Targeting TGF-β signal transduction for fibrosis and cancer therapy

WHAMM Inhibits Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cell EMT by Mediating Autophagic Degradation of TGF-β1 in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the most prevalent complication in preterm infants, primarily characterized by arrested alveolar growth. The involvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of AECII cells is proposed to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of BPD; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study reveals a significant reduction of WHAMM (WASP homolog associated with actin, membranes, and microtubules) in hyperoxia-induced BPD mice, highlighting its crucial role in suppressing the progression of BPD through the inhibition of EMT in AECIIs. We demonstrated that hyperoxia-induced downregulation of WHAMM leads to the accumulation of TGF-β1 primarily through its mediation of the autophagic degradation pathway. Mechanistically, WHAMM enhanced the autophagosomal localization of TGF-β1 and concurrently promoted the process of autophagy, thereby comprehensively facilitating the autophagic degradation of TGF-β1. These findings reveal the important role of WHAMM in the development of BPD, and the proposed WHAMM/autophagy/TGF-β1/EMT pathway may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for BPD treatment.

Prevention of radiotherapy-induced pro-tumorigenic microenvironment by SFK inhibitors

Background: Radiotherapy is a widely employed technique for eradication of tumor using high-energy beams, and has been applied to approximately 50% of all solid tumor patients. However, its non-specific, cell-killing property leads to inevitable damage to surrounding normal tissues. Recent findings suggest that radiotherapy-induced tissue damage contributes to the formation of a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. Methods: Here, we utilized two mouse strains and two organ-targeted radiotherapy models to uncover the mechanisms underlying the development of the radiotherapy-induced microenvironment. Results: Radiotherapy-induced tissue damage stimulates infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages and their differentiation into M2 macrophages, ultimately leading to fibrosis and the formation of a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. Notably, SRC family kinases (SFKs) emerged as crucial factors in the formation of the radiotherapy-induced pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. SFKs activation in epithelial cells and fibroblasts was triggered by direct exposure to irradiation or M2 macrophage cytokines. Remarkably, the administration of SFK-targeted inhibitors reversed myofibroblast activation, effectively ameliorating fibrosis and the pro-tumorigenic microenvironment in radiated tissues. Further, combined administration of radiotherapy and SFK-targeted inhibitors significantly enhanced the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Conclusions: Reshaping the tissue microenvironment by targeting SFKs is a potential strategy for preventing metastasis and recurrence following radiotherapy. The finding that clinically imperceptible damage can trigger a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment suggests the need for combining SFK-targeted inhibitors with radiotherapy.

Effect of neutrophils on tumor immunity and immunotherapy resistance with underlying mechanisms

Neutrophils are key mediators of the immune response and play essential roles in the development of tumors and immune evasion. Emerging studies indicate that neutrophils also play a critical role in the immunotherapy resistance in cancer. In this review, firstly, we summarize the novel classification and phenotypes of neutrophils and describe the regulatory relationships between neutrophils and tumor metabolism, flora microecology, neuroendocrine and tumor therapy from a new perspective. Secondly, we review the mechanisms by which neutrophils affect drug resistance in tumor immunotherapy from the aspects of the immune microenvironment, tumor antigens, and epigenetics. Finally, we propose several promising strategies for overcoming tumor immunotherapy resistance by targeting neutrophils and provide new research ideas in this area.

Novel Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Fibroblasts to Improve Heart Disease

Cardiac fibrosis represents the terminal pathological manifestation of various heart diseases, with the formation of fibroblasts playing a pivotal role in this process. Consequently, targeting the formation and function of fibroblasts holds significant potential for improving outcomes in heart disease. Recent research reveals the considerable potential of fibroblasts in ameliorating cardiac conditions, demonstrating different functional characteristics at various time points and spatial locations. Therefore, precise modulation of fibroblast activity may offer an effective approach for treating cardiac fibrosis and achieving targeted therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we focus on the fate and inhibition of fibroblasts, analyze their dynamic changes in cardiac diseases, and propose a framework for identifying markers of fibroblast activation mechanisms and selecting optimal time windows for therapeutic intervention. By synthesizing research findings in these areas, we aim to provide new strategies and directions for the precise treatment of fibroblasts in cardiac diseases.

The ethanolic extract of Rhaphidophora peepla prevents inflammation by inhibiting the activation of Syk/AKT/NF-κB and TAK1/MAPK/AP-1

BACKGROUND

Inflammation is the body's innate reaction to foreign pathogens and serves as a self-regulating mechanism. However, the immune system can mistakenly target the body's own tissues, triggering unnecessary inflammation. For millennia, medicinal plants have been employed for the treatment of diseases. One such plant, Rhaphidophora peepla, has demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory properties. However, the precise mechanism underlying its anti-inflammatory effects remains elusive.

STUDY DESIGN

For this study, validation of target molecules by different experimental approaches and employing two different in vivo experiments were tried to improve the immunopharmacological value of Rhaphidophora peepla.

PURPOSE

Our goal is to elucidate the mechanism through which the ethanol extract of Rhaphidophora peepla (Rp-EE) demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties, both in vivo and in vitro.

METHOD

Rp-EE was phytochemically analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Bioinformatic analysis with protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), nitric oxide (NO) assay, MTT assay, RT-PCR, ELISA, luciferase assay, CETSA, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and Western blotting analysis were used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of Rp-EE and its mechanism.

RESULTS

Rp-EE significantly reduced inflammatory responses including nitric oxide (NO) release induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at the non-cytotoxic concentrations in vitro, and HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis and LPS-induced acute lung injury models in vivo. Mechanistically, it was revealed that Rp-EE can specifically target spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) to suppress the phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB subunits (p65 and p50) and activator protein (AP)-1 subunits (c-Jun and c-Fos).

CONCLUSION

Rp-EE can inhibit inflammatory reactions managed by Syk and TAK1, resulting in suppressing the Syk/AKT/NF-κB and TAK1/MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathways. These findings lead us to a possibility that Rp-EE can be developed as a promising anti-gastric ulcer and anti-lung injury remedy.

Insight into dipeptidase 1: structure, function, and mechanism in gastrointestinal cancer diseases

Dipeptidase 1 (DPEP1), initially identified as a renal membrane enzyme in mature human kidneys, plays a pivotal role in various cellular processes. It facilitates the exchange of materials and signal transduction across cell membranes, contributing significantly to dipeptide hydrolysis, glucose and lipid metabolism, immune inflammation, and ferroptosis, among other cellular functions. Extensive research has delineated the complex role of DPEP1 in oncogenesis and tumor progression, with its influence being context dependent. DPEP1 has been observed to promote oncogenic activities in hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and lymphoblastic malignancies and is hypothesized to participate in multiple biological processes, including tumor cell invasion, metastatic spread, cellular signaling pathways, cell-matrix interactions, and evasion of immune surveillance. Conversely, DPEP1 has been identified as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, lobular breast carcinoma, and Wilms tumor. Moreover, the role of DPEP1 in colorectal cancer has been increasingly recognized in recent research. Emerging evidence suggests that DPEP1 substantially augments the metastatic and invasive potential of colorectal cancer cells, facilitates immune evasion, and confers resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Despite these findings, the precise molecular mechanisms remain to be fully characterized. This systematic review endeavors to elucidate the structural and functional attributes of the DPEP1 protein, with the aim to clarify its regulatory mechanisms and assess its clinical relevance in oncology. Gaining a thorough understanding of the physiological role and molecular underpinnings of DPEP1 is critical to informing the diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic paradigms of related pathologies. It is anticipated that these insights will facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and generate new investigative trajectories, particularly in the clinical management of colorectal cancer.

Progressive histological and behavioral deterioration of a novel mouse model of secondary hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Hydrocephalus commonly occurs after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and is associated with increased morbidity and disability in patients with SAH. Choroid plexus cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypersecretion, obliterative arachnoiditis occluding the arachnoid villi, lymphatic obstruction, subarachnoid fibrosis, and glymphatic system injury are considered the main pathological mechanisms of hydrocephalus after SAH. Although the mechanisms of hydrocephalus after SAH are increasingly being revealed, the clinical prognosis of SAH still has not improved significantly. Further research on SAH is needed to reveal the underlying mechanisms of hydrocephalus and develop translatable therapies. A model that can stably mimic the histopathological and neuroethological features of hydrocephalus is critical for animal experiments. There have been fewer animal studies on hydrocephalus after SAH than on other stroke subtypes. The development of a reproducible and effective model of hydrocephalus after SAH is essential. In this study, we establish a mouse model of SAH that stably mimics brain injury and hydrocephalus after SAH through injections of autologous blood into the cisterna magna via different methods and characterize the model in terms of neurological behavior, histology, imaging, neuronal damage, and white matter damage.

