Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerse II subunit

Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal two new species of the Fusariumfujikuroi (Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) species complex in China

The Fusariumfujikuroi species complex (FFSC) encompasses a diverse array of more than 80 phylogenetic species with both phytopathological and clinical importance. A stable taxonomy is crucial for species in the FFSC due to their economical relevance. Fungal strains used in this study were obtained from Castaneamollissima and Rubuslambertianus, collected from Beijing and Shaanxi Province. We employ morphological and phylogenetic analyses based on partial gene fragments of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), beta-tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (CaM), RNA polymerase largest subunit (rpb1), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), as well as the pairwise homoplasy index tests. Studies have shown that these phylospecies are clustered in the Asian clade of the FFSC. The present study delineates two novel Fusarium species within the FFSC, named F.castaneophilum and F.rubicola, complemented by illustrations and descriptions.

Eight Fungal Species Associated with Ambrosia Beetles in Korea

Ambrosia fungi are well-known for their symbiotic interactions with ambrosia beetles, acting as a sole food source of larvae and adult beetles. As a first step to reveal these interactions, extensive survey on the fungal symbionts of ambrosia beetles dwelling in Korea. Eight fungal species isolated from 15 ambrosia beetle species were not known for their presence in Korea. Seven of these belonged to two orders of Ascomycota; Microascales (Ambrosiella beaveri, A. catenulate, and A. roeperi) and Ophiostomatales (Leptographium verrucosum, Raffaelea cyclorhipidii, R. subfusca, and Sporothrix eucastaneae) and one to Polyporales of Basidiomycota (Irpex subulatus). This is the first report of these species in Korea with taxonomic descriptions.

New Aquilariomyces and Mangifericomes species (Pleosporales, Ascomycota) from Aquilaria spp. in China

Saprobic fungi are known for their critical role in decomposition and nutrient cycling. The study of saprobic fungi is equally important, as it helps in understanding their ecological roles and identifying their hidden diversity. This study focused on saprobic fungi on Aquilaria, which is poorly studied compared to economically important hosts like coffee, tea, and rubber. Our rigorous process led to the collection of two new terrestrial saprobic fungi from the Guangdong and Yunnan provinces in China. After extensive phylogenetic analyses and detailed comparison of morphological characteristics, the two collections were identified as two new species belonging to Pleosporales, Ascomycota. Aquilariomycesmaomingensis sp. nov. was isolated from Aquilariasinensis in Guangdong Province, while Mangifericomesaquilariae sp. nov. was isolated from Aquilaria sp. in Yunnan Province. Full descriptions, photo plates, and phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses based on LSU, ITS, SSU, tef1-α, and rpb2 gene combinations) of the new species are provided, along with a comprehensive list of saprobic fungi associated with Aquilaria spp.

New insights into freshwater ascomycetes: discovery of novel species in diverse aquatic habitats

During investigations of freshwater fungi in Hunan and Yunnan provinces, China, Chaetopsina yunnanensis sp. nov. (Nectriaceae), Parafuscosporella hunanensis sp. nov. (Fuscosporellaceae), and Pleurotheciella yunnanensis sp. nov. (Pleurotheciaceae) were discovered on submerged decaying wood and branches. Based on phylogenetic analyses, C. yunnanensis formed a separate branch with Chaetopsina pinicola and nested among other Chaetopsina species in Nectriaceae (Hypocreales). Furthermore, hitherto known Chaetopsina beijingensis shared the same branch with Chaetopsina fulva, a type species of the genus, demonstrating their conspecific status. Therefore, C. beijingensis is formally synonymized under C. fulva, with an amended species circumscription. Pa. hunanensis formed a well-separated subclade with the ex-type strain of Parafuscosporella mucosa and clustered with other Parafuscosporella within Fuscosporellaceae (Fuscosporellales). In addition, the genus Parafuscosporella is treated as distinct from Vanakripa due to a lack of phylogenetic evidence in clarifying their congeneric status with the latter. Pl. yunnanensis is found to be sister to Pleurotheciella saprophytica, forming a subclade with Pleurotheciella dimorphospora within the Pleurotheciaceae (Pleurotheciales). Morphologically, C. yunnanensis fits well with the generic concept of Chaetopsina in forming a holomorphic state with hyphomycetous asexual morph producing pigmented, setiform conidiophores, phialidic conidiogenous cells, hyaline conidia, and nectria-like sexual morph. Pa. hunanensis fits well with Parafuscosporella in having acrogenous, apiosporous, versicolored, obovoid to obpyriform conidia. In contrast, Pl. yunnanensis resembles Pl. dimorphospora in forming asexual dimorphism with two types of conidia (Type I, brown, muriform/phragmosporous conidia; Type II, hyaline, amerosporous/didymorsporous conidia). The novelty of taxa is explained with detailed descriptions, photo-micrographic illustrations, polymorphism, and multigene phylogenetic analyses of Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood criteria.

Endophytic Fungi Isolated from the Marine Macroalga Dictyopteris pacifica in Korea

The exploration of endophytic fungi associated with seaweeds has garnered significant interest due to their crucial ecological functions and potential as sources of valuable bioactive compounds. In this study, we isolated and identified endophytic fungi from the brown seaweed Dictyopteris pacifica, collected from the intertidal zone of Yeongdoek, Gyeongsangbuk-do in Korea. Through morphological examination and molecular phylogenetic analysis using multiple molecular markers, including ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF1, TUB2, and RPB2 sequences, we identified three fungal species not previously recorded in Korea: Emericellopsis fuci, Neoarthrinium lithocarpicola, and Periconia chimonanthi. Detailed descriptions of morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses are provided. This study represents the first report of these endophytic fungi isolated from D. pacifica in Korea, thereby enhancing the understanding of the diversity of seaweed-associated endophytic fungi in the region.

Novel Helicosporium and Neohelicomyces (Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales) species from terrestrial habitats in China and Thailand

During our investigations of saprobic fungi, five fungal collections from terrestrial habitats in China and Thailand were examined using both morphological and multi-gene phylogenetic approaches (LSU, ITS, tef1-α, and rpb2), resulting in the identification of three novel species: Helicosporiumrubrum, Neohelicomycesmaolanensis, and N.subtropicus. Helicosporium and Neohelicomyces are morphologically similar in their asexual morphs but can be distinguished based on their molecular phylogenetic data. In this study, our new species, Helicosporiumrubrum, represents the fourth sexual species within the genus, characterized by yellow-brown ascomata and fusiform ascospores. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, phylogenetic analysis results, and corresponding notes are provided to clarify the distinctions between these new species and related taxa.

Ectophoma salviniae sp. nov., Neottiosporina mihintaleensis sp. nov. and four other endophytes associated with aquatic plants from Sri Lanka and their extracellular enzymatic potential

Endophytic fungi associated with selected aquatic plants, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphaea nouchali, Salvinia minima and S. molesta were evaluated. Ectophoma salviniae sp. nov. and Neottiosporina mihintaleensis sp. nov. are introduced as novel taxa from Salvinia spp. from Sri Lanka. Chaetomella raphigera is reported as a new geographical record, Colletotrichum siamense and C. truncatum are reported as novel host records in aquatic plants, while Phyllosticta capitalensis has been identified on the same host (Nymphaea nouchali) in the North-Central Province of Sri Lanka. Identification of the fungi was based on morphological characteristics and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses using ITS, LSU, SSU, ACT, CHS-1, GAPDH, tub2, rpb2, and tef1-α molecular markers. The identified fungi were analysed for extracellular enzymatic properties. According to the qualitative analysis, Ectophoma salviniae sp. nov. exhibited the highest amylase production, Chaetomella raphigera exhibited the highest cellulase enzyme production, and Neottiosporina mihintaleensis sp. nov. exhibited the highest laccase production. The results demonstrate the aquatic fungal diversity in this region and their extracellular enzymatic potentials, providing valuable insights for future biotechnological approaches.

