that proinflammatory activation in the mammary glands of these mice reflects a general pattern of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Adolfo Calogero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Cordero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Guido Forni
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
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183
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Ray
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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184
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Gordon RR, Hunter KW, La Merrill M, Sørensen P, Threadgill DW, Pomp D. Genotype X diet interactions in mice predisposed to mammary cancer: II. Tumors and metastasis. Mamm Genome 2008; 19:179-89. [PMID: 18288525 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-008-9096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High dietary fat intake and obesity may increase the risk of susceptibility to certain forms of cancer. To study the interactions of dietary fat, obesity, and metastatic mammary cancer, we created a population of F(2) mice cosegregating obesity QTL and the MMTV-PyMT transgene. We fed the F(2) mice either a very high-fat or a matched-control-fat diet, and we measured growth, body composition, age at mammary tumor onset, tumor number and severity, and formation of pulmonary metastases. SNP genotyping across the genome facilitated analyses of QTL and QTL x diet interaction effects. Here we describe effects of diet on mammary tumor and metastases phenotypes, mapping of tumor/metastasis modifier genes, and the interaction between dietary fat levels and effects of cancer modifiers. Results demonstrate that animals fed a high-fat diet are not only more likely to experience decreased mammary cancer latency but increased tumor growth and pulmonary metastases occurrence over an equivalent time. We identified 25 modifier loci for mammary cancer and pulmonary metastasis, likely representing 13 unique loci after accounting for pleiotropy, and novel QTL x diet interactions at a majority of these loci. These findings highlight the importance of accurately modeling not only the human cancer characteristics in mice but also the environmental exposures of human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Gordon
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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185
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Nagamatsu K, Tsuchiya F, Oguma K, Maruyama H, Kano R, Hasegawa A. The effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the Bcl-2 gene on apoptosis and chemosensitivity in a canine mammary gland tumor cell line. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84:49-55. [PMID: 17537469 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 03/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether downregulation of Bcl-2 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the canine Bcl-2 gene would enhance the apoptosis and sensitivity of a canine mammary gland tumor cell line (CF33) to doxorubicin. Transfections of CF33 with siRNA were performed using cationic liposomes. Sequence-specific downregulation of Bcl-2 expression was measured by semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Total viable cells were determined by MTS assay and apoptotic cell rates were determined by the immunohistochemical analysis on ssDNA. Our data showed the siRNA downregulated Bcl-2 expression which increased apotosis and also increased the sensitivity of CF33 to doxorubicin. This study indicated that downregulation of Bcl-2 expression by siRNA would be useful as a new protocol to increase the effect of doxorubicin on treatment of canine mammary gland tumors, requiring a detailed evaluation of siRNA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Nagamatsu
- Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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186
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Morris JS, Nixon C, Bruck A, Nasir L, Morgan IM, Philbey AW. Immunohistochemical expression of TopBP1 in feline mammary neoplasia in relation to histological grade, Ki67, ERα and p53. Vet J 2008; 175:218-26. [PMID: 17336111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunohistochemical expression of topoisomerase IIbeta binding protein 1 (TopBP1) was examined in 123 feline mammary lesions (18 non-neoplastic lesions including six fibroadenomatous hyperplasia and 12 duct ectasia, 17 adenomas and 88 carcinomas) in relation to histological grade, oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) status, proliferation index (Ki67) and p53 expression. There was positive staining for TopBP1 in 122 of 123 feline mammary lesions, although nine samples had fewer than 20% positive cells. The percentage of cells positive for TopBP1 increased with histological grade. Most staining was nuclear but both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining was observed as the degree of malignancy increased. TopBP1 is expressed in feline mammary tumours and its expression is correlated with histological grade. Many neoplasms which over-express p53 or are ERalpha negative show TopBP1 immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Morris
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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187