Slit1 Promotes Hypertrophic Scar Formation Through the TGF-β Signaling Pathway

Background and objectives: Slit1 is a secreted protein that is closely related to cell movement and adhesion. Few studies related to fibrosis exist, and the preponderance of current research is confined to the proliferation and differentiation of neural systems. Hypertrophic scars (HTSs) are delineated by an overproduction of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by activated fibroblasts, leading to anomalous fibrosis, which is a severe sequela of burns. However, the functionality of Slit1 in HTS formation remains unknown. We aimed to investigate whether Slit1 regulates fibroblasts through a fibrosis-related mechanism derived from post-burn HTS tissues and normal patient tissues. Methods: Human normal fibroblasts (HNFs) and hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HTSFs) were extracted from normal skin and post-burn HTS tissues, with settings grouped according to the patient of origin. Cell proliferation was evaluated using a CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay Kit. Cell migration experiments were carried out using a μ-Dish insert system. Protein and mRNA expression levels were quantified by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: We found increased expressions of Slit1 in HTS tissues and HTSFs compared to normal tissues and HNFs. The treatment of human recombinant Slit1 protein (rSlit1) within HNFs promoted cell proliferation and differentiation, leading to an upregulation in ECM components such as α-SMA, type I and III collagen, and fibronectin. The treatment of rSlit1 in HNFs facilitated cell migration, concurrent with enhanced levels of N-cadherin and vimentin, and a diminished expression of E-cadherin. Treatment with rSlit1 resulted in the phosphorylation of SMAD pathway proteins, including SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD1/5/8, and non-SMAD pathway proteins, including TAK1, JNK1, ERK1/2, and p38, in HNFs. Conclusions: Exogenous Slit1 potentiates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and upregulates SMAD and non-SMAD signaling pathways in HNFs, leading to the development of HTS, suggesting that Slit1 is a promising new target for the treatment of post-burn HTS.

Long non-coding RNAs are involved in the crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor cells

The proliferation of tumors is not merely self-regulated by the cancer cells but is also intrinsically connected to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Within this complex TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are pivotal in the modulation of tumor onset and progression. Rich signaling interactions exist between CAFs and tumor cells, which are crucial for tumor regulation. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) emerge from cellular transcription as a class of functionally diverse RNA molecules. Recent studies have revealed that LncRNAs are integral to the crosstalk between CAFs and tumor cells, with the capacity to modify cellular transcriptional activity and secretion profiles, thus facilitating CAFs activation, tumor proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and other related functionalities. This comprehensive review revisits the latest research on LncRNA-mediated interactions between CAFs and tumor cells, encapsulates the biological roles of LncRNAs, and delves into the molecular pathways from a broader perspective, aspiring to offer novel perspectives for a deeper comprehension of the etiology of tumors and the enhancement of therapeutic approaches.

RRM2 Regulates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression Through Activation of TGF-β/Smad Signaling and Hepatitis B Virus Transcription

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality. Untimely treatment and high recurrence are currently the major challenges for HCC. The identification of potential targets of HCC progression is crucial for the development of new therapeutic strategies.

METHODS

Bioinformatics analyses have been employed to discover genes that are differentially expressed in clinical cases of HCC. A variety of pharmacological methods, such as MTT, colony formation, EdU, Western blotting, Q-PCR, wound healing, Transwell, cytoskeleton F-actin filaments, immunohistochemistry (IHC), hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and dual-luciferase reporter assay analyses, were utilized to study the pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2) in HCC.

RESULTS

RRM2 expression is significantly elevated in HCC, which is well correlated with poor clinical outcomes. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that RRM2 promoted HCC cell growth and metastasis. Mechanistically, RRM2 modulates the EMT phenotype of HCC, and further studies have shown that RRM2 facilitates the activation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. SB431542, an inhibitor of TGF-β signaling, significantly inhibited RRM2-induced cell migration. Furthermore, RRM2 expression was correlated with diminished survival in HBV-associated HCC patients. RRM2 knockdown decreased the levels of HBV RNA, pgRNA, cccDNA, and HBV DNA in HepG2.2.15 cells exhibiting sustained HBV infection, while RRM2 knockdown inhibited the activity of the HBV Cp, Xp, and SpI promoters.

CONCLUSION

RRM2 is involved in the progression of HCC by activating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. RRM2 increases HBV transcription in HBV-expressing HCC cells. Targeting RRM2 may be of potential value in the treatment of HCC.

Experimental study on H2O2 activation of HSC-T6 and hepatic fibrosis in cholestatic mice by "Yajieshaba"

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Yajieshaba (YJSB), approved by the Yunnan Provincial Food and Drug Administration in 2008, are known for their anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and pro-apoptotic properties, effectively treating Hepatic fibrosis (HF). However, its mechanism of action remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of this investigation is to explore how YJSB influences the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway as a strategy for reducing HF.

METHODS

The establishment of a HF model in mice involved ligation of the common bile duct, followed by administration of YJSB. Body and liver weights were measured, and the liver index calculated. Serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, TBA, and TBIL were assessed using colorimetric methods. Additionally, liver homogenates were analyzed for PIIINP, Col-IV, LN, HA, and Hyp, as well as TGF-β1 activity, using ELISA. Histological analyses of liver sections, stained with H&E, Ag, and Masson's trichrome, were performed to examine inflammation and the accumulation of collagen and reticular fibers. These studies aimed to elucidate the pharmacodynamic effects of YJSB on HF in mice with bile duct obstruction. The target pathways of YJSB were preliminarily identified through immunofluorescence detection of TGF-β1, P-Smad2L, P-Smad2C, P-Smad3L, P-Smad3C, and Smad4 proteins. In vitro experiments included the induction of hepatic stellate cell (HSC-T6) activation by H2O2. A cell injury model was established for HSC-T6, and the CCK-8 assay was used to determine the optimal YJSB concentration and treatment duration. After pirfenidone (PFD) administration, which inhibits the TGF-β1/Smad pathway, the effects of YJSB on HSC-T6 cell proliferation were observed. ELISA assays quantified Col-III, α-SMA, and Col-I in cell lysates to assess YJSB's impact on collagen synthesis in HSC-T6 cells. Western blot analysis was performed to assess the protein levels within the TGF-β1/Smad signaling cascade.

RESULTS

In the HF mouse model, administration of YJSB notably augmented the body weight and reduced the liver index. Concurrently, there was an elevation in serum concentrations of ALP, AST, ALT, TBA, and TBIL. Similarly, in the liver homogenates of HF mice, increases were observed in the levels of HA, PIIINP, Col-IV, LN, Hyp, and TGF-β1. Histological assessments using H&E, Ag, and Masson stains indicated a substantial diminution in liver tissue damage. Through immunofluorescence analysis, it was discerned that YJSB modulated the expression of TGF-β1, P-Smad2L, P-Smad2C, and P-Smad3L downwards, while elevating P-Smad3C and Smad4 protein expressions. Additional investigations revealed a significant reduction in α-SMA, Col-I, and Col-III levels in cell culture fluids, suggesting a decrease in collagen synthesis and a protective role against cellular damage. Western blot analyses demonstrated that the TGF-β1/Smad pathway inhibitor, PFD, acted in synergy with YJSB, enhancing its regulatory effects on this pathway, decreasing levels of TGF-β1, P-Smad2L, P-Smad2C, P-Smad3L, and promoting the expression of P-Smad3C.

CONCLUSIONS

YJSB demonstrates a pharmacodynamic effect against HF, enhancing liver functionality and effectively mitigating the damage associated with bile duct obstruction. The proposed action mechanism of YJSB involves modulation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Research indicates that YJSB might play a role in suppressing the movement, programmed cell death, and activation of HSC-T6, potentially decelerating the advancement of hepatic fibrosis.

Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal cells in solid tumor Microenvironment: Orchestrating NK cell remodeling and therapeutic insights

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), originating from normal tissues, possess the capacity to home to tumor sites and differentiate into tumor-associated MSCs (TA-MSCs), which are instrumental in shaping an immunosuppressive milieu within tumors. Natural killer (NK) cells, integral to the innate immune system, are endowed with the ability to eradicate target cells autonomously, serving as an immediate defense against neoplastic growths. Nonetheless, within the tumor microenvironment (TME), NK cells often exhibit a decline in both their numerical presence and functionality. TA-MSCs have been shown to exert profound inhibitory effects on the functions of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, notably NK cells. Understanding the mechanisms by which TA-MSCs contribute to NK cell dysfunction is critical for the advancement of immune surveillance and the enhancement of tumoricidal responses. This review summarizes existing literature on NK cell modulation by TA-MSCs within the TME and proposes innovative strategies to augment antitumor immunity.

