151
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Traynor TR, Majde JA, Bohnet SG, Krueger JM. Interferon type I receptor-deficient mice have altered disease symptoms in response to influenza virus. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:311-22. [PMID: 17098395 PMCID: PMC1820588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of type I interferons (IFNs) in mediation of acute viral symptoms (fever, somnolence, anorexia, etc.) is unknown. To determine the role of type I IFN in selected symptom development, body temperature and sleep responses to a marginally lethal dose of X-31 influenza virus were examined in mice with a targeted mutation of the IFN receptor type I (IFN-RI knockouts) and compared to wild-type 129 SvEv control mice. Mice were monitored for 48 h to determine baseline temperature and sleep profiles prior to infection, and then for 9 days following infection. Hypothermic responses to virus were perceptible beginning at 64 h post-infection (PI) and were more marked in KO mice until 108 h, when hypothermia became more exaggerated in wild-type controls. Temperatures of wild-type mice continued to decline through day 9 while temperatures in IFN-RI KO mice stabilized. Time spent in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) increased in KO mice when hypothermia was marked and then returned to baseline levels, while NREMS continued to increase in wild-type mice through day 9. Other sleep parameters [time spent in rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), relative NREMS EEG slow wave activity, NREMS EEG power density] were all reduced in wild-type mice compared to KOs from days 3 to 8 while REMS low frequency EEG power density increased in wild-type relative to KOs. In conclusion, our results indicate that the presence of functional type I IFN slightly ameliorates disease symptoms early in the X-31 infection while exacerbating disease symptoms later in the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R Traynor
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646520, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, USA
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152
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Ellis JA, Martin BV, Waldner C, Dyer KD, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF. Mucosal inoculation with an attenuated mouse pneumovirus strain protects against virulent challenge in wild type and interferon-gamma receptor deficient mice. Vaccine 2007; 25:1085-95. [PMID: 17052820 PMCID: PMC1922442 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protective mechanisms underlying the responses to mucosal vaccination are not yet clearly defined. Using the natural mouse pneumovirus pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), we explore responses of wild type and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) receptor gene-deleted mice to virulent challenge after mucosal vaccination with an attenuated virus strain. Serum neutralizing antibodies develop after intranasal inoculation with 30 pfu of attenuated, replication-competent PVM strain 15, which correlate with diminished gross and microscopic pulmonary pathology and protection from weight loss in response to subsequent challenge with the virulent parent PVM strain J3666. Virus replication in response to challenge was blunted in PVM strain 15 vaccinated mice, as was local production of secretory mediators IFNgamma, TNF-alpha, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-2. Interestingly, responses of vaccinated IFNgamma receptor gene-deleted mice were indistinguishable from those of the wild type, suggesting that IFNgamma signaling may not be crucial for the generation of adaptive responses to pneumovirus infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Ellis
- Western Veterinary Medical College, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brittany V. Martin
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- Western Veterinary Medical College, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kimberly D. Dyer
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Helene F. Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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153
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Nagineni CN, Cherukuri KS, Kutty V, Detrick B, Hooks JJ. Interferon-gamma differentially regulates TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells through JAK-STAT pathway. J Cell Physiol 2007; 210:192-200. [PMID: 17013806 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) have been shown to be involved in various retinal diseases. We have studied the role of inflammatory cytokines on the expression and secretion of TGF-beta in human RPE cells (HRPE). Confluent cultures of HRPE derived from donor eyes were used. RT-PCR analyses showed that TNF-alpha and IL-1beta increased the mRNA levels of both TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2. IFN-gamma enhanced constitutively expressed, as well as, TNF-alpha-and IL-1beta-induced TGF-beta1 mRNA levels but decreased TGF-beta2 mRNA. The effects of these cytokines on TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 secretion correlated with the mRNA levels. TGF-beta1 was always produced as the latent form while 21-31% of TGF-beta2 was in the active form. IFN-gamma reduced the production of active form of TGF-beta2 to 4-9%. TGF-beta3 secretion was not detectable under any of the conditions. The Real-Time PCR analysis of TGF-beta mRNAs confirmed the observed results. The TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 secretion was induced by TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta1, respectively. Under these conditions, the contrasting effects of IFN-gamma on TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 secretion were also observed. JAK inhibitor selectively inhibited IFN-gamma induced TGF-beta1 secretion and mRNA levels while reversing the inhibitory effects of IFN-gamma on TGF-beta2. Analyses of transcription factor activity strongly indicated the role of STAT-1 but not NFkappaB, C-Myc, C-Jun, SP-1, MEF-2. Our data demonstrate that IFN-gamma differentially regulates constitutively expressed, as well as, cytokine-induced TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 mRNA levels and secretion of TGF-betas by HRPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekharam N Nagineni
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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154
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Takahara M, Kis LL, Nagy N, Liu A, Harabuchi Y, Klein G, Klein E. Concomitant increase of LMP1 and CD25 (IL-2-receptor alpha) expression induced by IL-10 in the EBV-positive NK lines SNK6 and KAI3. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:2775-83. [PMID: 17013900 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Extranodal, nasal NK/T-cell lymphomas are regularly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive, with a type II latency pattern, expressing thus EBNA-1 and LMP1. The contribution of EBV to the tumor development is not known. Similarly to normal natural killer (NK) cells, cell lines derived from malignancies with a NK phenotype require IL-2 for in vitro proliferation. In our effort to explore the contribution of EBV, particularly the role of the LMP1 protein, to the pathogenesis of the NK lymphoma we found that its expression, studied in the NK-lines SNK6 and KAI3, depended on the supply of IL-2 or other cytokines. In the absence of IL-2 other cytokines, such as IL-10 and IFN-gamma, could maintain LMP1, but the cells did not proliferate. When grown in IL-2, the SNK6 cells produced IL-10 and IFN-gamma, and these cytokines mediated the expression of LMP1. IL-10 treatment enhanced, while IFN-gamma receptor blocking antibody reduced, the expression of CD25 and CD54 in the EBV-positive, but not in the EBV-negative lines. IL-10 treated cells required lower amount of IL-2 for proliferation compared to the untreated cells. This effect was seen only with the EBV-positive NK lines in which LMP1 and CD25 were concomitantly upregulated. By this mechanism EBV could have an important role in the development of NK lymphoma since the inflammatory component in the tumor tissue can provide these cytokines.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytoskeletal Proteins
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/pharmacology
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- LIM Domain Proteins
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Takahara
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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155
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Vesosky B, Flaherty DK, Rottinghaus EK, Beamer GL, Turner J. Age dependent increase in early resistance of mice to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with an increase in CD8 T cells that are capable of antigen independent IFN-gamma production. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41:1185-94. [PMID: 17029663 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The lungs of naïve 18-month-old mice contain an abundant resident population of CD8 T cells that express typical markers of memory, express elevated levels of Th1 cytokine receptors on their surface, and are capable of non-specific IFN-gamma production in response to a Th1 cytokine cocktail. In this study we characterize this population of CD8 T cells in the lungs and spleens of mice with increasing age. In general, the proportion of CD8 T cells expressing markers of memory and Th1 cytokine receptors increased with age. The enhanced ability of CD8 T cells to produce IFN-gamma in an antigen independent manner followed this pattern as well, beginning to increase between 6 and 12 months of age. Interestingly, the phenotypic and functional age-related changes in CD8 T cells were also associated with a progressive age-related increase in early resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Taken together, these data suggest that as mice age a population of memory CD8 T cells, that are capable of contributing to innate immune responses to M. tuberculosis, gradually emerges and could be relevant for developing strategies to enhance immunity in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Vesosky
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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156
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Kiyotani K, Sakaguchi T, Kato A, Nagai Y, Yoshida T. Paramyxovirus Sendai virus V protein counteracts innate virus clearance through IRF-3 activation, but not via interferon, in mice. Virology 2006; 359:82-91. [PMID: 17027894 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to clarify the role of Sendai virus (SeV) V protein, which has been shown to downregulate IFN-beta induction through inhibition of IRF-3 activation, in viral pathogenesis. Mice infected with rSeV mutants, deficient in V expression or expressing V lacking the C-terminus, had several-fold higher IFN activity levels in the lungs than those in wild-type virus-infected mice, and the mutant viruses were rapidly excluded from the lung from the early phase of infection before induction of acquired immunity. In addition, the unique early clearance of the mutants did not occur in IRF-3 knockout (KO) mice. However, high titers of IFN were detected even in the infected KO mice. Furthermore, early clearance of the mutant viruses was also observed in IFN signaling-deficient mice, IFN-alpha/beta receptor KO mice and STAT1 KO mice. These results indicate that SeV V protein counteracts IRF-3-mediated innate antiviral immunity for efficient virus replication and pathogenesis in mice, but it is not IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Kiyotani
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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157
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Yano H, Ogasawara S, Momosaki S, Akiba J, Kojiro S, Fukahori S, Ishizaki H, Kuratomi K, Basaki Y, Oie S, Kuwano M, Kojiro M. Growth inhibitory effects of pegylated IFN alpha-2b on human liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Liver Int 2006; 26:964-75. [PMID: 16953837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of pegylated IFN-alpha2b (PEG-IFN-alpha2b) on the growth of human liver cancer cells. METHODS The effect of PEG-IFN-alpha2b on the proliferation of 13 liver cancer cell lines was investigated in vitro. Chronological changes in growth and IFN-alpha receptor-2 (IFNAR-2) expression were monitored in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells (HAK-1B) cultured with PEG-IFN-alpha2b. After HAK-1B cells were transplanted into nude mice, various doses of PEG-IFN-alpha2b or IFN-alpha2b were administered, and tumor volume, weight, histology, and IFNAR-2 expression were examined. RESULTS PEG-IFN-alpha2b inhibited the growth of nine cell lines with apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Continuous contact with PEG-IFN-alpha2b induced time-dependent growth inhibition and down-regulation of IFNAR-2 expression. PEG-IFN-alpha2b induced a dose-dependent decrease in tumor volume and weight, a significant increase of apoptotic cells, and a decrease in IFNAR-2 expression in the tumor. The clinical dose for chronic hepatitis C was also effective. The antitumor effect of PEG-IFN-alpha2b was significantly stronger than that of non-PEG-IFN-alpha2b in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Continuous contact with PEG-IFN-alpha2b induces strong antitumor effects and the down-regulation of IFNAR-2 in HCC cells. The data suggest potential clinical application of PEG-IFN-alpha2b for the prevention and treatment of HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Growth Processes/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Humans