Identification and Pathogenicity of Fusarium Species from Herbaceous Plants on Grassland in Qiaojia County, China

The Fusarium species is an important plant pathogen that can cause plant diseases in grassland, leading to the degradation of grassland quality. However, the morphology of Fusarium is greatly affected by environmental factors, which makes it difficult to identify its species. In addition, the pathogenic ability of different Fusarium species in plants has not been fully studied. In this study, Fusarium isolates were obtained from grassland herbaceous plants via tissue separation. Through morphological means and based on ITS, RPB2, and TEF-1 gene sequences, we compared and constructed polygenic phylogenetic trees to classify and identify the Fusarium species. In addition, the pathogenicity of different Fusarium species was also analyzed. The results showed that a total of 24 Fusarium strains were successfully isolated from grassland, from which ten species were identified: F. flagelliforme, F. longifundum, F. clavum, F. scirpi, F. ipomoeae, F. oxysporum, etc. and were included in four complexes: Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC), Fusarium tricinctum species complex (FTSC), and Fusarium sambucinum species complex (FSAMSC). Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that except for F. ipomoeae QJ5211, F. sambucinum QJ203, and F. acuminatum QJ1662, other Fusarium species had different degrees of pathogenic ability. This is the first study that discusses the effect of Fusarium on grassland disease control in this area. This study further provides clear pathogen information for the prevention and control of grassland diseases.

Two new species of Xylaria (Xylariaceae, Ascomycota) associated with fallen leaves in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, China

Xylaria is a large and complex genus of macrofungi, playing a critical role in ecosystems as decomposers and possessing antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. This paper described two new Xylaria species discovered on fallen leaves in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, based on morphological characteristics and genetic sequences. Detailed color illustrations and comparisons with similar species were provided. The main characteristics of X.acifer included long, needle-shaped stromata, ellipsoid to fusoid ascospores, and prominent non-cellular appendages. The stromata of X.tuberculosa had an aggregated, knobby fertile part, with smaller ascospores also featuring non-cellular appendages. Additionally, a key to 46 Xylaria species associated with fallen leaves and petioles worldwide was established.

Microdochium majus Isolated from Grapevine Is a Mycoparasite of Botrytis cinerea

The best known Microdochium spp. are important pathogens of small-grain cereals and/or endophytes of diverse monocot hosts. This study is the first report of M. majus isolated from asymptomatic grapevine tissues. It was hypothesised that this M. majus strain, CBS 152328, was an endophyte and an antagonist of some fungal pathogens of grapevine. Microscopic examinations revealed that this strain was a necrotrophic mycoparasite of Botrytis cinerea. This was demonstrated in the confrontation zones of dual cultures of M. majus and B. cinerea, and also on the surface of co-inoculated grape leaf discs and germinated wheat grains. Pathogenicity tests indicated that M. majus can colonise both grape leaf discs and germinated wheat, but it only damaged wheat. When co-inoculated with B. cinerea onto grape leaf discs, the M. majus strain CBS 152328 suppressed its mycohost on grape tissues and prevented leaf necrosis caused by B. cinerea. In addition to the parasitism, M. majus also showed mild antibiosis against B. cinerea, as well as a defence elicitor effect on grape leaf discs. This work is the first report of the mycoparasitic behaviour of M. majus, in addition to its first isolation from a dicot host.

Molecular Phylogenetics and Estimation of Evolutionary Divergence and Biogeography of the Family Cordycipitaceae (Ascomycota, Hypocreales)

The Cordycipitaceae family of insecticidal fungi is widely distributed in nature, is the most complex in the order Hypocreales (Ascomycota), with members displaying a diversity of morphological characteristics and insect host ranges. Based on Bayesian evolutionary analysis of five genomic loci(the small subunit of ribosomal RNA (SSU) gene, the large subunit of ribosomal RNA (LSU) gene, the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) gene, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb1), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), we inferred the divergence times for members of the Cordycipitaceae, improving the internal phylogeny of this fungal family. Molecular clock analyses indicate that the ancestor of Akanthomyces sensu lato occurred in the Paleogene period (34.57 Mya, 95% HPD: 31.41-37.67 Mya), and that most species appeared in the Neogene period. The historical biogeography of Akanthomyces sensu lato was reconstructed using reconstructing ancestral state in phylogenies (RASP) analysis, indicating that it most likely originated in Asia. Combined morphological characterization and phylogenetic analyses were used to identify and taxonomically place five species within Cordycipitaceae. These include the following: (i) two new species, namely Akanthomyces baishanensis sp. nov. and Samsoniella sanmingense sp. nov., (ii) a new record species isolated from infected Lepidopteran host, Blackwellomyces lateris, (iii) a new record species in the genus Niveomyces, with sporothrix-like asexual morphs, namely N. multisynnematus, isolated from dipteran insects (flies), and (iv) a known species of the (hyper-) mycoparasite, Liangia sinensis, isolated from the fungus Ophiocordyceps globiceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae) growing on a dipteran host. Our data provide a significant addition to the diversity, ecology, and evolutionary aspects of the Cordycipitaceae.

Cations impact the biodegradation of iodosulfuron-methyl herbicidal ionic liquids by fungi

In the framework of this study, six fungal isolates which demonstrated a high capability for biodegrading iodosulphuron-methyl sodium as well as herbicidal ionic liquids based on this herbicide were isolated from different soil samples. The isolates were identified based on the ITS region, whereas biodegradation residues were determined based on LC-MS/MS. Depending on the isolate, the half-lives values of the biodegraded herbicide or herbicidal ionic liquid ranged significantly from just 1.25 days to more than 40 days. The research findings unveiled that the structure of cations is a central limiting factor affecting fungal growth and herbicide transformation in case of ionic liquids. The length of the alkyl chain has been identified as the primary driver of herbicide toxicity, emphasizing the importance of structural factors in herbicide design. In cases when dodecyl(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethyl cation was used, its biodegradation ranged from 0 to approx. 20% and the biodegradability of the iodosulfuron-methyl was notably limited for the majority of the studied isolates. This knowledge provides guidance for development and selection of herbicides with reduced environmental impact. This study highlights the ecological importance of soil fungi, their potential role in herbicide biodegradation, the influence of cations on fungal growth and herbicide transformation, and the structural factors governing herbicide toxicity. Further research in these areas may lead to more efficient and environmentally friendly approaches to herbicide management.

First report of Morchella galilaea, an autumn species from Pakistan, based on multilocus DNA sequences, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses

Morchella is highly prized for its distinct and delicious taste, making it one of the most sought-after and valuable macrofungi. Despite Pakistan exporting morels to various European countries, Morchella's diversity in this South Asian country has not been cataloged using multilocus DNA sequence data. Realizing the need for their scientific identity, various collections were commissioned, including those from the low and high altitudinal zones of the Charsadda, Swat, and Poonch districts of Pakistan during autumn of 2015 through 2019. Specimens were identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and portions of the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1), second largest subunit (RPB2), and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) loci. Multigene molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed the autumnal collections were Morchella galilaea Masaphy & Clowez. The species was previously documented in the United States, China, Israel, and Turkey. A detailed taxonomic description, light and scanning electron microscopy, and multigene molecular phylogenetic analyses of the species are reported here for the first time from Pakistan. The study underscores the necessity for further surveys of unexplored areas of Pakistan and systematics of Morchella to augment species diversity and their geographic distribution. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Specimens of Morchella were collected from low and high altitudinal zones in Pakistan during the autumn. Specimens were assessed using multigene (ITS, RPB1, RPB2, and TEF1) molecular phylogenetic analyses for the first time in Pakistan. The specimens were identified as Morchella galilaea based on multigene molecular phylogenetic analysis. Updated taxonomic descriptions of macro- and microanatomical characters were provided for clarity and precision. Hitherto-unreported shapes of paraphyses and acroparaphyses are observed and thoroughly reported. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of an ascospore is provided.

Stachybotrys qujingensis sp. nov., a new hyphomycete from desertified rocky soil in southwest China

Two strains of Stachybotrys, identified based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis, were isolated from rocky desertification soils in Yunnan province. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from three loci (the internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene, β-tubulin and RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit) showed that the two strains formed a single clade and were introduced as a new species of Stachybotrys, S. qujingensis. S. qujingensis is characterized by having ampulliform or broadly fusiform conidiogenous cells and dark olivaceous-green, oblong-ellipsoidal conidia. Phylogenetically, S. qujingensis is most closely related to S. musae, but it distinguishes the latter by longer and narrower conidia. Descriptions, illustrations and phylogenetic placement of S. qujingensis were provided.

