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Midtvedt T, Zabarovsky E, Norin E, Bark J, Gizatullin R, Kashuba V, Ljungqvist O, Zabarovska V, Möllby R, Ernberg I. Increase of faecal tryptic activity relates to changes in the intestinal microbiome: analysis of Crohn's disease with a multidisciplinary platform. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66074. [PMID: 23840402 PMCID: PMC3688706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate—by molecular, classical and functional methods—the microbiota in biopsies and faeces from patients with active Crohn's disease (CD) and controls. Design The microbiota in biopsies was investigated utilizing a novel molecular method and classical cultivation technology. Faecal samples were investigated by classical technology and four functional methods, reflecting alterations in short chain fatty acids pattern, conversion of cholesterol and bilirubin and inactivation of trypsin. Results By molecular methods we found more than 92% similarity in the microbiota on the biopsies from the two groups. However, 4.6% of microbes found in controls were lacking in CD patients. Furthermore, NotI representation libraries demonstrate two different clusters representing CD patients and controls, respectively. Utilizing conventional technology, Bacteroides (alt. Parabacteroides) was less frequently detected in the biopsies from CD patients than from controls. A similar reduction in the number of Bacteroides was found in faecal samples. Bacteroides is the only group of bacteria known to be able to inactivate pancreatic trypsin. Faecal tryptic activity was high in CD patients, and inversely correlated to the levels of Bacteroides. Conclusions CD patients have compositional and functional alterations in their intestinal microbiota, in line with the global description hypothesis rather than the candidate microorganism theory. The most striking functional difference was high amount of faecal tryptic activity in CD patients, inversely correlated to the levels of Bacteroides in faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Midtvedt
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eugene Zabarovsky
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Norin
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Bark
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Unit, Stockholm Gastro Center, Sophiahemmet Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rinat Gizatullin
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Kashuba
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Ljungqvist
- Department of Surgery, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Veronika Zabarovska
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland Möllby
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Rashid T, Wilson C, Ebringer A. The link between ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, Klebsiella, and starch consumption. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:872632. [PMID: 23781254 PMCID: PMC3678459 DOI: 10.1155/2013/872632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Both ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and Crohn's disease (CD) are chronic and potentially disabling interrelated conditions, which have been included under the group of spondyloarthropathies. The results of a large number of studies support the idea that an enteropathic pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae, is the most likely triggering factor involved in the initiation and development of these diseases. Increased starch consumptions by genetically susceptible individuals such as those possessing HLA-B27 allelotypes could trigger the disease in both AS and CD by enhancing the growth and perpetuation of the Klebsiella microbes in the bowel. Exposure to increased levels of these microbes will lead to the production of elevated levels of anti-Klebsiella antibodies as well as autoantibodies against cross-reactive self-antigens with resultant pathological lesions in the bowel and joints. Hence, a decrease of starch-containing products in the daily dietary intake could have a beneficial therapeutic effect on the disease especially when used in conjunction with the currently available medical therapies in the treatment of patients with AS and CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Rashid
- Analytical Sciences Group, Kings College, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Clyde Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Kings Edward VII Memorial Hospital, 7 Point Finger Road, Paget DV04, Bermuda
| | - Alan Ebringer
- Analytical Sciences Group, Kings College, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Verdier J, Deroche L, Allez M, Loy C, Biet F, Bodier CC, Bay S, Ganneau C, Matysiak-Budnik T, Reyrat JM, Heyman M, Cerf-Bensussan N, Ruemmele FM, Ménard S. Specific IgG response against Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in children and adults with Crohn's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62780. [PMID: 23658774 PMCID: PMC3642204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Presence of serum antibodies against Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) in Crohn's Disease (CD) as a disease characteristic remains controversial. In the present work, we assessed antibody reactivity of serum and intestinal fluid against four distinct MAP-antigens, including the recently identified MAP-specific lipopentapeptide (L5P). METHODS Immunoglobulin concentrations and specificity against 3 non MAP-specific antigens: glycosyl-transferase-d (GSD), purified protein derivative from MAP (Johnin-PPD), heparin binding haemagglutinin (MAP-HBHA) and one MAP-specific antigen: synthetic L5P were determined by ELISA in gut lavage fluids from adult controls or patients with CD, and in sera of children or adult controls or patients with CD, ulcerative colitis or celiac disease. RESULTS Total IgA and IgG concentrations were increased in sera of children with CD but were decreased in sera of adults with CD, thereof specificity against MAP antigens was assessed by normalizing immunoglobulin concentrations between samples. In CD patients, IgG reactivity was increased against the four MAP antigens, including L5P in gut lavage fluids but it was only increased against L5P in sera. By contrast, anti-L5P IgG were not increased in patients with ulcerative colitis or celiac disease. CONCLUSIONS A significant increase in anti-L5P IgG is observed in sera of children and adults with CD but not in patients with other intestinal inflammatory diseases. Anti-L5P antibodies may serve as serological marker for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Verdier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Louis Deroche
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Matthieu Allez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Loy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Franck Biet
- UMR ISP 1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique,INRA centre de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Christelle C. Bodier
- UMR ISP 1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique,INRA centre de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sylvie Bay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean Marc Reyrat
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- INSERM-UMR 570, unité de Pathogénie des Infections Systémiques, Groupe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Martine Heyman
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Frank M. Ruemmele
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Gastroenterology, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Ménard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR989, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Toxalim Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Andreu-Ballester JC, Garcia-Ballesteros C, Amigo V, Ballester F, Gil-Borrás R, Catalán-Serra I, Magnet A, Fenoy S, del Aguila C, Ferrando-Marco J, Cuéllar C. Microsporidia and its relation to Crohn's disease. A retrospective study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62107. [PMID: 23637975 PMCID: PMC3630148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cause of Crohn's Disease (CD) remains unknown. Recently a decrease in the global lymphocyte population in the peripheral blood of CD patients has been reported. This decrease was more evident in γδ T lymphocytes, especially γδ CD8+T subsets. Furthermore, a decrease of IL-7 was also observed in these patients. We propose the hypothesis that microsporidia, an obligate intracellular opportunistic parasite recently related to fungi, in CD patients can take advantage of the lymphocytes and IL-7 deficits to proliferate and to contribute to the pathophysiology of this disease. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this case-control study, serum samples were collected from 36 CD patients and from 36 healthy individuals (controls), IgE and IgG anti-Encephalitozoon antibodies were determined by ELISA; and forty-four intestinal tissue samples were analyzed through real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), twenty CD patients, nine with others diseases and 15 healthy subjects. We observed that IgE anti-Encephalitozoon levels were significantly higher in patients with CD: 0.386(±0.256) vs control group, 0.201(±0.147), P<0.001. However, IgG anti-Encephalitozoon values were significantly lower in CD patients: 0.361(±0.256) vs control group, 0.876(±0.380), P<0.001. In the group of CD patients, 6/20 (30%) were positive by real time PCR for microsporidia and, all the patients of the control group were negative by real time PCR. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CD patients are a group at risk for microsporidiasis and, moreover that microsporidia may be involved as a possible etiologic factor of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Garcia-Ballesteros
- Research Department, Arnau de Vilanova Hospital, Valencia, Spain
- Hematology Department, Arnau de Vilanova Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victoria Amigo
- Hematology Department, Arnau de Vilanova Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ferran Ballester
- Center of Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Barcelona, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Angela Magnet
- Laboratory of Parasitology, San Pablo Centro de Estudios Universitarios University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Fenoy
- Laboratory of Parasitology, San Pablo Centro de Estudios Universitarios University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen del Aguila
- Laboratory of Parasitology, San Pablo Centro de Estudios Universitarios University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Ferrando-Marco