- Interferon alpha-2
- Interferon-alpha/pharmacology
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Polyethylene Glycols
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Yano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
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158
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Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix, thus involved in cellular migration. The extent and role of MMPs secretion in primary non-transformed B cells, and specifically during early stages of development in the bone marrow (BM), has been barely unveiled. Herein, we investigated the secretion of MMP-9 during B lymphopoiesis and its modulation in response to different mitogens and cytokines. To do so, we used our BM culture system and well-studied mutated mouse models to isolate the different B cell populations. Our results show that MMP-9 is spontaneously secreted throughout B lymphopoiesis, and that the level of secreted MMP-9 is developmentally regulated. Using reverse transcription-PCR, we found that IFNbetaR is expressed throughout B cell development, while tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alphaR-p55 and IFNgammaR expressions are initiated only at the pre-B stage. We found that TNFalpha stimulates MMP-9 secretion in transitional cells, whereas IFNs suppress MMP-9 secretion in immature cells. LPS and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate suppressed MMP-9 secretion in transitional cells, whereas LPS and concanavalin A stimulated MMP-9 secretion in mature B cells. We conclude that B lymphocyte development is accompanied with MMP-9 secretion and the developing cells are competent to modify this secretion upon different immune stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Melamed
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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159
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Hidmark AS, Nordström EKL, Dosenovic P, Forsell MNE, Liljeström P, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Humoral responses against coimmunized protein antigen but not against alphavirus-encoded antigens require alpha/beta interferon signaling. J Virol 2006; 80:7100-10. [PMID: 16809315 PMCID: PMC1489049 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02579-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses typically elicit potent adaptive immune responses, and live-virus-based vaccines are among the most efficient human vaccines known. The mechanisms by which viruses stimulate adaptive immune responses are not fully understood, but activation of innate immune signaling pathways in the early phase of the infection may be of importance. In addition to stimulating immune responses to viral antigens expressed in infected cells, viruses can also provide adjuvant signals to coimmunized protein antigens. Using recombinant Semliki Forest virus (rSFV)-based vaccines, we show that rSFV potently enhanced antibody responses against coimmunized protein antigens in the absence of other exogenously added adjuvants. Elicitation of antibody responses against both virus-encoded antigens and coimmunized protein antigens was independent of the signaling via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) previously implicated in antiviral responses. In contrast, the adjuvant effect of rSFV on coimmunized protein was completely abolished in mice lacking the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) receptor (IFN-AR1), demonstrating that IFN-alpha/beta signaling was critical for mediating this effect. Antibody responses directed against virus-encoded antigens were intact in IFN-AR1(-/-) mice, suggesting that other signals are sufficient to drive immune responses against virally encoded antigens. These data provide a basis for the adjuvant effect of rSFV and show that different signals are required to stimulate antibody responses to virally encoded antigens and to antigens administered as purified protein vaccines, together with viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa S Hidmark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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160
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Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) elicit multifaceted effects in host innate defence. Accumulating evidence revealed that not only the first identified Jak-Stat pathway but also other newly found signalling pathways are required for the induction of versatile responses by IFNs. In particular, type I IFNs are inducible by viral infection through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecules by pattern recognition receptors, and the induction of multiple IFN-stimulated genes through the activation of type I IFN signalling confers antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. Any step in this process is often targeted by viruses for their immuno-evasion. The regulatory function of constitutive IFN-alpha/beta signalling has been recognized in terms of its boosting effect on cellular responsiveness in host defence systems. Further comprehensive understanding of IFN signalling may offer a better direction to unravelling the complex signalling networks in the host defence system, and may contribute to their more effective therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Takaoka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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161
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Dénes B, Gridley DS, Fodor N, Takátsy Z, Timiryasova TM, Fodor I. Attenuation of a vaccine strain of vaccinia virus via inactivation of interferon viroceptor. J Gene Med 2006; 8:814-23. [PMID: 16634110 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferons (IFNs) play an important role in host antiviral responses, but viruses, including vaccinia viruses (VV), employ mechanisms to disrupt IFN activities, and these viral mechanisms are often associated with their virulence. Here, we explore an attenuation strategy with a vaccine strain of VV lacking a virus-encoded IFN-gamma receptor homolog (viroceptor). METHODS To facilitate the monitoring of virus properties, first we constructed a Lister vaccine strain derivative VV-RG expressing optical reporters. Further, we constructed a VV-RG derivative, VV-RG8, which lacks the IFN-gammaR viroceptor (B8R gene product). Replication, immunological and pathogenic properties of the constructed strains were compared. RESULTS Viruses did not show significant differences in humoral and cellular immune responses of immune-competent mice. Replication of constructed viruses was efficient both in vitro and in vivo, but showed marked difference in kinetics of propagation. In cultured CV-1 epithelial cells, the VV-RG8 strain retained the propagation potential of the parental virus, while, in the C6 glial cells, significant delay was observed in the kinetics of the VV-RG8 replication cycle compared to VV-RG. The pathogenesis of the viruses was tested by survival assay and biodistribution in nude mice. High dose inoculation of nude mice with VV-RG8 caused less pronounced virus dissemination, improved weight gain, and increased survival rate, as compared with the VV-RG strain. CONCLUSIONS The replication-competent virus VV-RG8 carrying a mutation at the B8R gene is less pathogenic for mice than the parental vaccine virus. We anticipate that step-wise inactivation of VV vaccine genes involved in evasion of host immune response may provide an alternative approach for generation of hyper-attenuated replication-competent vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genes, Reporter
- Immunity, Cellular
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Plasmids/genetics
- Rats
- Receptors, Interferon/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Safety
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/pathogenicity
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Virulence
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Dénes
- Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Loma Linda University, 11085 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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162
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Kuchtey J, Fulton SA, Reba SM, Harding CV, Boom WH. Interferon-alphabeta mediates partial control of early pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection. Immunology 2006; 118:39-49. [PMID: 16630021 PMCID: PMC1782276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of type I interferon (IFN-alphabeta) in modulating innate or adaptive immune responses against mycobacterial infection in the lung is unclear. In this study we investigated the susceptibility of IFN-alphabeta-receptor-deficient (IFN-alphabetaR-/-) mice to pulmonary infection with aerosolized Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). During early infection (2-3 weeks), enhanced growth of BCG was measured in the lungs of IFN-alphabetaR-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. However, during late infection the burden of BCG was similar in the lungs of IFN-alphabetaR-/- and wild-type mice. Although control of BCG growth was delayed, recruitment and activation of T and natural killer cells, production of IFN-gamma, and cytokine expression were all similar in wild-type and IFN-alphabetaR-/- mice. However, decreased expression of nitric oxide in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from IFN-alphabetaR-/- mice correlated with enhanced growth of BCG. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from IFN-alphabetaR-/- mice also produced less nitric oxide following infection with BCG in vitro. These findings suggest that IFN-alphabeta contributes to innate immunity to pulmonary mycobacterial infection by augmenting production of nitric oxide.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lung/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium bovis/growth & development
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kuchtey
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4984, USA
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163
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Lasfar A, Lewis-Antes A, Smirnov SV, Anantha S, Abushahba W, Tian B, Reuhl K, Dickensheets H, Sheikh F, Donnelly RP, Raveche E, Kotenko SV. Characterization of the mouse IFN-lambda ligand-receptor system: IFN-lambdas exhibit antitumor activity against B16 melanoma. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4468-77. [PMID: 16618774 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently discovered type III IFNs (IFN-lambda) exert their antiviral and immunomodulatory activities through a unique receptor complex composed of IFN-lambdaR1 and interleukin-10 receptor 2. To further study type III IFNs, we cloned and characterized mouse IFN-lambda ligand-receptor system. We showed that, similar to their human orthologues, mIFN-lambda2 and mIFN-lambda3 signal through the IFN-lambda receptor complex, activate IFN stimulated gene factor 3, and are capable of inducing antiviral protection and MHC class I antigen expression in several cell types including B16 melanoma cells. We then used the murine B16 melanoma model to investigate the potential antitumor activities of IFN-lambdas. We developed B16 cells constitutively expressing murine IFN-lambda2 (B16.IFN-lambda2 cells) and evaluated their tumorigenicity in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Although constitutive expression of mIFN-lambda2 in melanoma cells did not affect their proliferation in vitro, the growth of B16.IFN-lambda2 cells, when injected s.c. into mice, was either retarded or completely prevented. We found that rejection of the modified tumor cells correlated with their level of IFN-lambda2 expression. We then developed IFN-lambda-resistant B16.IFN-lambda2 cells (B16.IFN-lambda2Res cells) and showed that their tumorigenicity was also highly impaired or completely abolished similar to B16.IFN-lambda2 cells, suggesting that IFN-lambdas engage host mechanisms to inhibit melanoma growth. These in vivo experiments show the antitumor activities of IFN-lambdas and suggest their strong therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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164