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Schlezinger JJ, Liu D, Farago M, Seldin DC, Belguise K, Sonenshein GE, Sherr DH. A role for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mammary gland tumorigenesis. Biol Chem 2008; 387:1175-87. [PMID: 16972784 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor bound and activated by ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Historically, the AhR has been studied for its transcriptional regulation of genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes, which metabolize many of these chemicals into mutagenic and toxic intermediates. However, recent studies demonstrate that the AhR plays an important role in the biology of several cell types in the absence of environmental chemicals. Here, this paradigm shift is discussed in the context of a putative role for the AhR in mammary gland tumorigenesis. Data demonstrating high levels of constitutively active AhR in mammary tumors are summarized. Particular focus is placed on the likelihood that the AhR contributes to ongoing mammary tumor cell growth and on the possibility that the AhR inhibits apoptosis while promoting transition to an invasive, metastatic phenotype. A working model is proposed that may help explain the sometimes contradictory outcomes observed after AhR manipulation and that serves as a blueprint for the design of therapeutics which target the AhR in breast cancer. The theme that malignant cells reveal the functions for which the AhR has been evolutionarily conserved is presented throughout this discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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188
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Owen JL, Torroella-Kouri M, Iragavarapu-Charyulu V. Molecular events involved in the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by T lymphocytes of mammary tumor-bearing mice. Int J Mol Med 2008; 21:125-134. [PMID: 18097625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of extracellular proteinases whose contributions to cancer progression have been studied because of their matrix-degrading abilities and elevated expression in advanced stage tumors. Recent findings suggest a role for MMPs during the multiple stages of tumor progression including establishment and growth, migration, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. MMP-9 regulation at the molecular level can be studied by measuring the effect(s) of a variety of physiological and pharmacological agents on cells. Multiple signaling molecules such as protein kinase C, pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide-binding protein G, and protein tyrosine kinases are known to mediate the secretion of MMPs in cell lines. We previously reported an upregulation of MMP-9 in T cells of mammary tumor-bearing mice. In this study, pharmacologic inhibitors were used to dissect the signaling pathways involved in the upregulation of MMP-9 in the splenic T cells of normal and mammary tumor-bearing mice. Staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor, stimulated MMP-9 secretion by normal T lymphocytes, while the constitutively high levels of MMP-9 produced by tumor bearers' T cells were decreased by Genistein, a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and Rottlerin, a PKC inhibitor. Using a NF-kappaB specific probe to the murine MMP-9 promoter, electromobility shift assays of nuclear proteins from normal and tumor bearers' splenic T cells revealed a pattern of higher intensity bands from the tumor bearers' nuclear extracts, indicating a greater amount of these transcription factors bound to the recognition motif. When mammary tumor bearers' T cells were cultured with the NF-kappaB inhibitors, N-p-Tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride and Bay 11-7082, there was a subsequent decreased production of MMP-9. These results suggest that the tumor burden may be activating various signaling pathways within splenic T lymphocytes to upregulate MMP-9 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism
- I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism
- Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/enzymology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phosphotyrosine/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA Stability/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Owen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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189
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Saal LH, Gruvberger-Saal SK, Persson C, Lövgren K, Jumppanen M, Staaf J, Jönsson G, Pires MM, Maurer M, Holm K, Koujak S, Subramaniyam S, Vallon-Christersson J, Olsson H, Su T, Memeo L, Ludwig T, Ethier SP, Krogh M, Szabolcs M, Murty VVVS, Isola J, Hibshoosh H, Parsons R, Borg A. Recurrent gross mutations of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in breast cancers with deficient DSB repair. Nat Genet 2008; 40:102-7. [PMID: 18066063 PMCID: PMC3018354 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2007.