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Arnau de Vilanova Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Cuéllar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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De Greef E, Vandenplas Y, Hauser B, Devreker T, Veereman-Wauters G. Probiotics and IBD. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2013; 76:15-19. [PMID: 23650777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease is still incompletely understood. While the development of the immune system and the establishment of the microflora take place during infancy young patients often have a more severe and extensive disease. The differences in composition and concentration of intestinal microbiota and aberrant immune responses towards the luminal bacteria prompted the concept of an 'ecological' approach to control the disease course. Probiotics, living, non pathogenic micro organisms with a beneficial effect on the host, and prebiotics, oligosaccharides promoting the growth of the beneficial microflora, have been studied to this effect. Results have so far been disappointing for Crohn's disease but encouraging for ulcerative colitis. An overview of studies using probiotics in adults or children and a perspective on specific pediatric issues is provided in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth De Greef
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, UZ Brussel, Belgium
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208
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Day AS, Mitchell HM, Leach ST, Lemberg DA. Comment to: Changes of faecal microflora in patients with Crohn's disease treated with an elemental diet and total parenteral nutrition. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:177. [PMID: 22938701 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dreux N, Denizot J, Martinez-Medina M, Mellmann A, Billig M, Kisiela D, Chattopadhyay S, Sokurenko E, Neut C, Gower-Rousseau C, Colombel JF, Bonnet R, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Barnich N. Point mutations in FimH adhesin of Crohn's disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli enhance intestinal inflammatory response. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003141. [PMID: 23358328 PMCID: PMC3554634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are abnormally predominant on Crohn's disease (CD) ileal mucosa. AIEC reference strain LF82 adheres to ileal enterocytes via the common type 1 pili adhesin FimH and recognizes CEACAM6 receptors abnormally expressed on CD ileal epithelial cells. The fimH genes of 45 AIEC and 47 non-AIEC strains were sequenced. The phylogenetic tree based on fimH DNA sequences indicated that AIEC strains predominantly express FimH with amino acid mutations of a recent evolutionary origin - a typical signature of pathoadaptive changes of bacterial pathogens. Point mutations in FimH, some of a unique AIEC-associated nature, confer AIEC bacteria a significantly higher ability to adhere to CEACAM-expressing T84 intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, in the LF82 strain, the replacement of fimHLF82 (expressing FimH with an AIEC-associated mutation) with fimHK12 (expressing FimH of commensal E. coli K12) decreased the ability of bacteria to persist and to induce severe colitis and gut inflammation in infected CEABAC10 transgenic mice expressing human CEACAM receptors. Our results highlight a mechanism of AIEC virulence evolution that involves selection of amino acid mutations in the common bacterial traits, such as FimH protein, and leads to the development of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in a genetically susceptible host. The analysis of fimH SNPs may be a useful method to predict the potential virulence of E. coli isolated from IBD patients for diagnostic or epidemiological studies and to identify new strategies for therapeutic intervention to block the interaction between AIEC and gut mucosa in the early stages of IBD. The etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases, in particular Crohn's disease (CD), involves disorders in host genetic factors and intestinal microbiota. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are receiving increasing attention because they have been reported worldwide to be more prevalent in CD patients than in healthy subjects. AIEC adhere to ileal enterocytes via type 1 pili, which recognize the CEACAM6 receptor, which is abnormally expressed in CD patients. The ability of AIEC to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells expressing CEACAM6 could be correlated with the presence of amino acid substitutions in the type 1 pili FimH adhesin subunit. AIEC strains express FimH protein variants with recently acquired amino acid mutations, which is a typical signature of pathoadaptive evolution of bacterial pathogens. AIEC-associated mutations in FimH confer on AIEC bacteria a significantly higher ability to adhere to CEACAM-expressing intestinal epithelial cells. Our results highlight a mechanism of AIEC pathogenic evolution that involves selection of FimH pathoadaptive mutations, which are required for AIEC gut colonization, which leads to the development of chronic inflammation in a genetically susceptible host. The analysis of fimH SNPs may be a useful method to predict the potential virulence of E. coli isolated from IBD patients in epidemiological studies and to develop new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dreux
- M2iSH, UMR1071 Inserm, Université d'Auvergne, USC-INRA 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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210
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Gałecka M, Szachta P, Bartnicka A, Łykowska-Szuber L, Eder P, Schwiertz A. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Crohn's disease - is there any connection? Pol J Microbiol 2013; 62:91-95. [PMID: 23829084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was evaluation of the correlation between the level of clinical activity of Crohn's disease (CD) and the number of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, total number of bacteria and the concentration of selected short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in stool. 34 individuals diagnosed with Crohn's disease participated in this study in 2011. The disease activity was determined according to the Crohn Disease Activity Index (CDAI). The number of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and total number of bacteria were monitored by RT-PCR. The concentrations of SCFA were determined by gas chromatography. In CD patients, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii number and percentage of the total number of bacteria were greatly reduced. In patients with CD the percentage of acetate was elevated (70%), while the percentages of propionate and butyrate were significantly reduced (14.9% and 7.99%, respectively).
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211
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Nickerson KP, McDonald C. Crohn's disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli adhesion is enhanced by exposure to the ubiquitous dietary polysaccharide maltodextrin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52132. [PMID: 23251695 PMCID: PMC3520894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with intestinal dysbiosis evidenced by an altered microbiome forming thick biofilms on the epithelium. Additionally, adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) strains are frequently isolated from ileal lesions of CD patients indicating a potential role for these strains in disease pathogenesis. The composition and characteristics of the host microbiome are influenced by environmental factors, particularly diet. Polysaccharides added to food as emulsifiers, stabilizers or bulking agents have been linked to bacteria-associated intestinal disorders. The escalating consumption of polysaccharides in Western diets parallels an increased incidence of CD during the latter 20th century. In this study, the effect of a polysaccharide panel on adhesiveness of the CD-associated AIEC strain LF82 was analyzed to determine if these food additives promote disease-associated bacterial phenotypes. Maltodextrin (MDX), a polysaccharide derived from starch hydrolysis, markedly enhanced LF82 specific biofilm formation. Biofilm formation of multiple other E. coli strains was also promoted by MDX. MDX-induced E. coli biofilm formation was independent of polysaccharide chain length indicating a requirement for MDX metabolism. MDX exposure induced type I pili expression, which was required for MDX-enhanced biofilm formation. MDX also increased bacterial adhesion to human intestinal epithelial cell monolayers in a mechanism dependent on type 1 pili and independent of the cellular receptor CEACAM6, suggesting a novel mechanism of epithelial cell adhesion. Analysis of mucosa-associated bacteria from individuals with and without CD showed increased prevalence of malX, a gene essential for MDX metabolism, uniquely in the ileum of CD patients. These findings demonstrate that the ubiquitous dietary component MDX enhances E. coli adhesion and suggests a mechanism by which Western diets rich in specific polysaccharides may promote dysbiosis of gut microbes and contribute to disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourtney P. Nickerson
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christine McDonald
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Gut microbiota constitute a highly complex ecosystem that interacts with the host and profoundly affects gastrointestinal and systemic immunologic functions. Specific microbial patterns are associated with healthy children and adults, and these patterns are greatly related to the early acquisition of microbes by the newborn and the development of gut microbial communities in the perinatal period. Although direct causation must be firmly established and mechanisms fully elucidated, strong and increasing evidence shows that the early acquisition, development, and maintenance of specific bacterial populations are critical to human health, and a better understanding of these offers great opportunities for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Saavedra
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Erickson AR, Cantarel BL, Lamendella R, Darzi Y, Mongodin EF, Pan C, Shah M, Halfvarson J, Tysk C, Henrissat B, Raes J, Verberkmoes NC, Fraser CM, Hettich RL, Jansson JK. Integrated metagenomics/metaproteomics reveals human host-microbiota signatures of Crohn's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49138. [PMID: 23209564 PMCID: PMC3509130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease of complex etiology, although dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been implicated in chronic immune-mediated inflammation associated with CD. Here we combined shotgun metagenomic and metaproteomic approaches to identify potential functional signatures of CD in stool samples from six twin pairs that were either healthy, or that had CD in the ileum (ICD) or colon (CCD). Integration of these omics approaches revealed several genes, proteins, and pathways that primarily differentiated ICD from healthy subjects, including depletion of many proteins in ICD. In addition, the ICD phenotype was associated with alterations in bacterial carbohydrate metabolism, bacterial-host interactions, as well as human host-secreted enzymes. This eco-systems biology approach underscores the link between the gut microbiota and functional alterations in the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease and aids in identification of novel diagnostic targets and disease specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R. Erickson