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McKenzie MD, Dudek NL, Mariana L, Chong MM, Trapani JA, Kay TW, Thomas HE. Perforin and Fas induced by IFNgamma and TNFalpha mediate beta cell death by OT-I CTL. Int Immunol 2006; 18:837-46. [PMID: 16574667 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxl020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct interaction between auto-reactive CTL and specific peptide-MHC class I complexes on pancreatic beta cells is critical in mediating beta cell destruction in type I diabetes. We used mice with genetic modifications in three major pathways used by CTL, perforin, Fas and pro-inflammatory cytokines to assess the relative contribution of these mechanisms to beta cell death. In vitro-activated ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CTL, from OT-I TCR-transgenic mice, specifically killed transgenic beta cells expressing OVA (from RIP-mOVA mice) in a 16-h cytotoxicity assay. Perforin-deficient CTL had a reduced ability to kill OVA-expressing islets in vitro (22.1 +/- 3.8%) compared with wild-type CTL (71.4 +/- 4.6%). Fas-deficient islets were only slightly protected from wild-type CTL but were completely protected from the residual killing observed with perforin-deficient CTL. Residual cytotoxicity in perforin-deficient CTL was also prevented by overexpression of SOCS-1, which blocks multiple cytokine signaling pathways. It was also prevented by pre-incubation with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNFalpha) antibody or by blocking IFNgamma responsiveness through expressing a dominant negative IFNgamma receptor. Perforin-deficient CTL produced IFNgamma and TNFalpha that was shown to directly induce islet Fas expression during the assays. This suggests that Fas-deficiency, SOCS-1 overexpression and blockade of IFNgamma and TNFalpha all protect beta cells from residual cytotoxicity of perforin-deficient CTL by blocking Fas upregulation. These findings indicate that wild-type CTL destroy antigen-expressing islets via a perforin-dependent mechanism. However, in the absence of perforin, the Fas/FasL pathway provides an alternative mechanism dependent on islet cell Fas upregulation by cytokines IFNgamma and TNFalpha.
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165
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Gorski KS, Waller EL, Bjornton-Severson J, Hanten JA, Riter CL, Kieper WC, Gorden KB, Miller JS, Vasilakos JP, Tomai MA, Alkan SS. Distinct indirect pathways govern human NK-cell activation by TLR-7 and TLR-8 agonists. Int Immunol 2006; 18:1115-26. [PMID: 16728430 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxl046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells limit the emergence of cancers and viral infections by surveillance of 'missing-self' and 'induced-self' ligands, and by direct recognition of pathogen-associated molecules. We examined individual roles for Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-7 and -8 in human NK-cell activation using synthetic, small molecule agonists of either TLR-7 (imiquimod and 3M-001), TLR-8 (3M-002) or both TLR-7/8 (3M-003 and R-848) for comparison with known ligands of TLR-2 to -9. Tracking cytokine production in PBMC initially revealed that a subset of TLR agonists including polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), 3M-002, 3M-003, R-848 and single-stranded RNA trigger relatively high levels of IFN-gamma expression by NK cells. Isolated NK cells did not express TLR-7 or TLR-8. Unlike MALP-2 and poly I:C, 3M-001-3 did not induce expression of either CD69 or IFN-gamma by purified NK cells suggesting indirect activation. IL-18 and IL-12p70 were primarily required for induction of IFN-gamma by both synthetic and natural TLR-8 ligands, while type I IFN was required for induction of CD69 on NK cells by the TLR-7 agonist 3M-001. In addition to expression of IFN-gamma and CD69, relative induction of NK-cell cytotoxicity by TLR-7 and TLR-8 agonists was compared. Immune response modifiers (IRMs) with a TLR-8 agonist component (3M-002 and 3M-003) stimulated greater levels of K562 cytolysis than achieved with 3M-001 or IL-2 (1000 units ml(-1)). In vivo NK-cell cytotoxicity was also enhanced by R-848, but not in type I IFNR-deficient mice. We conclude that IRMs can modulate NK-cell function both in vitro and in vivo and that distinct indirect pathways control human NK-cell activation by TLR-7 and TLR-8 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Gorski
- 3M Pharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmacology, 3M Center, 270-2S-06, St Paul, MN 55144, USA.
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166
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Aichele P, Unsoeld H, Koschella M, Schweier O, Kalinke U, Vucikuja S. CD8 T cells specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus require type I IFN receptor for clonal expansion. J Immunol 2006; 176:4525-9. [PMID: 16585541 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.4525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of type I IFN signaling in CD8 T cells was analyzed in an adoptive transfer model using P14 TCR transgenic CD8 T cells specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) but deficient in type I IFNR. In the present study, we demonstrate severe impairment in the capacity of P14 T cells lacking type I IFNR to expand in normal type I IFNR wild-type C57BL/6 hosts after LCMV infection. In contrast, following infection of recipient mice with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing LCMV glycoprotein, P14 T cell expansion was considerably less dependent on type I IFNR expression. Lack of type I IFNR expression by P14 T cells did not affect cell division after LCMV infection but interfered with clonal expansion. Thus, direct type I IFN signaling is essential for CD8 T cell survival in certain viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aichele
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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167
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Sun D, Ding A. MyD88-mediated stabilization of interferon-gamma-induced cytokine and chemokine mRNA. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:375-81. [PMID: 16491077 DOI: 10.1038/ni1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The MyD88 adaptor protein is critical in Toll-like receptor and interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling, but has not been linked to interferon-gamma receptor (IFN-gammaR) signaling. Here we demonstrate that MyD88 increased the half-life but not the synthesis of IFN-gamma-induced mRNA transcripts encoding tumor necrosis factor and IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10. IFN-gamma stimulation triggered a physical association between the IFN-gammaR1 and MyD88. Transcript stabilization required activation of mixed-lineage kinase 3 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and the presence of an adenine-uridine-rich element in the transcript's 3' untranslated region. These results demonstrate a MyD88-dependent post-transcriptional mechanism through which IFN-gamma can enhance the expression of genes encoding proinflammatory molecules.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein D0
- Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein D/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Kinase 3/immunology
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/immunology
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/immunology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 11
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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168
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Havenar-Daughton C, Kolumam GA, Murali-Krishna K. Cutting Edge: The Direct Action of Type I IFN on CD4 T Cells Is Critical for Sustaining Clonal Expansion in Response to a Viral but Not a Bacterial Infection. J Immunol 2006; 176:3315-9. [PMID: 16517698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The action of type I IFN (IFN-I) on APCs is well studied, but their direct effect on CD4 T cells is unclear. To address this, we transferred IFN-I receptor-deficient (IFN-IR(0)) and -sufficient (wild-type, WT) TCR-transgenic CD4 T cells into WT mice and analyzed their response to immunization. In response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus immunization, WT CD4 T cells expanded approximately 100-fold, whereas IFN-IR(0) CD4 T cells expanded <10-fold. However, both WT and IFN-IR(0) CD4 T cells expanded approximately 10-fold after Listeria monocytogenes immunization. Poor expansion of IFN-IR(0) CD4 T cells after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus immunization was not due to a defect in proliferation or initial activation but to poor survival of the daughter cells. Thus, direct IFN-I signals can play either a critical or minimal role in CD4 T cell clonal expansion depending on the specific pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Havenar-Daughton
- Department of Immunology and Washington National Primate Center, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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169
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Abstract
TLRs trigger innate immunity by recognizing conserved motifs of microorganisms. Recently, ssRNAs from HIV and influenza virus were shown to trigger TLR7 and 8. Thus, we hypothesized that HIV ssRNA, by triggering TLR7/8, affects HIV pathogenesis. Indeed, HIV ssRNA rendered human lymphoid tissue of tonsillar origin or PBMC barely permissive to HIV replication. The synthetic compound R-848, which also triggers TLR7/8, showed similar anti-HIV activity. Loss of R-848's activity in lymphoid tissue depleted of B cells suggested a role for B cells in innate immunity. TLR7/8 triggering appears to exert antiviral effects through soluble factors: conditioned medium reduced HIV replication in indicator cells. Although a number of cytokines and chemokines were increased upon adding R-848 to lymphoid tissue, blocking those cytokines/chemokines (i.e., IFN-alpha receptor, IFN-gamma, MIP-1alpha, -1beta, RANTES, and stromal cell-derived factor-1) did not result in the reversal of R-848's anti-HIV activity. Thus, the nature of this soluble factor(s) remains unknown. Unlike lymphoid tissue acutely infected with HIV, triggering latently infected promonocytic cells induced the release of HIV virions. The anti-HIV effects of triggering TLR7/8 may inhibit rapid killing, while pro-HIV effects may guarantee a certain replication level. Compounds triggering TLR7/8 may be attractive drug candidates to purge latent HIV while preventing new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Schlaepfer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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170
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Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are secreted proteins, which induce vertebrate cells into an antiviral state. In mammals, three families of IFNs (type I IFN, type II IFN and IFN-lambda) can be distinguished on the basis of gene structure, protein structure and functional properties. Type I IFNs, which include IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, are encoded by intron lacking genes and have a major role in the first line of defense against viruses. The human IFN-lambdas have similar biological properties as type I IFNs, but are encoded by intron containing genes. Type II IFN is identical to IFN-gamma, which is produced by T helper 1 cells in response to mitogens and antigens and has a key role in adaptive cell mediated immunity. IFNs, which show structural and functional properties similar to mammalian type I IFNs, have recently been cloned from Atlantic salmon, channel catfish, pufferfish, and zebrafish. Teleost fish appear to have at least two type I IFN genes. Phylogenetic sequence analysis shows that the fish type I IFNs form a group separated from the avian type I IFNs and the mammalian IFN-alpha, -beta and -lambda groups. Interestingly, the fish IFNs possess the same exon/intron structure as the IFN-lambdas, but show most sequence similarity to IFN-alpha. Recently, IFN-gamma genes have also been cloned from several fish species and shown to have the same exon/intron structure as mammalian IFN-gamma genes. The antiviral effect of mammalian type I IFN is exerted through binding to the IFN-alpha/beta-receptor, which triggers signal transduction through the JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway resulting in expression of Mx and other antiviral proteins. Putative IFN receptor genes have been identified in pufferfish. Several interferon regulatory factors and members of the JAK-STAT pathway have also been identified in various fish species. Moreover, Mx and several other interferon stimulated genes have been cloned and studied in fish. Furthermore, antiviral activity of Mx protein from Atlantic salmon and Japanese flounder has recently been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Børre Robertsen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromso, Norway.