Inhibition of RhoA-mediated secretory autophagy in megakaryocytes mitigates myelofibrosis in mice

Megakaryocytes (MKs) are large, polyploid cells that contribute to bone marrow homeostasis through the secretion of cytokines such as transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). During neoplastic transformation, immature MKs accumulate in the bone marrow where they induce fibrotic remodeling ultimately resulting in myelofibrosis. Current treatment strategies aim to prevent MK hyperproliferation, however, little is understood about the potential of targeting dysregulated cytokine secretion from neoplastic MKs as a novel therapeutic avenue. Unconventional secretion of TGFβ1 as well as interleukin 1β (IL1β) via secretory autophagy occurs in cells other than MKs, which prompted us to investigate whether similar mechanisms are utilized by MKs. Here, we identified that TGFβ1 strongly co-localized with the autophagy marker light chain 3B in native MKs. Disrupting secretory autophagy by inhibiting the small GTPase RhoA or its downstream effector Rho kinase (ROCK) markedly reduced TGFβ1 and IL1β secretion in vitro . In vivo , conditional deletion of the essential autophagy gene Atg5 from the hematopoietic system limited megakaryocytosis and aberrant cytokine secretion in an MPL W515L -driven transplant model. Similarly, mice with a selective deletion of Rhoa from the MK and platelet lineage were protected from progressive fibrosis. Finally, disease hallmarks in MPL W515L -transplanted mice were attenuated upon treatment with the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine or the ROCK inhibitor Y27632, either as monotherapy or in combination with the JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. Overall, our data indicate that aberrant cytokine secretion is dependent on secretory autophagy downstream of RhoA, targeting of which represents a novel therapeutic avenue in the treatment of myelofibrosis.

One Sentence Summary

TGFβ1 is released from megakaryocytes via RhoA-mediated secretory autophagy, and targeting this process can alleviate fibrosis progression in a preclinical mouse model of myelofibrosis.

Exploring the Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Targets of TRIM Family in Gastrointestinal Cancer

Gastrointestinal region (GI) cancers are closely linked to the ubiquitination system, with the E3 ubiquitin ligase playing a crucial role by targeting various substrates. As E3 ubiquitin ligases, proteins of tripartite motif (TRIM) family play a role in cancer signaling, development, apoptosis, and formation. These proteins regulate diverse biological activities and signaling pathways. This study comprehensively outlines the functions of TRIM proteins in gastrointestinal physiology, contributing to our knowledge of the molecular pathways involved in gastrointestinal tumors. Gastrointestinal region (GI) cancers are closely linked to the ubiquitination system, with the E3 ubiquitin ligase playing a crucial role by targeting various substrates.

Prognostic significance of immune evasion-related genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma immunotherapy

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) represents a prevalent malignancy of the urinary system. Despite the integration of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) into the treatment paradigm for advanced RCC, resistance to immunotherapy has emerged as a pivotal determinant impacting the clinical outlook of ccRCC. Accumulating evidence underscores the pivotal role of immune evasion-related genes and pathways in enabling tumor escape from host immune surveillance, consequently influencing patients' responsiveness to immunotherapy. Nonetheless, the clinical relevance of immune evasion-related genes in ccRCC patients undergoing immunotherapy remains inadequately understood. In this study, we aggregated RNA sequencing and clinical data from ccRCC patients across three cohorts: the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), CheckMate cohorts, and the JAVELIN Renal 101 trial. Leveraging a curated immune evasion-related gene set from Lawson et al., we employed the LASSO algorithm and Cox regression analysis to identify eight genes (LPAR6, RGS5, NFYC, PCDH17, CENPW, CNOT8, FOXO3, SNRPB) significantly associated with immune therapy prognosis (HR, 3.57; 95 % CI, 2.38-5.35; P<0.001). A predictive algorithm developed utilizing these genes exhibited notable accuracy in forecasting patients' progression-free survival in the training set (AUC, 0.835). Furthermore, stratification of patients by risk score revealed discernible differences in immunotherapy response and tumor microenvironment. In summary, we present a prognostic model intricately linked with immune status and treatment response. For ccRCC patients undergoing immunotherapy, this approach holds promise in aiding clinical decision-making by providing more precise and tailored treatment recommendations.

Crosstalk and communication of cancer-associated fibroblasts with natural killer and dendritic cells: New frontiers and unveiled opportunities for cancer immunotherapy

Natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) are critical mediators of anti-cancer immune responses. In addition to their individual roles, NK cells and DCs are involved in intercellular crosstalk which is essential for the initiation and coordination of adaptive immunity against cancer. However, NK cell and DC activity is often compromised in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, much attention has been paid to one of the major components of the TME, the cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which not only contribute to extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and tumor progression but also suppress immune cell functions. It is now well established that CAFs support T cell exclusion from tumor nests and regulate their cytotoxic activity. In contrast, little is currently known about their interaction with NK cells, and DCs. In this review, we describe the interaction of CAFs with NK cells and DCs, by secreting and expressing various mediators in the TME of adult solid tumors. We also provide a detailed overview of ongoing clinical studies evaluating the targeting of stromal factors alone or in combination with immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, we discuss currently available strategies for the selective depletion of detrimental CAFs and for a better understanding of their interaction with NK cells and DCs.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces renal fibrosis in high‑fat diet mice via the TGF‑β/SMAD pathway

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role and mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in kidney injury caused by high‑fat diet (HFD). An obese mouse model was established via HFD feeding and intervention was performed by intraperitoneal injection of the ERS inhibitor salubrinal (Sal). Changes in the body and kidney weight and serum biochemical indices of the mice were determined. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining were used to observe the pathological changes of renal tissues. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to observe the expression of ERS‑related proteins and TGF‑β/SMAD pathway‑related proteins. Immunohistochemistry was employed to explore the distribution of these proteins. Compared with those in the control group, the weight gain, lipid metabolism disorders and deterioration of renal function in the model group were greater. Malondialdehyde was elevated and superoxide dismutase was decreased in renal tissues. The mRNA and protein levels of TGF‑β1, SMAD2/3, α‑smooth muscle actin, collagen I, glucose‑regulated protein 78 and C/EBP‑homologous protein were markedly elevated, whereas SMAD7 was markedly decreased. Sal markedly inhibited the aforementioned effects. This investigation revealed a link between ERS and renal injury caused by HFD. ERS in HFD‑fed mice triggers renal fibrosis through the TGF‑β/SMAD pathway.

Roles of deubiquitinases in urologic cancers (Review)

Human health is endangered by the occurrence and progression of urological cancers, including renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and bladder cancer, which are usually associated with the activation of oncogenic factors and inhibition of cancer suppressors. The primary mechanism for protein breakdown in cells is the ubiquitin-proteasome system, whilst deubiquitinases contribute to the reversal of this process. However, both are important for protein homeostasis. Deubiquitination may also be involved in the control of the cell cycle, proliferation and apoptosis, and dysregulated deubiquitination is associated with the malignant transformation, invasion and metastasis of urologic malignancies. Therefore, a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms underlying deubiquitination in urological cancers may provide novel strategies and insights for diagnosis and treatment. The present review aimed to methodically clarify the role of deubiquitinating enzymes in urinary system cancers as well as their prospective application prospects for clinical treatment.

Binding with HSP90β, cimifugin ameliorates fibrotic cataracts in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting TGFβ signaling pathways

Fibrotic cataracts, the most frequent complications after phacoemulsification, cannot be cured by drugs in clinic. The primary mechanism underlying the disease is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cimifugin is a natural monomer component of traditional Chinese medicines. Previous researches have demonstrated the effect of cimifugin inhibiting EMT in the lung. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the impact of cimifugin on EMT in the lens and elucidate its precise mechanism. The pathogenesis of fibrotic cataracts was simulated using TGFβ2-induced cell model of EMT and the injury-induced anterior subcapsular cataract animal model. Through H&E staining and immunofluorescence of mice eyeballs, we discovered that cimifugin can inhibit the expansion of fibrotic lesions in vivo. Furthermore, at mRNA and protein levels, we confirmed that cimifugin can allay EMT of lens epithelial cells (LECs) in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the inhibition of cimifugin on the activation of TGFβ-related signaling pathways was certified by immunoblot. HSP90β, the target of cimifugin, was predicted by network pharmacology and verified by drug affinity responsive target stability, the cellular thermal shift assay, and microscale thermophoresis. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation revealed the interaction between HSP90β and TGFβ receptor (TGFβR) II. Together, our findings showed that by weakening the binding of HSP90β and TGFβRII, cimifugin suppressed the TGFβ signaling pathways to alleviate fibrotic cataracts. Cimifugin is a promising medication for the treatment of fibrotic cataracts.