Efficacy of Trichoderma longibrachiatum SC5 Fermentation Filtrate in Inhibiting the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Growth and Development in Sunflower

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a destructive pathogen responsible for sunflower sclerotinia rot, resulting in substantial yield and economic losses worldwide. Trichoderma species have demonstrated the capacity to inhibit plant pathogen growth through the production of secondary metabolites. However, there are fewer recent studies focusing on the application of Trichoderma metabolites in inhibiting S. sclerotiorum growth and development and controlling sunflower sclerotinia rot disease. Our results showed that five Trichoderma strains (SC5, T6, TN, P6, and TS3) exhibited mycelial growth inhibition higher than 60% in dual culture assays out of the 11 tested strains. The Trichoderma SC5 fermentation filtrate exhibited superior efficacy compared to other strains, achieving a 94.65% inhibition rate of mycelial growth on S. sclerotiorum, 96% inhibition of myceliogenic germination of sclerotia, and 81.05% reduction in the oxalic acid content of S. sclerotiorum, while significantly increasing the cell membrane permeability. In addition, the Trichoderma SC5 fermentation filtrate significantly decreased the activities of polygalacturonase and pectin methyl-galacturonic enzymes and even caused S. sclerotiorum hyphae to swell, branch, twist, lyse, and inhibited the production and development of sclerotia. Moreover, the Trichoderma SC5 fermentation filtrate downregulated genes expression that associated with the growth and infection of S. sclerotiorum. The control efficacies of the protective and curative activities of the Trichoderma SC5 fermentation filtrate were 95.45% and 75.36%, respectively, on detached sunflower leaves at a concentration of 8 mg/mL. Finally, the Trichoderma SC5 was identified as Trichoderma longibrachiatum through morphological and phylogenetic analysis. Our research indicates that the T. longibrachiatum SC5 can be considered a promising biological control candidate against S. sclerotiorum and controlling the sunflower sclerotinia rot disease, both in vitro and in vivo.

Emended Neodactylariales (Dothideomycetes): Szaferohypha gen. nov. and phylogenetically related genera

Epiphytic fungi evolved several times in Dothideomycetes, particularly within the orders Asterinales, Capnodiales, Microthyriales, and Zeloasperisporiales, but also in other, less obvious lineages. In this study, a new genus and species, Szaferohypha and S.enigmatica, isolated from the sooty mould community on the leaves of Symphoricarposalbus in Poland, are described based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis using sequences of four DNA loci (LSU, ITS, SSU, and rpb2). Due to single isolation, it is unclear whether Szaferohyphaenigmatica represents a very rare or accidental inhabitant of sooty mould communities. Szaferohypha is assigned to the poorly known family Neodactylariaceae and order Neodactylariales, together with Beaucarneamyces, Neodactylaria, and Pseudoarthrographis. The order and family were originally circumscribed based on the features of the genus Neodactylaria. Therefore, they are emended by characters of Beaucarneamyces, Pseudoarthrographis, and Szaferohypha.

New Species of Diaporthales (Ascomycota) from Diseased Leaves in Fujian Province, China

Fungal biota represents important constituents of phyllosphere microorganisms. It is taxonomically highly diverse and influences plant physiology, metabolism and health. Members of the order Diaporthales are distributed worldwide and include devastating plant pathogens as well as endophytes and saprophytes. However, many phyllosphere Diaporthales species remain uncharacterized, with studies examining their diversity needed. Here, we report on the identification of several diaporthalean taxa samples collected from diseased leaves of Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae), Castanopsis fordii (Fagaceae) and Schima superba (Theaceae) in Fujian province, China. Based on morphological features coupled to multigene phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA (LSU), the partial beta-tubulin (tub2), histone H3 (his3), DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2), translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) and calmodulin (cal) genes, three new species of Diaporthales are introduced, namely, Diaporthe wuyishanensis, Gnomoniopsis wuyishanensis and Paratubakia schimae. This study contributes to our understanding on the biodiversity of diaporthalean fungi that are inhabitants of the phyllosphere of trees native to Asia.

Jayawardena R, Hyde KD, Alotibi F, Wang Y. Assigning Xiuguozhangia (genus incertae sedis) to Pseudoberkleasmiaceae (Dothideomycetes, Pleosporomycetidae, Pleosporales) and introducing X.broussonetiae as a novel species

Xiuguozhangia species are dematiaceous hyphomycetes that are characterised by acropleurogenous, dictyoseptate, campanulate or cheiroid, and brown to dark brown conidia that are composed of several layers of cells radiating from a protuberant basal cell, and mostly seen with appendages arising from the apical cells. The genus was introduced based on morphology to accommodate five of the six Piricaudiopsis species that exhibited holoblastic conidial ontogeny. Xiuguozhangia was referred to as Ascomycota genus incertae sedis as it was challenging to resolve its taxonomic placement based solely on the available morphological data (no DNA sequence data was previously available). In this study, we provide DNA sequence data for LSU, ITS, SSU, TEF1, and RPB2 for our isolates, collected from Broussonetiapapyrifera (Moraceae) in northern Thailand. Based on morphology, we classify our isolates as Xiuguozhangia. Since they form a sister lineage to Pseudoberkleasmium, we place Xiuguozhangia in Pseudoberkleasmiaceae (Pleosporales). Within Xiuguozhangia, we establish these two isolates as a new taxon, Xiuguozhangiabroussonetiae, in view of the presence of new conidiogenous cells developing from subtending cells. Xiuguozhangiabroussonetiae differs from the extant species in the genus as it has longer conidiophores that are sometimes branched, comprising numerous septa, and its appendages are mostly untapered (sometimes tapering) towards the tips, a feature not observed in other Xiuguozhangia species. This is the first study to provide DNA sequence data and phylogenetic relationships for Xiuguozhangia. Furthermore, we analysed selected DNA sequence data and provided an updated phylogenetic tree incorporating all families (with representative genera) of Pleosporales.

Diversity of Lignicolous Freshwater Fungi from Yuanjiang River in Yunnan (China), with the Description of Four New Species

Yuanjiang River (Red River) is one of the six major water systems in Yunnan Province, which originates from western Yunnan Province. This river system features numerous tributaries, complex terrain, and abundant natural resources. During the investigation on the diversity of lignicolous freshwater fungi in the Yuanjiang River, nine species were collected and identified, five belonging to Dothideomycetes and four to Sordariomycetes. Based on morphology and multigene phylogenetic analyses, four species, namely, Aquadictyospora aquatica, Dictyosporium fluminicola, Myrmecridium submersum, and Neomyrmecridium fusiforme, are described as new species. Dictyocheirospora aquadulcis is reported as a new national record, and Myrmecridium hydei is reported as a new habitat record. Dictyocheirospora rotunda, Halobyssothecium aquifusiforme, and Pseudohalonectria lutea were known earlier from freshwater habitats, but we described them in detail in this paper. This study contributes significantly to the understanding of the diversity of lignicolous freshwater fungi in southwestern China.

Two new species and a new record of Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) from Mexico

The family Hypoxylaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution with greater diversity in tropical regions, its growth habit is saprotrophic, endophytic and potentially phytopathogenic. From the revision of herbarium specimens and field collections from the Yucatan Peninsula, two new species were described: Annulohypoxylonfusisporum, characterized by having fusiform spores and Hypoxylonxmatkuilense which is distinguished by having stromata vinaceous and dark brown KOH-extractable pigments. The species are described based on morphological characters and Bayesian Inference analyses of four molecular markers (ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TUB2). In addition, one new record from Mexico is presented: Hypoxylonbellicolor. The presence of Daldiniaeschscholtzii, H.lenormandii, H.lividipigmentum and Entonaemaliquescens is confirmed with molecular data.

Taxonomic novelty in Pleomonodictydaceae and new reports for Ampelomycesquisqualis (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Melomastiamaolanensis and M.oleae (Pleurotremataceae)

This study introduces a novel genus Robiniigena, with its type R.hyalinospora. The specimen was collected on dead aerial branches of Robiniapseudoacacia in Italy. Based on the examination of morphology and the results of phylogenetic analyses involving nuclear 18S rDNA (SSU), nuclear 28S rDNA (LSU), nuclear rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) sequences, Robiniigena is referred to the family Pleomonodictydaceae (Pleosporales). It is characterized by immersed to erumpent, ostiolate ascomata, filiform, septate and cellular pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate, clavate to cylindric-clavate asci and fusiform, hyaline ascospores surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. This research also establishes the taxonomic placement of the previously unclassified Inflatispora (Pleosporales genus incertae sedis) within the Pleomonodictydaceae. The sexual morph of Ampelomycesquisqualis (Phaeosphaeriaceae) is described for the first time and it is characterized by immersed, perithecial ascomata, a peridium comprising two layers, branched, septate and filiform pseudoparaphyses, short-pedicellate, bitunicate asci with an ocular chamber and sub-hyaline, fusiform, septate ascospores. This species, previously known only in its asexual morph, has been found as a saprobe on Sonchus sp. in Italy. Our identification of the sexual morph was based on LSU rDNA and ITS rDNA sequence data. Melomastiamaolanensis (Pleurotremataceae) is reported for the first time in Thailand, collected from Chromolaenaodorata, while M.oleae is documented as a new record from Durantaerecta in Thailand.