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brandi L. Cantarel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Regina Lamendella
- Department of Ecology, Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Youssef Darzi
- Bioinformatics and Eco-Systems Biology lab, Department of Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Research Group of Microbiology (MICR), Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel F. Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chongle Pan
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Manesh Shah
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jonas Halfvarson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Örebro University Hospital and School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Curt Tysk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Örebro University Hospital and School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR6098, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Universités Aix-Marseille I & II, Marseille, France
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Bioinformatics and Eco-Systems Biology lab, Department of Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Research Group of Microbiology (MICR), Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathan C. Verberkmoes
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Claire M. Fraser
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Hettich
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Janet K. Jansson
- Department of Ecology, Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Sewell GW, Hannun YA, Han X, Koster G, Bielawski J, Goss V, Smith PJ, Rahman FZ, Vega R, Bloom SL, Walker AP, Postle AD, Segal AW. Lipidomic profiling in Crohn's disease: abnormalities in phosphatidylinositols, with preservation of ceramide, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine composition. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1839-46. [PMID: 22728312 PMCID: PMC3778899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition largely affecting the terminal ileum and large bowel. A contributing cause is the failure of an adequate acute inflammatory response as a result of impaired secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages. This defective secretion arises from aberrant vesicle trafficking, misdirecting the cytokines to lysosomal degradation. Aberrant intestinal permeability is also well-established in Crohn's disease. Both the disordered vesicle trafficking and increased bowel permeability could result from abnormal lipid composition. We thus measured the sphingo- and phospholipid composition of macrophages, using mass spectrometry and stable isotope labelling approaches. Stimulation of macrophages with heat-killed Escherichia coli resulted in three main changes; a significant reduction in the amount of individual ceramide species, an altered composition of phosphatidylcholine, and an increased rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in macrophages. These changes were observed in macrophages from both healthy control individuals and patients with Crohn's disease. The only difference detected between control and Crohn's disease macrophages was a reduced proportion of newly-synthesised phosphatidylinositol 16:0/18:1 over a defined time period. Shotgun lipidomics analysis of macroscopically non-inflamed ileal biopsies showed a significant decrease in this same lipid species with overall preservation of sphingolipid, phospholipid and cholesterol composition.
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Key Words
- cct, phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase
- cd, crohn's disease
- gwas, genome-wide association study
- hc, healthycontrol
- hkec, heat-killed escherichia coli
- pa, phosphatidic acid
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- pi, phosphatidylinositol
- ps, phosphatidylserine
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- crohn's disease
- macrophage
- lipids
- ceramide
- sphingolipid
- phospholipid
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W. Sewell
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Xianlin Han
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Grielof Koster
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 803, South Block, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jacek Bielawski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Victoria Goss
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 803, South Block, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Smith
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farooq Z. Rahman
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roser Vega
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart L. Bloom
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ann P. Walker
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony D. Postle
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 803, South Block, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W. Segal
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
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215
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Murdoch TB, Xu W, Stempak JM, Landers C, Targan SR, Rotter JI, Silverberg MS. Pattern recognition receptor and autophagy gene variants are associated with development of antimicrobial antibodies in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1743-8. [PMID: 22275320 PMCID: PMC3418471 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to investigate whether variants in genes involved in bacterial sensing and autophagy (NOD2, TLR5, IRGM, ATG16L1) and the interleukin-23 signaling pathway (IL12B, IL23R, STAT3) were associated with development of antimicrobial antibodies in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS A cohort of 616 CD patients from a tertiary referral hospital (Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto) was evaluated. DNA was tested for three CD-associated NOD2 variants (3020insC, G908R, R702W), variants in IRGM, ATG16L1, IL12B, IL23R, STAT3, and a TLR5-stop mutation. Serum was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA) IgG and IgA, anti-outer membrane porin C (anti-ompC), anti-Cbir1 flagellin, and anti-Pseudomonas fluorescens (anti-I2). RESULTS NOD2 3020insC was associated with cumulative seroreactivity by quartile sum (P = 0.003) and number of positive antibodies (P = 0.02). NOD2 G908R was also associated with quartile sum (P = 0.05). Increased ASCA seropositivity was associated with NOD2 3020insC (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, P = 0.02) and G908R (OR = 1.8, P = 0.05), and ATG16L1 T300A (OR = 1.4, P = 0.01) variants; ASCA-positive patients had an increased cumulative number of NOD2 3020insC and ATG16L1 T300A variants (P = 0.007). TLR5-stop mutation abrogated development of anti-flagellin in a dominant-negative fashion (OR = 0.5, P = 0.009). The IRGM CD risk variant was associated with increased anti-flagellin seropositivity (OR = 1.5, P = 0.03). IL12B, IL23R, and STAT3 variants did not contribute to development of antimicrobial antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Variants in innate immune genes involved in pattern recognition and autophagy but not the interleukin-23 signaling pathway influence antimicrobial seroreactivity in CD. In particular, the additive effect of NOD2 3020insC and ATG16L1 T300A suggests a role for autophagy in development of ASCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis B Murdoch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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216
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Abstract
Recent translational studies have provided new insights into pathogenesis, disease behavior, and treatment responses in pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Registry studies have identified distinct clinical phenotypes with increasing age of onset; this has led to a revision of the clinical phenotyping system, now termed the Paris classification system. It is recognized that there are infantile (age <2 years), very early onset (VEO, age 2-10), and early onset (EO, age 10-17) forms of disease. Rare genetic mutations affecting anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory pathways have been discovered in infantile and VEO forms, while genetic pathways identified in EO disease have been similar to adult-onset IBD. Genetic and serologic patterns measured soon after diagnosis have been shown to be associated with more aggressive stricturing behavior; these patterns may now be used clinically to help predict disease course. More recently, clinical and genetic models have been developed that, if validated, could be used to predict treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Denson
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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217
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Papa E, Docktor M, Smillie C, Weber S, Preheim SP, Gevers D, Giannoukos G, Ciulla D, Tabbaa D, Ingram J, Schauer DB, Ward DV, Korzenik JR, Xavier RJ, Bousvaros A, Alm EJ. Non-invasive mapping of the gastrointestinal microbiota identifies children with inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39242. [PMID: 22768065 PMCID: PMC3387146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is challenging to diagnose because of the non-specificity of symptoms; an unequivocal diagnosis can only be made using colonoscopy, which clinicians are reluctant to recommend for children. Diagnosis of pediatric IBD is therefore frequently delayed, leading to inappropriate treatment plans and poor outcomes. We investigated the use of 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples and new analytical methods to assess differences in the microbiota of children with IBD and other gastrointestinal disorders. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We applied synthetic learning in microbial ecology (SLiME) analysis to 16S sequencing data obtained from i) published surveys of microbiota diversity in IBD and ii) fecal samples from 91 children and young adults who were treated in the gastroenterology program of Children's Hospital (Boston, USA). The developed method accurately distinguished control samples from those of patients with IBD; the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) value was 0.83 (corresponding to 80.3% sensitivity and 69.7% specificity at a set threshold). The accuracy was maintained among data sets collected by different sampling and sequencing methods. The method identified taxa associated with disease states and distinguished patients with Crohn's disease from those with ulcerative colitis with reasonable accuracy. The findings were validated using samples from an additional group of 68 patients; the validation test identified patients with IBD with an AUC value of 0.84 (e.g. 92% sensitivity, 58.5% specificity). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Microbiome-based diagnostics can distinguish pediatric patients with IBD from patients with similar symptoms. Although this test can not replace endoscopy and histological examination as diagnostic tools, classification based on microbial diversity is an effective complementary technique for IBD detection in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseo Papa