The integral role of fibronectin in skeletal morphogenesis and pathogenesis

Fibronectin (FN) serves as a critical organizer of extracellular matrix networks in two principal isoforms, the plasma FN and the cellular FN. While FN's pivotal role in various organ systems, including the blood vasculature, is well-established, its contribution to the development of the skeletal system is much less explored. Furthermore, the pathomechanisms of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia caused by FN mutations remain elusive. In this minireview, we discuss findings from our recent two studies using i) an iPSC-based cell culture model to explore how FN mutations in spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia impact mesenchymal cell differentiation into chondrocytes and ii) conditional FN knockout mouse models to determine the physiological roles of FN isoforms during postnatal skeletal development. The data revealed that FN mutations cause severe intracellular and matrix defects in mesenchymal cells and impair their ability to differentiate into chondrocytes. The findings further demonstrate the important roles of both FN isoforms in orchestrating regulated chondrogenesis during skeletal development. We critically discuss the findings in the context of the existing literature.

Sec13 promotes glycolysis by inhibiting Ubqln1 mediated Pgm1 ubiquitination in ALI

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe lung damage characterized by acute hypoxemia, increased pulmonary vascular permeability, and inflammatory reactions. Despite current treatments, mortality from ALI remains high. This study found that Sec13 is highly expressed in ALI and regulates it by glycolysis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In an ALI mouse model and cell model, Sec13 expression increased, accompanied by enhanced glycolysis, EMT, and inflammation. Sec13 knockdown suppressed these effects, alleviating ALI. Sec13 forms a protein complex with Pgm1, an enzyme regulating glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) production, and Ubqln1, an ubiquitin ligase. Sec13 inhibits Ubqln1-mediated Pgm1 ubiquitination, thereby stabilizing Pgm1. In ALI, Pgm1 binding to Sec13 increased but binding to Ubqln1 decreased. Sec13 knockdown decreased lactate, G6P, EMT markers, and inflammatory cytokines. Pgm1 knockdown produced similar effects. Ubqln1 overexpression suppressed inflammation but decreased Pgm1 expression. In conclusion, Sec13 plays a key role in ALI by inhibiting Ubqln1-mediated Pgm1 ubiquitination, affecting glycolysis and EMT. Sec13 and Pgm1 may be new targets for treating ALI.

Huaier-induced suppression of cancer-associated fibroblasts confers immunotherapeutic sensitivity in triple-negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most intractable subgroup of breast neoplasms due to its aggressive nature. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have exhibited potential efficacy in TNBC treatment. However, only a limited fraction of patients benefit from ICI therapy, primarily because of the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Trametes robiniophila Murr (Huaier) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with potential immunoregulatory functions. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

PURPOSE

The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic role of Huaier in the TIME of TNBC patients.

METHODS

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to systematically analyze the influence of Huaier on the TNBC microenvironment for the first time. The mechanisms of the Huaier-induced suppression of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were assessed via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT‒PCR) and western blotting. A tumor-bearing mouse model was established to verify the effects of the oral administration of Huaier on immune infiltration.

RESULTS

Unsupervised clustering of the transcriptional profiles suggested an increase in the number of apoptotic cancer cells in the Huaier group. Treatment with Huaier induced immunological alterations from a "cold" to a "hot" state, which was accompanied by phenotypic changes in CAFs. Mechanistic analysis revealed that Huaier considerably attenuated the formation of myofibroblastic CAFs (myoCAFs) by impairing transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling. In mouse xenograft models, Huaier dramatically modulated CAF differentiation, thus synergizing with the programmed cell death 1 (PD1) blockade to impede tumor progression.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate that Huaier regulates cancer immunity in TNBC by suppressing the transition of CAFs to myoCAFs and emphasize the crucial role of Huaier as an effective adjuvant agent in immunotherapy.

Nasal allergen and methacholine provocation tests influence co‑expression patterns of TGF‑β/SMAD and MAPK signaling pathway genes in patients with asthma

Asthma is characterized by chronic bronchial inflammation and is a highly heterogeneous disease strongly influenced by both specific and non-specific exogenous factors. The present study was performed to assess the effect of nasal allergen provocation tests and methacholine provocation tests on the mRNA co-expression patterns of genes (SMAD1/3/6/7, MPK1/3 and TGFB1/3) involved in SMAD and non-SMAD TGF-β signaling pathways in patients with asthma. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was performed on blood samples taken pre-provocation and 1 h post-provocation to assess gene expression changes. Of the 59 patients studied, allergen provocations were administered to 27 patients and methacholine provocations to 32 patients. Correlations between expression levels of studied genes were found to be influenced markedly by the challenge administered, challenge test result and time elapsed since challenge. Importantly, increases in expression levels for four gene pairs (MAPK1-SMAD3, MAPK3-SMAD3, SMAD1-SMAD3 and SMAD3-TGFB1) were found to correlate significantly with asthma occurrence in the allergen provocation cohort, but not in the methacholine provocation cohort. The present study allows us to draw the conclusion that both intranasal allergen and bronchial methacholine challenges influence mRNA co-expression patterns of the SMAD1/3/6/7, MPK1/3 and TGFB1/3 genes.

Fluoride induces immune-inflammatory disorder in the kidneys via histone lysine crotonylation in vivo

Fluoride is an essential trace element for human. Adequate levels of fluoride are crucial for maintaining skeletal growth, but excessive fluoride exposure entering the body can cause renal damage, including damaged renal tubules and impaired renal function. However, the mechanism on fluoride-induced kidney injury remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the immune-inflammatory imbalance induced by fluoride and its possible mechanism in the kidneys. Mice were exposed to sodium fluoride (NaF) (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/L) for five months. The results showed that NaF increased the renal weight and renal index. The NaF-treated groups exhibited higher serum creatinine (Cre), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin (ALB) total protein (TP) levels. Further, NaF increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was reduced and glutathione (GSH) activities were reduced in fluoride-treated group. NaF treatment also downregulated the nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf2) protein and its downstream enzymes heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: Quinone Oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) in the kidneys. Further, NaF shifted Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1 bias. Similarly, NaF exhibited increased macrophages and augmented M1 differentiation but suppressed M2 differentiation. The renal inflammatory response was also induced by fluoride via activation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and increase of the pro-inflammatory factors tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). In addition, NaF treatment reduced the expression of the histone 2B lysine 12 crotonylation (H2BK12cr) and H4K8cr proteins as well as decreased the histone acetyltransferase P300 protein. NaF incresed the protein expression of histone decrotonylation enzyme sirtuin1 (sirt1) and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and upregulated HDAC2 protein. These findings demonstrate that fluoride exposure induces renal dysfunction and oxidative injury, affects M1/M2 polarization and Th1/Th2 differentiation, and promotes the inflammatory response via histone lysine crotonylation, ultimately resulting in nephrotoxicity.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition to mitigate age-related progression in lung cancer

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a fundamental biological process involved in embryonic development, wound healing, and cancer progression. In lung cancer, EMT is a key regulator of invasion and metastasis, significantly contributing to the fatal progression of the disease. Age-related factors such as cellular senescence, chronic inflammation, and epigenetic alterations exacerbate EMT, accelerating lung cancer development in the elderly. This review describes the complex mechanism among EMT and age-related pathways, highlighting key regulators such as TGF-β, WNT/β-catenin, NOTCH, and Hedgehog signalling. We also discuss the mechanisms by which oxidative stress, mediated through pathways involving NRF2 and ROS, telomere attrition, regulated by telomerase activity and shelterin complex, and immune system dysregulation, driven by alterations in cytokine profiles and immune cell senescence, upregulate or downregulate EMT induction. Additionally, we highlighted pathways of transcription such as SNAIL, TWIST, ZEB, SIRT1, TP53, NF-κB, and miRNAs regulating these processes. Understanding these mechanisms, we highlight potential therapeutic interventions targeting these critical molecules and pathways.