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancer (BBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis. Inherited mutations of BRCA1, a cancer susceptibility gene involved in double-strand DNA break (DSB) repair, lead to breast cancers that are nearly always of the BBC subtype; however, the precise molecular lesions and oncogenic consequences of BRCA1 dysfunction are poorly understood. Here we show that heterozygous inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene Pten leads to the formation of basal-like mammary tumors in mice, and that loss of PTEN expression is significantly associated with the BBC subtype in human sporadic and BRCA1-associated hereditary breast cancers. In addition, we identify frequent gross PTEN mutations, involving intragenic chromosome breaks, inversions, deletions and micro copy number aberrations, specifically in BRCA1-deficient tumors. These data provide an example of a specific and recurrent oncogenic consequence of BRCA1-dependent dysfunction in DNA repair and provide insight into the pathogenesis of BBC with therapeutic implications. These findings also argue that obtaining an accurate census of genes mutated in cancer will require a systematic examination for gross gene rearrangements, particularly in tumors with deficient DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lao H Saal
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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190
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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191
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Wicha MS. Breast cancer stem cells: the other side of the story. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:110-2; discussion 113. [PMID: 17873342 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-007-0016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max S Wicha
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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192
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Pryzimirska TV, Pogribny IP, Chekhun VF. The impact of tumor growth on plasma homocysteine levels and tissue-specific DNA methylation in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. Exp Oncol 2007; 29:262-266. [PMID: 18199980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elevation in plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations has been associated with several types of human cancer; however, the major unanswered question whether or not hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with cancer pathogenesis and is an indicator of tumorigenesis, remains elusive. AIM To define the impact of tumor growth on the levels of plasma Hcy and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms related to the tumor-associated hyperhomocysteinemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female Wistar rats were inoculated subcutaneously with Walker-256 mammary carcinoma cells. The dynamic of tumor growth, the concentrations of plasma Hcy, and status of DNA methylation in the livers and tumors in tumor-bearing rats were determined. RESULTS The results of our study demonstrated that development and progression of Walker-256 tumors is associated with both progressive hyperhomocysteinemia and tumor-specific genomic hypomethylation. The pattern of changes in the plasma Hcy concentrations was consistent with linear increase in DNA hypomethylation in tumors and with expansion of Walker-256 tumors. There was significant correlation of the concentrations of plasma Hcy with both parameters (r = 0.73 and r = 0.88, respectively; p 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of the study provided evidence that growth of Walker-256 tumors is associated with the increased levels of plasma Hcy. More importantly, these findings suggest that an underlying cause of hyperhomocysteinemia in tumor-bearing rats is related to the altered cellular methylation reactions in tumor cells and to tumor proliferation rate, and may serve as metabolic biomarker of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Pryzimirska
- RE Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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193
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Tront JS, Hoffman B, Liebermann DA. Gadd45a suppresses Ras-driven mammary tumorigenesis by activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 stress signaling resulting in apoptosis and senescence. Cancer Res 2007; 66:8448-54. [PMID: 16951155 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Gadd45 family of proteins is known to play a central role as cellular stress sensors that modulate the response of mammalian cells to stress inflicted by physiologic and environmental stressors. Gadd45a was shown to be a direct target to the p53 and BRCA1 tumor suppressor genes, whose loss of function is known to play a vital role in breast carcinogenesis; however, the role of Gadd45a in the suppression of breast cancer remains unclear. To address this issue, Gadd45a-deficient mice were crossed with breast cancer prone mouse mammary tumor virus-Ras mice to generate mice that express activated Ras and differ in their Gadd45a status. Using this mouse model, we show that the loss of Gadd45a accelerates Ras-driven mammary tumor formation, exhibiting increased growth rates and a more aggressive histologic phenotype. Moreover, it is shown that accelerated Ras-driven tumor formation in the absence of Gadd45a results in both a decrease in apoptosis, which is linked to a decrease in c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, and a decrease in Ras-induced senescence, which is correlated with a decrease in p38 kinase activation. Altogether, these results provide a novel model for the tumor-suppressive function of Gadd45a in the context of Ras-driven breast carcinogenesis, showing that Gadd45a elicits its function through activation of the stress-induced JNK and p38 kinases, which contribute to increase in apoptosis and Ras-induced senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Tront