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171
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Regis G, Conti L, Boselli D, Novelli F. IFNgammaR2 trafficking tunes IFNgamma-STAT1 signaling in T lymphocytes. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:96-101. [PMID: 16380292 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-dependent downregulation of the interferon gamma receptor signaling chain (IFNgammaR2) has always been seen as a key mechanism for shielding T lymphocytes from the antiproliferative effects of the IFNgamma-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) pathway. Now, however, a ligand-independent mechanism of IFNgammaR2 internalization is emerging as a more general way of limiting IFNgamma-STAT1 signaling in T cells, with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and iron as the main players. Here, we review the array of immunomodulatory effects exerted by these two factors on different cell types involved in the immune response; these effects suggest that an inflammatory environment generates signals that favor IFNgammaR2 cell-surface accumulation and IFNgamma-induced apoptosis in T cells, whereas an anti-inflammatory environment promotes IFNgammaR2 internalization and induces T cell unresponsiveness to IFNgamma signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Regis
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Via Santena 5, I-10126 Turin, Italy
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172
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Bulat-Kardum L, Etokebe GE, Knezevic J, Balen S, Matakovic-Mileusnic N, Zaputovic L, Pavelic J, Beg-Zec Z, Dembic Z. Interferon-gamma receptor-1 gene promoter polymorphisms (G-611A; T-56C) and susceptibility to tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 2006; 63:142-50. [PMID: 16476014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We analysed frequencies of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) receptor-1 (IFNGR1) gene promoter (G-611A, T-56C) in tuberculosis patients (n = 244) and compared them with controls (n = 521). These frequencies were not significantly different, whether analysed independently or as haplotypes. Because these SNP affect transcription, the results suggest that the expression of the IFNGR1 gene does not confer susceptibility to disease in patients from Croatia. Further analysis revealed a significant association between the protective (CA)(n) polymorphism (22 repeats, 192 FA(1)), located in the fifth intron of the IFNGR1 gene (+16682), and GT promoter haplotype (-611; -56) that showed the strongest expression capacity. In addition to this cis relationship, the (CA)(22) allele was correlated in trans with an IFN-gamma SNP (IFNG G + 2109A), which might affect the transcription of the IFNG gene. These results suggest that a particular combination of IFNG and IFNGR1 SNP might offer a better protection against tuberculosis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bulat-Kardum
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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173
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Fenner JE, Starr R, Cornish AL, Zhang JG, Metcalf D, Schreiber RD, Sheehan K, Hilton DJ, Alexander WS, Hertzog PJ. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 regulates the immune response to infection by a unique inhibition of type I interferon activity. Nat Immunol 2005; 7:33-9. [PMID: 16311601 DOI: 10.1038/ni1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) is a critical regulator of cytokine signaling and immune responses. SOCS1-deficient mice develop severe inflammatory disease, but are very resistant to viral infections. Using neutralizing antibody to type I interferon (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) and mice deficient in interferon-gamma or type I interferon receptor components (IFNAR1 or IFNAR2), we demonstrate here that SOCS1 deficiency amplified type I interferon antiviral and proinflammatory actions independently of interferon-gamma. The mechanism of the suppression of type I interferon responses by SOCS1 was distinct from that of other cytokines. SOCS1 associated with and regulated IFNAR1- but not IFNAR2-specific signals, abrogating tyrosine phosphorylation of transcription factor STAT1 and reducing the duration of antiviral gene expression. Thus, SOCS1 is an important in vivo inhibitor of type I interferon signaling and contributes to balancing its beneficial antiviral versus detrimental proinflammatory effects on innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Fenner
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Human Disease, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia
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174
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Boomker JM, Luttikhuizen DT, Veninga H, de Leij LFMH, The TH, de Haan A, van Luyn MJA, Harmsen MC. The modulation of angiogenesis in the foreign body response by the poxviral protein M-T7. Biomaterials 2005; 26:4874-81. [PMID: 15763267 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The foreign body response is characterized by enhanced recruitment of inflammatory cells. As the directional movement of cells is controlled by chemokines, disruption of the chemokine network would be an attractive approach to improve biocompatibility of an implanted material. The sequestration of chemokines by cell surface-expressed glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is vital for in vivo chemokine activity. The myxoma virus encodes a soluble protein, M-T7, that interacts with conserved GAG-binding domains of chemokines to block chemokine-mediated leukocyte recruitment. We hypothesized that M-T7 might also affect the function of other inflammation-associated proteins in addition to chemokines that bind to GAG. In our studies, we focussed on the modulation of the GAG-binding molecules macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor-164 (VEGF164) in the inflammatory reaction against subcutaneously implanted degradable cross-linked dermal sheep collagen discs in AO rats. Genetic delivery of M-T7 delays the influx of macrophages into the collagen discs. In addition, angiogenesis around the implanted material was reduced. The discs revealed reduced levels of rat MCP-1 and rat VEGF164. This was not due to down regulation of transcription of the genes that encode MCP-1 and VEGF164. Our in vivo observations suggest that, in addition to chemokines such as MCP-1, M-T7 neutralizes VEGF164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper M Boomker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Biology Section, University of Groningen Medical Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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175
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Ito T, Ito N, Saathoff M, Bettermann A, Takigawa M, Paus R. Interferon-gamma is a potent inducer of catagen-like changes in cultured human anagen hair follicles. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:623-31. [PMID: 15840090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon (IFN)-gamma appears to be an important hair cycle modulator in mice. It is unclear whether it has similar hair growth modulatory functions in human hair follicles. OBJECTIVES To study whether IFN-gamma can be exploited to modulate the growth, pigmentation and/or cycling of organ-cultured human anagen scalp hair follicles, as an in vitro indicator system for how IFN-gamma affects human hair growth in vivo. This was correlated with the hair follicle expression patterns of IFN-gamma receptors alpha and beta. In addition, we wanted to establish a new, simple tool for the rapid experimental induction of catagen in vitro. METHODS Normal human scalp hair follicles in the anagen VI stage of the hair cycle were cultured according to the method of Philpott et al., with or without IFN-gamma (50-1000 IU mL(-1)). Hair shaft elongation and pigmentation changes were measured, complemented by quantitative histomorphometry to assess changes in hair follicle cycling (hair cycle score), proliferation (Ki-67), melanogenesis (Masson-Fontana) and apoptosis (TUNEL). IFN-gamma receptors were also localized by immunofluorescence and EnVision technique. As transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 is a recognized key inducer of catagen in human hair follicles, TGF-beta2 expression was investigated by tyramide signal amplification and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in anagen hair follicles treated with vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) or IFN-gamma. RESULTS IFN-gamma rapidly inhibited hair elongation in cultured human anagen hair follicles and induced morphological signs of catagen transformation after only 4 days of culture, i.e. faster than with other reported catagen-inducers (e.g. TGF-beta2). Proliferation was inhibited, apoptosis was increased and follicular melanogenesis was switched off in hair bulb keratinocytes treated in situ with IFN-gamma. Anagen hair follicles displayed strong IFN-gamma receptor alpha-like immunoreactivity, while the immunoreactivity for IFN-gamma receptor beta in the hair matrix was only weak. TGF-beta2 immunoreactivity and mRNA transcript levels were enhanced in hair follicles treated with IFN-gamma. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that IFN-gamma is a potent catagen inducer in normal human scalp hair follicles, which express cognate receptors, and show that IFN-gamma administration offers an excellent tool for experimental catagen induction in organ-cultured human hair follicles. This catagen induction probably occurs at least in part via upregulation of the recognized catagen-stimulatory growth factor TGF-beta2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ito
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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176
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177
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Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Sheehan KCF, Shankaran V, Uppaluri R, Bui JD, Diamond MS, Koebel CM, Arthur C, White JM, Schreiber RD. A critical function for type I interferons in cancer immunoediting. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:722-9. [PMID: 15951814 DOI: 10.1038/ni1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
'Cancer immunoediting' is a process wherein the immune system protects hosts against tumor development and facilitates outgrowth of tumors with reduced immunogenicity. Although interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is known to be involved in this process, the involvement of type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) has not been elucidated. We now show that, like IFN-gamma, endogenously produced IFN-alpha/beta was required for the prevention of the growth of primary carcinogen-induced and transplantable tumors. Although tumor cells are important IFN-gamma targets, they are not functionally relevant sites of the actions of the type I interferons. Instead, host hematopoietic cells are critical IFN-alpha/beta targets during development of protective antitumor responses. Therefore, type I interferons are important components of the cancer immunoediting process and function in a way that does not completely overlap the functions of IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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178
