651
|
Fleck AK, Schuppan D, Wiendl H, Klotz L. Gut-CNS-Axis as Possibility to Modulate Inflammatory Disease Activity-Implications for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1526. [PMID: 28708108 PMCID: PMC5536015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade the role of environmental factors as modulators of disease activity and progression has received increasing attention. In contrast to classical environmental modulators such as exposure to sun-light or fine dust pollution, nutrition is an ideal tool for a personalized human intervention. Various studies demonstrate a key role of dietary factors in autoimmune diseases including Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In this review we discuss the connection between diet and inflammatory processes via the gut-CNS-axis. This axis describes a bi-directional communication system and comprises neuronal signaling, neuroendocrine pathways and modulation of immune responses. Therefore, the gut-CNS-axis represents an emerging target to modify CNS inflammatory activity ultimately opening new avenues for complementary and adjunctive treatment of autoimmune diseases such as MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Fleck
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
652
|
Laforest-Lapointe I, Arrieta MC. Patterns of Early-Life Gut Microbial Colonization during Human Immune Development: An Ecological Perspective. Front Immunol 2017; 8:788. [PMID: 28740492 PMCID: PMC5502328 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in gut microbial colonization during early life have been reported in infants that later developed asthma, allergies, type 1 diabetes, as well as in inflammatory bowel disease patients, previous to disease flares. Mechanistic studies in animal models have established that microbial alterations influence disease pathogenesis via changes in immune system maturation. Strong evidence points to the presence of a window of opportunity in early life, during which changes in gut microbial colonization can result in immune dysregulation that predisposes susceptible hosts to disease. Although the ecological patterns of microbial succession in the first year of life have been partly defined in specific human cohorts, the taxonomic and functional features, and diversity thresholds that characterize these microbial alterations are, for the most part, unknown. In this review, we summarize the most important links between the temporal mosaics of gut microbial colonization and the age-dependent immune functions that rely on them. We also highlight the importance of applying ecology theory to design studies that explore the interactions between this complex ecosystem and the host immune system. Focusing research efforts on understanding the importance of temporally structured patterns of diversity, keystone groups, and inter-kingdom microbial interactions for ecosystem functions has great potential to enable the development of biologically sound interventions aimed at maintaining and/or improving immune system development and preventing disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Laforest-Lapointe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Arrieta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
653
|
Grau T, Vilcinskas A, Joop G. Probiotic Enterococcus mundtii Isolate Protects the Model Insect Tribolium castaneum against Bacillus thuringiensis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1261. [PMID: 28736550 PMCID: PMC5500611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus mundtii strains isolated from the larval feces of the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella show antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The in vitro probiotic characterization of one isolate revealed a high auto-aggregation score, a hydrophilic cell surface, tolerance for low pH, no hemolytic activity, and susceptibility to all tested antibiotics. We used the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, an established model organism, for the in vivo characterization of one probiotic E. mundtii isolate from E. kuehniella larvae. Tribolium castaneum larvae were fed orally with the probiotic isolate or the corresponding supernatant and then infected with either the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis or Pseudomonas entomophila. Larvae exposed to the isolate or the supernatant showed increased survival following infection with B. thuringiensis but not P. entomophila. Heat treatment or treatment with proteinase K reduced the probiotic effect of the supernatant. However, the increased resistance attracts a fitness penalty manifested as a shorter lifespan and reduced fertility. T. castaneum has, pending on further research, the potential as an alternative model for the pre-screening of probiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Grau
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessen, Germany
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied EcologyGiessen, Germany
| | - Gerrit Joop
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
654
|
|
655
|
Renz H, Holt PG, Inouye M, Logan AC, Prescott SL, Sly PD. An exposome perspective: Early-life events and immune development in a changing world. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:24-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
656
|
Cui M, Xiao H, Li Y, Dong J, Luo D, Li H, Feng G, Wang H, Fan S. Total abdominal irradiation exposure impairs cognitive function involving miR-34a-5p/BDNF axis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2333-2341. [PMID: 28668331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is often employed to treat abdominal and pelvic malignancies, but is frequently accompanied by diverse acute and chronic local injuries. It was previously unknown whether abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy impairs distant cognitive dysfunction. In the present study, we demonstrated that total abdominal irradiation (TAI) exposure caused cognitive deficits in mouse models. Mechanically, microarray assay analysis revealed that TAI elevated the expression level of miR-34a-5p in small intestine tissues and peripheral blood (PD), which targeted the 3'UTR of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNA in hippocampus to mediate cognitive dysfunction. Tail intravenous injection of miR-34a-5p antagomir immediately after TAI exposure rescued TAI-mediated cognitive impairment via blocking the up-regulation of miR-34a-5p in PD, resulting in restoring the Bdnf expression in the hippocampus. More importantly, high throughput sequencing validated that the gut bacterial composition of mice was shifted after TAI exposure, which was retained by miR-34a-5p antagomir injection. Thus, our findings provide new insights into pathogenic mechanism underlying abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy-mediated distant cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Huiwen Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jiali Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Hang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Guoxing Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China.
| |
Collapse
|
657
|
Abstract
Commensal microbes colonize the skin where they promote immune development and prevent infection without inducing damaging inflammatory responses. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Scharschmidt et al. (2017) show that during hair follicle development, commensals induce regulatory T cell migration to the skin to ensure cutaneous homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Campbell
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Meghan A Koch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
658
|
Abstract
The comparison of the immunological state of pregnancy to an immunosuppressed host-graft model continues to lead research and clinical practice to ill-defined approaches. This Review discusses recent evidence that supports the idea that immunological responses at the receptive maternal-fetal interface are not simply suppressed but are instead highly dynamic. We discuss the crucial role of trophoblast cells in shaping not only the way in which immune cells respond to the invading blastocyst but also how they collectively react to external stimuli. We also discuss the role of the microbiota in promoting a tolerogenic maternal immune system and highlight how subclinical viral infections can disrupt this status quo, leading to pregnancy complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gil Mor
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Paulomi Aldo
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Ayesha B Alvero
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
659
|
How nutrition and the maternal microbiota shape the neonatal immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:508-517. [PMID: 28604736 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of mammals are densely colonized with microorganisms that are commonly referred to as the commensal microbiota. It is believed that the fetus in utero is sterile and that colonization with microorganisms starts only after birth. Nevertheless, the unborn fetus is exposed to a multitude of metabolites that originate from the commensal microbiota of the mother that reach systemic sites of the maternal body. The intestinal microbiota is strongly personalized and influenced by environmental factors, including nutrition. Members of the maternal microbiota can metabolize dietary components, pharmaceuticals and toxins, which can subsequently be passed to the developing fetus or the breast-feeding neonate. In this Review, we discuss the complex interplay between nutrition, the maternal microbiota and ingested chemicals, and summarize their effects on immunity in the offspring.