Deubiquitinases as novel therapeutic targets for diseases

Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) regulate substrate ubiquitination by removing ubiquitin or cleaving within ubiquitin chains, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis. Approximately 100 DUBs in humans counteract E3 ubiquitin ligases, finely balancing ubiquitination and deubiquitination processes to maintain cellular proteostasis and respond to various stimuli and stresses. Given their role in modulating ubiquitination levels of various substrates, DUBs are increasingly linked to human health and disease. Here, we review the DUB family, highlighting their distinctive structural characteristics and chain-type specificities. We show that DUB family members regulate key signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and MAPK, and play crucial roles in tumorigenesis and other diseases (neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory disorders, and developmental diseases), making them promising therapeutic targets Our review also discusses the challenges in developing DUB inhibitors and underscores the critical role of the DUBs in cellular signaling and cancer. This comprehensive analysis enhances our understanding of the complex biological functions of the DUBs and underscores their therapeutic potential.

Targeted transcriptomic analysis of well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma reveals multiple dysregulated pathways including glucose metabolism, TGF-β, and HIF-1 signaling

Liposarcoma is the most prevalent sarcoma in adults representing 20% of all sarcomas with well-differentiated/dedifferentiated among the most common subtypes represented. Despite multimodality treatment approaches, there has not been any appreciable change in survival benefit in the past 10 years. The future of targeted therapy for WD/DDLPS is promising with the intention to spare multi-visceral removal due to radical surgical resection. Therefore, there is a need to expand upon the molecular landscape of WDLPS and DDLPS which can help identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease. Targeted transcriptome analysis using the NanoString tumor signaling 360 panel revealed a dysregulation in glucose metabolism and HIF1 signaling pathways in both WDLPS and DDLPS when compared to normal fat controls. WDLPS, however, demonstrated upregulation of HIF-1A and TGF-β when compared to DDLPS by targeted transcriptome analysis and orthogonal validation by RT-qPCR suggesting activation of EMT pathway in WDLPS when compared to DDLPS. Our findings implicate a putative role for dysregulation in glucose metabolism, TGF-β and HIF1 signaling in the pathogenesis of both WD/DDLPS suggesting a possible proinflammatory tumor environment within WDLPS and subsequent activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway.

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Fibrosis and Targeted Therapies

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is a well-established developmental pathway; it is crucial for early embryogenesis, cell differentiation, and damage-driven regeneration. It is being increasingly recognized that dysregulated Hh signaling is also involved in fibrotic diseases, which are characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition that compromises tissue architecture and function. As in-depth insights into the mechanisms of Hh signaling are obtained, its complex involvement in fibrosis is gradually being illuminated. Notably, some Hh-targeted inhibitors are currently under exploration in preclinical and clinical trials as a means to prevent fibrosis progression. In this review, we provide a concise overview of the biological mechanisms involved in Hh signaling. We summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the roles of Hh signaling in fibrogenesis across the liver, kidneys, airways, and lungs, as well as other tissues and organs, with an emphasis on both the shared features and, more critically, the distinct functional variations observed across these tissues and organs. We thus highlight the context dependence of Hh signaling, as well as discuss the current status and the challenges of Hh-targeted therapies for fibrosis.

Transcriptomics of tissue exosomes to investigate miR-195-5p's amelioration of endometrial fibrosis via the YAP-Smad7 pathway: an animal study

BACKGROUND

A significant research gap exists regarding the role of tissue exosomes in intrauterine adhesions (IUAs). This study aims to investigate the involvement of miR-195-5p and its regulatory network in IUAs through the analysis of tissue exosomes.

METHODS

Exosomes from rat uterine tissue with intrauterine adhesions were analyzed via transcriptomics to identify downstream target genes of miR-195-5p, cross-referencing with the human endometrial transcriptomics database GSE224093. Dual luciferase labeling confirmed miRNA-target gene interactions. The therapeutic efficacy of a miR-195-5p agonist was assessed in vivo through HE staining, Masson staining, and mating tests. The mechanisms underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and myofibroblast transdifferentiation in endometrial fibrosis were investigated both in vitro and in vivo using RT-PCR, Western Blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Migration ability of endometrial stromal cells was evaluated using CCK8, scratch tests, and Transwell assays. Finally, the clinical potential of miR-195-5p was compared with autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

RESULTS

The expression of miR-195-5p in uterine tissue exosomes from intrauterine adhesions was found to be decreased. Treatment with a miR-195-5p agonist resulted in improved endometrial health, reduced fibrosis, increased glandular density, and enhanced birth rates in rats. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that miR-195-5p decreased ECM deposition, reduced myofibroblast transdifferentiation, and inhibited the migration of endometrial stromal cells. This was achieved through the downregulation of YAP expression in the Hippo pathway and the upregulation of Smad7. Notably, the therapeutic efficacy of miR-195-5p agonists was comparable to that of stem cell therapy, offering promising avenues for clinical application.

CONCLUSIONS

Differential expression of miR-195-5p in tissue exosomes can reduce ECM deposition and myofibroblast transdifferentiation, improving endometrial fibrosis by regulating the YAP-Smad7 pathway in the Hippo signaling cascade.

Exploring the Antifibrotic Mechanisms of Ghrelin: Modulating TGF-β Signalling in Organ Fibrosis

BACKGROUND

Fibrosis is a pathological condition that affects various organs by increasing fibrous connective tissue while reducing parenchymal cells. This imbalance can lead to compromised organ function and potential failure, posing significant health risks. The condition's complexity necessitates the exploration of effective treatments to mitigate its progression and adverse outcomes.

AIMS

This study aims to investigate the role of ghrelin, a peptide hormone known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties, in modulating fibrosis across different organs. By binding to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR-1a), ghrelin has shown potential in attenuating the fibrotic process, particularly through its interaction with the TGF-β signalling pathway.

METHODS

An extensive review of clinical and animal model studies focusing on liver, kidney, lung, and myocardial fibrosis was conducted. The primary focus was on examining how ghrelin influences the TGF-β signalling pathway, with an emphasis on the regulation of TGF-β expression and the suppression of Smad signalling molecules. The methodology involved analysing data from various studies to understand ghrelin's molecular mechanisms in combating fibrosis.

RESULTS

The findings from the reviewed studies indicate that ghrelin exerts significant anti-fibrotic effects across multiple organ systems. Specifically, ghrelin was found to downregulate TGF-β expression and suppress Smad signalling molecules, leading to a marked reduction in fibrous tissue accumulation and preservation of organ function. In liver fibrosis models, ghrelin reduced TGF-β1 levels and Smad3 phosphorylation, while in kidney and cardiac fibrosis, similar protective effects were observed. The data also suggest that ghrelin's effects are mediated through both canonical and non-canonical TGF-β pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

Ghrelin presents a promising therapeutic agent in the management of fibrosis due to its potent anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions. Its ability to modulate the TGF-β signalling pathway underscores a vital molecular mechanism through which ghrelin can mitigate fibrotic progression in various organs. Future research should focus on further elucidating ghrelin's molecular interactions and potential clinical applications in fibrosis treatment, offering new avenues for developing effective anti-fibrotic therapies.

Methionine deprivation inhibits glioma proliferation and EMT via the TP53TG1/miR-96-5p/STK17B ceRNA pathway

Recent research highlights the significant impact of methionine metabolism on glioma progression. An increasing amount of compelling evidence bridges long non-coding RNAs to abnormal metabolism in gliomas. However, the specific role of long non-coding RNAs in methionine metabolism regulating glioma progression remains unclear. This study reveals that methionine deprivation inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities of gliomas. Interestingly, the expression of TP53TG1, a long non-coding RNA, is also suppressed. TP53TG1 is highly expressed in gliomas and associated with poor patient outcomes. Subsequently, our data proves that inhibition of TP53TG1 suppresses glioma cell proliferation and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process both in vitro and in vivo. Ultimately, we found that the underlying mechanism involves a competing endogenous RNA regulating network, in which TP53TG1 modulates the target protein STK17B by competitively binding to miR-96-5p, thus regulating glioma progression. These findings suggest that targeting methionine deprivation could be a promising approach for the clinical treatment of glioma.

Progress on angiogenic and antiangiogenic agents in the tumor microenvironment

The development of tumors and their metastasis relies heavily on the process of angiogenesis. When the volume of a tumor expands, the resulting internal hypoxic conditions trigger the body to enhance the production of various angiogenic factors. These include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), all of which work together to stimulate the activation of endothelial cells and catalyze angiogenesis. Antiangiogenic therapy (AAT) aims to normalize tumor blood vessels by inhibiting these angiogenic signals. In this review, we will explore the molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis within the tumor microenvironment, discuss traditional antiangiogenic drugs along with their limitations, examine new antiangiogenic drugs and the advantages of combination therapy, and consider future research directions in the field of antiangiogenic drugs. This comprehensive overview aims to provide insights that may aid in the development of more effective anti-tumor treatments.