- Harvard/MIT Health Science and Technology Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Docktor
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher Smillie
- Computational and Systems Biology Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Weber
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah P. Preheim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dirk Gevers
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Georgia Giannoukos
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dawn Ciulla
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Diana Tabbaa
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jay Ingram
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David B. Schauer
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Doyle V. Ward
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joshua R. Korzenik
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Athos Bousvaros
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Alm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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218
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Sonnenberg GF, Monticelli LA, Alenghat T, Fung TC, Hutnick NA, Kunisawa J, Shibata N, Grunberg S, Sinha R, Zahm AM, Tardif MR, Sathaliyawala T, Kubota M, Farber DL, Collman RG, Shaked A, Fouser LA, Weiner DB, Tessier PA, Friedman JR, Kiyono H, Bushman FD, Chang KM, Artis D. Innate lymphoid cells promote anatomical containment of lymphoid-resident commensal bacteria. Science 2012; 336:1321-5. [PMID: 22674331 PMCID: PMC3659421 DOI: 10.1126/science.1222551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestinal tract is colonized by trillions of beneficial commensal bacteria that are anatomically restricted to specific niches. However, the mechanisms that regulate anatomical containment remain unclear. Here, we show that interleukin-22 (IL-22)-producing innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are present in intestinal tissues of healthy mammals. Depletion of ILCs resulted in peripheral dissemination of commensal bacteria and systemic inflammation, which was prevented by administration of IL-22. Disseminating bacteria were identified as Alcaligenes species originating from host lymphoid tissues. Alcaligenes was sufficient to promote systemic inflammation after ILC depletion in mice, and Alcaligenes-specific systemic immune responses were associated with Crohn's disease and progressive hepatitis C virus infection in patients. Collectively, these data indicate that ILCs regulate selective containment of lymphoid-resident bacteria to prevent systemic inflammation associated with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F. Sonnenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laurel A. Monticelli
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas C. Fung
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Natalie A. Hutnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Naoko Shibata
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Stephanie Grunberg
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rohini Sinha
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam M. Zahm
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mélanie R. Tardif
- Centre de Recherche en infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Taheri Sathaliyawala
- Department of Surgery and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Masaru Kubota
- Department of Surgery and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Department of Surgery and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Abraham Shaked
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lynette A. Fouser
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Biotherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - David B. Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Philippe A. Tessier
- Centre de Recherche en infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joshua R. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Artis
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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219
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Pistone D, Marone P, Pajoro M, Fabbi M, Vicari N, Daffara S, Dalla Valle C, Gabba S, Sassera D, Verri A, Montagna M, Epis S, Monti C, Strada EG, Grazioli V, Arrigoni N, Giacosa A, Bandi C. Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in Italy: commensal or emerging human pathogen? Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44:461-5. [PMID: 22285147 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific bacterial infections or alterations of the gut microbiota likely trigger immuno-pathological phenomena associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a candidate etiological agent of Crohn's disease. Definitive causal connection between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection and Crohn's disease has not been demonstrated. AIMS To determine the circulation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease patients and water supplies in an Italian region where this bacterium is endemic in cattle farms. METHODS Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis screening was performed on biopsies from human patients, and from water samples, using two different PCR procedures. RESULTS In hospitals where multiple specimens were obtained from different sites in the intestine, the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection was 82.1% and 40% respectively in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients; in another hospital, where single specimens were obtained from patients, the bacterium was not detected. Control subjects also harboured Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, but at a lower prevalence. Tap water samples collected in the study area contained Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis DNA. DISCUSSION The results of screenings for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in humans are deeply influenced by both the number and location of the collected biopsies. There is a wide circulation of the organism in the study area, considering the prevalence in humans and its presence in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pistone
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, Milan, Italy
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220
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Greenstein RJ, Cameron DW, Brown ST. On the zoonosis of M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6:504; author reply 505. [PMID: 22398086 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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221
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Singh AV, Singh SV, Sohal JS, Singh PK. Genotype profiles of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis recovered from suspected and Crohn's disease patients in India. Int J Infect Dis 2012; 13:e221-7. [PMID: 22471168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Present study aimed to genotype Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) recovered from suspected and Crohn' s disease patients. A total of 32 MAP and DNA (directly from clinical samples) recovered from human origin were genotyped using IS 1311 PCR-REA. Isolates were cultured from stool, biopsies and blood clots of Crohn's disease patients, and stool samples of suspected (animal attendants, lab workers etc). Of the 32 MAP isolates belonging to 28 human beings, majority (84.3%) were genotyped as 'Bison type', while 21.7% were of 'cattle' and none was 'sheep' genotype. Study first time reports distribution of 'Cattle' and 'Bison type' 'genotypes in suspected and Crohn's patients on pilot scale in India. 'Bison type' genotype was predominant in the surveyed human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Singh
- Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division, Central Institute Makhdoom, PO - Farah, District Mathura-281122 (UP), India.
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222
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Virta L, Auvinen A, Helenius H, Huovinen P, Kolho KL. Association of repeated exposure to antibiotics with the development of pediatric Crohn's disease--a nationwide, register-based finnish case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175:775-84. [PMID: 22366379 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether childhood exposure to antibiotics is associated with the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the authors conducted a national, register-based study comprising all children born in 1994-2008 in Finland and diagnosed with IBD by October 2010. The authors identified 595 children with IBD (233 with Crohn's disease and 362 with ulcerative colitis) and 2,380 controls matched for age, gender, and place of residence. The risk of pediatric Crohn's disease increased with the number of antibiotic purchases from birth to the index date and persisted when the 6 months preceding the case's diagnosis were excluded (for 7-10 purchases vs. none, odds ratio = 3.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.57, 7.34; conditional logistic regression). The association between Crohn's disease and antibiotic use was stronger in boys than in girls (P = 0.01). Cephalosporins showed the strongest association with Crohn's disease (for 3 purchases vs. nonuse, odds ratio = 2.82, 95% confidence interval: 1.65, 4.81). Antibiotic exposure was not associated with the development of pediatric ulcerative colitis. Repeated use of antibiotics may reflect shared susceptibility to childhood infections and pediatric Crohn's disease or alternatively may trigger disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Virta
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki, Box 281, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland.