Three new microfungi (Ascomycota) species from southern China

Apiospora, Microdochium and Pestalotiopsis have been reported as plant pathogens, endophytes or saprotrophes worldwide. Combining multiple molecular markers with morphological characteristics, this study proposes three new species, viz. Apiosporabambusigena, Microdochiumjianfenglingense and Pestalotiopsissolicola from southern China. Apiosporabambusigena and M.jianfenglingense were collected from bamboo in Hainan Province and P.solicola was collected from soil in Yunnan Province. The morphologically similar and phylogenetically closely-related species were compared.

Seimatosporium chinense, a Novel Pestalotioid Fungus Associated with Yellow Rose Branch Canker Disease

Yellow rose (Rosa xanthina) is a common ornamental shrub species widely cultivated in China. However, canker disease symptoms were discovered during our investigations in Beijing and Xinjiang, China. The fungal isolates were obtained from diseased barks and identified using combined methods of morphology and phylogeny based on a partial region of ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1, and tub2 sequences. As a result, a new species of Seimatosporium named S. chinense was proposed and described herein. The new species is distinguished from its phylogenetic sister species, S. gracile and S. nonappendiculatum, by conidial characters. The present study improves the species concept in Seimatosporium and provides fundamental data for the yellow rose canker disease control in the future.

A Novel Subspecies of Didymella acutilobae Causing Leaf Spot in East Asian Hogweed

During disease surveys in 2021 and 2022, outbreaks of leaf spot were observed in East Asian hogweed (Heracleum moellendorffii) plants in fields located in Pyeongchang and Yeongwol, Gangwon Province, Korea. The disease incidence in the fields ranged from 2% to 50%. Based on the morphological and cultural characteristics, four single-conidium fungal isolates from the leaf spot symptoms were identified as Phoma sp. The phylogenetic analyses based on the combined sequences from the four genes (LSU, ITS, TUB2, and RPB2) indicated that the isolates clustered very closely with Didymella acutilobae. However, the morphological and cultural characteristics of the isolates exhibited somewhat distinct differences from those of D. acutilobae, suggesting that the isolates correspond to a novel subspecies. Pathogenicity tests revealed that the isolates caused leaf spot in East Asian hogweed plants. This is the first report of D. acutilobae subsp. heraclei subsp. nov. causing leaf spot in East Asian hogweed.

Diversity of Cytospora Species Associated with Trunk Diseases of Prunus persica (Peach) in Northern China

Peach (Prunus persica) is widely cultivated in China, but fungal diseases, particularly Cytospora canker, significantly impact tree health, reducing fruit yield and economic value. This disease mainly weakens tree branches and trunks, sometimes leading to tree death. There are no updated studies on the diversity of Cytospora species associated with peach Cytospora canker in northern China. To determine the Cytospora species associated with this disease, we surveyed five provinces from 2022 to 2023, collecting 72 disease samples with symptoms including branches with black fruiting bodies, cankers, cracking, dieback, and gummosis. Through morphology and multi-loci phylogeny, 127 isolates were identified into four known (C. ailanthicola, C. erumpens, C. leucostoma, and C. leucosperma) and two previously undescribed species (C. gansuensis sp. nov. and C. qinanensis sp. nov.). Cytospora leucostoma (73.60%) was the most abundant. Pathogenicity tests indicated that except for C. ailanthicola, all other species were pathogenic to peach, with C. erumpens being the most aggressive. This study is the first to report the novel host association of C. erumpens on peaches globally and represents the first comprehensive investigation of Cytospora species associated with canker diseases in the main peach production area in northern China, offering a foundation for developing effective disease management strategies.

Descriptions of 19 Unrecorded Species Belonging to Sordariomycetes in Korea

A survey of fungal diversity in soil and freshwater habitats in Korea isolated several species of the class Sordariomycetes. Morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analyses showed that these species represented new records for Korea. Herein, we report the descriptions, illustrations, and molecular phylogeny of 19 species previously undescribed in Korea, including Achaetomiella virescens, Arxotrichum gangligerum, Caespitomonium euphorbiae, Comoclathris typhicola, Gamsia aggregata, Luteonectria nematophila, Paramyrothecium sinense, Parasarocladium debruynii, Pleurocordyceps agarica, Pyrenochaetopsis sinensis, Scedosporium boydii, Scedosporium dehoogii, Scedosporium minutisporum, Striatibotrys rhabdosporus, Trichocladium crispatum, Trichoderma azevedoi, Trichoderma longifialidicum, Xepicula leucotricha, and Xylomelasma sordida.

Four new Geosmithia species from bark beetles infesting indigenous South African trees

Over the past two decades, numerous Geosmithia fungi have been isolated from the bodies and galleries of wood-boring beetles. However, this genus of asexual Sordariomycetes remains taxonomically and ecologically understudied, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. In South Africa, two prior surveys reported Geosmithia species from bark beetles, but neither thoroughly investigated species identities. In this study, we collected bark beetles from native trees in the Western Cape Province of South Africa and isolated, identified and described their associated Geosmithia species. Geosmithia spp. previously collected in South Africa were also re-examined. The ITS sequences of Geosmithia isolates from 13 beetle taxa infesting 10 host species were considered. Additional gene regions, BT, EF1a and RPB2, were sequenced for a subset of isolates. Four previously described species, G. flava, G. langdonii, G. omnicola and G. pumila were identified by phylogenetic analyses. Additionally, four novel taxa were identified and are here described as G. capensis, G. multisociorum, G. oroboidis and G. stellenboschiana. Geosmithia multisociorum appears to be a generalist associated with multiple beetle-host combinations in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, whereas G. oroboidis is currently known only from a single beetle and tree host in South Africa. South African isolates of G. capensis and G. stellenboschiana appeared to be restricted to Lanurgus spp. and Hypothenemus sp. beetles, respectively, but both species are also known from beetles and hosts in other countries.

High resistance levels to pyrimethanil and fludioxonil among fourteen Penicillium spp. from pome fruits in the U.S. Pacific Northwest

In this study, 162 Penicillium isolates, i.e., 31 P. expansum isolates and 131 isolates from 13 other Penicillium spp. referred to as "non-expansum" were collected from apples and pears from multiple packinghouses in Washington State and Oregon. The sensitivity of the isolates to the postharvest fungicides pyrimethanil (PYR) and fludioxonil (FDL) was assessed in vitro. The mean EC50 value for PYR was 0.75 μg/mL in P. expansum compared to 1.63, 3.47, 6.95, 7.06 and 32.21 μg/mL in P. solitum, P. palitans, P. commune, P. roqueforti and P. carneum, respectively. For FDL, the mean EC50 value was 0.04 μg/mL in P. expansum compared to >0.80, 1.00, 10.40, 13.99, and 158.10 μg/mL in P. commune, P. palitans, P. roqueforti, P. solitum, and P. paneum, respectively. Overall, > 40 % of isolates from five "non-expansum" species showed dual resistance to PYR and FDL versus 9.6 % in P. expansum. The recommended rates of PYR and FDL failed to control isolates of six Penicillium spp. on detached apples after five months at 1.5 °C. Sequencing of the Mdl1, NikA, and Os1 genes from different isolates of eight species revealed a high polymorphism in the Mdl1 and NikA of several "non-expansum" species. Three and two concurrent mutations, in addition to a G409R and S959, were detected in the Mdl1 and NikA, respectively, that potentially confer resistance to PYR and FDL. The high level of resistance and the control failure observed on fruits highlight the potential risk posed by several "non-expansum" Penicillium species to pome fruit packers.