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease affecting multiple organ systems triggered by the production of autoantibodies. Previous clinical studies in humans and murine models suggest that type I interferons (IFNs) are important for the initiation and potentiation of SLE activity. METHODS 65 consecutive patients with SLE were identified from the University of California, San Francisco Lupus Clinic with moderate-severe disease activity. 94 serological samples were collected. Type I IFN levels and the ability of plasma to induce expression of several surface markers of dendritic cell maturation were measured. RESULTS Type I IFN levels correlated with the presence of cutaneous manifestations, and there was a trend towards correlation with renal disease. No correlation was found between type I IFN levels and neurological disease. Type I IFN levels correlated positively with the SLEDAI score and anti-dsDNA levels and inversely with C3 levels. Interestingly, type I IFN levels were highest in African American patients. SLE plasma also induced the expression of MHC class I, CD38, and CD123 on monocytes, and was blocked by the addition of a monoclonal antibody to IFNAR1. CONCLUSIONS The pathogenic role of type I IFN is suggested by the induction of cell surface markers for dendritic cell maturation. The potential therapeutic utility of antibodies directed to either type I IFN or IFNAR1/IFNAR2 may be of interest in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Dall'era
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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179
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Ching S, He L, Lai W, Quan N. IL-1 type I receptor plays a key role in mediating the recruitment of leukocytes into the central nervous system. Brain Behav Immun 2005; 19:127-37. [PMID: 15664785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the role of type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1) in mediating the recruitment of leukocytes into the brain parenchyma in mice. Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of interleukin IL-1beta induced infiltration of leukocytes between 8 and 72 h after the injection. Leukocytes were rarely found in the brain tissue of saline-injected animals. At 8h after IL-1beta injection, leukocytes were seen lining the blood vessels of the brain and sparsely scattered infiltration of leukocytes was found in the cortex. Peak infiltration of leukocytes, which distributed evenly throughout the brain, was seen at 16 h post-injection. The number of leukocytes in the brain declined thereafter and no leukocytes were found 72 h post-injection. This phenomenon was replicated in mice deficient in lymphotoxin-alpha (LT(alpha)), IL-6, interferon (IFN)-gamma receptor, or the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha receptor, but abrogated in animals deficient in IL-1R1. ICV injection of IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha, but not IL-6 or IL-12, also induced leukocyte infiltration into the brain. Injection of IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12 induced IL-1beta expression in the brain, with IL-6 and IL-12 being the least effective. Leukocyte infiltration induced by icv IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha was also abrogated in IL-1R1-knockout animals. The induced infiltrating leukocytes were identified as neutrophils. Chronic infection with Trypanosoma brucei resulted in the recruitment of T cells, but no other cell types, into the brain. This did not occur in IL-1R1-knockout mice. Thus, IL-1R1 appears to be important for the recruitment of leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- San Ching
- Department of Oral Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1094, USA
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180
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Subramaniam PS, Johnson HM. The IFNAR1 subunit of the type I IFN receptor complex contains a functional nuclear localization sequence. FEBS Lett 2005; 578:207-10. [PMID: 15589821 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Revised: 10/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A nuclear localization sequence (NLS) in the type II interferon (IFN) IFN gamma, which is responsible for the nuclear translocation of both the ligand and the alpha-subunit (IFNGR1) of the receptor complex, has previously been characterized and its role in signaling examined in detail. We have now identified an NLS in the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) common subunit IFNAR1 from humans and show that the human IFNAR1 subunit can translocate to the nucleus following human IFN beta stimulation. An NLS in human IFNAR1 is located in the extracellular domain of IFNAR1 within the sequence (382)RKIIEKKT (numbered for the precursor form). Nuclear import by the NLS functions in a conventional fashion requiring cytosolic import factors, is energy-dependent and inhibited by the prototypical NLS of the SV40 large T-antigen. These studies provide a mechanism for nuclear import of IFNAR1, as well as for type I IFN ligands, and a starting point for studying an alternate role for IFNAR1 in nuclear signaling within the type I IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem S Subramaniam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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181
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Persky ME, Murphy KM, Farrar JD. IL-12, but not IFN-alpha, promotes STAT4 activation and Th1 development in murine CD4+ T cells expressing a chimeric murine/human Stat2 gene. J Immunol 2005; 174:294-301. [PMID: 15611252 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.1.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans and mice have evolved distinct pathways for Th1 cell development. Although IL-12 promotes CD4(+) Th1 development in both murine and human T cells, IFN-alphabeta drives Th1 development only in human cells. This IFN-alphabeta-dependent pathway is not conserved in the mouse species due in part to a specific mutation within murine Stat2. Restoration of this pathway in murine T cells would provide the opportunity to more closely model specific human disease states that rely on CD4(+) T cell responses to IFN-alphabeta. To this end, the C terminus of murine Stat2, harboring the mutation, was replaced with the corresponding human Stat2 sequence by a knockin targeting strategy within murine embryonic stem cells. Chimeric m/h Stat2 knockin mice were healthy, bred normally, and exhibited a normal lymphoid compartment. Furthermore, the murine/human STAT2 protein was expressed in murine CD4(+) T cells and was activated by murine IFN-alpha signaling. However, the murine/human STAT2 protein was insufficient to restore full IFN-alpha-driven Th1 development as defined by IFN-gamma expression. Furthermore, IL-12, but not IFN-alpha, promoted acute IFN-gamma secretion in collaboration with IL-18 stimulation in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. The inability of T cells to commit to Th1 development correlated with the lack of STAT4 phosphorylation in response to IFN-alpha. This finding suggests that, although the C terminus of human STAT2 is required for STAT4 recruitment and activation by the human type I IFNAR (IFN-alphabetaR), it is not sufficient to restore this process through the murine IFNAR complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Persky
- Center for Immunology and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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182
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Ottenhoff THM, Verreck FAW, Hoeve MA, van de Vosse E. Control of human host immunity to mycobacteria. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2004; 85:53-64. [PMID: 15687028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in disease in 5-10% of exposed individuals, whereas the remainder controls infection effectively. Similar inter-individual differences in disease susceptibility are characteristic features of leprosy, typhoid fever, leishmaniasis and other chronic infectious diseases, including viral infections. Although the outcome of infection is influenced by many factors, it is clear that genetic host factors play an important role in controlling disease susceptibility to intracellular pathogens. Knowledge of the genes involved and their downstream cellular pathways will provide new insights for the design of improved and rationalized strategies to enhance host-resistance, e.g. by vaccination. In addition, this knowledge will aid in identifying better biomarkers of protection and disease, which are essential tools for the monitoring of vaccination and other intervention trials. The recent identification of patients with deleterious mutations in genes that encode major proteins in the type-1 cytokine (IL-12/IL23-IFN-gamma) axis, that suffered from severe infections due to otherwise poorly pathogenic mycobacteria (non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) or M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)) or Salmonella species has revealed the major role of this system in innate and adaptive immunity to mycobacteria and salmonellae. Clinical tuberculosis has now been described in a number of patients with IL-12/IL23-IFN-gamma system defects. Moreover, unusual mycobacterial infections were reported in several patients with genetic defects in NEMO, a key regulatory molecule in the NFkappaB pathway. These new findings will be discussed since they provide further insights into the role of type-1 cytokines in immunity to mycobacteria, including M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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183
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical in host innate defense against certain viruses. The role of NK cells in controlling hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains obscure. We examined whether NK cells are capable of inhibiting HCV expression in human hepatic cells. When NK cells are cultured with the HCV replicon-containing hepatic cells, they have no direct cytolytic effect but release soluble factor(s) suppressing HCV RNA expression. Media conditioned by NK cell lines (NK-92 and YTS) or primary NK cells isolated from healthy donors contain interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and potently inhibit HCV RNA expression. Ligation of CD81 on NK cells inhibits IFN-gamma production and results in decreased anti-HCV activity. In addition, the antibodies to IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma receptors abolish the anti-HCV activity of NK cell-conditioned media. The role of IFN-gamma in NK cell-mediated, anti-HCV activity is supported by the observation that NK cell-conditioned media enhanced expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1, a nuclear factor that is essential in IFN-gamma-mediated antiviral pathways. NK cell-conditioned media have the ability to stimulate intracellular IFN-alpha expression in the hepatic cells, suggesting a mechanism responsible for NK cell-mediated, anti-HCV activity. Thus, NK cells hold the potential to play a vital role in controlling HCV replication in hepatic cells using an IFN-gamma-dependent mechanism.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/metabolism