Collapse
|
660
|
Contributions of the maternal oral and gut microbiome to placental microbial colonization in overweight and obese pregnant women. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2860. [PMID: 28588199 PMCID: PMC5460277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinct bacterial signature of the placenta was reported, providing evidence that the fetus does not develop in a sterile environment. The oral microbiome was suggested as a possible source of the bacterial DNA present in the placenta based on similarities to the oral non-pregnant microbiome. Here, the possible origin of the placental microbiome was assessed, examining the gut, oral and placental microbiomes from the same pregnant women. Microbiome profiles from 37 overweight and obese pregnant women were examined by 16SrRNA sequencing. Fecal and oral contributions to the establishment of the placental microbiome were evaluated. Core phylotypes between body sites and metagenome predictive functionality were determined. The placental microbiome showed a higher resemblance and phylogenetic proximity with the pregnant oral microbiome. However, similarity decreased at lower taxonomic levels and microbiomes clustered based on tissue origin. Core genera: Prevotella, Streptococcus and Veillonella were shared between all body compartments. Pathways encoding tryptophan, fatty-acid metabolism and benzoate degradation were highly enriched specifically in the placenta. Findings demonstrate that the placental microbiome exhibits a higher resemblance with the pregnant oral microbiome. Both oral and gut microbiomes contribute to the microbial seeding of the placenta, suggesting that placental colonization may have multiple niche sources.
Collapse
|
661
|
Pelzer E, Gomez-Arango LF, Barrett HL, Nitert MD. Review: Maternal health and the placental microbiome. Placenta 2017; 54:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
662
|
Agace WW, McCoy KD. Regionalized Development and Maintenance of the Intestinal Adaptive Immune Landscape. Immunity 2017; 46:532-548. [PMID: 28423335 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system has the daunting task of protecting us from pathogenic insults while limiting inflammatory responses against the resident commensal microbiota and providing tolerance to food antigens. This role is particularly impressive when one considers the vast mucosal surface and changing landscape that the intestinal immune system must monitor. In this review, we highlight regional differences in the development and composition of the adaptive immune landscape of the intestine and the impact of local intrinsic and environmental factors that shape this process. To conclude, we review the evidence for a critical window of opportunity for early-life exposures that affect immune development and alter disease susceptibility later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William W Agace
- Division of Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D14, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
663
|
Belkaid Y, Harrison OJ. Homeostatic Immunity and the Microbiota. Immunity 2017; 46:562-576. [PMID: 28423337 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the induction, education, and function of the host immune system. In return, the host immune system has evolved multiple means by which to maintain its symbiotic relationship with the microbiota. The maintenance of this dialogue allows the induction of protective responses to pathogens and the utilization of regulatory pathways involved in the sustained tolerance to innocuous antigens. The ability of microbes to set the immunological tone of tissues, both locally and systemically, requires tonic sensing of microbes and complex feedback loops between innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Here we review the dominant cellular mediators of these interactions and discuss emerging themes associated with our current understanding of the homeostatic immunological dialogue between the host and its microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
664
|
Graham C, Thorleifson M, Stefura WP, Funk DJ, HayGlass KT. Class II obese and healthy pregnant controls exhibit indistinguishable pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses to Caesarian section. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:364-372. [PMID: 28544689 PMCID: PMC5569367 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Obesity during pregnancy is associated with meta‐inflammation and an increased likelihood of clinical complications. Surgery results in intense, acute inflammatory responses in any individual. Because obese individuals exhibit constitutive inflammatory responses and high rates of Caesarian section, it is important to understand the impact of surgery in such populations. Whether more pronounced pro‐inflammatory cytokine responses and/or counterbalancing changes in anti‐inflammatory immune modulators occurs is unknown. Here we investigated innate immune capacity in vivo and in vitro in non‐obese, term‐pregnant controls versus healthy, term‐pregnant obese women (Class II, BMI 35–40). Methods Systemic in vivo induction of eleven pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory biomarkers and acute phase proteins was assessed in plasma immediately prior to and again following Caesarian section surgery. Independently, innate immune capacity was examined by stimulating freshly isolated PBMC in vitro with a panel of defined PRR‐ligands for TLR4, TLR8, TLR3, and RLR 24 h post‐surgery. Results The kinetics and magnitude of the in vivo inflammatory responses examined were indistinguishable in the two populations across the broad range of biomarkers examined, despite the fact that obese women had higher baseline inflammatory status. Deliberate in vitro stimulation with a range of PRR ligands also elicited pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine responses that were indistinguishable between control and obese mothers. Conclusions Acute in vivo innate immune responses to C‐section, as well as subsequent in vitro stimulation with a panel of microbial mimics, are not detectably altered in Class II obese women. The data argue that while Class II obesity is undesirable, it has minimal impact on the in vivo inflammatory response, or innate immunomodulatory capacity, in women selecting C‐section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Graham
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mullein Thorleifson
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Duane J Funk
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kent T HayGlass
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
665
|
Amenyogbe N, Kollmann TR, Ben-Othman R. Early-Life Host-Microbiome Interphase: The Key Frontier for Immune Development. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:111. [PMID: 28596951 PMCID: PMC5442244 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human existence can be viewed as an "animal in a microbial world." A healthy interaction of the human host with the microbes in and around us heavily relies on a well-functioning immune system. As development of both the microbiota and the host immune system undergo rapid changes in early life, it is not surprising that even minor alterations during this co-development can have profound consequences. Scrutiny of existing data regarding pre-, peri-, as well as early postnatal modulators of newborn microbiota indeed suggest strong associations with several immune-mediated diseases with onset far beyond the newborn period. We here summarize these data and extract overarching themes. This same effort in turn sets the stage to guide effective countermeasures, such as probiotic administration. The objective of our review is to highlight the interaction of host immune ontogeny with the developing microbiome in early life as a critical window of susceptibility for lifelong disease, as well as to identify the enormous potential to protect and promote lifelong health by specifically targeting this window of opportunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Amenyogbe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tobias R. Kollmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rym Ben-Othman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
666
|