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223
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Kaittanis C, Boukhriss H, Santra S, Naser SA, Perez JM. Rapid and sensitive detection of an intracellular pathogen in human peripheral leukocytes with hybridizing magnetic relaxation nanosensors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35326. [PMID: 22496916 PMCID: PMC3322147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are still a major global healthcare problem. The quick and sensitive detection of pathogens responsible for these infections would facilitate correct diagnosis of the disease and expedite treatment. Of major importance are intracellular slow-growing pathogens that reside within peripheral leukocytes, evading recognition by the immune system and detection by traditional culture methods. Herein, we report the use of hybridizing magnetic nanosensors (hMRS) for the detection of an intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The hMRS are designed to bind to a unique genomic sequence found in the MAP genome, causing significant changes in the sample’s magnetic resonance signal. Clinically relevant samples, including tissue and blood, were screened with hMRS and results were compared with traditional PCR analysis. Within less than an hour, the hMRS identified MAP-positive samples in a library of laboratory cultures, clinical isolates, blood and homogenized tissues. Comparison of the hMRS with culture methods in terms of prediction of disease state revealed that the hMRS outperformed established culture methods, while being significantly faster (1 hour vs 12 weeks). Additionally, using a single instrument and one nanoparticle preparation we were able to detect the intracellular bacterial target in clinical samples at the genomic and epitope levels. Overall, since the nanoparticles are robust in diverse environmental settings and substantially more affordable than PCR enzymes, the potential clinical and field-based use of hMRS in the multiplexed identification of microbial pathogens and other disease-related biomarkers via a single, deployable instrument in clinical and complex environmental samples is foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Kaittanis
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hamza Boukhriss
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Santimukul Santra
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Saleh A. Naser
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - J. Manuel Perez
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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224
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Kuenstner JT. Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and Crohn's Disease: an association requiring more research. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6:393. [PMID: 22405182 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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225
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Gologan S, Iacob R, Preda C, Vadan R, Cotruta B, Catuneanu AM, Iacob S, Constantinescu I, Gheorghe L, Iobagiu S, Gheorghe C, Diculescu M. Higher titers of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies IgA and IgG are associated with more aggressive phenotypes in Romanian patients with Crohn's disease. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2012; 21:39-44. [PMID: 22457858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Serological markers have been widely used for diagnostic purposes and disease stratification in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence and the correlations of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) titers with different clinical phenotypes in Romanian patients with Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS The study included 107 CD and 86 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients from the Gastroenterology Departments of three University Hospitals, and 60 healthy subjects. ASCA IgA and IgG titers were determined using ELISA test. For CD patients the phenotype was established according to the Montreal classification. The differences in ASCA titers for different CD phenotypes were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS ASCA prevalence was 33.6% in CD group, 12.8% in UC group and 6.6% in the control group. Significantly higher IgA (p=0.05) and IgG (p=0.03) titers were found in patients from the Montreal A1+A2 groups (age at onset below 40) compared with the older patients (A3). Higher titers were found in patients with extensive ileo-colonic lesions (L3) and upper gastrointestinal tract involvement (L4) than in patients having only colonic disease (L2). Significantly higher IgA (p=0.03) and IgG (p=0.03) titers were observed in patients with stenosing (B2) and penetrating (B3) disease compared with the nonstricturing, nonpenetrating (B1) phenotype. No correlation between ASCA titers and disease duration was found. CONCLUSION ASCA seropositivity in Romanian CD patients is lower than in Western Europe. Higher ASCA IgA and IgG titers are associated with a younger age at diagnosis and more aggressive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serban Gologan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract
We introduce Dirichlet multinomial mixtures (DMM) for the probabilistic modelling of microbial metagenomics data. This data can be represented as a frequency matrix giving the number of times each taxa is observed in each sample. The samples have different size, and the matrix is sparse, as communities are diverse and skewed to rare taxa. Most methods used previously to classify or cluster samples have ignored these features. We describe each community by a vector of taxa probabilities. These vectors are generated from one of a finite number of Dirichlet mixture components each with different hyperparameters. Observed samples are generated through multinomial sampling. The mixture components cluster communities into distinct 'metacommunities', and, hence, determine envirotypes or enterotypes, groups of communities with a similar composition. The model can also deduce the impact of a treatment and be used for classification. We wrote software for the fitting of DMM models using the 'evidence framework' (http://code.google.com/p/microbedmm/). This includes the Laplace approximation of the model evidence. We applied the DMM model to human gut microbe genera frequencies from Obese and Lean twins. From the model evidence four clusters fit this data best. Two clusters were dominated by Bacteroides and were homogenous; two had a more variable community composition. We could not find a significant impact of body mass on community structure. However, Obese twins were more likely to derive from the high variance clusters. We propose that obesity is not associated with a distinct microbiota but increases the chance that an individual derives from a disturbed enterotype. This is an example of the 'Anna Karenina principle (AKP)' applied to microbial communities: disturbed states having many more configurations than undisturbed. We verify this by showing that in a study of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) phenotypes, ileal Crohn's disease (ICD) is associated with a more variable community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Holmes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Keith Harris
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Quince
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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227
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Benno P, Bark J, Collinder E, Hellström PM, Midtvedt T, Norin E. Major alterations in metabolic activity of intestinal microflora in Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:251-2. [PMID: 21916816 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2011.615859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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228
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Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is an incurable intestinal disorder in which the loss of immune tolerance to the commensal gut microbiota leads to chronic inflammation. The reason this occurs in specific individuals is unclear; however, a genetic predisposition is fundamental and relatives of patients with CD are at significant risk of developing the disease. Knowledge relating to the genetic loci that predispose to CD is accumulating, which raises the possibility of disease prediction and prevention in susceptible populations. However, the genetic basis of CD is complex and genotyping alone is likely to be insufficient to predict disease risk accurately. Specific physiological abnormalities associated with CD, such as increased intestinal permeability and raised faecal calprotectin, are also abnormal in some relatives of patients with CD. The combination of genotypic factors and biomarkers of risk makes the development of models of disease prediction a realistic possibility. Furthermore, enhanced understanding of the genotype and phenotype of the at-risk state in relatives of patients with CD allows the earliest stages in the pathogenesis of CD to be investigated and may allow intervention to prevent disease onset. This article reviews current knowledge of the at-risk phenotype in relatives of patients with CD and focuses on the implications for the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Hedin
- King's College London, School of Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, London, UK
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229
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Davis WC, Madsen-Bouterse SA. Crohn's disease and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: the need for a study is long overdue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:1-6. [PMID: 22209202 PMCID: PMC3273645 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The initial suggestion that Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) might be involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) was based on the apparent similarity of lesions in the intestine of patients with CD with those present in cattle infected with Map, the etiological agent of Johne's disease (JD). Recent investigations have now revealed the presence of Map or Map DNA in blood or lesions from adults and children with CD. Of special interest, Map has also been found in patients with other diseases as well as healthy subjects. The latter observations indicate all humans are susceptible to infection with Map and that, like with other mycobacterial pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, infection does not invariably lead to development of clinical disease but rather development of a persistent latent stage of infection where an immune response controls but does not eliminate the pathogen. Limited information has been obtained on the immune response to Map in healthy subjects and patients with CD. Understanding how Map may be involved in the pathogenesis of CD will require a better understanding of the immune response to Map in one of its common hosts as well as healthy humans and patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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230