Aspergillus ullungdoensis sp. nov., Penicillium jeongsukae sp. nov., and other fungi from Korea

Eurotiales fungi are thought to be distributed worldwide but there is a paucity of information about their occurrence on diverse substrates or hosts and at specific localities. Some of the Eurotiales, including Aspergillus and Penicillium species, produce an array of secondary metabolites of use for agricultural, medicinal, and pharmaceutical applications. Here, we carried out a survey of the Eurotiales in South Korea, focusing on soil, freshwater, and plants (dried persimmon fruits and seeds of Perilla frutescens, known commonly as shiso). We obtained 11 species that-based on morphology, physiology, and multi-locus (ITS, BenA, CaM, and RPB2) phylogenetic analyses-include two new species, Aspergillus ullungdoensis sp. nov. and Penicillium jeongsukae sp. nov., and nine species that were known, but previously not described in South Korea, Aspergillus aculeatinus, Aspergillus aurantiacoflavus, Aspergillus croceiaffinis, Aspergillus pseudoviridinutans, Aspergillus uvarum, Penicillium ferraniaense, Penicillium glaucoroseum, Penicillium sajarovii, and one, Penicillium charlesii, that was isolated from previously unknown host, woodlouse (Porcellio scaber). We believe that biodiversity survey and identifying new species can contribute to set a baseline for future changes in the context of humanitarian crises such as climate change.

Molecular phylogenetic and estimation of evolutionary divergence and biogeography of the family Schizoparmaceae and allied families (Diaporthales, Ascomycota)

The Diaporthales includes 32 families, many of which are important plant pathogens, endophytes and saprobes, e.g., members of the families Pseudoplagiostomataceae, Pyrisporaceae and Schizoparmaceae. Nucleotide sequences derived from five genetic loci including: ITS, LSU, TEF1-α, TUB2 and RPB2 were used for Bayesian evolutionary analysis to determine divergence times and evolutionary relationships within the Schizoparmaceae. Molecular clock analyses revealed that the ancestor of Schizoparmaceae split during the Upper Cretaceous period approximately 75.7 Mya (95 % highest posterior density of 60.3-91.3 Mya). Reconstructing ancestral state in phylogenies (RASP) with using the Bayesian Binary Markov chain Monte Carlo (BBM) Method to reconstruct the historical biogeography for the family Schizoparmaceae indicated its most likely origin in Africa. Based on taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, the Pseudoplagiostomataceae and Pyrisporaceae relationships were clarified and a total of four species described herein. For Pseudoplagiostomataceae, three new species and one known species that include, Pseudoplagiostoma fafuense sp. nov., Ps. ilicis sp. nov., Ps. sanmingense sp. nov. and Ps. bambusae are described and a key of Pseudoplagiostomataceae is provided. With respect to Pyrisporaceae, we considered Pseudoplagiostoma castaneae to be a synonym of Pyrispora castaneae. In addition, a new species of Schizoparmaceae, Coniella fujianensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated.

Amazonins: New Peptaibol Sequences from an Endophytic Strain of Trichoderma amazonicum

Three new putative sequences of 14-residue peptaibols, named amazonins I-III were characterized from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma amazonicum via genome mining, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and molecular networking. Bioinformatic analysis of the T. amazonicum genome assembly revealed 63 clusters of biosynthetic genes (BGCs) related to secondary metabolites, including a nonribosomal peptide synthetase accountable for the biosynthesis of the discovered peptide sequences. Analysis of the adenylation domains, along with manual interpretation of MS/MS spectra, allowed extensive annotation of the new peptaibol sequences. The combination of bioinformatic tools and LC-MS/MS provides a better opportunity to characterize and identify new peptaibol sequences. Thus, the importance of studies on the production and characterization of peptaibols produced by Trichoderma species from the Amazon region is highlighted.

Monitoring fungi and mycotoxin potential in pistachio nuts of Turkish origin: A snap-shot for climate change scenario

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is an economically important tree nut. Due to its nutritional properties and health benefits, it is considered a healthy food and thus widely consumed worldwide. However, fungal contamination of the commodities has received considerable attention because of possible contamination by toxigenic fungi, important source of mycotoxins, resulting from secondary metabolism and hazards to health consumer. Members of the genus Aspergillus, mainly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger, are reported as occurring most frequently on pistachio nuts, because able to grow in the presence of low amounts of water and to produce mycotoxins (aflatoxins and ochratoxins), that are well known for their harmful health effects on humans. Monitoring the contaminating fungal species is particularly worthy of note also in climate change scenario, allowing to notice changes in fungal population composition through the time. This study aimed to contribute to collect data about fungal population and mycotoxins occurred in pistachio samples collected in Turkey: prevalence of 2 species, A. flavus and Aspergillus tubingensis, was assessed. The A. flavus strains consisted of a mixed population of aflatoxin producers and non-producing strains in vitro, with evidence of a new genotype in gene cluster within strains of aflatoxin non-producing chemotype.

Maize-fusarium interactions: Tunisian insights into mycotoxin ecology

Maize is a worldwide crop yet can be associated with mycotoxigenic fungi, much investigated in humid tropical and cooler, wet temperate regions. However, in hot, arid/semi-arid regions data on their occurrence are poor. In this paper, we focused on interactions between maize and Fusarium fungal species in Tunisia, which has a Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and milder, damper winters. Maize kernels, stalks, and roots were sampled from 19 agricultural fields and 56, 72, and 88 % of samples, respectively, yielded Fusarium isolates. Based on molecular identifications, these were mainly F. verticillioides (67 %), and other species of Fusarium fujikuroi species complex and members of Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti-, oxysporum-, burgessii-, solani- and concolor species complexes. In addition, five isolates were identified as Clonostachys rosea. Fusarium verticilloides and Fusarium proliferatum, that produce fumonisins, suspected carcinogenic compounds, were isolated from all kinds of samples, whereas the other species were isolated only from root and stems. Fumonisin B1 was higher in kernels than in silage, while deoxynivalenol, potent protein synthesis inhibiting compound, was detected (at low levels) in grains and silage. A subset of selected strains, representative of all species identified, was also used to evaluate their ability to produce mycotoxins.Fusarium verticillioides, Fusariumproliferatum and Fusarium nygamai produced high levels of fumonisin B1in vitro, as well as beauvericin and enniatins. These findings confirm that, even in hot arid regions, which generally do not favour fungal growth, mycotoxin-producing fungi can be reason of concern for human and animal health.

Sporocadaceae revisited

Sporocadaceae is a species-rich and cosmopolitan fungal family including species of plant pathogens, endophytes or saprobes, and parasites of humans and animals. The taxonomy of Sporocadaceae has recently been revised using a polyphasic approach. However, much remains unknown about the diversity of species and their host associations. A collection of 488 strains, mostly from China and associated with 129 host plant species, was studied based on morphological comparisons and multi-locus (LSU, ITS, tef-1α, tub2, and rpb2) phylogenies. Our results revealed that they belonged to 86 species, one new genus (Cavernicola gen. nov.) and seven known genera, including Discosia, Monochaetia, Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis, Seimatosporium, Seiridium and Sporocadus. Of these, 43 new species and three new combinations (Dis. kaki, Mon. bulbophylli, and Neo. keteleeriae) are proposed in this paper. In addition, Neo. vaccinii, Pes. kaki and Pes. nanjingensis are synonymised under Neo. hispanica, Pes. menhaiensis and Pes. sichuanensis, respectively. We also corrected seven problematic sequences of type materials of previously published species, namely Neo. iranensis (tef-1α, ITS, tub2), Pes. jesteri (tef-1α), Pes. photinicola (ITS, tub2) and Pes. yunnanensis (ITS). Based on this study, Pestalotiopsis and Neopestalotiopsis are the most commonly detected genera within the Sporocadaceae family, associated with 84 and 70 plant species, respectively. Furthermore, considering the importance of Sporocadaceae and the fact that commonly used loci provide little valid information for species delimitation in this family, especially for Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis, we initiated a phylogenomic project in this study. It will not only contribute to the knowledge of species boundaries but will also provide an important basis for evolutionary studies and research on secondary metabolites in Sporocadaceae. Taxonomic novelties: New genus: Cavernicola P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai. New species: Cavernicola guangxiensis P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Discosia ascidiata P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Discosia jiangxiensis P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Discosia navicularis P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis ageratinae P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis castanopsidis P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis celtidis P. Razaghi, F. Liu, M. Raza & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis collariata P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis dimorphospora P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis dolichoconidiophora P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis fijiensis P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis fimbriata P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis fuzhouensis P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis guangxiensis P. Razaghi, F. Liu, M. Raza & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis guizhouensis P. Razaghi, F. Liu, M. Raza & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis jiangxiensis P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis liquidambaris P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis machili P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis megabetaspora P. Razaghi, F. Liu, M. Raza & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis moniliformis P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis nanningensis P. Razaghi, F. Liu, M. Raza & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis phyllostachydis P. Razaghi, F. Liu, M. Raza & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis poae P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis smilacis P. Razaghi, F. Liu, M. Raza & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis alloschemones P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis americana P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis biappendiculata P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis cratoxyli P. Razaghi, F. Liu, M. Raza & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis exudata P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis fusiformis P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis ganzhouensis P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis leucospermi P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis lobata P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis machili P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis multiappendiculata P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis pruni P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis rubrae P. Razaghi, F. Liu, M. Raza & L. Cai, Pestalotiopsis wulichongensis P. Razaghi, F. Liu, M. Raza & L. Cai, Seimatosporium tibetense P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Seiridium rhododendri P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Sporocadus cavernicola P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Sporocadus hyperici P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Sporocadus tibetensis P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai. New combinations: Discosia kaki (Kaz. Tanaka et al.) P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Monochaetia bulbophylli (S.F. Ran & Yong Wang bis) P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai, Neopestalotiopsis keteleeriae (Y. Song et al.) P. Razaghi, F. Liu & L. Cai. Citation: Razaghi P, Raza M, Han SL, Ma ZY, Cai L, Zhao P, Chen Q, Phurbu D, Liu F (2024). Sporocadaceae revisited. Studies in Mycology 109: 155-272. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.109.03.