Haque SZ, Haque M. The ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic gastrointestinal microorganisms - an appraisal. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2017; 10:91-103. [PMID: 28503071 PMCID: PMC5426469 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s126243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by a vast population of bacteria, numbering ~100 trillion. These microorganisms have been shown to play a significant role in digestion, metabolism, and the immune system. The aim of this study was to review and discuss how the human body interacts with its gut microbiome and in turn the effects that the microorganisms have on its host, overall resulting in a true mutualistic relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seraj Zohurul Haque
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Mainul Haque
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defense Health, National Defense University of Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
667
|
Man WH, de Steenhuijsen Piters WA, Bogaert D. The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:259-270. [PMID: 28316330 PMCID: PMC7097736 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is a complex organ system that is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The human respiratory tract spans from the nostrils to the lung alveoli and is inhabited by niche-specific communities of bacteria. The microbiota of the respiratory tract probably acts as a gatekeeper that provides resistance to colonization by respiratory pathogens. The respiratory microbiota might also be involved in the maturation and maintenance of homeostasis of respiratory physiology and immunity. The ecological and environmental factors that direct the development of microbial communities in the respiratory tract and how these communities affect respiratory health are the focus of current research. Concurrently, the functions of the microbiome of the upper and lower respiratory tract in the physiology of the human host are being studied in detail. In this Review, we will discuss the epidemiological, biological and functional evidence that support the physiological role of the respiratory microbiota in the maintenance of human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ho Man
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- Spaarne Gasthuis Academy, Spaarnepoort 1, Hoofddorp, 2134 TM The Netherlands
| | - Wouter A.A. de Steenhuijsen Piters
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
668
|
Affiliation(s)
- M Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism & Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
669
|
Perez-Muñoz ME, Arrieta MC, Ramer-Tait AE, Walter J. A critical assessment of the "sterile womb" and "in utero colonization" hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:48. [PMID: 28454555 PMCID: PMC5410102 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
After more than a century of active research, the notion that the human fetal environment is sterile and that the neonate's microbiome is acquired during and after birth was an accepted dogma. However, recent studies using molecular techniques suggest bacterial communities in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and meconium from healthy pregnancies. These findings have led many scientists to challenge the "sterile womb paradigm" and propose that microbiome acquisition instead begins in utero, an idea that would fundamentally change our understanding of gut microbiota acquisition and its role in human development. In this review, we provide a critical assessment of the evidence supporting these two opposing hypotheses, specifically as it relates to (i) anatomical, immunological, and physiological characteristics of the placenta and fetus; (ii) the research methods currently used to study microbial populations in the intrauterine environment; (iii) the fecal microbiome during the first days of life; and (iv) the generation of axenic animals and humans. Based on this analysis, we argue that the evidence in support of the "in utero colonization hypothesis" is extremely weak as it is founded almost entirely on studies that (i) used molecular approaches with an insufficient detection limit to study "low-biomass" microbial populations, (ii) lacked appropriate controls for contamination, and (iii) failed to provide evidence of bacterial viability. Most importantly, the ability to reliably derive axenic animals via cesarean sections strongly supports sterility of the fetal environment in mammals. We conclude that current scientific evidence does not support the existence of microbiomes within the healthy fetal milieu, which has implications for the development of clinical practices that prevent microbiome perturbations after birth and the establishment of future research priorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Perez-Muñoz
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, 4-126 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Arrieta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Amanda E. Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 260 Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 N 21st Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6205 USA
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, 4-126 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, 7-142 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
670
|
Openshaw PJ, Chiu C, Culley FJ, Johansson C. Protective and Harmful Immunity to RSV Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:501-532. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J.M. Openshaw
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Chiu
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona J. Culley
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
671
|
Faria AMC, Reis BS, Mucida D. Tissue adaptation: Implications for gut immunity and tolerance. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1211-1226. [PMID: 28432200 PMCID: PMC5413340 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Faria et al. discuss the concept that immune cells undergo specialized adaptation to tissue-specific conditions and its potential implications for tolerance and immunity. Tissue adaptation is an intrinsic component of immune cell development, influencing both resistance to pathogens and tolerance. Chronically stimulated surfaces of the body, in particular the gut mucosa, are the major sites where immune cells traffic and reside. Their adaptation to these environments requires constant discrimination between natural stimulation coming from harmless microbiota and food, and pathogens that need to be cleared. This review will focus on the adaptation of lymphocytes to the gut mucosa, a highly specialized environment that can help us understand the plasticity of leukocytes arriving at various tissue sites and how tissue-related factors operate to shape immune cell fate and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M C Faria
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 .,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270901, Brazil
| | - Bernardo S Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| |
Collapse
|
672
|
The Central Nervous System and the Gut Microbiome. Cell 2017; 167:915-932. [PMID: 27814521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 842] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment is a complex process governed by both intrinsic and extrinsic signals. While historically studied by researching the brain, inputs from the periphery impact many neurological conditions. Indeed, emerging data suggest communication between the gut and the brain in anxiety, depression, cognition, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The development of a healthy, functional brain depends on key pre- and post-natal events that integrate environmental cues, such as molecular signals from the gut. These cues largely originate from the microbiome, the consortium of symbiotic bacteria that reside within all animals. Research over the past few years reveals that the gut microbiome plays a role in basic neurogenerative processes such as the formation of the blood-brain barrier, myelination, neurogenesis, and microglia maturation and also modulates many aspects of animal behavior. Herein, we discuss the biological intersection of neurodevelopment and the microbiome and explore the hypothesis that gut bacteria are integral contributors to development and function of the nervous system and to the balance between mental health and disease.