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Cañas-Ventura A, Esteve E, Horcajada JP, Andreu M, Knobel H, Márquez L. Systemic Bartonella henselae infection and Crohn's disease treatment with infliximab. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:E197-8. [PMID: 21928372 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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231
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Rausch P, Rehman A, Künzel S, Häsler R, Ott SJ, Schreiber S, Rosenstiel P, Franke A, Baines JF. Colonic mucosa-associated microbiota is influenced by an interaction of Crohn disease and FUT2 (Secretor) genotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19030-5. [PMID: 22068912 PMCID: PMC3223430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1106408108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The FUT2 (Secretor) gene is responsible for the presence of ABO histo-blood group antigens on the gastrointestinal mucosa and in bodily secretions. Individuals lacking a functional copy of FUT2 are known as "nonsecretors" and display an array of differences in susceptibility to infection and disease, including Crohn disease. To determine whether variation in resident microbial communities with respect to FUT2 genotype is a potential factor contributing to susceptibility, we performed 454-based community profiling of the intestinal microbiota in a panel of healthy subjects and Crohn disease patients and determined their genotype for the primary nonsecretor allele in Caucasian populations, W143X (G428A). Consistent with previous studies, we observe significant deviations in the microbial communities of individuals with Crohn disease. Furthermore, the FUT2 genotype explains substantial differences in community composition, diversity, and structure, and we identified several bacterial species displaying disease-by-genotype associations. These findings indicate that alterations in resident microbial communities may in part explain the variety of host susceptibilities surrounding nonsecretor status and that FUT2 is an important genetic factor influencing host-microbial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rausch
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, D-24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Ateequr Rehman
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany; and
| | - Sven Künzel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, D-24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany; and
| | - Stephan J. Ott
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany; and
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany; and
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany; and
| | - John F. Baines
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, D-24306 Plön, Germany
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232
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Nakase H, Tamaki H, Matsuura M, Chiba T, Okazaki K. Involvement of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in TNF-α production from macrophage: possible link between MAP and immune response in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:E140-2. [PMID: 21990211 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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233
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Mukhopadhya I, Hansen R, Nicholl CE, Alhaidan YA, Thomson JM, Berry SH, Pattinson C, Stead DA, Russell RK, El-Omar EM, Hold GL. A comprehensive evaluation of colonic mucosal isolates of Sutterella wadsworthensis from inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27076. [PMID: 22073125 PMCID: PMC3205041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) arises in genetically susceptible individuals as a result of an unidentified environmental trigger, possibly a hitherto unknown bacterial pathogen. Twenty-six clinical isolates of Sutterella wadsworthensis were obtained from 134 adults and 61 pediatric patients undergoing colonoscopy, of whom 69 and 29 respectively had IBD. S. wadsworthensis was initially more frequently isolated from IBD subjects, hence this comprehensive study was undertaken to elucidate its role in IBD. Utilizing these samples, a newly designed PCR was developed, to study the prevalence of this bacterium in adult patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Sutterella wadsworthensis was detected in 83.8% of adult patients with UC as opposed to 86.1% of control subjects (p = 0.64). Selected strains from IBD cases and controls were studied to elicit morphological, proteomic, genotypic and pathogenic differences. This study reports Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) appearances and characteristic MALDI-TOF MS protein profiles of S. wadsworthensis for the very first time. SEM showed that the bacterium is pleomorphic, existing in predominantly two morphological forms, long rods and coccobacilli. No differences were noted in the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry proteomic analysis. There was no distinct clustering of strains identified from cases and controls on sequence analysis. Cytokine response after monocyte challenge with strains from patients with IBD and controls did not yield any significant differences. Our studies indicate that S. wadsworthensis is unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Strains from cases of IBD could not be distinguished from those identified from controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Mukhopadhya
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Hansen
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E. Nicholl
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Yazeid A. Alhaidan
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Thomson
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Susan H. Berry
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Pattinson
- Aberdeen Proteomics Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Stead
- Aberdeen Proteomics Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Richard K. Russell
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emad M. El-Omar
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina L. Hold
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: .
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234
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Bernabeu JL, Leo E, Trigo C, Herrera JM, Sousa JM, Marquez JL. Crohn's disease and liver abscess due to Pediococcus sp. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2207-8. [PMID: 21287670 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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235
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Mahendran V, Riordan SM, Grimm MC, Tran TAT, Major J, Kaakoush NO, Mitchell H, Zhang L. Prevalence of Campylobacter species in adult Crohn's disease and the preferential colonization sites of Campylobacter species in the human intestine. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25417. [PMID: 21966525 PMCID: PMC3179513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A high prevalence of Campylobacter concisus was previously detected in paediatric CD and adult UC. Currently, the prevalence of C. concisus in adult CD and the preferential colonization sites of Campylobacter species in the human intestine are unknown. In this study, we examined the prevalence of Campylobacter species in biopsies collected from multiple anatomic sites of adult patients with IBD and controls. Methods Three hundred and one biopsies collected from ileum, caecum, descending colon and rectum of 28 patients IBD (15 CD and 13 UC) and 33 controls were studied. Biopsies were used for DNA extraction and detection of Campylobacter species by PCR-sequencing and Campylobacter cultivation. Results A significantly higher prevalence of C. concisus in colonic biopsies of patients with CD (53%) was detected as compared with the controls (18%). Campylobacter genus-PCR positivity and C. concisus positivity in patients with UC were 85% and 77% respectively, being significantly higher than that in the controls (48% and 36%). C. concisus was more often detected in descending colonic and rectal biopsies from patients with IBD in comparison to the controls. C. concisus was isolated from patients with IBD. Conclusion The high intestinal prevalence of C. concisus in patients with IBD, particularly in the proximal large intestine, suggests that future studies are needed to investigate the possible involvement of C. concisus in a subgroup of human IBD. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the association between adult CD and C. concisus as well as the first study of the preferential colonization sites of C. concisus in the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikneswari Mahendran
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Riordan
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael C. Grimm
- St George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thi Anh Tuyet Tran
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joelene Major
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nadeem O. Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hazel Mitchell
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Tomasello G, Bellavia M, Palumbo VD, Gioviale MC, Damiani P, Lo Monte AI. From gut microflora imbalance to mycobacteria infection: is there a relationship with chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases? Ann Ital Chir 2011; 82:361-368. [PMID: 21988043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The gut of a healthy adult harbours a myriad of different microbial species. It is estimated that approximately 10 14 are present in total bacterial colony forming units (CFU). Each colony colonizes a specific intestinal tract. In healthy adult, the main control of intestinal bacterial colonization occurs through gastric acidity but also other factors can influence the intestinal microenvironment such as pH, temperature, competition among different bacterial strains, peristalsis, drugs, radiotherapy and much more. Impaired microbial homeostasis leads to an alteration of the permeability of tissue, together with the activation of the intestinal immune system MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue). In this regard we discuss the increasing experimental evidences of the role of commensal microbiota in the activation of specific intestinal immunocompetent cells. The aforementioned micro-environmental changes provide the substrate for the etiopathogenetic outbreak of numerous pathologies of gastro-intestinal tract, such as intestinal chronic inflammation (Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis), together with a miscellany of extra intestinal disorders. This article is an overview of the latest scientific findings about the close causal relationship between intestinal microbial flora and inflammatory bowel diseases or other extra-intestinal diseases; it is also mentioned the possible relationship between mycobacteria and Chron's disease. Finally we analyse the beneficial role of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tomasello