Cultivable root endophytic fungi associated with Acrocomia aculeata and its antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic oomycetes

Macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata Jacq.) is a palm, native to Brazilian territory that stands out due to the amount of oil produced with applications in the biodiesel industry, cosmetics, and food. Its commercial exploitation in Brazil, including phytosanitary management is based on concepts and practices of regenerative agriculture, which has the responsibility of sustainable cultivation by avoiding, for example, the use of chemical pesticides. Recently, root and stem rot disease were reported in macaw palm seedlings caused by Phytophthora palmivora. Managing this plant pathogen is complex, and the chemical control of this soil-borne oomycete is not viable, in addition to the negative impact on the environment. Many microorganisms are studied and used as biological control agents (BCAs) against pathogens, among them the community of endophytic fungi associated with plants. This is a sustainable biotechnological alternative for plant disease control. The community of cultivable endophytic fungi associated with healthy roots of macaw palm was explored using the extinction cultivation technique and a screening was carried out to select potential antagonists against oomycetes through the dual culture test. Specific gene regions from the best isolates were amplified for identification. A total of 250 isolates were obtained, and 46 were selected for in vitro tests against representatives of phytopathogenic oomycetes. After tests against Phytophthora heterospora, Phytophthora palmivora, Pythium aphanidermatum, and Pythium deliense, two isolates were selected as potential antagonists. The phylogenetic analysis of selected isolates showed that they belong to two different species: Talaromyces sayulitensis COAD 3605 and Epicoccum italicum COAD 3608. The percentage of inhibition of phytopathogenic oomycetes testedwas until 82% in the antagonism tests conducted. From the 46 isolates selected, only 2 were selected which showed great antagonistic activity towards all oomycetes tested. These fungi will be used in upcoming studies that aim to determine the effectiveness of endophytes in controlling diseases caused by oomycetes in the field.

Examination of mycoparasites reveals a new type of host-parasite interface and rearranges the taxonomy of Occultifur and Microsporomyces (Cystobasidiomycetes, Basidiomycota)

The present study investigates the species boundaries, evolutionary relationships, and host-parasite interfaces of dimorphic mycoparasites that were previously assigned to Achroomyces soranus , Occultifur internus , and Platygloea mycophila based on morphological similarities. Our comparison of recently collected and cultivated samples with the type specimens of A. soranus and P. mycophila shows that both groups are species complexes, of which the taxa can be differentiated based on morphological and ecological characters. By integrating the results of a seven-locus dataset (SSU, LSU, ITS, RPB1 , RPB2 , TEF1 , and mitochondrial CYT-B ) and detailed micromorphological comparisons of the investigated specimens, we show for the first time that these three groups of mycoparasites belong to Cystobasidiomycetes (Pucciniomycotina ). We applied a polyphasic species concept involving morphology, phylogeny, and ecology to delineate and circumscribe these and new genera. The genus Occultifur comprises six species. Occultifur internus and the newly proposed O. cerinomycicola are intrahymenial mycoparasites producing haustorial cells and establishing fusion pore interaction with their Dacrymycetous host. Based on microscopical examination, we show that Achroomyces soranus is a member of the genus Occultifur . Based on the molecular phylogenetic reconstruction, we found that three lichen-associated fungi which are only known from a yeast morph are nested within Occultifur , i.e. Lichenozyma pisutiana , Microsporomyces cladoniae , and M. wangii . The genus Obvidator is newly introduced for three mycoparasitic species inhabiting members of the corticioid genus Peniophora (Russulales , Agaricomycetes ) and causing gall-like malformations of the host basidiome. Microscopic investigation shows that Platygloea mycophila is a member of this genus. Obvidator species display a yet undiscovered type of host-parasite interface, in which the mycoparasites produce short protrusions on their hyphae adjacent to the host hyphae. The lysis of the host cell wall takes place at points of contact with parasite protrusions, but no rupture of the host plasma membrane or nanometer-fusion pore formation was observed. The updated Cystobasidiomycetes phylogeny obtained in this study by including mycoparasites showed that the genera Occultifur and Microsporomyces as currently circumscribed are polyphyletic. To resolve this polyphyly, we introduce two new genera, i.e. Cystastrum and Millanizyma , and recombine species comprising the Occultifur externus clade and a clade consisting of Microsporomyces bloemfonteinensis and M. cladoniophilus , respectively.

Taxonomic novelties: New genera: Cystastrum Schoutteten & Yurkov, Millanizyma Schoutteten & Yurkov, Obvidator Schoutteten. New species: Obvidator incarnatae Schoutteten & Yurkov, Obvidator quercinae Schoutteten & Yurkov, Occultifur cerinomycicola Schoutteten, Enzlin & Yurkov. New combinations: Cystastrum brasiliense (F.C.O. Gomes et al. ) Schoutteten, Cystastrum externum (J.P. Samp. et al. ) Schoutteten & Yurkov, Cystastrum kilbournense (Kurtzman & Robnett ex Denchev & T. Denchev) Schoutteten & Yurkov, Cystastrum mephitis (Zalar et al .) Schoutteten & Yurkov, Cystastrum tropicale (Khunnamw. et al. ex Denchev & T. Denchev) Schoutteten & Yurkov, Cystastrum plantarum (Khunnamw. et al. ) Schoutteten & Yurkov, Millanizyma bloemfonteinensis (C.H. Pohl et al. ) Schoutteten & Yurkov, Millanizyma cladoniophila (N.H. Nguyen et al. ) Schoutteten & Yurkov, Occultifur cladoniae (Kachalkin et al. ) Schoutteten, Occultifur pisutianus (Černajová & Škaloud) Schoutteten, Obvidator mycophilus (Burds. & Gilb.) Schoutteten, Occultifur soranus (Hauerslev) Schoutteten, Occultifur wangii (Kachalkin et al. ) Schoutteten.

Citation: Schoutteten N, Yurkov A, Spirin V, Savchenko A, Aime MC, Begerow D, Verbeken A (2024). Examination of mycoparasites reveals a new type of host-parasite interface and rearranges the taxonomy of Occultifur and Microsporomyces (Cystobasidiomycetes , Basidiomycota ). Studies in Mycology 109 : 451–486. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.109.07

Five new species of endophytic Penicillium from rubber trees in the Brazilian Amazon

The Amazon rainforest is the world's most diverse ecosystem, full of fauna and flora. Among the trees that make up the forest are the rubber trees of the genus Hevea (H. brasiliensis and H. guianensis), which stand out for the industrial use of latex. It was previously shown that endophytic fungi colonize the leaves, stems, and roots of Hevea spp. In this study, 47 Penicillium spp. and three Talaromyces spp. isolates were analyzed using specific DNA barcodes: internal transcribed spacers region (ITS), β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM), and the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) genes and additionally, for species delimitation, the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) criteria were applied. The phylogenetic analyses placed the Penicillium isolates into four sections Lanata-Divaricata, Sclerotiora, Citrina, and Fasciculata. The morphological and molecular characteristics resulted in the discovery of five new species (P. heveae sp. nov., P. acrean sp. nov., P. aquiri sp. nov., P. amazonense sp. nov., and P. pseudomellis sp. nov.). The five new species were also compared to closely related species, with observations on morphologically distinguishing features and colony appearances. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analysis have supported the placement of P. heveae sp. nov. as a sister group to P. globosum; P. acrean sp. nov. and P. aquiri sp. nov. as sister groups to P. sumatrense; P. amazonense sp. nov. closely related to isolates of P. rolfsii, and P. pseudomellis sp. nov. closely related to P. mellis. The study of endophytic Penicillium species of rubber trees and the description of five new taxa of Penicillium sect. Citrina, Lanata-Divaricata, and Sclerotiora as endophytes add to the fungal biodiversity knowledge in native rubber trees. Reports of fungi in native tropical plants may reveal taxonomic novelties, potential pathogen control agents, and producers of molecular bioactive compounds of medical and agronomic interest.