Protective role of transforming growth factor-Β3 (TGF-Β3) in the formation of radiation-induced capsular contracture around a breast implant: In vivo experimental study

Postmastectomy radiotherapy causes capsular contracture due to fibroproliferation of the capsular tissue around the implant. In fibrosis, unlike normal wound healing, structural and functional disorders are observed in the tissues caused by excessive/irregular accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. It has been reported that transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) prevents and reverses fibrosis in various tissues or provides scarless healing with its antifibrotic effect. Additionally, TGF-β3 has been shown to reduce fibrosis in radiotherapy-induced fibrosis syndrome. However, no study in the literature investigates the effects of exogenously applied TGF-β3 on capsular contracture in aesthetic or reconstructive breast implant application. TGF-β3, which has a very short half-life, has low bioavailability with parenteral administration. Within the scope of this study, free TGF-β3 was loaded into the nanoparticles to increase its low bioavailability and extend its duration of action by providing controlled release. The aim of this study is to investigate the preventive/improving effects of radiation induced capsular contracture using chitosan film formulations containing TGF-β3 loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-b-PEG) nanoparticles in implant-based breast reconstruction. In the characterization studies of nanoparticles, the particle size and zeta potential of the TGF-β3-loaded PLGA-b-PEG nanoparticle formulation selected to be used in the treatment group were found to be 123.60 ± 2.09 nm and -34.87 ± 1.42 mV, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of the formulation was calculated as 99.91 %. A controlled release profile was obtained in in vitro release studies. Chitosan film formulations containing free TGF-β3 or TGF-β3-loaded PLGA-b-PEG nanoparticles were used in in vivo studies. In animal studies, rats were randomly distributed into 6 groups (n = 8) as sham, implant, implant + radiotherapy, implant + radiotherapy + chitosan film containing unloaded nanoparticles, implant + radiotherapy + chitosan film containing free TGF-β3, implant + radiotherapy + chitosan film containing TGF-β3 loaded nanoparticle. In all study groups, a 2 cm incision was made along the posterior axillary line at the thoracic vertebral level in rats to reach the lateral edge of the latissimus dorsi. The fascial attachment to the chest wall was then bluntly dissected to create a pocket for the implants. In the treatment groups, the wound was closed after films were placed on the outer surface of the implants. After administering prophylactic antibiotics, rats were subjected to irradiation with 10 Gy photon beams targeted to each implant site. Each implant and the surrounding excised tissue were subjected to the necessary procedures for histological (capsule thickness, cell density), immunohistochemical, and biochemical (α-SMA, vimentin, collagen type I and type III, TGF-β1 and TGF-β3: expression level/protein level) examinations. It was determined that the levels of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 collagen type III, which decreased as a result of radiotherapy, were brought to the control level with free TGF-β3 film and TGF-β3 nanoparticle film formulations. Histological analyses, consistent with biochemical analyses, showed that thick collagen and fibrosis, which increased with radiotherapy, were brought to the control level with free TGF-β3 film and TGF-β3 nanoparticle film treatments. In biochemical analyses, the decrease in thick collagen was compatible with the decrease in the collagen type I/type III ratio in the free TGF-β3 film and TGF-β3 nanoparticle film groups. Changes in protein expression show that TGF-β3 loaded nanoparticles are more successful than free TGF-β3 in wound healing. In line with these results and the literature, it is thought that the balance of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 should be maintained to ensure scarless wound healing with no capsule contracture.

Insulin-like growth factor 2 drives fibroblast-mediated tumor immunoevasion and confers resistance to immunotherapy

T cell exclusion is crucial in enabling tumor immune evasion and immunotherapy resistance. However, the key genes driving this process remain unclear. We uncovered a notable increase of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) in immune-excluded tumors, predominantly secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Using mice with systemic or fibroblast-specific deletion of IGF2, we demonstrated that IGF2 deficiency enhanced the infiltration and cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells, leading to a reduction in tumor burden. Integration of spatial and single-cell transcriptomics revealed that IGF2 promoted interaction between CAFs and T cells via CXCL12 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Mechanistically, autocrine IGF2 activated PI3K/AKT signaling by binding to the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) on CAFs, which was required for the immunosuppressive functions of CAFs. Furthermore, genetic ablation of IGF2 or targeted inhibition of the IGF2/IGF1R axis with the inhibitor linsitinib markedly boosted the response to immune checkpoint blockade. Clinically, elevated levels of IGF2 in tumors or plasma correlated with an adverse prognosis and reduced efficacy of anti-programmed death 1 treatment. Together, these results highlight the pivotal role of IGF2 in promoting CAF-mediated immunoevasion, indicating its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target in immunotherapy.

A literature review on signaling pathways of cervical cancer cell death-apoptosis induced by Traditional Chinese Medicine

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cervical cancer (CC) is a potentially lethal disorder that can have serious consequences for a woman's health. Because early symptoms are typically only present in the middle to late stages of the disease, clinical diagnosis and treatment can be challenging. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been shown to have unique benefits in terms of alleviating cancer clinical symptoms, lowering the risk of recurrence after surgery, and reducing toxic side effects and medication resistance after radiation therapy. It has also been shown to improve the quality of life for patients. Because of its improved anti-tumor effectiveness and biosafety, it could be considered an alternative therapy option. This study examines how TCM causes apoptosis in CC cells via signal transduction, including the active components and medicinal tonics. It also intends to provide a reliable clinical basis and protocol selection for the TCM therapy of CC.

METHODS

The following search terms were employed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, and other scientific databases to retrieve pertinent literature on "cervical cancer," "apoptosis," "signaling pathway," "traditional Chinese medicine," "herbal monomers," "herbal components," "herbal extracts," and "herbal formulas."

RESULTS

It has been demonstrated that herbal medicines can induce apoptosis in cells of the cervix, a type of cancer, by influencing the signaling pathways involved.

CONCLUSION

A comprehensive literature search was conducted, and 148 papers from the period between January 2017 and December 2023 were identified as eligible for inclusion. After a meticulous process of screening, elimination and summary, generalization, and analysis, it was found that TCM can regulate multiple intracellular signaling pathways and related molecular targets, such as STAT3, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, NF-κB, p53, HIF-1α, Fas/FasL and so forth. This regulatory capacity was observed to induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. The study of the mechanism of TCM against cervical cancer and the screening of new drug targets is of great significance for future research in this field. The results of this study will provide ideas and references for the future development of Chinese medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer.

The role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pulmonary fibrosis: lessons from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19

Despite the tremendous advancements in the knowledge of the pathophysiology and clinical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, still many issues remain unanswered, especially in the long-term effects. Mounting evidence suggests that pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is one of the most severe complications associated with COVID-19. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms behind its development is helpful to develop successful therapeutic strategies. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its cell specific variants endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and mesothelial to mesenchymal transition (MMT) are physio-pathologic cellular reprogramming processes induced by several infectious, inflammatory and biomechanical stimuli. Cells undergoing EMT acquire invasive, profibrogenic and proinflammatory activities by secreting several extracellular mediators. Their activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PF in a variety of lung disorders, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and COVID-19. Aim of this article is to provide an updated survey of the cellular and molecular mechanisms, with emphasis on EMT-related processes, implicated in the genesis of PF in IFP and COVID-19.

Integration of Machine Learning and Experimental Validation to Identify Anoikis-Related Prognostic Signature for Predicting the Breast Cancer Tumor Microenvironment and Treatment Response

Background/Objectives: Anoikis-related genes (ANRGs) are crucial in the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer (BC). The underlying role of ANRGs in the prognosis of breast cancer patients warrants further study. Methods: The anoikis-related prognostic signature (ANRS) was generated using a variety of machine learning methods, and the correlation between the ANRS and the tumor microenvironment (TME), drug sensitivity, and immunotherapy was investigated. Moreover, single-cell analysis and spatial transcriptome studies were conducted to investigate the expression of prognostic ANRGs across various cell types. Finally, the expression of ANRGs was verified by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis (WB), and the expression level of PLK1 in the blood was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The ANRS, consisting of five ANRGs, was established. BC patients within the high-ANRS group exhibited poorer prognoses, characterized by elevated levels of immune suppression and stromal scores. The low-ANRS group had a better response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Single-cell analysis and spatial transcriptomics revealed variations in ANRGs across cells. The results of RT-PCR and WB were consistent with the differential expression analyses from databases. NU.1025 and imatinib were identified as potential inhibitors for SPIB and PLK1, respectively. Additionally, findings from ELISA demonstrated increased expression levels of PLK1 in the blood of BC patients. Conclusions: The ANRS can act as an independent prognostic indicator for BC patients, providing significant guidance for the implementation of chemotherapy and immunotherapy in these patients. Additionally, PLK1 has emerged as a potential blood-based diagnostic marker for breast cancer patients.