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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237
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Rashid T, Ebringer A. Gut-mediated and HLA-B27-associated arthritis: an emphasis on ankylosing spondylitis and Crohn's disease with a proposal for the use of new treatment. Discov Med 2011; 12:187-194. [PMID: 21955846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and Crohn's disease (CD), especially when associated with spondylitis are interrelated conditions included within the categories of spondyloarthropathic disease entities. They share some common clinical, genetic, and microbiological findings. An extensive amount of studies which have been carried out by various independent groups throughout the world have shown that Klebsiella pneumoniae microorganisms could be suggested as the most likely etiopathogenetic triggers for AS and CD based on the molecular mimicry mechanism and the existence of the evidence for immunological, microbiological, and molecular link between Klebsiella and self antigens. It is proposed that the use of low starch diet in conjunction with the currently used treatment might help in the eradication of Klebsiella microbes from the bowel and could result in the stoppage and alleviation of the disease process in patients with AS and/or CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Rashid
- Analytical Sciences Group, Kings College London, London SE1 9NN, United Kingdom
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238
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Wagner J, Sim W, Bishop RF, Catto-Smith AG, Cameron DJS, Kirkwood CD. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in children with early-onset Crohn's disease: a longitudinal follow-up study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1825-6. [PMID: 21744438 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Wynne JW, Bull TJ, Seemann T, Bulach DM, Wagner J, Kirkwood CD, Michalski WP. Exploring the zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis through comparative genomics. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22171. [PMID: 21799786 PMCID: PMC3142125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative genomics approach was utilised to compare the genomes of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) isolated from early onset paediatric Crohn's disease (CD) patients as well as Johne's diseased animals. Draft genome sequences were produced for MAP isolates derived from four CD patients, one ulcerative colitis (UC) patient, and two non-inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) control individuals using Illumina sequencing, complemented by comparative genome hybridisation (CGH). MAP isolates derived from two bovine and one ovine host were also subjected to whole genome sequencing and CGH. All seven human derived MAP isolates were highly genetically similar and clustered together with one bovine type isolate following phylogenetic analysis. Three other sequenced isolates (including the reference bovine derived isolate K10) were genetically distinct. The human isolates contained two large tandem duplications, the organisations of which were confirmed by PCR. Designated vGI-17 and vGI-18 these duplications spanned 63 and 109 open reading frames, respectively. PCR screening of over 30 additional MAP isolates (3 human derived, 27 animal derived and one environmental isolate) confirmed that vGI-17 and vGI-18 are common across many isolates. Quantitative real-time PCR of vGI-17 demonstrated that the proportion of cells containing the vGI-17 duplication varied between 0.01 to 15% amongst isolates with human isolates containing a higher proportion of vGI-17 compared to most animal isolates. These findings suggest these duplications are transient genomic rearrangements. We hypothesise that the over-representation of vGI-17 in human derived MAP strains may enhance their ability to infect or persist within a human host by increasing genome redundancy and conferring crude regulation of protein expression across biologically important regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Vazeille E, Bringer MA, Gardarin A, Chambon C, Becker-Pauly C, Pender SLF, Jakob C, Müller S, Lottaz D, Darfeuille-Michaud A. Role of meprins to protect ileal mucosa of Crohn's disease patients from colonization by adherent-invasive E. coli. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21199. [PMID: 21698174 PMCID: PMC3116889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ileal lesions in Crohn's disease (CD) patients are colonized by pathogenic adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) able to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), and to survive within macrophages. The interaction of AIEC with IEC depends on bacterial factors mainly type 1 pili, flagella, and outer membrane proteins. In humans, proteases can act as host defence mechanisms to counteract bacterial colonization. The protease meprin, composed of multimeric complexes of the two subunits alpha and beta, is abundantly expressed in IECs. Decreased levels of this protease correlate with the severity of the inflammation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of the present study was to analyze the ability of meprin to modulate the interaction of AIEC with IECs. In patients with ileal CD we observed decreased levels of meprins, in particular that of meprin β. Dose-dependent inhibition of the abilities of AIEC strain LF82 to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial T84 cells was observed when bacteria were pre-treated with both exogenous meprin α and meprin β. Dose-dependent proteolytic degradation of type 1 pili was observed in the presence of active meprins, but not with heat-inactivated meprins, and pretreatment of AIEC bacteria with meprins impaired their ability to bind mannosylated host receptors and led to decreased secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 by infected T84 cells. Thus, decreased levels of protective meprins as observed in CD patients may contribute to increased AIEC colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Vazeille
- Clermont Université, JE2526 Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA USC 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Bringer
- Clermont Université, JE2526 Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA USC 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélie Gardarin
- Clermont Université, JE2526 Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA USC 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Chambon
- INRA, Plate-Forme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Institute of Zoology, Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sylvia L. F. Pender
- Division of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Jakob
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Müller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Lottaz
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud
- Clermont Université, JE2526 Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA USC 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- * E-mail:
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241
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Kukiolka T, Neurath MF, Mudter J. Abdominal pain due to cholecystitis as first sign of septic salmonellosis in a patient with Crohn's disease on infliximab. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:E48-9. [PMID: 21472825 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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242
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Retamal P, Beltrán C, Abalos P, Quera R, Hermoso M. [Possible association between Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection and Crohn's disease]. Rev Med Chil 2011; 139:794-801. [PMID: 22051762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic intestinal disease of animals caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which has some pathological features similar to Crohn's disease (CD) in humans. The presence of MAP in food for human consumption and in affected tissues of patients with CD has been detected. Therefore, a causal association between this microorganism and the disease in humans, has been postulated. However, several related studies have failed to confirm this hypothesis and the scientific acceptance of MAP as a zoonotic agent remains controversial. This review presents the main findings related to this issue, contrasting evidences for and against an association between MAP and CD. The need to promote national studies focusing on this area is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Retamal
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
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243
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Filik L. The neutrophil respiratory burst and bacterial digestion in Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:1921. [PMID: 21103929 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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244
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Di Sabatino A, Paccagnini D, Vidali F, Rosu V, Biancheri P, Cossu A, Zanetti S, Corazza GR, Sechi LA. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP)-specific IS900 DNA and antibodies against MAP peptides and lysate in the blood of Crohn's disease patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1254-5. [PMID: 20815038 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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245