Haplotype diversity and phylogeny within Alternaria alternata and A. arborescens species complexes from tomatoes

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an economically important vegetable susceptible to various fungal diseases, including leaf spot caused by Alternaria spp. from the section Alternaria. In our study, a total of 72 tomato-associated Alternaria spp. strains from Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Algeria were analysed by integrating morphological data, pathogenicity assay, multi-locus phylogeny, and haplotype assignment. Recovered Alternaria spp. strains were characterized by considerable variation in phenotypic diversity, non-pathogenicity to their host of origin and absence of the AAL-toxin biosynthesis gene (ALT1). Multi-locus phylogeny of the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), putative F-box-domain-containing protein (ASA-10), and putative histone-like transcription factor (ASA-19) confirmed the occurrence of both A. alternata and A. arborescens species complexes along with A. longipes and A. postmessia on symptomatic tomatoes. The discordant tree topology among single-gene phylogenies suggested the occurrence of potential recombination between phylogenetic lineages in the section Alternaria, resulting in putative alternata-arborescens and alternata-longipes hybrids. DNA polymorphism analysis of the rpb2, ASA-10, and ASA-19 loci revealed a high level of genetic diversity in the section Alternaria, and the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes varied among loci and lineages studied. A total of 16 and 6 multi-locus haplotypes were assigned in alternata and arborescens lineages, respectively. Global genetic diversity analysis of A. alternata and A. arborescens strains at the rpb2 locus confirmed that major haplotypes described from tomatoes were shared among other hosts of origin.

Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the Lichinomycetes

The Lichinomycetes is an independent lichenized lineage within the Ascomycota comprising ca. 390 species and 50 genera. Very few studies have dealt with family and genus classification using molecular data and many groups are in need of thorough revision. Thus, we constructed a multilocus phylogeny (mtSSU, RPB2 and mcm7 gene regions) including 190 specimens of Lichinomycetes belonging to 126 species. Ancestral state reconstruction analyses were carried out to trace the evolution of selected characters. The current classification scheme of the Lichinomycetes based on morphological and anatomical characters is in great conflict with the phylogenetic relationships resulting from the present study. The results suggest substantial non-monophyly at the family and genus levels. A revised classification is proposed here and an overview of genera accepted in the Lichinomycetes is given. Ancestral Lichinomycetes are reconstructed as crustose with pycnoascocarps and octosporous asci. We used a combination of characters to delineate groups including the ascoma development and the type of asci. The revised classification includes 11 new genera, five resurrected genera, and 54 new combinations distributed in four families (three emended and one new). Three new species are also described. Taxonomic novelties: New family: Lichinellaceae M. Schultz & M. Prieto. New genera: Allopyrenis M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Gonotichia M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lapismalleus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lingolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paludolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paracyphus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Peltolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudocarpon M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudotichia M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pycnolemma M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Tichocyphus M. Schultz & M. Prieto. New species: Paracyphus gotlandicus M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudocarpon persimile M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Tichocyphus gotlandicus M. Schultz & M. Prieto. New combinations: Allopyrenis grumulifera (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis haemaleella (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis impolita (Th. Fr.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis phaeococca (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis reducta (Th. Fr.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis sanguinea (Anzi) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Allopyrenis tenuis (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis densisidiata (Aptroot et al.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis foederata (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis guyanensis (M. Schultz et al.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis palmana (J. Steiner) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Cladopsis polycocca (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Forssellia canariensis (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Forssellia concordatula (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Gonotichia octosporella (Lettau) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lapismalleus lugubris (A. Massal.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lemmopsis lutophila (Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lempholemma segregatum (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Lichinella baicalensis (Makryi) M. Schultz, Lichinella etoshica (Brusse) M. Schultz, Lichinella lusitanica (Henssen) M. Schultz, Lichinella pulvinata (E. Dahl) M. Schultz, Lichinella schleicheri (Hepp) M. Schultz, Lichinella terrestris (Makryi) M. Schultz, Lingolemma lingulatum (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Paludolemma syreniarum (C.J. Lewis & M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Peltolemma socotranum (M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum aotearoa (Henssen & B. Bartlett) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum cylindrophorum (Vain.) M. Schultz, Phylliscum laatokkaense (Vain.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum neglectum (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum permiscens (Nyl.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Phylliscum rhodostictum (Taylor) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus antarcticus (Cromb.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus macrosporus (Henssen et al.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Porocyphus minutissimus (Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus rosulans (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus tasmanicus (A. Henssen) M. Schultz, Porocyphus willeyi (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Pseudotichia vermiculata (Nyl.) Schultz & M. Prieto, Pycnolemma polycarpum (M. Schultz) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina botryosa (A. Massal.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina cladodes (Tuck.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina condensata (Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina degeliana (P.M. Jørg.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina dispansa (H. Magn.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina intricatissima (J. Steiner) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina isidiodes (Nyl. ex Arnold) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Synalissina vesiculifera (Henssen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya arnoldii (Frauenf.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya lacustris (P.M. Jørg. & R. Sant.) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya neglecta (Erichsen) M. Schultz & M. Prieto, Thelignya obtenebrans (Nyl.) M. Schultz, Thyrea osorioi (Henssen) M. Schultz. New status and combination: Gonotichia depauperata (Servít) M. Schultz & M. Prieto. Emended description: Lempholemma Körb., Lichina C. Agardh, Thelignya A. Massal., Lichinaceae Nyl., Phylliscaceae Th. Fr., Porocyphaceae Körb. Resurrection: Cladopsis Nyl., Collemopsis Nyl. ex Crombie, Forssellia Zahlbr., Pleopyrenis Clem., Synalissina Nyl. Citation: Prieto M, Wedin M, Schultz M (2024). Phylogeny, evolution and a re-classification of the Lichinomycetes. Studies in Mycology 109: 595-655. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.109.09.

Known from trees and the tropics: new insights into the Fusarium lateritium species complex

The Fusarium lateritium species complex (FLSC) currently comprises 11 phylogenetic species, including accepted names such as F. lateritium, F. sarcochroum, and F. stilboides, which have mostly been reported in association with citrus and coffee. Many varieties were documented by Wollenweber & Reinking (1935), which is indicative of a wider diversity of species within this group. The lack of type material in some cases, especially for the older names, means that definition by molecular phylogeny is very difficult. In the present study, we examined 179 strains related to F. lateritium from different countries and substrates. Historic reference material, including representative strains from the Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) varieties were included in this study, DNA sequences were generated for comparison, and the morphology correlated with original descriptions to enable the correct application of older names. Strains were characterized by multi-gene phylogenetic analyses based on fragments of the β-tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (CaM), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) genes, evaluation of morphological characters and host-substrate preferences. The biological species concept was tested by crossings in vitro. Strains previously identified as F. lateritium, F. stilboides, or one of their varieties based on morphology, were found to belong to 16 species in the FLSC, but also to species from six other species complexes (SC), including the F. citricola SC, F. heterosporum SC, F. incarnatum-equiseti SC, F. redolens SC, F. sambucinum SC, and the F. tricinctum SC. Eleven new phylogenetic and two biological species are described in the FLSC, and emended descriptions are provided for four previously described species. An epitype is designated for F. lateritium, and F. lateritium var. longum, a former variety within the FLSC, is lecto- and epitypified, and elevated to species level with a replacement name. Taxonomic novelties: New species: F. aurantii M.M. Costa, Sand.-Den. & Crous, F. chlamydocopiosum M.M. Costa, Sand.-Den. & Crous, F. citri-sinensis L. Zhao & J.X. Deng, F. coffeibaccae M.M. Costa, L.H. Pfenning, Sand.-Den. & Crous, F. crocatum M.M. Costa, Sand.-Den. & Crous, F. malawiense M.M. Costa, Sand.-Den. & Crous, F. microcyclum M.M. Costa, Sand.-Den. & Crous, F. oliniae M.M. Costa, Sand.-Den. & Crous; F. rufum M.M. Costa, Sand.-Den. & Crous, F. stramineum M.M. Costa, Sand.-Den. & Crous, F. velutinum M.M. Costa, Sand.-Den. & Crous, F. verruculosum M.M. Costa, Sand.-Den. & Crous; Replacement name: F. hanswilhelmii M.M. Costa, Sand.-Den. & Crous; Epitype (basionym): F. lateritium Nees, F. lateritium var. longum Wollenw.; Lectotype (basionym): F. lateritium var. longum Wollenw. Citation: Costa MM, Sandoval-Denis M, Moreira GM, Kandemir H, Kermode A, Buddie AG, Ryan MJ, Becker Y, Yurkov A, Maier W, Groenewald JZ, Pfenning LH, Crous PW (2024). Known from trees and the tropics: new insights into the Fusarium lateritium species complex. Studies in Mycology 109: 403-450. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.109.06.