Collapse
|
673
|
McCoy KD, Geuking MB, Ronchi F. Gut Microbiome Standardization in Control and Experimental Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 117:23.1.1-23.1.13. [PMID: 28369684 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models are used extensively to study human health and to investigate the mechanisms underlying human disease. In the past, most animal studies were performed without taking into consideration the impact of the microbiota. However, the microbiota that colonizes all body surfaces, including the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and skin, heavily impacts nearly every aspect of host physiology. When performing studies utilizing mouse models it is critical to understand that the microbiome is heavily impacted by environmental factors, including (but not limited to) food, bedding, caging, and temperature. In addition, stochastic changes in the microbiota can occur over time that also play a role in shaping microbial composition. These factors lead to massive variability in the composition of the microbiota between animal facilities and research institutions, and even within a single facility. Lack of experimental reproducibility between research groups has highlighted the necessity for rigorously controlled experimental designs in order to standardize the microbiota between control and experimental animals. Well controlled experiments are mandatory in order to reduce variability and allow correct interpretation of experimental results, not just of host-microbiome studies but of all mouse models of human disease. The protocols presented are aimed to design experiments that control the microbiota composition between different genetic strains of experimental mice within an animal unit. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Markus B Geuking
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Francesca Ronchi
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), UVCM, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
674
|
Ellermann M, Arthur JC. Siderophore-mediated iron acquisition and modulation of host-bacterial interactions. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 105:68-78. [PMID: 27780750 PMCID: PMC5401654 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for most life forms including the majority of resident bacteria of the microbiota and their mammalian hosts. Bacteria have evolved numerous mechanisms to competitively acquire iron within host environments, such as the secretion of small molecules known as siderophores that can solubilize iron for bacterial use. However, siderophore biosynthesis and acquisition is not a capability equally harbored by all resident bacteria. Moreover, the structural diversity of siderophores creates variability in the susceptibility to host mechanisms that serve to counteract siderophore-mediated iron acquisition and limit bacterial growth. As a result, the differential capabilities to acquire iron among members of a complex microbial community carry important implications for the growth and function of resident bacteria. Siderophores can also directly influence host function by modulating cellular iron homeostasis, further providing a mechanism by which resident bacteria may influence their local environment at the host-microbial interface. This review will explore the putative mechanisms by which siderophore production by resident bacteria in the intestines may influence microbial community dynamics and host-bacterial interactions with important implications for pathogen- and microbiota-driven diseases including infection, inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ellermann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Janelle C Arthur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
675
|
Erdman SE, Poutahidis T. Gut microbiota modulate host immune cells in cancer development and growth. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 105:28-34. [PMID: 27840315 PMCID: PMC5831246 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that microbe interactions with the host immune system impact diverse aspects of cancer development and treatment. As a result, exciting new opportunities exist for engineering diets and microbe cocktails to lower cancer risks with fewer adverse clinical effects than traditional strategies. Microbe-based therapies may ultimately be used to reinforce host immune balance and extinguish cancer for generations to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
676
|
Bosisio FM, van den Oord JJ. Immunoplasticity in cutaneous melanoma: beyond pure morphology. Virchows Arch 2017; 470:357-369. [PMID: 28054151 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-2058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maria Bosisio
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KUL, Minderbroederstraat 19, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Joost J van den Oord
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KUL, Minderbroederstraat 19, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
677
|
Wong TY. Smog induces oxidative stress and microbiota disruption. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25:235-244. [PMID: 28911664 PMCID: PMC9332540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Smog is created through the interactions between pollutants in the air, fog, and sunlight. Air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, heavy metals, nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic vapors, and particulate matters, can induce oxidative stress in human directly or indirectly through the formation of reactive oxygen species. The outermost boundary of human skin and mucous layers are covered by a complex network of human-associated microbes. The relation between these microbial communities and their human host are mostly mutualistic. These microbes not only provide nutrients, vitamins, and protection against other pathogens, they also influence human’s physical, immunological, nutritional, and mental developments. Elements in smog can induce oxidative stress to these microbes, leading to community collapse. Disruption of these mutualistic microbiota may introduce unexpected health risks, especially among the newborns and young children. Besides reducing the burning of fossil fuels as the ultimate solution of smog formation, advanced methods by using various physical, chemical, and biological means to reduce sulfur and nitrogen contains in fossil fuels could lower smog formation. Additionally, information on microbiota disruption, based on functional genomics, culturomics, and general ecological principles, should be included in the risk assessment of prolonged smog exposure to the health of human populations.
Collapse
|
678
|
Lung Homeostasis: Influence of Age, Microbes, and the Immune System. Immunity 2017; 46:549-561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
679
|
Gray LEK, O'Hely M, Ranganathan S, Sly PD, Vuillermin P. The Maternal Diet, Gut Bacteria, and Bacterial Metabolites during Pregnancy Influence Offspring Asthma. Front Immunol 2017; 8:365. [PMID: 28408909 PMCID: PMC5374203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the current evidence that maternal dietary and gut bacterial exposures during pregnancy influence the developing fetal immune system and subsequent offspring asthma. Part 1 addresses exposure to a farm environment, antibiotics, and prebiotic and probiotic supplementation that together indicate the importance of bacterial experience in immune programming and offspring asthma. Part 2 outlines proposed mechanisms to explain these associations including bacterial exposure of the fetoplacental unit; immunoglobulin-related transplacental transport of gut bacterial components; cytokine signaling producing fetomaternal immune alignment; and immune programming via metabolites produced by gut bacteria. Part 3 focuses on the interplay between diet, gut bacteria, and bacterial metabolites. Maternal diet influences fecal bacterial composition, with dietary microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) selecting short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria. Current evidence from mouse models indicates an association between increased maternal dietary MACs, SCFA exposure during pregnancy, and reduced offspring asthma that is, at least in part, mediated by the induction of regulatory T lymphocytes in the fetal lung. Part 4 discusses considerations for future studies investigating maternal diet-by-microbiome determinants of offspring asthma including the challenge of measuring dietary MAC intake; limitations of the existing measures of the gut microbiome composition and metabolic activity; measures of SCFA exposure; and the complexities of childhood respiratory health assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence E K Gray
- Barwon Infant Study, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin O'Hely