- Biological Assay
- Cell Line
- Coculture Techniques
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatocytes/immunology
- Hepatocytes/virology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Interferon-alpha/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interferon/drug effects
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Repressor Proteins/immunology
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor
- Tetraspanin 28
- Trans-Activators/immunology
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- Virus Replication/immunology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 34th Street & Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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184
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Tassiulas I, Hu X, Ho H, Kashyap Y, Paik P, Hu Y, Lowell CA, Ivashkiv LB. Amplification of IFN-alpha-induced STAT1 activation and inflammatory function by Syk and ITAM-containing adaptors. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:1181-9. [PMID: 15467722 DOI: 10.1038/ni1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A key function of interferons is priming multiple cell types for enhanced activation by cytokines and inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor, bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interferons themselves. Here we show that interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha)-induced activation of the transcriptional activator STAT1 and inflammatory STAT1 target genes was enhanced in IFN-gamma-primed macrophages. Enhanced IFN-alpha signaling and proinflammatory function were dependent on the tyrosine kinase Syk and on adaptor proteins that activate Syk through immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs. Increased STAT1 expression contributed to enhanced IFN-alpha-induced STAT1 activation in primed macrophages. These results identify a mechanism by which crosstalk between cytokine and immune cell-specific immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif-dependent signaling pathways regulates macrophage responses to IFN-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tassiulas
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA
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185
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Boelen A, Kwakkel J, Platvoet-ter Schiphorst M, Mentrup B, Baur A, Koehrle J, Wiersinga WM. Interleukin-18, a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes to the pathogenesis of non-thyroidal illness mainly via the central part of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 151:497-502. [PMID: 15476451 DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1510497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proinflammatory cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of non-thyroidal illness (NTI), as shown by studies with IL-6-/- and IL-12-/- mice. Interleukin (IL)-6 changes peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism, and IL-12 seems to be involved in the regulation of the central part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis during illness. IL-18 is a proinflammatory cytokine which shares important biological properties with IL-12, such as interferon (IFN)-gamma-inducing activity. DESIGN By studying the changes in the HPT-axis during bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced illness in IL-18-/-, IFNgammaR-/- and wild-type (WT) mice, we wanted to unravel the putative role of IL-18 and IFNgamma in the pathogenesis of NTI. RESULTS LPS induced a decrease in pituitary type 1 deiodinase (D1) activity (P<0.05, ANOVA) in WT mice, but not in IL-18-/- mice, while the decrease in D2 activity was similar in both strains. LPS decreased serum thyroid hormone levels and liver D1 mRNA within 24 h similarly in IL-18-/-, and WT mice. The expression of IL-1, IL-6 and IFNgamma mRNA expression was significantly lower in IL-18-/- mice than in WT, while IL-12 mRNA expression was similar. IFNgammaR-/- mice had higher basal D1 activity in the pituitary than WT mice (P<0.05); LPS induced a decrease of D2, but not of D1, activity in the pituitary which was similar in both strains. In the liver, the LPS-induced increase in cytokine expression was not different between IFNgammaR-/- mice and WT mice, and the decrease in serum T3 and T4 levels and hepatic D1 mRNA was also similar. CONCLUSIONS The relative decrease in serum T3 and T4 and liver D1 mRNA in response to LPS is similar in IL-18-/-, IFNgammaR-/- and WT mice despite significant changes in hepatic cytokine induction. However, the LPS-induced decrease in D1 activity in the pituitary of WT mice is absent in IL-18-/- mice; in contrast, LPS did not decrease pituitary D1 activity in the IFNgammaR-/- mice or their WT, which might be due to the genetic background of the mice. Our results suggest that IL-18 is also involved in the regulation of the central part of the HPT axis during illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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186
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Cajean-Feroldi C, Nosal F, Nardeux PC, Gallet X, Guymarho J, Baychelier F, Sempé P, Tovey MG, Escary JL, Eid P. Identification of Residues of the IFNAR1 Chain of the Type I Human Interferon Receptor Critical for Ligand Binding and Biological Activity. Biochemistry 2004; 43:12498-512. [PMID: 15449939 DOI: 10.1021/bi049111r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral and antiproliferative activities of human type I interferons (IFNs) are mediated by two transmembrane receptor subunits, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. To elucidate the role of IFNAR1 in IFN binding and the establishment of biological activity, specific residues of IFNAR1 were mutated. Residues (62)FSSLKLNVY(70) of the S5-S6 loop of the N-terminal subdomain of IFNAR1 and tryptophan-129 of the second subdomain of IFNAR1 were shown to be crucial for IFN-alpha binding and signaling and establishment of biological activity. Mutagenesis of peptide (278)LRV in the third subdomain shows that these residues are critical for IFN-alpha-induced biological activity but not for ligand binding. These data, together with the sequence homology of IFNAR1 with cytokine receptors of known structure and the recently resolved NMR structure of IFNAR2, led to the establishment of a three-dimensional model of the human IFN-alpha/IFNAR1/IFNAR2 complex. This model predicts that following binding of IFN to IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 the receptor complex assumes a "closed form", in which the N-terminal domain of IFNAR1 acts as a lid, resulting in the activation of intracellular kinases. Differences in the primary sequence of individual IFN-alpha subtypes and resulting differences in binding affinity, duration of ligand/receptor association, or both would explain differences in intracellular signal intensities and biological activity observed for individual IFN-alpha subtypes.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- DNA Mutational Analysis/methods
- Extracellular Space/genetics
- Humans
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lysine/genetics
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta
- Receptors, Interferon/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Serine/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Transfection
- Tryptophan/genetics
- Tyrosine/genetics
- Valine/genetics
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187
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Platis D, Foster GR. Activity of hybrid type I interferons in cells lacking Tyk2: a common region of IFN-alpha 8 induces a response, but IFN-alpha2/8 hybrids can behave like IFN-beta. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004; 23:655-66. [PMID: 14651780 DOI: 10.1089/107999003322558791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of pleiotropic cytokines with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory properties. The type I IFN family consists of 12 IFN-alpha subtypes, IFN-beta, and IFN-omega. Cells lacking the receptor-associated protein kinase Tyk2 (U1A) are responsive only to IFN-beta and partially to IFN-alpha8. We constructed a series of IFN-alpha2/alpha8 hybrids and mutants and identified the region within IFN-alpha8 responsible for its activity in Tyk2-deficient cells. The same domain mediates the interactions between IFN and IFN-alpha receptor (IFNAR) in Tyk2-complemented and Tyk2-deficient cells (U1A). The presence or absence of Tyk2 altered the inhibitory effects of anti-IFNAR antibodies, suggesting that the IFN-alpha binding domain on IFNAR is altered by the presence of Tyk2. The activity of IFN-beta was not significantly affected by the deletion of Tyk2, and, surprisingly, one of our IFN-alpha2/alpha8 hybrids (IFN-alpha288) behaved like IFN-beta in a number of assays that distinguish IFN-alphas from IFN-beta. This suggests that this hybrid mimics the interactions of IFN-beta with the receptor and also suggests the existence of a distinct binding site(s) on IFNAR for IFN-beta and some hybrid IFN-alphas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Platis
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine at St. Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, England
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188
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Rosenzweig SD, Schäffer AA, Ding L, Sullivan R, Enyedi B, Yim JJ, Cook JL, Musser JM, Holland SM. Interferon-gamma receptor 1 promoter polymorphisms: population distribution and functional implications. Clin Immunol 2004; 112:113-9. [PMID: 15207788 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Different polymorphisms have been described in the minimal promoter region (MPR) of the interferon-gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1), a molecule that plays a critical role in mycobacterial control. We sequenced the IFNGR1 MPR from African American, Caucasian and Korean controls, and from mycobacteria-infected patients. Six different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the IFNGR1 MPR. The three ethnic groups showed different SNP distribution patterns, but no significant differences were detected between mycobacterial cases and controls. Two polymorphisms were found in all populations (G-611A, T-56C). We cloned the four allelic variants (var) of haplotype G-611A/T-56C into a luciferase reporter vector and determined their promoter activity. Polymorphisms at position -611 had a stronger effect on the promoter activity than those at position -56, and constructs carrying G-611 produced a stronger promoter activity than -611A constructs. The IFNGR1 MPR is a polymorphic region with at least two SNPs influencing its activity, but these are not associated with increased mycobacterial susceptibility.