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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194
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Mortara L, Castellani P, Meazza R, Tosi G, De Lerma Barbaro A, Procopio FA, Comes A, Zardi L, Ferrini S, Accolla RS. CIITA-induced MHC class II expression in mammary adenocarcinoma leads to a Th1 polarization of the tumor microenvironment, tumor rejection, and specific antitumor memory. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:3435-43. [PMID: 16740768 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have shown previously that the MHC class II-negative murine TS/A adenocarcinoma is rejected in vivo if induced to express MHC class II molecules by transfection of the MHC class II transactivator CIITA. In this study, we explored the immunologic basis of tumor rejection and the correlation between histopathology of tumor tissue and immune rejection. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Stable TS/A-CIITA transfectants were generated and injected into mice. In vivo cell depletion, immunohistochemistry of tumor tissues, and immune functional assays were done to assess the cellular and immunologic basis of rejection. RESULTS Ninety-two percent of mice injected with TS/A-CIITA rejected the tumor and were completely resistant to challenge with parental TS/A. Only CD4+ and CD8+ cells were required for rejection. The tumor microenvironment in TS/A-CIITA-injected mice changed dramatically when compared with the TS/A parental-injected mice. Rapid infiltration with CD4+ T cells followed by dendritic cells, CD8+ T cells, and granulocytes was observed. Importantly, TS/A-CIITA cells could act as antigen-presenting cells because they process and present nominal antigens to CD4+ T cells. Tumor-specific CD4+ T cells of TS/A-CIITA-injected mice had the functional characteristics of Th1 cells and produced IFN-gamma and this was relevant for generation and maintenance of protective antitumor response, because IFN-gamma knockout mice were no longer rejecting TS/A-CIITA tumor cells. CONCLUSION CIITA-dependent MHC class II expression confers to TS/A tumor cells the capacity to act as a protective vaccine against the tumor by triggering tumor antigen presentation to T helper cells, antitumor polarization of cellular and soluble components of the tumor microenvironment, and establishment of antitumor immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mortara
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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195
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Yuan Y, Qin L, Liu D, Wu RC, Mussi P, Zhou S, Songyang Z, Xu J. Genetic screening reveals an essential role of p27kip1 in restriction of breast cancer progression. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8032-42. [PMID: 17804714 PMCID: PMC2412956 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genetic changes and mechanisms underlying the progression of estrogen-dependent breast cancers to estrogen-independent, antiestrogen-resistant, and metastatic breast cancers are unclear despite being a major problem in endocrine therapy. To identify genes responsible for this progression, we carried out a genetic screening by an enhanced retroviral mutagen (ERM)-mediated random mutagenesis in the estrogen-dependent T47D breast cancer cells. We found that T47D cells contain only one p27kip1 (p27) allele coding for the p27 cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor. An ERM insertion into the p27 locus of T47D cells disrupted the p27 gene and created estrogen-independent and antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer cells that still maintained functional estrogen receptors. Disruption of p27 in T47D cells resulted in several changes, and most of these changes could be rescued by p27 restoration. First, CDK2 activity was increased in the absence of estrogen or in the presence of estrogen antagonists tamoxifen or ICI 182780; second, amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1), a cancer overexpressed transcriptional coactivator, was hyperphosphorylated, which made AIB1 a better coactivator for E2F1; and third, growth factor receptor binding protein 2-associated binder 2 (Gab2) and Akt activity were increased following E2F1 overactivation, leading to a significant enhancement of cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, the p27-deficient cells, but not T47D control cells, developed lung metastasis in an ovarian hormone-independent manner when they were i.v. injected into nude mice. In sum, loss of p27 activated AIB1, E2F1, Gab2, and Akt; increased cell migration and invasion; caused antiestrogen insensitivity; and promoted metastasis of breast cancer cells. These findings suggest that p27 plays an essential role in restriction of breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Yuan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ray-Chang Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paola Mussi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Suoling Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhou Songyang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