- Barwon Infant Study, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Respiratory Diseases, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- Respiratory Diseases, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter David Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Vuillermin
- Barwon Infant Study, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
680
|
Excess respiratory viral infections and low antibody responses among HIV-exposed, uninfected infants. AIDS 2017; 31:669-679. [PMID: 28060016 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-exposed uninfected (HEUs) infants have frequent severe infection, hospitalization, and death. We performed a serologic investigation to determine the role of common childhood respiratory pathogens in the excess incidence of infections in HEUs. DESIGN Prospective cohort study of mother-infant pairs. METHODS Among 247 HEUs and 88 HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) infant-mother pairs, we measured maternal antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and pneumococcus (PNC 1, 5, 6B, 14); infant antibodies to RSV, influenza A (flu), parainfluenza viruses (1, 2, 3), and PNC 1, 5, 6B, and 14 were measured at 0 and 6 months, and antitetanus antibodies at 6 months. RESULTS HIV-infected mothers had higher RSV and lower PNC antibody concentrations at delivery than uninfected mothers. Transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies, particularly for RSV, was lower in HEUs compared with HUUs. At birth, HEUs had higher concentrations of anti-RSV antibodies than HUUs, but lower antibodies to the other respiratory agents. At 6 months, HEUs had significantly higher proportions of seroconversions and higher antibody concentrations against parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3. There were no significant differences in seroconversions to flu and RSV, but antibody concentrations to RSV were six-fold lower in HEUs versus HUUs at 6 months. Antibody responses to at least two doses of tetanus vaccine were also six-fold lower in HEUs compared with HUUs. CONCLUSION Six-month-old HEUs had a higher incidence of respiratory viral infections than HUUs. In addition to the low passive protection from maternal antibodies, low antibody responses of HEUs may contribute to increased morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
|
681
|
Gonzalez-Perez G, Lamousé-Smith ESN. Gastrointestinal Microbiome Dysbiosis in Infant Mice Alters Peripheral CD8 + T Cell Receptor Signaling. Front Immunol 2017; 8:265. [PMID: 28337207 PMCID: PMC5340779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that maternal antibiotic treatment (MAT) of mice in the last days of pregnancy and during lactation dramatically alters the density and composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota of their infants. MAT infants also exhibited enhanced susceptibility to a systemic viral infection and altered adaptive immune cell activation phenotype and function. CD8+ effector T cells from MAT infants consistently demonstrate an inability to sustain interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in vivo following vaccinia virus infection and in vitro upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. We hypothesize that T cells developing in infant mice with gastrointestinal microbiota dysbiosis and insufficient toll-like receptor (TLR) exposure alters immune responsiveness associated with intrinsic T cell defects in the TCR signaling pathway and compromised T cell effector function. To evaluate this, splenic T cells from day of life 15 MAT infant mice were stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies prior to examining the expression of ZAP-70, phosphorylated ZAP-70, phospho-Erk-1/2, c-Rel, total protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and IFN-γ production. We determine that MAT infant CD8+ T cells fail to sustain total protein tyrosine phosphorylation and Erk1/2 activation. Lipopolysaccharide treatment in vitro and in vivo, partially restored IFN-γ production in MAT effector CD8+ T cells and reduced mortality typically observed in MAT mice following systemic viral infection. Our results demonstrate a surprising dependence on the gastrointestinal microbiome and TLR ligand stimulation toward shaping optimal CD8+ T cell function during infancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonzalez-Perez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
| | - Esi S N Lamousé-Smith
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
682
|
Stress during pregnancy alters temporal and spatial dynamics of the maternal and offspring microbiome in a sex-specific manner. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44182. [PMID: 28266645 PMCID: PMC5339804 DOI: 10.1038/srep44182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome is a regulator of host immunity, metabolism, neurodevelopment, and behavior. During early life, bacterial communities within maternal gut and vaginal compartments can have an impact on directing these processes. Maternal stress experience during pregnancy may impact offspring development by altering the temporal and spatial dynamics of the maternal microbiome during pregnancy. To examine the hypothesis that maternal stress disrupts gut and vaginal microbial dynamics during critical prenatal and postnatal windows, we used high-resolution 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing to examine outcomes in our mouse model of early prenatal stress. Consistent with predictions, maternal fecal communities shift across pregnancy, a process that is disrupted by stress. Vaginal bacterial community structure and composition exhibit lasting disruption following stress exposure. Comparison of maternal and offspring microbiota revealed that similarities in bacterial community composition was predicted by a complex interaction between maternal body niche and offspring age and sex. Importantly, early prenatal stress influenced offspring bacterial community assembly in a temporal and sex-specific manner. Taken together, our results demonstrate that early prenatal stress may influence offspring development through converging modifications to gut microbial composition during pregnancy and transmission of dysbiotic vaginal microbiome at birth.
Collapse
|
683
|
Borghesi A, Stronati M, Fellay J. Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease in Otherwise Healthy Infants: Failure of Specific Neonatal Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:215. [PMID: 28326082 PMCID: PMC5339282 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a small proportion of newborn infants exposed to a pathogenic microorganism develop overt infection. Susceptibility to infection in preterm infants and infants with known comorbidities has a likely multifactorial origin and can be often attributed to the concurrence of iatrogenic factors, environmental determinants, underlying pathogenic processes, and probably genetic predisposition. Conversely, infection occurring in otherwise healthy full-term newborn infants is unexplained in most cases. Microbial virulence factors and the unique characteristics of the neonatal immune system only partially account for the interindividual variability in the neonatal immune responses to pathogens. We here suggest that neonatal infection occurring in otherwise healthy infants is caused by a failure of the specific protective immunity to the microorganism. To explain infection in term and preterm infants, we propose an extension of the previously proposed model of the genetic architecture of infectious diseases in humans. We then focus on group B streptococcus (GBS) disease, the best characterized neonatal infection, and outline the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the selective failure of the immune responses against GBS. In light of the recent discoveries of pathogen-specific primary immunodeficiencies and of the role of anticytokine autoantibodies in increasing susceptibility to specific infections, we hypothesize that GBS disease occurring in otherwise healthy infants could reflect an immunodeficiency caused either by rare genetic defects in the infant or by transmitted maternal neutralizing antibodies. These hypotheses are consistent with available epidemiological data, with clinical and epidemiological observations, and with the state of the art of neonatal physiology and disease. Studies should now be designed to comprehensively search for genetic or immunological factors involved in susceptibility to severe neonatal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Borghesi
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Stronati
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
684
|
Levy M, Kolodziejczyk AA, Thaiss CA, Elinav E. Dysbiosis and the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:219-232. [DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 744] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
685
|