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MESH Headings
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- Ethnicity
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genetic Variation/genetics
- Genetic Variation/physiology
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Logistic Models
- Male
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/immunology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transfection
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-1886, USA
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189
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Walker W, Rotondo D. Prostaglandin E2 is a potent regulator of interleukin-12- and interleukin-18-induced natural killer cell interferon-gamma synthesis. Immunology 2004; 111:298-305. [PMID: 15009430 PMCID: PMC1782426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of interferon (IFN)-gamma by natural killer (NK) cells is an important pro-inflammatory event with interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 playing major inductive roles. However, other temporal events are likely to regulate such processes and as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is ubiquitous during inflammation this study tested the hypothesis that PGE2 was capable of directly modulating cytokine-induced NK cell IFN-gamma synthesis in the absence of other immune cells. Using homogeneous NK cell lines to establish direct effects, PGE2 (0.1-1 micro m) was found to suppress NK cell IFN-gamma synthesis and antagonized the potent synergistic IFN-gamma-inducing effects of IL-12 and IL-18. The actions of PGE2 were mimicked by synthetic PGE2 analogues including misoprostol and butaprost. The selective EP2 receptor agonist butaprost, but not the EP1/EP3 agonist sulprostone, suppressed IFN-gamma synthesis and exclusively competed with PGE2 for receptor binding on NK cells. Further analysis showed that PGE2 did not modulate IL-12 receptor mRNA expression and the effects of PGE2 could be mimicked by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-iosobutyl-1-methylxanthine. The absence of demonstrable receptor modulation coupled with the observed suppression of IFN-gamma synthesis by both EP2 receptor-selective agonists and IBMX suggest that PGE2 acts directly on NK cells via EP2 receptors with its downstream effects on cAMP metabolism. This conclusion is further supported by findings that PGE2 and its analogues consistently elevated levels of cAMP in NK cells. The ability of PGE2 to antagonize the potent inductive signal provided by the combination of IL-12 and IL-18 supports the concept that PGE2 may play an important role in limiting innate inflammatory processes in vivo through direct suppression of NK cell IFN-gamma synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Walker
- Experimental Medicine Unit, Swansea Clinical School, University of Wales-Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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190
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Cheng Y, King NJC, Kesson AM. Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) induction by West Nile virus: involvement of 2 signaling pathways in MHC-I up-regulation. J Infect Dis 2004; 189:658-68. [PMID: 14767820 DOI: 10.1086/381501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2003] [Accepted: 08/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 interferon (IFN) receptor gene knockout (IFNAR(-/-)) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) are more susceptible to and productive of West Nile virus (WNV) and produce less type 1 IFN than WNV-infected wild-type (wt) MEFs. WNV infection of IFNAR(-/-) MEFs induced activation of a p65/p50 heterodimer of nuclear factor (NF)- kappa B and up-regulation of cell-surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. WNV infection of wt MEFs resulted in a greater up-regulation of MHC-I than did infection of IFNAR(-/-) MEFs because of the action of endogenous type 1 IFN production. IFN- beta -treatment of wt MEFs did not activate NF- kappa B but did up-regulate cell-surface MHC-I expression. The WNV-induced NF- kappa B activation was partially abrogated by the serine protease inhibitor N-benzoyl-l-tosyl-l-phenylalanine, which also abrogated the up-regulation of MHC-I. Thus, we demonstrate 2 pathways for WNV-induced up-regulation of MHC-I, a WNV-induced NF- kappa B-dependent, IFN-independent pathway and an NF- kappa B-independent, IFN-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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191
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Hoebe K, Janssen EM, Kim SO, Alexopoulou L, Flavell RA, Han J, Beutler B. Upregulation of costimulatory molecules induced by lipopolysaccharide and double-stranded RNA occurs by Trif-dependent and Trif-independent pathways. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:1223-9. [PMID: 14625548 DOI: 10.1038/ni1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2003] [Accepted: 09/30/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are adjuvants for the adaptive immune response, inducing upregulation of costimulatory molecules (UCM) on antigen-presenting cells. Trif, an adapter protein that transduces signals from Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR3, permits the induction of many cytokines, including interferon-beta, which signals through the type I interferon receptor. We show here that LPS-induced UCM was strictly dependent on the TLR4-->Trif axis, whereas dsRNA-induced UCM was only partly dependent on the TLR3-->Trif axis. But both LPS- and dsRNA-induced UCM were entirely dependent on type I interferon receptor signaling. These findings show that UCM involves an autocrine or paracrine loop, and indicate that an alternative TLR3-independent, Trif-independent pathway contributes to dsRNA-induced UCM.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/physiology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/drug effects
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen
- CD40 Antigens/drug effects
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/physiology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/drug effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- RNA, Double-Stranded/pharmacology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 3
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Up-Regulation
- eIF-2 Kinase/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Hoebe
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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192
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Nagata N, Oshida T, Yoshida NL, Yuyama N, Sugita Y, Tsujimoto G, Katsunuma T, Akasawa A, Saito H. Analysis of highly expressed genes in monocytes from atopic dermatitis patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2003; 132:156-67. [PMID: 14600428 DOI: 10.1159/000073717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2003] [Accepted: 06/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocytes, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are key effectors of both innate and acquired immune responses. Such cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of some inflammatory diseases. Differential gene expression in CD14-positive cells from patients with atomic dermatitis (AD) was studied using real-time quantitative RT-PCR to measure transcription levels of selected genes. METHODS PBMCs were prepared by Ficoll gradient separation from 30 AD patients (the anti-mite-specific IgE RAST score: 0.75 to >100 UA/ml) and 10 healthy adult individuals (the RAST score: <0.34-0.37 UA/ml) and CD14-positive cells were selected. A total of 64 genes was selected for study from groups of genes with different molecular function. RESULTS Genes involved in MHC class I antigen presentation, such as beta(2)-microglobulin, subunits of an immunoproteasome and ATP-binding cassette transporter TAP2 were expressed at higher levels in the AD patients than in the healthy controls. The genes for Toll-like receptors, CD36 and IFNgamma receptor were also upregulated in the AD patients. These genes are involved in MHC class I antigen presentation, recognition of bacterial pathogens and apoptotic cells. CONCLUSIONS The upregulation of genes suggests that circulating monocytes in AD patients may be primed to differentiate into effector cells by conditions associated with AD. The upregulation of genes may prove to be a useful marker for AD.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- CD36 Antigens/immunology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/genetics
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genes, MHC Class I/genetics
- Genes, MHC Class I/immunology
- Genes, MHC Class II/genetics
- Genes, MHC Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/physiology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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193
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Cowley SC, Elkins KL. Multiple T cell subsets control Francisella tularensis LVS intracellular growth without stimulation through macrophage interferon gamma receptors. J Exp Med 2003; 198:379-89. [PMID: 12885873 PMCID: PMC2194083 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2003] [Accepted: 05/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of data suggest that in vivo production of interferon (IFN)-gamma is necessary, but not sufficient, for expression of secondary protective immunity against intracellular pathogens. To discover specific IFN-gamma-independent T cell mediated mechanisms, we took advantage of an in vitro culture system that models in vivo immune responses to the intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS). LVS-immune lymphocytes specifically controlled 99% of the growth of LVS in wild-type murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Surprisingly, LVS-immune lymphocytes also inhibited LVS intracellular growth by as much as 95% in macrophages derived from IFN-gamma receptor knockout (IFNgammaR KO) mice. CD8+ T cells, and to a lesser degree CD4+ T cells, controlled LVS intracellular growth in both wild-type and IFNgammaR KO macrophages. Further, a unique population of Thy1+alphabeta+CD4-CD8- cells that was previously suggested to operate during secondary immunity to LVS in vivo strongly controlled LVS intracellular growth in vitro. A large proportion of the inhibition of LVS intracellular growth in IFNgammaR KO macrophages by all three T cell subsets could be attributed to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. Thus, T cell mechanisms exist that control LVS intracellular growth without acting through the IFN-gamma receptor; such control is due in large part to TNF-alpha, and is partially mediated by a unique double negative T cell subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán C Cowley
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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194
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Mohamed HS, Ibrahim ME, Miller EN, Peacock CS, Khalil EAG, Cordell HJ, Howson JMM, El Hassan AM, Bereir REH, Blackwell JM. Genetic susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in The Sudan: linkage and association with IL4 and IFNGR1. Genes Immun 2003; 4:351-5. [PMID: 12847550 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies in Sudan show ethnic differences in incidence and clinical phenotypes associated with Leishmania donovani. Immunologically, bias in type 1 vs type 2 cytokine responses is important. To determine whether polymorphisms at IL4/IL9 or IFNGR1 contribute to susceptibility, we examined 59 multicase families of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) with/without post Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Multipoint nonparametric analysis (Allegro) linked IL4/IL9 to VL per se (P=0.002). Transmission disequilibrium testing with robust variance estimates confirmed association in the presence of linkage between VL per se and IL4 (P=0.008) but not IL9. Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed both IL4RP2 and IL4RP1 markers contributed significantly to the association, suggesting a common disease-associated haplotype. In contrast, IFNGR1 was linked (P=0.031) and associated (P=0.007) to PKDL but not VL or VL per se. Hence, polymorphism in a type 2 cytokine gene influences underlying susceptibility to VL, whereas IFNGR1 is specifically related to susceptibility to PKDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Mohamed