Pseudoplagiostoma Causing Leaf Spot Disease in Key Tropical Fruit Crops in Thailand

Fruit crops have a pivotal role in Thailand's economy. Continuous evaluation of 13 potential and emerging diseases in fruit crops is important. Necrotic and discolored leaf spots were observed in Persea americana (avocado) and Mangifera indica (mango). The isolated fungi from the leaf spot were identified through multi-loci phylogenetic analyses using a concatenated matrix of ITS, LSU, tef1α, and tub2. The fungal isolates from Pe. americana were identified as Pseudoplagiostoma perseae, and isolates from Mangifera indica were identified as Ps. mangiferae. The pathogenicity assays confirmed that Ps. perseae causes leaf spots of Pe. americana, while Ps. mangiferae causes leaf blotch of M. indica. The pathogenicity of Ps. perseae and Ps. mangiferae has been reported in China and Taiwan. Hence, this study provides a report of the novel geographical distribution of Ps. perseae and Ps. mangiferae. Moreover, the cross-inoculation tests of Ps. perseae and Ps. mangiferae on M. indica and Pe. americana were conducted, respectively. Both pathogens showed host specificity, as suggested by the phylogenetic relationship and the host plants. In addition, disease control with carbendazim, trifloxystrobin, mancozeb, and prochloraz was assayed. All fungicides equally inhibited the mycelial growth of both pathogens.

New insights on the Xylaria species (Ascomycota, Xylariales) with bright-coloured exudates: Xylaria aurantiorubroguttata sp. nov. and revision of X. haemorrhoidalis and X. anisopleura type collections

A new species of Xylaria is described based on morphological characters of both sexual and asexual morphs, and molecular data based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer, α-actin, β-tubulin and RNA polymerase subunit II sequences. Xylaria aurantiorubroguttata is characterized by the presence of both upright, cylindrical, long-stipitate and globose to subglobose, short-stipitate stromata, immature stromatal stages producing at first orange and then red drops, and ascospores with a slightly oblique, straight half spore-length germ slit. We provide also new morphological descriptions for X. haemorrhoidalis (holotype) and X. anisopleura (isosyntype), two Xylaria species belonging to X. polymorpha complex together with X. aurantiorubroguttata.

Interesting mycoparasites and Paradingleyomyceslepidopterorum gen. et sp. nov. (Hypocreales, Polycephalomycetaceae) from Yunnan Province, China

A novel genus, Paradingleyomyces was introduced to accommodate Pa.lepidopterorum sp. nov., based on a multigene phylogenetic analysis and its distinct morphological characteristics. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference analyses (BI) of ITS, SSU, LSU, tef-1α, rpb1, and rpb2 sequence data shown that Pa.lepidopterorum formed an independent lineage nested between Perennicordyceps and Dingleyomyces. Morphologically, Paradingleyomyces is distinguished from Perennicordyceps by the presence of a white subiculum on the stromata of Ophiocordycepscf.cochlidiicola. Perithecia are produced sporadically from the base to the apex of the stromata, and the secondary ascospores exhibit a notable length-to-width ratio. These characteristics distinguish Paradingleyomyces from Perennicordyceps which exhibits tortuous, branched, clavate to cylindrical stromata with rhizomorphs, parasitism of coleopteran and hemipteran larvae, and colonizes a broader range of fungal hosts. Additionally, perithecia in Perennicordyceps typically arise from the middle to the upper regions of the stromata, with secondary ascospores displaying a comparatively lower length-to-width ratio. Paradingleyomyces is morphologically identical to Dingleyomyces in its direct production of superficial perithecia on the stromata of Ophiocordyceps species. However, the phylogenetic analysis indicates that Paradingleyomyces and Dingleyomyces are not congeneric. Moreover, this study introduces another novel species, Polycephalomycestengchongensis, and a novel sexual morph of Pleurocordycepsyunnanensis. Dimorphic phialides and conidia of Pleurocordycepsparvicapitata were observed and described for the first time based on a fresh collection from Tengchong County, Yunnan Province, China.

Thyridiumlauri sp. nov. (Thyridiaceae, Thyridiales): a new pathogenic fungal species of bay laurel from Italy

Laurusnobilis is an important Mediterranean tree and shrub native to Italy that is also commercially grown as spice and ornamental plant. Field surveys conducted since 2021 in Sicily (Italy) revealed that bay laurel plants in urban and private gardens and nurseries were severely affected by symptoms of stem blight and internal necrosis, which were associated with ambrosia beetle entry holes in the bark and internal wood galleries. The occurring ambrosia beetle was identified as Xylosandruscompactus, an invasive wood-boring pest previously reported from Sicily. Investigation of fungi from symptomatic tissues primarily resulted in the isolation of Thyridium-like colonies. The main symbiont of X.compactus, Ambrosiellaxylebori, was also isolated from infested plants. Phylogenetic analyses of a combined matrix of ITS, LSU, act1, rpb2, tef1, and tub2 gene regions revealed that the isolated Thyridium-like colonies represent a new fungal species within the genus Thyridium. Based on both phylogeny and morphology, the new isolated fungus is described as Thyridiumlauri sp. nov. Moreover, two recently described species, Phialemoniopsishipposidericola and Phialemoniopsisxishuangbannaensis, are transferred to the genus Thyridium due to the confirmed synonymy of both genera, as supported by molecular phylogenies. Pathogenicity test conducted on potted plants demonstrated that T.lauri is pathogenic to bay laurel, causing internal necrosis and stem blight. The new species was consistently re-isolated from the symptomatic tissue beyond the inoculation point, thereby fulfilling Koch's postulates. This study represents the first report of a new pathogenic fungus, T.lauri, causing stem blight and internal necrosis of bay laurel plants and associated with infestation of the invasive ambrosia beetle X.compactus.

Isolation, Identification, and Analyzing the Biological Characteristics of Pathogens Causing Stem Rot of Lanzhou Onion During Postharvest Storage and Studying the Influence of Pathogen Infection on the Active Components of Lanzhou Onion

This study was conducted in order to explore the pathogens that cause stem rot of fresh onions during postharvest storage, identify the incidence of stem rot, investigate the influence of pathogen infection on the active components of onion, and provide a theoretical basis for disease control during the postharvest storage of fresh onions. The pathogens were isolated and purified from the junction between the rotten and healthy tissues of onion stem rot that occurred naturally during storage at room temperature by tissue separation; then, the pathogens were identified by morphological and molecular biological techniques, the biological characteristics of the pathogens were analyzed, and finally, the influence of pathogen infection on the active ingredients of onion was studied. The results suggested that the main pathogens causing stem rot of fresh onions during postharvest storage were Talaromyces pinophilus, Trichoderma simmonsii, and Talaromyces minioluteus. The optimum colony growth conditions for T. pinophilus were as follows: a temperature of 30 °C, a pH of 7, light for 24 h, maltose as a carbon source, and peptone as a nitrogen source; the lethal temperature was 65 °C for 15 min. For T. simmonsii, the lethal temperature was 60 °C for 15 min, and the optimum sporulation conditions were a temperature of 25 °C, a pH of 5-7, light for 24 h, a carbon source of sucrose, and a nitrogen source of yeast powder. For T. minioluteus, the lethal condition was 65 °C for 15 min; the optimum colony growth conditions were a temperature of 25 °C, a pH of 8-9, 24 h of darkness, a carbon source of maltose, and a nitrogen source of peptone. The relative content of sulfur compounds, as the active components of onions, was much lower in the infected onions than in the healthy onions due to infection by the pathogens T. pinophilus, T.simmonsii, and T.minioluteus. This study will provide a theoretical basis for further effective control of the occurrence of postharvest stem rot diseases of onions.