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Cunningham MF, Docherty NG, Coffey JC, Burke JP, O'Connell PR. Postsurgical recurrence of ileal Crohn's disease: an update on risk factors and intervention points to a central role for impaired host-microflora homeostasis. World J Surg 2011; 34:1615-26. [PMID: 20195604 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-010-0504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A pressing need exists to identify factors that predispose to recurrence after terminal ileal resection for Crohn's disease (CD) and to determine effective prophylactic strategies. This review presents an up-to-date summary of the literature in the field and points to a role for bacterial overproliferation in recurrence. METHODS The literature (Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, 1971-2009) on ileal CD and postoperative recurrence was searched, and 528 relevant articles were identified and reviewed. RESULTS Smoking is a key independent risk factor for recurrence. NOD2/CARD15 polymorphisms and penetrating phenotype are associated with aggressive disease and higher reoperation rates. Age at diagnosis, disease duration, gender, and family history are inconsistent predictors of recurrence. Prophylactic 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy and nitromidazole antibiotics are beneficial. Combination therapies with immunosuppressants are also effective. Anti-TNFalpha-based regimens show benefit but the evidence base is small. Corticosteroid, interleukin-10, and probiotic therapies are not effective. Wider, stapled anastomotic configurations are associated with reduced recurrence rates. Strictureplasty and laparoscopic approaches have similar long-term recurrence rates to open resection techniques. Length of resection and presence of microscopic disease at resection margins do not influence recurrence. A lack of consensus exists regarding whether the presence of granulomas or plexitis affects outcome. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence points to defects in mucosal immunity and intestinal dysbiosis of either innate (NOD2/CARD15) or induced (smoking) origin in postoperative CD recurrence. Prophylactic strategies should aim to limit dysbiosis (antibiotics, side-to-side anastomoses) or prevent downstream chronic inflammatory sequelae (anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and immunomodulatory therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Cunningham
- Surgical Professorial Unit, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
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246
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Koutsoumpas A, Polymeros D, Tsiamoulos Z, Smyk D, Karamanolis G, Triantafyllou K, Rigopoulou EI, Forbes A, Vergani D, Bogdanos DP, Ladas SD. Peculiar antibody reactivity to human connexin 37 and its microbial mimics in patients with Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2011; 5:101-9. [PMID: 21453878 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We found that pooled Crohn's disease (CD) sera strongly react with a human gap-junction connexin 37 (Cx37) peptide and tested for anti-Cx37 antibody reactivity in sera from CD patients and controls. We also investigated whether peptide-recognition is due to Cx37/microbial molecular mimicry. METHODS The PSI-BLAST program was used for Cx37(121-135)/microbial alignment. Reactivity to biotinylated human Cx37(121-135) and its microbial mimics was determined by ELISA using sera from 44 CD, 30 ulcerative colitis and 28 healthy individuals. RESULTS Anti-Cx37(121-135) reactivity (1/200 dilution) was present in 30/44 (68%) CD cases and persisted at 1/1000 dilution. Database search shows that Cx37(121-135) contains the -ALTAV- motif which is cross-recognized by diabetes-specific phogrin and enteroviral immunity. Testing of 9 Cx37(121-135)-microbial mimics revealed 57-68% reactivity against human enterovirus C, Lactococcus lactis, coxsackie virus A24 and B4. Anti-Cx37(121-135) was inhibited by itself or the microbial mimics. No reactivity was found against the poliovirus, rubella, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis mimics, or the beta cell phogrin autoantigen. Microbial/Cx37 reactivity was not able to differentiate CD patients from UC or healthy controls, in terms of overall prevalence and antibody titres, but microbial mimics were unable to inhibit reactivity to human Cx37 in the majority of the controls. CONCLUSIONS Sera from CD patients react with connexin 37 and cross-react with specific Cx37-mimicking enteroviral peptides. Microbial/self reactivity can be seen in UC and healthy controls. The lack of responses to other Cx37(121-135) microbial mimics and the inability of the reactive microbes to inhibit reactivity to self is intriguing and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koutsoumpas
- Division of Gene and Cell Based Therapy, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, UK
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247
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Pravda J. Crohn's disease: evidence for involvement of unregulated transcytosis in disease etio-pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1416-26. [PMID: 21472099 PMCID: PMC3070014 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i11.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Research has identified genetic predisposition and environmental factors as key elements in the development of the disease. However, the precise mechanism that initiates immune activation remains undefined. One pathway for luminal antigenic molecules to enter the sterile lamina propria and activate an immune response is via transcytosis. Transcytosis, although tightly regulated by the cell, has the potential for transepithelial transport of bacteria and highly antigenic luminal molecules whose uncontrolled translocation into the lamina propria can be the source of immune activation. Viewed as a whole, the evidence suggests that unregulated intestinal epithelial transcytosis is involved in the inappropriate presentation of immunogenic luminal macromolecules to the intestinal lamina propria. Thus fulfilling the role of an early pre-morbid mechanism that can result in antigenic overload of the lamina propria and initiate an immune response culminating in chronic inflammation characteristic of this disease. It is the aim of this paper to present evidence implicating enterocyte transcytosis in the early etio-pathogenesis of CD.
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248
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Greenstein RJ, Su L, Brown ST. Growth of M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis in culture is enhanced by nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and α and β nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:368-75. [PMID: 20585983 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Without known mechanisms of action, Crohn's disease is exacerbated, and ulcerative colitis is improved, by the use of tobacco. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) may be zoonotic. We hypothesized that tobacco components might alter the growth kinetics of MAP, explaining these divergent clinical observations. METHODS The effect of nicotine, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and α and β nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (α and β NAD) were studied on eight strains of three mycobacterial species (MAP, M. avium and M. tb. complex). Data are obtained as "cumulative growth index," (cGI) and presented as "percent increase in cumulative GI" (% + ΔcGI). RESULTS Nicotinic acid enhances the two human MAP isolates (Dominic; 225% + ΔcGI and UCF-4; 92% + ΔcGI) and M. avium (ATCC 25291; 175% + ΔcGI). Nicotinamide (at 6.4 µg/ml) enhances the human MAP isolates (Dominic; 156% + ΔcGI and UCF-4; 79% + ΔcGI) and M. avium (ATCC 25291; 144% + ΔcGI.) Both α and β NAD enhance Dominic; (135 and 150 % + ΔcGI) and UCF-4; (81 and 79% + ΔcGI). At the doses tested, nicotine has no effect on any strain studied. CONCLUSIONS We show enhancement of MAP growth by nicotinic acid, one of ≥4,000 tobacco-related molecules, its amide, nicotinamide and α and β NAD. Pure nicotine has no enhancing effect at the doses studies.
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249
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Cain AM, Karpa KD. Clinical utility of probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. Altern Ther Health Med 2011; 17:72-79. [PMID: 21614946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) use probiotics to manage this intestinal condition. Despite widespread use of these natural therapies by patients, health care providers may be unfamiliar with probiotics as a treatment modality. This review describes the rationale for use of probiotics in IBD, the history behind current research directions, and recent controlled clinical studies in which efficacy of probiotics has been explored in patients with IBD. Emphasis is placed upon critical analysis of study designs for investigations that used lactic acid-producing bacteria or Saccharomyces boulardii in management of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. While there is suggestion of benefit when patients with ulcerative colitis use bacterial therapies and when patients with Crohn's disease use S boulardii, small sample sizes and methodological flaws in study designs necessitate that additional investigations be conducted before probiotics can be routinely recommended in clinical practice.
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250
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LeBlanc JG, del Carmen S, Miyoshi A, Azevedo V, Sesma F, Langella P, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Watterlot L, Perdigon G, de Moreno de LeBlanc A. Use of superoxide dismutase and catalase producing lactic acid bacteria in TNBS induced Crohn's disease in mice. J Biotechnol 2010; 151:287-93. [PMID: 21167883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are involved in various aspects of intestinal inflammation and tumor development. Decreasing their levels using antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT) or superoxide dismutase (SOD) could therefore be useful in the prevention of certain diseases. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are ideal candidates to deliver these enzymes in the gut. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of CAT or SOD producing LAB were evaluated using a trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induced Crohn's disease murine model. Engineered Lactobacillus casei BL23 strains producing either CAT or SOD, or the native strain were given to mice before and after intrarectal administration of TNBS. Animal survival, live weight, intestinal morphology and histology, enzymatic activities, microbial translocation to the liver and cytokines released in the intestinal fluid were evaluated. The mice that received CAT or SOD-producing LAB showed a faster recovery of initial weight loss, increased enzymatic activities in the gut and lesser extent of intestinal inflammation compared to animals that received the wild-type strain or those that did not receive bacterial supplementation. Our findings suggest that genetically engineered LAB that produce antioxidant enzymes could be used to prevent or decrease the severity of certain intestinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Guy LeBlanc
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán T4000ILC, Argentina.
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