Silverman MA, Konnikova L, Gerber JS. Impact of Antibiotics on Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2017; 46:61-76. [PMID: 28164853 PMCID: PMC5314436 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment alters the composition and metabolic function of the intestinal microbiota. These alterations may contribute to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Recent studies are beginning to unravel the contribution of specific groups of microbes and their metabolic pathways to these diseases. Probiotics or other microbiota-targeted therapies may provide effect strategies to prevent and treat NEC and AAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Liza Konnikova
- Department of Pediatric and Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jeffrey S. Gerber
- Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| |
Collapse
|
686
|
Cleary JL, Condren AR, Zink KE, Sanchez LM. Calling all hosts: Bacterial communication in situ. Chem 2017; 2:334-358. [PMID: 28948238 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are cosmopolitan organisms that in recent years have demonstrated many roles in maintaining host equilibrium. In this review, we discuss three roles bacteria can occupy in a host: pathogenic, symbiotic, and transient, with a specific focus on how bacterial small molecules contribute to homeostasis or dysbiosis. First, we will dissect how small molecules produced by pathogenic bacteria can be used as a source for communication during colonization and as protection against host immune responses. The ability to achieve a higher level of organization through small molecule communication gives pathogenic bacteria an opportunity for increased virulence and fitness. Conversely, in symbiotic relationships with hosts, small molecules are used in the initial acquisition, colonization, and maintenance of this beneficial population. Chemical signals can come from both the host and symbiont, and it is often observed that these interKingdom symbioses result in coevolution of both species involved. Furthermore, the transition from transient to commensal or opportunistic likely relies on molecular mechanisms. The small molecules utilized and produced by transient bacteria are desirable for both the immune and nutritional benefits they provide to the host. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of modern analytical techniques that are available to researchers in order to study small molecules in situ is an important aspect of this review. It is our opinion that small molecules produced by bacteria are central to many biological processes and a larger focus on uncovering the function and identity of these small molecules is required to gain a deeper understanding of host-microbe associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Cleary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Alanna R Condren
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Katherine E Zink
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Laura M Sanchez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
687
|
Friedman JE. The maternal microbiome: Cause or consequence of obesity risk in the next generation? Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:497-498. [PMID: 28177586 PMCID: PMC5327733 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Basic Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
688
|
Abstract
Mammalian body surfaces are inhabited by vast numbers of microbes, the commensal microbiota, which help the host to digest food, provide nutrients, and mature its immune system. For a long time, postnatal colonization was believed to be the main stimulus for microbial-induced immune development. Using a model of reversible colonization of germ-free mice during gestation, we recently showed that the microbial shaping of the neonatal immune system begins even before birth through molecular signals derived from the microbiota of the mother. Maternal microbiota was important to mature intestinal innate immune cells and to alter intestinal gene expression profiles in the offspring. These changes prepare the newborn for postnatal colonization. The majority of the gestational colonization-dependent effects required maternal antibodies. Here, we discuss and provide further evidence how maternal antibodies are important players in transferring a signal originating from the maternal intestinal microbiota to the offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. Ganal-Vonarburg
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,CONTACT Stephanie C. Ganal-Vonarburg Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin, Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Fuhrer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
689
|
Gomez-Arango LF, Barrett HL, McIntyre HD, Callaway LK, Morrison M, Dekker Nitert M. Antibiotic treatment at delivery shapes the initial oral microbiome in neonates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43481. [PMID: 28240736 PMCID: PMC5378909 DOI: 10.1038/srep43481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral microorganisms are important determinants of health and disease. The source of the initial neonatal microbiome and the factors dictating initial human oral microbiota development are unknown. This study aimed to investigate this in placental, oral and gut microbiome profiles from 36 overweight or obese mother-baby dyads as determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Expression of five antibiotic resistance genes of the β-lactamase class was analysed in the infant oral microbiota samples by QPCR. The neonatal oral microbiota was 65.35% of maternal oral, 3.09% of placental, 31.56% of unknown and 0% of maternal gut origin. Two distinct neonatal oral microbiota profiles were observed: one strongly resembling the maternal oral microbiota and one with less similarity. Maternal exposure to intrapartum antibiotics explained the segregation of the profiles. Families belonging to Proteobacteria were abundant after antibiotics exposure while the families Streptococcaceae, Gemellaceae and Lactobacillales dominated in unexposed neonates. 26% of exposed neonates expressed the Vim-1 antibiotic resistance gene. These findings indicate that maternal intrapartum antibiotic treatment is a key regulator of the initial neonatal oral microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Gomez-Arango
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia.,UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
| | - Helen L Barrett
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia.,UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia.,Obstetric Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane Australia
| | - H David McIntyre
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia.,Mater Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
| | - Leonie K Callaway
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia.,UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia.,Obstetric Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
| | - Marloes Dekker Nitert
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
| |
Collapse
|
690
|
Jinno S, Toshimitsu T, Nakamura Y, Kubota T, Igoshi Y, Ozawa N, Suzuki S, Nakano T, Morita Y, Arima T, Yamaide F, Kohno Y, Masuda K, Shimojo N. Maternal Prebiotic Ingestion Increased the Number of Fecal Bifidobacteria in Pregnant Women but Not in Their Neonates Aged One Month. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030196. [PMID: 28245628 PMCID: PMC5372859 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) can selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria. Here, we investigated the effect of maternal FOS ingestion on maternal and neonatal gut bifidobacteria. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we administered 8 g/day of FOS or sucrose to 84 women from the 26th week of gestation to one month after delivery. The bifidobacteria count was detected using quantitative PCR in maternal (26 and 36 weeks of gestation) and neonatal (one month after delivery) stools. Maternal stool frequency was recorded from 24 to 36 weeks of gestation. The number of fecal Bifidobacterium spp. and Bifidobacterium longum in the FOS group was significantly higher than that in the placebo group at 36 weeks of gestation (2.7 × 1010/g vs. 1.1 × 1010/g and 2.3 × 1010/g vs. 9.7 × 109/g). In their neonates, these numbers did not differ between the groups. Also, stool frequency in the FOS group was slightly higher than that in the placebo group two weeks after the intervention (1.0 vs. 0.8 times/day), suggesting a potential constipation alleviation effect. In conclusion, the maternal FOS ingestion showed a bifidogenic effect in pregnant women but not in their neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Jinno
- Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawaara Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-465-37-3674
| | - Takayuki Toshimitsu
- Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawaara Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshitaka Nakamura
- Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawaara Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.N.)