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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195
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Hamamoto S, Fukuda R, Ishimura N, Rumi MAK, Kazumori H, Uchida Y, Kadowaki Y, Ishihara S, Kinoshita Y. 9-cis retinoic acid enhances the antiviral effect of interferon on hepatitis C virus replication through increased expression of type I interferon receptor. J Lab Clin Med 2003; 141:58-66. [PMID: 12518169 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2003.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of type I interferon receptor (IFN-Rc) in the liver is a crucial factor in determining the efficacy of interferon (IFN) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Retinoic acids (RAs) can enhance the expression of type I IFN-Rc expression. The aim of this study was to investigate whether RAs increase the anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) effect of IFN through an increase in IFN-Rc. The hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HuH-7 was treated with 10(-7) mol/L all-trans RA (ATRA) and 9-cis RA (9-CRA). Expression of type I IFN-Rc was investigated at both the mRNA and protein levels with the use of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry, respectively. We investigated the anti-HCV effect, using in vitro HCV transfection, by monitoring the level of HCV RNA in the culture medium. ATRA and 9-CRA enhanced the expression of type I IFN-Rc at both the mRNA and protein levels. After IFN-alpha treatment, the activity of 2,5'-oligoadenylate synthetase was enhanced by RAs, and this enhancement was abolished when blocking antibodies had previously been bound to the surface receptors. IFN treatment decreased the concentration of HCV RNA, and this effect was enhanced by treatment with RAs. Our findings suggest that RAs enhance the anti-HCV replication effect of IFN-alpha through up-regulation of type I IFN-Rc in HuH-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Hamamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Shimane Medical University, Japan
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196
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Chelmońskasoyta A. Interferon tau and its immunobiological role in ruminant reproduction. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2002; 50:47-52. [PMID: 11916308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Interferon tau (IFN-tau) is an key cytokine in maintaining pregnancy in ruminants. It is produced by the ruminant conceptus around the time of implantation. IFN-tau belongs to the type I interferon family but, unlike the other members of this group, it is not virus inducible and its expression is temporal and restricted to the trophoblast cells of the ruminant conceptus. The main target of the paracrine action of this cytokine is the endometrium. It changes the prostaglandin metabolism and secretory function of the cells by upregulating the secretion of several proteins. It also presents immunomodulatory action towards leukocytes by changing their proliferative responses and cytokine production. This cytokine activity in reproductive biology and immunology has been intensively explored for the last ten years. It has been regarded as a potential tool in improving the performance and biotechnological processes in ruminant reproduction. Additionally, its high antiviral potency and low cytotoxicity in comparison with IFN-alpha has placed this cytokine in the group of possible therapeutics in human and animal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chelmońskasoyta
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture University of Wrocław, Poland
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197
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Losana G, Bovolenta C, Rigamonti L, Borghi I, Altare F, Jouanguy E, Forni G, Casanova JL, Sherry B, Mengozzi M, Trinchieri G, Poli G, Gerosa F, Novelli F. IFN-gamma and IL-12 differentially regulate CC-chemokine secretion and CCR5 expression in human T lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2002; 72:735-42. [PMID: 12377943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12, especially in the presence of neutralizing anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibodies, primed CD45RO(-) T clones for high CCL3/macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and CCL4/MIP-1beta levels. In CD4(+) and CD8(+) clones from two patients deficient for IL-12Rbeta1 (IL-12Rbeta1(-/-)), production of CCL3/MIP-1alpha and CCL4/MIP-1beta was defective. CD4(+) clones from two patients deficient for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) R1 (IFN-gammaR1(-/-)) produced somewhat decreased CCL4/MIP-1beta levels. IL-12 failed to prime CD4(+) or CD8(+) healthy clones for high CCL5/regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES) production, although its secretion was impaired in CD4(+) clones from IL-12Rbeta1(-/-) and IFN-gammaR1(-/-) patients. CCR5 surface expression was up-regulated in resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4(+) clones from both kinds of patients, rendering them more susceptible to CCR5-dependent (R5) HIV-1 infection. Neutralization of IFN-gamma increased CCR5 expression and decreased CC-chemokine secretion by CD4(+) clones from healthy and IL-12Rbeta1(-/-) individuals, suggesting an IFN-gamma-dependent control of CCR5 expression. These data provide the first documented analysis of chemokine secretion and chemokine receptor expression on T cells from IL-12 and IFN-gamma receptor-deficient patients and dissect the role of IL-12 and IFN-gamma on inducing inflammatory chemokine secretion and down-regulating CCR5 expression in human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Losana
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
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198
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Ottenhoff THM, Verreck FAW, Lichtenauer-Kaligis EGR, Hoeve MA, Sanal O, van Dissel JT. Genetics, cytokines and human infectious disease: lessons from weakly pathogenic mycobacteria and salmonellae. Nat Genet 2002; 32:97-105. [PMID: 12205477 DOI: 10.1038/ng0902-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Host genetic factors are important in determining the outcome of infections caused by intracellular pathogens, including mycobacteria and salmonellae, but until now have been poorly characterized. Recently, some individuals with severe infections due to otherwise weakly pathogenic mycobacteria (non-tuberculous mycobacteria or Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin) or Salmonella species have been shown to be unable to produce or respond to interferon-gamma. This inability results from mutations in any of five genes encoding essential proteins of the type 1 cytokine cascade: interleukin-12p40, interleukin-12R beta 1, interferon-gamma R1, interferon-gamma R2 or STAT1. Ten syndromes have thus far been identified. Recent insights in genetically controlled host defense and susceptibility to mycobacterial disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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199
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Salazar-Mather TP, Lewis CA, Biron CA. Type I interferons regulate inflammatory cell trafficking and macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha delivery to the liver. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:321-30. [PMID: 12163451 PMCID: PMC151088 DOI: 10.1172/jci15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha, CCL3) is critical for liver NK cell inflammation and delivery of IFN-gamma to mediate downstream protective responses against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infections. This system was used to evaluate the upstream contribution of the type 1 IFNs, IFN-alpha/beta, in promotion of MIP-1alpha production. Mice deficient in IFN-alpha/beta functions, as a result of mutation in the receptor for these cytokines (IFN-alpha/betaR(-)), were profoundly deficient in MIP-1alpha expression and accumulation of NK cells and macrophages in the liver and had increased sensitivity to MCMV infection. The cytokines themselves were responsible for the immunoregulatory effects, since administration of recombinant IFN-alpha (rIFN-alpha) to immunocompetent mice also induced these changes. IFN-alpha/beta was required for NK cell accumulation during infection, and MIP-1alpha was required for NK cell accumulation in response to administered rIFN-alpha. In vivo trafficking assays demonstrated a requirement for IFN-alpha/betaR signaling for leukocyte localization in, and delivery of MIP-1alpha-producing macrophages to, the liver. These results extend characterization of the cytokine and chemokine cascade required for protection against viral infections in tissues by defining IFN-alpha/beta-dependent mechanisms promoting MIP-1alpha production and the resulting hepatic accumulation of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais P Salazar-Mather
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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200
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Giron-Michel J, Weill D, Bailly G, Legras S, Nardeux PC, Azzarone B, Tovey MG, Eid P. Direct signal transduction via functional interferon-alphabeta receptors in CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Leukemia 2002; 16:1135-42. [PMID: 12040445 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2001] [Accepted: 01/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Affinity purified, freshly isolated CD34+ progenitors were shown to express low levels of type I interferon (IFN) receptors (740 +/- 60 binding sites/cell, K(d) 0.7 +/- 0.04 nM) determined by Scatchard's analysis using a radiolabelled, neutralizing, monoclonal antibody directed against the IFNAR1 chain of the human type I IFN receptor. Treatment of freshly isolated (day 0), highly purified (>95% pure) CD34+ cells with recombinant IFN-alpha resulted in rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of STAT1, Tyk2 and JAK1 as shown by Western immunoblotting. Similarly, IFN treatment was shown by confocal microscopy to result in rapid nuclear localization of the transcription factors IRF1 and STAT2, demonstrating the presence of functional IFN receptors on freshly isolated (day 0) CD34+ cells. The number of specific type I IFN receptor binding sites expressed on hematopoietic progenitor cells increased to some 1440 +/- 40 per cell after 11 days of cultivation of CD34+ cells in vitrosuggesting that receptor expression increases with cell differentiation. IFN-mediated signal transduction and the inhibitory effect of IFN-alpha on 7 or 14 days CFU-GM and BFU-E colony formation was abrogated in the presence of the anti-IFNAR1 mAb, indicating that IFN-alpha acts directly on the proliferation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells via receptor activated signal transduction without excluding the induction of other cytokines or growth factors by residual accessory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Giron-Michel
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Virale, UPR 9045, CNRS, Villejuif, France
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