Monitoring the Cascade of Monocyte-Derived Macrophages to Influenza Virus Infection in Human Alveolus Chips

Respiratory viruses ravage the world and seriously threaten people's health. Despite intense research efforts, the immune mechanism underlying respiratory virus-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and pulmonary fibrosis (PF) has not been fully elucidated. Here, the cascade of monocyte-derived macrophages to influenza A virus infection is monitored on an optimized human alveolus chip to reveal the role of macrophages in the development of ALI and PF. We find that viral infection causes damage to the alveolar air-liquid barrier and the release of inflammatory cytokines, which induce the M0 macrophages to gather and polarize to the M1 phenotype at the damaged site through recruitment, adhesion, migration, and activation, leading to ALI. Afterward, M1 macrophages polarize into the M2 phenotype, and then transform into myofibroblasts, followed by enhanced secretion of various anti-inflammatory cytokines and profibrotic cytokines, to promote PF. Our study provides an insight into the pathogenesis of virus-induced ALI and PF, which will assist in the development of therapeutic strategies and drugs for treating influenza and other respiratory virus infections.

Mex3a promoter hypomethylation can be utilized to diagnose HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma remains a health challenge for humanity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel biomarkers with high efficiency yet fast ability to meet the requirements of hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.

METHODS

A total of 229 patients with HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 298 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and 96 healthy controls were retrospectively analyzed. Methylation levels of the Mex3a promoter in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured using MethyLight to obtain clinical and laboratory parameters.

RESULTS

The Mex3a promoter methylation level in HCC patients (median: 0.289% and interquartile range: 0.126%-0.590%) was significantly lower than that in CHB patients (median: 0.999%, interquartile range: 0.417%-1.268%, and p < 0.001) and healthy people (median: 2.172%, interquartile range: 1.225%-3.098%, and p < 0.001). The Mex3a mRNA levels in HCC patients (median: 12.198 and interquartile range: 3.112-18.996) were significantly higher than those in CHB patients (median: 1.623 and interquartile range: 0.066-6.000, and p < 0.001) and healthy controls (median: 0.329, interquartile range: 0.031-1.547, and p < 0.001). MethyLight data were expressed as a percentage of the methylated reference (PMR) value. The Mex3a PMR value was negatively correlated with the mRNA expression level (Spearman's R = -0.829 and p < 0.001). The Mex3a PMR value of HCC patients was significantly correlated with age (Spearman's R = 0.113 and p = 0.044), and the mRNA level was significantly correlated with ALT (Spearman's R = 0.132 and p = 0.046). The Mex3a promoter methylation levels and mRNA levels were also independent factors in the development of liver cancer. The Mex3a promoter methylation and mRNA levels were better at distinguishing HCC from CHB than AFP [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for predicting HCC vs. CHB: 0.915 vs. 0.715: p < 0.001]. The combined use of AFP and Mex3a methylation levels and mRNA levels further improved the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

CONCLUSION

The presence of Mex3a promoter hypomethylation in hepatocellular carcinoma can be used as a non-invasive biomarker for the early detection of liver cancer.

Research Advances in Adenomyosis-Related Signaling Pathways and Promising Targets

Adenomyosis is a benign gynecological condition characterized by the proliferation of the endometrial stroma and glands into the myometrium, uterine volume enlargement, and peripheral smooth muscle hypertrophy. The typical clinical symptoms include chronic pelvic pain, abnormal uterine bleeding, and subfertility, all of which significantly impact quality of life. There are no effective prevention or treatment strategies for adenomyosis, partly due to a limited understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of the disease. Given that signaling pathways play a crucial role in the development of adenomyosis, a better understanding of these signaling pathways is essential for identifying therapeutic targets and advancing drug development. The occurrence and progression of adenomyosis are closely linked to various underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, including proliferation, migration, invasion, fibrosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress, immune response, and epigenetic changes. This review summarizes the signaling pathways and targets associated with the pathogenesis of adenomyosis, including CXCL/CXCR, NLRP3, NF-κB, TGF-β/smad, VEGF, Hippo/YAP, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JAK/STAT, and other relevant pathways. In addition, it identifies promising future targets for the development of adenomyosis treatment, such as m6A, GSK3β, sphks, etc.

TGF-β superfamily-induced transcriptional activation pathways establish the RAD52-dependent ALT machinery during malignant transformation of MPNSTs

To study telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) activation during malignant transformation, we compared neurofibroma (NF) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) in the same patient with type-1 neurofibromatosis (NF1), a total of 20 NF-MPNST pairs in 20 NF1 patients. These comparisons minimized genetic bias and contrasted only changes associated with malignant transformation, while subtracting changes that developed upon the transformation of normal cells to the benign tumor. TGF-β superfamily genes were found to activate the PAX and SOX transcription factors, leading to TMM activation. BMPER activates PAX6 through BMP2 and PAX7 through BMP4; BMP15 activates SOX14; and INHBC activates PAX9 and SOX14. The activated PAX and SOX genes sequentially establish the core architecture of the RAD52-dependent alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Specifically, PAX7 activates the recombinase (RAD52) and a negative regulator (SLX4IP). PAX6 and SOX14 activate positive regulators (BLM and BRCA2, respectively). PAX9 and SOX14 activate RAD9B and FEN1, which are responsible for the stability of homologous recombination intermediates and increase, together with RAD52, the telomere length. Telomere elongation achieved by the activation of PAX7 and PAX9 is associated with a poor prognosis. We demonstrated that TGF-β superfamily-induced transcriptional activation pathways activated the RAD52-dependent ALT during malignant transformation of MPNSTs.

Blockade of CCR5+ T Cell Accumulation in the Tumor Microenvironment Optimizes Anti-TGF-β/PD-L1 Bispecific Antibody

In the previous studies, anti-TGF-β/PD-L1 bispecific antibody YM101 is demonstrated, with superior efficacy to anti-PD-L1 monotherapy in multiple tumor models. However, YM101 therapy can not achieve complete regression in most tumor-bearing mice, suggesting the presence of other immunosuppressive elements in the tumor microenvironment (TME) beyond TGF-β and PD-L1. Thoroughly exploring the TME is imperative to pave the way for the successful translation of anti-TGF-β/PD-L1 BsAb into clinical practice. In this work, scRNA-seq is employed to comprehensively profile the TME changes induced by YM101. The scRNA-seq analysis reveals an increase in immune cell populations associated with antitumor immunity and enhances cell-killing pathways. However, the analysis also uncovers the presence of immunosuppressive CCR5+ T cells in the TME after YM101 treatment. To overcome this hurdle, YM101 is combined with Maraviroc, a widely used CCR5 antagonist for treating HIV infection, suppressing CCR5+ T cell accumulation, and optimizing the immune response. Mechanistically, YM101-induced neutrophil activation recruits immunosuppressive CCR5+ T cells via CCR5 ligand secretion, creating a feedback loop that diminishes the antitumor response. Maraviroc then cleared these infiltrating cells and offset YM101-mediated immunosuppressive effects, further unleashing the antitumor immunity. These findings suggest selectively targeting CCR5 signaling with Maraviroc represents a promising and strategic approach to enhance YM101 efficacy.

mTORC2: A neglected player in aging regulation

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, through integrating external and internal signals, facilitating gene transcription and protein translation, as well as by regulating mitochondria and autophagy functions. mTOR kinase operates within two distinct protein complexes known as mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), which engage separate downstream signaling pathways impacting diverse cellular processes. Although mTORC1 has been extensively studied as a pro-proliferative factor and a pro-aging hub if activated aberrantly, mTORC2 received less attention, particularly regarding its implication in aging regulation. However, recent studies brought increasing evidence or clues for us, which implies the associations of mTORC2 with aging, as the genetic elimination of unique subunits of mTORC2, such as RICTOR, has been shown to alleviate aging progression in comparison to mTORC1 inhibition. In this review, we first summarized the basic characteristics of mTORC2, including its protein architecture and signaling network. We then focused on reviewing the molecular signaling regulation of mTORC2 in cellular senescence and organismal aging, and proposed the multifaceted regulatory characteristics under senescent and nonsenescent contexts. Next, we outlined the research progress of mTOR inhibitors in the field of antiaging and discussed future prospects and challenges. It is our pleasure if this review article could provide meaningful information for our readers and call forth more investigations working on this topic.