| | - Takayuki Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Yuka Igoshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Naoko Ozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, National Shimoshizu Hospital, Chiba 284-0003, Japan;
| | - Taiji Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Yoshinori Morita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Takayasu Arima
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Fumiya Yamaide
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Yoichi Kohno
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| | | | - Naoki Shimojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.I.); (N.O.); (T.N.); (Y.M.); (T.A.); (F.Y.); (Y.K.); (N.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
691
|
Geva-Zatorsky N, Sefik E, Kua L, Pasman L, Tan TG, Ortiz-Lopez A, Yanortsang TB, Yang L, Jupp R, Mathis D, Benoist C, Kasper DL. Mining the Human Gut Microbiota for Immunomodulatory Organisms. Cell 2017; 168:928-943.e11. [PMID: 28215708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Within the human gut reside diverse microbes coexisting with the host in a mutually advantageous relationship. Evidence has revealed the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in shaping the immune system. To date, only a few of these microbes have been shown to modulate specific immune parameters. Herein, we broadly identify the immunomodulatory effects of phylogenetically diverse human gut microbes. We monocolonized mice with each of 53 individual bacterial species and systematically analyzed host immunologic adaptation to colonization. Most microbes exerted several specialized, complementary, and redundant transcriptional and immunomodulatory effects. Surprisingly, these were independent of microbial phylogeny. Microbial diversity in the gut ensures robustness of the microbiota's ability to generate a consistent immunomodulatory impact, serving as a highly important epigenetic system. This study provides a foundation for investigation of gut microbiota-host mutualism, highlighting key players that could identify important therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naama Geva-Zatorsky
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Esen Sefik
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay Kua
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lesley Pasman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tze Guan Tan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adriana Ortiz-Lopez
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tsering Bakto Yanortsang
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liang Yang
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ray Jupp
- UCB Pharma, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dennis L Kasper
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
692
|
Weingarden AR, Vaughn BP. Intestinal microbiota, fecal microbiota transplantation, and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:238-252. [PMID: 28609251 PMCID: PMC5479396 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1290757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex set of diseases that lead to chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Although the etiology of IBD is not fully understood, it is well-known that the intestinal microbiota is associated with the development and maintenance of IBD. Manipulation of the gut microbiota, therefore, may represent a target for IBD therapy. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), where fecal microbiota from a healthy donor is transplanted into a patient's GI tract, is already a successful therapy for Clostridium difficile infection. FMT is currently being explored as a potential therapy for IBD as well. In this review, the associations between the gut microbiota and IBD and the emerging data on FMT for IBD will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R. Weingarden
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Byron P. Vaughn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,CONTACT Byron P. Vaughn 420 Delaware street SE, MMC36, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| |
Collapse
|
693
|
Catalano PM, Shankar K. Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child. BMJ 2017; 356:j1. [PMID: 28179267 PMCID: PMC6888512 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is the most common medical condition in women of reproductive age. Obesity during pregnancy has short term and long term adverse consequences for both mother and child. Obesity causes problems with infertility, and in early gestation it causes spontaneous pregnancy loss and congenital anomalies. Metabolically, obese women have increased insulin resistance in early pregnancy, which becomes manifest clinically in late gestation as glucose intolerance and fetal overgrowth. At term, the risk of cesarean delivery and wound complications is increased. Postpartum, obese women have an increased risk of venous thromboembolism, depression, and difficulty with breast feeding. Because 50-60% of overweight or obese women gain more than recommended by Institute of Medicine gestational weight guidelines, postpartum weight retention increases future cardiometabolic risks and prepregnancy obesity in subsequent pregnancies. Neonates of obese women have increased body fat at birth, which increases the risk of childhood obesity. Although there is no unifying mechanism responsible for the adverse perinatal outcomes associated with maternal obesity, on the basis of the available data, increased prepregnancy maternal insulin resistance and accompanying hyperinsulinemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress seem to contribute to early placental and fetal dysfunction. We will review the pathophysiology underlying these data and try to shed light on the specific underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Catalano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Health/MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
694
|
Gray J, Oehrle K, Worthen G, Alenghat T, Whitsett J, Deshmukh H. Intestinal commensal bacteria mediate lung mucosal immunity and promote resistance of newborn mice to infection. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaaf9412. [PMID: 28179507 PMCID: PMC5880204 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf9412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immature mucosal defenses contribute to increased susceptibility of newborn infants to pathogens. Sparse knowledge of age-dependent changes in mucosal immunity has hampered improvements in neonatal morbidity because of infections. We report that exposure of neonatal mice to commensal bacteria immediately after birth is required for a robust host defense against bacterial pneumonia, the leading cause of death in newborn infants. This crucial window was characterized by an abrupt influx of interleukin-22 (IL-22)-producing group 3 innate lymphoid cells (IL-22+ILC3) into the lungs of newborn mice. This influx was dependent on sensing of commensal bacteria by intestinal mucosal dendritic cells. Disruption of postnatal commensal colonization or selective depletion of dendritic cells interrupted the migratory program of lung IL-22+ILC3 and made the newborn mice more susceptible to pneumonia, which was reversed by transfer of commensal bacteria after birth. Thus, the resistance of newborn mice to pneumonia relied on commensal bacteria-directed ILC3 influx into the lungs, which mediated IL-22-dependent host resistance to pneumonia during this developmental window. These data establish that postnatal colonization by intestinal commensal bacteria is pivotal in the development of the lung defenses of newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerilyn Gray
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Katherine Oehrle
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - George Worthen
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Jeffrey Whitsett
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Hitesh Deshmukh
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
695
|
Abstract
Through behavior, animals interact with a world where parasites abound. It is easy to understand how behavioral traits can thus have a differential effect on pathogen exposure. Harder to understand is why we observe behavioral traits to be linked to immune defense traits. Is variation in immune traits a consequence of behavior-induced variation in immunological experiences? Or is variation in behavioral traits a function of immune capabilities? Is our immune system a much bigger driver of personality than anticipated? In this review, I provide examples of how behavioral and immune traits co-vary. I then explore the different routes linking behavioral and immune traits, emphasizing on the physiological/hormonal mechanisms that could lead to immune control of behavior. Finally, I discuss why we should aim at understanding more about the mechanisms connecting these phenotypic traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lopes
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
696
|