- *Correspondence: Jianming Xu, Ph.D., Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor,College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
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196
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Abstract
Cancer progression-the evolution of malignant tumors towards metastatic dissemination-is a complex, multistep process orchestrated by neoplastic cells but aided by elements of the tumor microenvironment such as macrophages, activated fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. During tumor progression, cancer cells acquire a number of traits, such as the ability to undergo unrestrained proliferation, to resist pro-apoptotic insults, and to invade through tissue boundaries. Genetic and epigenetic changes conspire to drive the emergence of these traits against the backdrop of host selection. It is becoming increasingly clear that certain integrins and integrin-signaling components amplify oncogenic signaling to promote tumor progression. Mouse models of cancer provide useful, if not necessary, experimental systems to study tumor initiation and progression in vivo and to test novel therapeutic approaches. We have utilized mouse models of mammary tumorigenesis to examine the role of integrin alpha6beta4 signaling in tumor progression in vivo. In this chapter, we describe a collection of cell biological and genetic methods that may aid in characterizing the roles of integrin signals in mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Pylayeva
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and Sloan-Kettering Division, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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197
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Wang WB, Zhou YL, Heng DF, Miao CH, Cao YL. Combination of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and canstatin gene suppression therapy on breast tumor xenograft growth in mice. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 110:283-95. [PMID: 17899369 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene therapy and canstatin gene therapy have been investigated extensively in human xenograft tumor models established in immunocompromised nude mice. However, combination antitumor activity of these two agents and the safety of such gene constructs driven by the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter in nude mice have not been well documented. We hypothesized that TRAIL and canstatin gene therapy driven by the hTERT promoter might overcome the problem of liver toxicity and still effectively induce apoptosis on tumor cells. In this study, we evaluated the antitumor effects of TRAIL in human breast cancer cell lines and the antiangiogenic effects of canstatin on ECV204 cells. We also analyzed the effects of combined gene therapy using both TRAIL and canstatin in a human breast cancer nude mouse model. Tumor growth, tumor inhibition rate of each group, and toxicity were evaluated after gene therapy. Our results demonstrate that treatment using the canstatin- or TRAIL-expressing vector alone significantly suppresses tumor growth, compared to PBS or a vector control. We also found that combining these two therapies had greater antitumor activity than either treatment alone in the mouse model. Moreover, induction of apoptosis was not detected in normal mouse tissues after intratumoral injection of vectors and liver toxicity did not occur with either treatment. Thus, the combination of TRAIL and canstatin appears to be a promising approach for the gene therapy of breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Wang
- Prenatal Medical Diagnosis Center of Xiamen Maternal & Child Health Care Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China.
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198
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Cao Y, Luo JL, Karin M. IkappaB kinase alpha kinase activity is required for self-renewal of ErbB2/Her2-transformed mammary tumor-initiating cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:15852-7. [PMID: 17890319 PMCID: PMC2000410 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706728104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-kappaB is constitutively active in many solid tumors, including breast cancer. However, the role of NF-kappaB in breast carcinogenesis is unknown. Ikkalpha(AA/AA) "knockin" mice in which activation of IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha) is prevented by replacement of activation loop serines with alanines exhibit delayed mammary gland growth during pregnancy, because IKKalpha activity is required for cyclin D1 induction and proliferation of lobuloalveolar epithelial cells. Given the role of cyclin D1 in breast and mammary cancer, we examined involvement of IKKalpha in mammary carcinogenesis induced by oncogenes or a chemical carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). The Ikkalpha(AA) mutation retarded tumor development in response to either 7,12-dimethylbenzaanthracene or the MMTV-c-neu (ErbB2/Her2) transgene but had no effect on MMTV-v-Ha-ras-induced cancer, although both oncogenes rely on cyclin D1. Strikingly, primary Ikkalpha(AA/AA)/MMTV-c-neu carcinoma cells exhibited diminished self-renewal capacity, resulting in the inability to establish secondary tumors. Ikkalpha(AA/AA)/MMTV-c-neu carcinoma cells underwent premature senescence when cultured under conditions used for propagation of mammary gland stem cells. Thus, IKKalpha is not only a regulator of mammary epithelial proliferation, but is also an important contributor to ErbB2-induced oncogenesis, providing signals that maintain mammary tumor-initiating cells. IKKalpha may represent a novel and specific target for treatment of ErbB2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Cao