Exosomes on the development and progression of renal fibrosis

Renal fibrosis is a prevalent pathological alteration that occurs throughout the progression of primary and secondary renal disorders towards end-stage renal disease. As a complex and irreversible pathophysiological phenomenon, it includes a sequence of intricate regulatory processes at the molecular and cellular levels. Exosomes are a distinct category of extracellular vesicles that play a crucial role in facilitating intercellular communication. Multiple pathways are regulated by exosomes produced by various cell types, including tubular epithelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells, in the context of renal fibrosis. Furthermore, research has shown that exosomes present in bodily fluids, including urine and blood, may be indicators of renal fibrosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of exosomes in renal fibrosis has not been fully elucidated. This article reviewed and analysed the various mechanisms by which exosomes regulate renal fibrosis, which may provide new ideas for further study of the pathophysiological process of renal fibrosis and targeted treatment of renal fibrosis with exosomes.

CEMIP induces TGF-β/Smad signaling to promote keloid development by binding to SPARC

BACKGROUND

Cell Migration Inducing Hyaluronidase 1 (CEMIP) is a protein that plays regulatory functions in a variety of cellular processes in many diseases. Nevertheless, its role and molecular mechanism in keloid hyperplasia are still elusive.

METHODS

Expressions of CEMIP and Secreted Protein acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot. CCK-8 assay, along with immunofluorescence staining, was applied for the assessment of cell proliferation. The capabilities of cells to migrate and invade were evaluated utilizing wound healing and Transwell, while Extracellular Matrix (ECM) deposition was measured by immunofluorescence and western blot. The interaction of CEMIP and SPARC was predicted by the Coexpedia and PPA-red databases and verified by co-IP. Western blot was adopted for the estimation of TGF-β/Smad pathway-related proteins.

RESULTS

The data demonstrated that CEMIP expression was elevated in Keloid Fibroblasts (KF). CEMIP interference suppressed cell proliferative, migrative and invasive capabilities and ECM deposition in KF. Mechanistically, bioinformatics analysis revealed that CEMIP was co-expressed with SPARC and CEMIP protein could bind to SPARC. SPARC expression was reduced in CEMIP-silenced cells. SPARC overexpression counteracted the impacts of CEMIP silencing on cell proliferative, migrative and invasive capabilities and ECM deposition in KF. In addition, the expressions of TGF-β/Smad signaling-related proteins were decreased by CEMIP silencing via the inhibition of SPARC.

CONCLUSION

In summary, this study revealed that CEMIP modulated KF proliferation, migration, invasion and ECM deposition by TGF-β/Smad signaling through binding to SPARC.

CircGNAO1 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression and metastasis via sponging miR-182-5p and regulating FOXO1 expression

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignant tumor with poor prognosis. Using high-throughput sequencing, we identified a novel circRNA, circGNAO1, which is downregulated in HCC tissues compared to adjacent tissues. However, the potential functions and mechanisms of circGNAO1 in HCC metastasis remain unclear.

METHODS

qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of circGNAO1, miR-182-5p, and FOXO1 in HCC cells and tissues. Bioinformatics analysis, RNA pull-down assyas, and dual-luciferase reporter assays were employed to verify the interaction between circGNAO1 and miR-182-5p. Functional experiments were conducted using circGNAO1 overexpression and knockdown cell lines, including Transwell, wound healing, and EdU assays. Liver metastasis models and subcutaneous xenograft mouse models were established to analyze the effect of circGNAO1 on HCC metastasis and growth in vivo.

RESULTS

High-throughput sequencing and qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of circGNAO1 dramatically decreased in HCC tissues. Functionally, in vivo and in vitro experiments verified that overexpression of circGNAO1 inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of HCC cells, while knockdown of circGNAO1 promoted these behaviors. Mechanistically, we have demonstrated that circGNAO1 functions as a sponge for miR-182-5p to regulate FOXO1 expression, thereby activating the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway and EMT process.

CONCLUSIONS

circGNAO1 suppresses the progression and metastasis of HCC through the miR-182-5p/FOXO1 axis, and circGNAO1 may be an efficient therapeutic target in HCC.

Versatility of 14-3-3 proteins and their roles in bone and joint-related diseases

Bone and joint-related diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and bone tumors, pose significant health challenges due to their debilitating effects on the musculoskeletal system. 14-3-3 proteins, a family of conserved regulatory molecules, play a critical role in the pathology of these diseases. This review discusses the intricate structure and multifunctionality of 14-3-3 proteins, their regulation of signaling pathways, and their interactions with other proteins. We underscore the significance of 14-3-3 proteins in the regulation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and bone remodeling, all key factors in the maintenance and dysfunction of bone and joint systems. Specific focus is directed toward elucidating the contribution of 14-3-3 proteins in the pathology of OA, RA, and bone malignancies, where dysregulated 14-3-3-mediated signaling cascades have been implicated in the disease processes. This review illuminates how the perturbation of 14-3-3 protein interactions can lead to the pathological manifestations observed in these disorders, including joint destruction and osteolytic activity. We highlight cutting-edge research that positions 14-3-3 proteins as potential biomarkers for disease progression and as innovative therapeutic targets, offering new avenues for disease intervention and management.

Transforming growth factor-β in tumor microenvironment: Understanding its impact on monocytes and macrophages for its targeting

TGF-β is a pivotal cytokine that orchestrates various aspects of cancer progression, including tumor growth, metastasis, and immune evasion. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted role of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in cancer biology, focusing on its intricate interactions with monocytes and macrophages within the tumor microenvironment (TME). We specifically discuss how TGF-β modulates monocyte and macrophage activities, leading to immunosuppression and tumor progression. We conclude with the current translational and clinical efforts targeting TGF-β, recognizing the promising role of this strategy in immunooncology.

The axis of tumor-associated macrophages, extracellular matrix proteins, and cancer-associated fibroblasts in oncogenesis

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex, dynamic network of multiple macromolecules that serve as a crucial structural and physical scaffold for neighboring cells. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), ECM proteins play a significant role in mediating cellular communication between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Revealing the ECM modification of the TME necessitates the intricate signaling cascades that transpire among diverse cell populations and ECM proteins. The advent of single-cell sequencing has enabled the identification and refinement of specific cellular subpopulations, which has substantially enhanced our comprehension of the intricate milieu and given us a high-resolution perspective on the diversity of ECM proteins. However, it is essential to integrate single-cell data and establish a coherent framework. In this regard, we present a comprehensive review of the relationships among ECM, TAMs, and CAFs. This encompasses insights into the ECM proteins released by TAMs and CAFs, signaling integration in the TAM-ECM-CAF axis, and the potential applications and limitations of targeted therapies for CAFs. This review serves as a reliable resource for focused therapeutic strategies while highlighting the crucial role of ECM proteins as intermediates in the TME.

ITGA5 is associated with prognosis marker and immunosuppression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major tumor that seriously threatens the health of the head and neck or mucosal system. It is manifested as a malignant phenotype of high metastasis and invasion caused by squamous cell transformation in the tissue area. Therefore, it is necessary to search for a biomarker that can systematically correlate and reflect the prognosis of HNSCC based on the characteristics of head and neck tumors.

METHODS

Based on TCGA-HNSCC data, R software was used to analyze gene expression, correlation, Venn diagram, immune invasive and immunosuppressive phenotypes respectively. The intrinsic effect of ITGA5 on the malignant phenotype of HNSCC cells was verified by cell experiments. Immunohistochemical images from The Human Protein Atlas (THPA) database display the differences in the expression of related proteins in HNSCC tissues. Based on functional enrichment and correlation analysis, the prognostic value of ITGA5 for HNSCC was explored, and the expression level of ITGA5 may affect the chemotherapy of targeting the PI3K-AKT.

RESULTS

In this study, the target gene ITGA5 may be identified as a valuable prognostic marker for HNSCC. The results of enrichment analysis showed that ITGA5 was mainly involved in the dynamic process of extracellular matrix, which may affect the migration or metastasis of tumor cells. Meanwhile, ITGA5 may be closely related to the infiltration of M2 macrophages, and its secretory phenotypes TGFB1, PDGFA and PDGFB may affect the immunosuppressive phenotypes of tumor cells, which reflects the systemic influence of ITGA5 in HNSCC. In addition, the expression levels of ITGA5 were negatively correlated with the efficacy of targeting PI3K-AKT chemotherapy.

CONCLUSION

ITGA5 can be used as a potential marker to systematically associate with prognosis of HNSCC, which may be associated with HNSCC malignant phenotype, immunosuppression and chemotherapy resistance.