Hedin CR, van der Gast CJ, Stagg AJ, Lindsay JO, Whelan K. The gut microbiota of siblings offers insights into microbial pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:359-365. [PMID: 28112583 PMCID: PMC5570433 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1284733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Siblings of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) have elevated risk of developing CD and display aspects of disease phenotype, including faecal dysbiosis. In our recent article we have used 16S rRNA gene targeted high-throughput sequencing to comprehensively characterize the mucosal microbiota in healthy siblings of CD patients, and determine the influence of genotypic and phenotypic factors on the gut microbiota (dysbiosis). We have demonstrated that the core microbiota of both patients with CD and healthy siblings is significantly less diverse than controls. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii contributed most to core metacommunity dissimilarity between both patients and controls and between siblings and controls. Phenotype/genotype markers of CD risk significantly influenced microbiota variation between and within groups, of which genotype had the largest effect. Individuals with elevated CD-risk display mucosal dysbiosis characterized by reduced diversity of core microbiota and lower abundance of F. prausnitzii. The presence of this dysbiosis in healthy people at-risk of CD implicates microbiological processes in CD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R. Hedin
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm
| | | | - Andrew J. Stagg
- Queen Mary University of London, Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, London, UK
| | - James O. Lindsay
- Queen Mary University of London, Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, London, UK,Barts Health NHS Trust, Department of Gastroenterology, London, UK
| | - Kevin Whelan
- King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, London, UK,CONTACT Kevin Whelan King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
697
|
Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery. Nat Med 2017; 23:314-326. [PMID: 28112736 PMCID: PMC5345907 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human microbial communities are characterized by their taxonomic, metagenomic, and metabolic diversity, which varies by distinct body sites and influences human physiology. However, when and how microbial communities within each body niche acquire unique taxonomical and functional signatures in early life remains underexplored. We thus sought to assess the taxonomic composition and potential metabolic function of the neonatal and early infant microbiota across multiple body sites, and assess the impact of mode of delivery and its potential confounders or modifiers. A cohort of pregnant women in their early 3rd trimester (n=81) were prospectively enrolled for longitudinal sampling through 6 weeks post-delivery, and a second matched cross-sectional cohort (n=81) was additionally recruited for sampling once at delivery. Samples were collected for each maternal-infant dyad across multiple body sites, including stool, oral gingiva, nares, skin and vagina. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis and whole genome shotgun sequencing was performed to interrogate the composition and function of the neonatal and maternal microbiota. We found that the neonatal microbiota and its associated functional pathways were relatively homogenous across all body sites at delivery, with the notable exception of neonatal meconium. However, by 6 weeks, the infant microbiota structure and function had significantly expanded and diversified, with body site serving as the primary determinant of the bacterial community composition and its functional capacity. Although minor variations in the neonatal (immediately at birth) microbiota community structure were associated with Cesarean delivery in some body sites (oral, nares, and skin; R2 = 0.038), this was not true in neonatal stool (meconium, Mann-Whitney p>0.05) and there was no observable difference in community function regardless of delivery mode. By 6 weeks of age, the infant microbiota structure and function had expanded and diversified with demonstrable body site specificity (p<0.001, R2 = 0.189), and no discernable differences in neither community structure nor function by Cesarean delivery were identifiable (p=0.057, R2 = 0.007). We conclude that within the first 6 weeks of life, the infant microbiota undergoes significant reorganization that is primarily driven by body site and not by mode of delivery.
Collapse
|
698
|
Benoit JB, Vigneron A, Broderick NA, Wu Y, Sun JS, Carlson JR, Aksoy S, Weiss BL. Symbiont-induced odorant binding proteins mediate insect host hematopoiesis. eLife 2017; 6:e19535. [PMID: 28079523 PMCID: PMC5231409 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria assist in maintaining homeostasis of the animal immune system. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie symbiont-mediated host immunity are largely unknown. Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) house maternally transmitted symbionts that regulate the development and function of their host's immune system. Herein we demonstrate that the obligate mutualist, Wigglesworthia, up-regulates expression of odorant binding protein six in the gut of intrauterine tsetse larvae. This process is necessary and sufficient to induce systemic expression of the hematopoietic RUNX transcription factor lozenge and the subsequent production of crystal cells, which actuate the melanotic immune response in adult tsetse. Larval Drosophila's indigenous microbiota, which is acquired from the environment, regulates an orthologous hematopoietic pathway in their host. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie enteric symbiont-stimulated systemic immune system development, and indicate that these processes are evolutionarily conserved despite the divergent nature of host-symbiont interactions in these model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Aurélien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| | - Nichole A Broderick
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
| | - Yineng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| | - Jennifer S Sun
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - John R Carlson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| |
Collapse
|
699
|
Koch MA, Reiner GL, Lugo KA, Kreuk LSM, Stanbery AG, Ansaldo E, Seher TD, Ludington WB, Barton GM. Maternal IgG and IgA Antibodies Dampen Mucosal T Helper Cell Responses in Early Life. Cell 2017; 165:827-41. [PMID: 27153495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To maintain a symbiotic relationship between the host and its resident intestinal microbiota, appropriate mucosal T cell responses to commensal antigens must be established. Mice acquire both IgG and IgA maternally; the former has primarily been implicated in passive immunity to pathogens while the latter mediates host-commensal mutualism. Here, we report the surprising observation that mice generate T cell-independent and largely Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent IgG2b and IgG3 antibody responses against their gut microbiota. We demonstrate that maternal acquisition of these antibodies dampens mucosal T follicular helper responses and subsequent germinal center B cell responses following birth. This work reveals a feedback loop whereby T cell-independent, TLR-dependent antibodies limit mucosal adaptive immune responses to newly acquired commensal antigens and uncovers a broader function for maternal IgG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Koch
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gabrielle L Reiner
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kyler A Lugo
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lieselotte S M Kreuk
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alison G Stanbery
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eduard Ansaldo
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, 94720, USA
| | - Thaddeus D Seher
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, 94720, USA
| | - William B Ludington
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA, 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
700
|
Characterisation of Early-Life Fecal Microbiota in Susceptible and Healthy Pigs to Post-Weaning Diarrhoea. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169851. [PMID: 28072880 PMCID: PMC5225014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life microbial exposure is of particular importance to growth, immune system development and long-lasting health. Hence, early microbiota composition is a promising predictive biomarker for health and disease but still remains poorly characterized in regards to susceptibility to diarrhoea. In the present study, we aimed to assess if gut bacterial community diversity and composition during the suckling period were associated with differences in susceptibility of pigs to post-weaning diarrhoea. Twenty piglets from 5 sows (4 piglets / litter) were weaned in poor housing conditions to challenge their susceptibility to post-weaning diarrhoea. Two weeks after weaning, 13 pigs exhibited liquid faeces during 2 or 3 days and were defined as diarrhoeic (D) pigs. The other 7 pigs did not have diarrhea during the whole post-weaning experimental periodand were defined as healthy (H) pigs. Using a molecular characterisation of fecal microbiota with CE-SSCP fingerprint, Next Generation Sequencing and qPCR, we show that D and H pigs were mainly discriminated as early as postnatal day (PND) 7, i.e. 4 weeks before post-weaning diarrhoea occurence. At PND 7 H pigs displayed a lower evenness and a higher abundance of Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminocacaceae and Lactobacillaceae compared to D pigs. The sPLS regression method indicates that these bacterial families were strongly correlated to a higher Bacteroidetes abundance observed in PND 30 H pigs one week before diarrhoea. These results emphasize the potential of early microbiota diversity and composition as being an indicator of susceptibility to post-weaning diarrhoea. Furthermore, they support the health promoting strategies of pig herds through gut microbiota engineering.
Collapse
|