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723
| | - Jun-li Luo
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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199
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Ordás J, Millán Y, Dios R, Reymundo C, Martín de las Mulas J. Proto-oncogene HER-2 in normal, dysplastic and tumorous feline mammary glands: an immunohistochemical and chromogenic in situ hybridization study. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:179. [PMID: 17880730 PMCID: PMC2045669 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feline mammary carcinoma has been proposed as a natural model of highly aggressive, hormone-independent human breast cancer. To further explore the utility of the model by adding new similarities between the two diseases, we have analyzed the oncogene HER-2 status at both the protein and the gene levels. Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 30 invasive carcinomas, 7 benign lesions and two normal mammary glands were analyzed. Tumour features with prognostic value were recorded. The expression of protein HER-2 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and the number of gene copies by means of DNA chromogenic in situ hybridization. Results Immunohistochemical HER-2 protein overexpression was found in 40% of feline mammary carcinomas, a percentage higher to that observed in human breast carcinoma. As in women, feline tumours with HER-2 protein overexpression had pathological features of high malignancy. However, amplification of HER-2 was detected in 16% of carcinomas with protein overexpression, a percentage much lower than that observed in their human counterpart. Conclusion Feline mammary carcinoma would be a suitable natural model of that subset of human breast carcinomas with HER-2 protein overexpression without gene amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ordás
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera de Madrid- Cádiz Km 396 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Yolanda Millán
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera de Madrid- Cádiz Km 396 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafaela Dios
- Departamento de Estadística, Econometría, Investigación Operativa y Organización de Empresas, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera de Madrid-Cádiz Km. 396 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Reymundo
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14001 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juana Martín de las Mulas
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera de Madrid- Cádiz Km 396 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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200
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Laufer M, Nandula SV, Modi AP, Wang S, Jasin M, Murty VVVS, Ludwig T, Baer R. Structural requirements for the BARD1 tumor suppressor in chromosomal stability and homology-directed DNA repair. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:34325-33. [PMID: 17848578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705198200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRCA1 tumor suppressor exists as a heterodimeric complex with BARD1, and this complex is thought to mediate many of the functions ascribed to BRCA1, including its role in tumor suppression. The two proteins share a common structural organization that features an N-terminal RING domain and two C-terminal BRCT motifs, whereas BARD1 alone also contains three tandem ankyrin repeats. In normal cells, the BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer is believed to enhance chromosome stability by promoting homology-directed repair (HDR) of double strand DNA breaks. Here we have investigated the structural requirements for BARD1 in this process by complementation of Bard1-null mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Our results demonstrate that the ankyrin and BRCT motifs of BARD1 are each essential for both chromosome stability and HDR. Tandem BRCT motifs, including those found at the C terminus of BARD1, are known to form a phosphoprotein recognition module. Nonetheless, the HDR function of BARD1 was not perturbed by synthetic mutations predicted to ablate the phospho-recognition activity of its BRCT sequences, suggesting that some functions of the BRCT domains are not dependent on their ability to bind phosphorylated ligands. Also, cancer-associated missense mutations in the BRCT domains of BARD1 (e.g. C557S, Q564H, V695L, and S761N) have been observed in patients with breast, ovarian, and endometrial tumors. However, none of these was found to affect the HDR activity of BARD1, suggesting that any increased cancer risk conferred by these mutations is not because of defects in this repair mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Laufer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
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