Dose translation between laboratory animals and human in preclinical and clinical phases of drug development

Integrated pharmacoanalysis, bioinformatics analysis, and experimental validation to identify the ingredients and mechanisms of Xiao-Luo-Wan in uterine fibroids treatment

CONTEXT

Xiao-Luo-Wan (XLW), a classical prescription in traditional Chinese medicine, has therapeutic effects on uterine fibroids (UFs). Herein, its anti-UF effects were examined using a systematic pharmacological method.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the active ingredients of XLW via mass spectrometry and its potential effects on UFs by network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A mass spectrometer was used to scrutinize the composition of the XLW drug-containing serum. The critical targets and potential mechanisms of XLW against UFs were predicted by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Next, human uterine leiomyoma cells (UMCs) were treated with 20%, 30%, or 40% XLW serum for 24 h, 48 h or 72 h. Cell viability was analyzed via a CCK-8 assay, and cell apoptosis and the cell cycle were examined via flow cytometry. The predicted targets were further identified by RT-PCR and western blotting.

RESULTS

There were 16 chemical components identified in XLW drug-containing serum, with 53 target genes predicated in the treatment of UFs. The molecular binding of core targets, including TRIM9, NF-κB and p38MAPK, was relatively stable to components, especially buergerinin B, cedrol and ent-15B-16-epoxy- kauan-17-ol. The in vitro experiments revealed that the IC50 of XLW in UMCs was 63.21%, and the anti-UF effects of XLW may be closely associated with targets that inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis by regulating TRIM9, NF-κB and p38MAPK expression.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The integration of mass spectrometry, network pharmacology, molecular docking and biological experiments revealed the key constituents of XLW and its pharmacological mechanism in UFs, which may help in the discovery of therapeutic agents for treating UFs.

Rapamycin exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting FKBP12 instead of mTORC1 in the mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by the selective loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, is a common neurodegenerative disorder for which effective disease-modifying therapies remain unavailable. Rapamycin, a clinical immunosuppressant used for decades, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in various animal models of neurological diseases, including PD. These effects are believed to be mediated through the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, with rapamycin binding to FKBP12. However, recent studies have suggested that mTOR activation can be neuroprotective in degenerating dopaminergic neurons, presenting a paradox to the neuroprotective mechanism of rapamycin via mTORC1 inhibition. In this study, we showed that mTORC1 signaling was inactivated in nigral dopaminergic neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. Notably, the optimal neuroprotective dose of rapamycin did not inhibit mTORC1 signaling nor restore autophagy defects in nigral dopaminergic neurons of MPTP-treated male C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, acute Raptor knockout in dopaminergic neurons, which abolishes mTORC1 activity, did not diminish rapamycin's neuroprotective effects, suggesting that its protection is independent of mTORC1 inhibition. Importantly, rapamycin is also a potent inhibitor of FKBP12, a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase highly expressed in the brain. Selective knockdown of FKBP12 in nigral dopaminergic neurons confers neuroprotective effects comparable to that of rapamycin, with no synergism observed when the two are combined. Collectively, our results indicate that rapamycin exerts neuroprotective effects in parkinsonian mice through inhibition of FKBP12 rather than mTORC1 signaling. These findings suggest that FKBP12 may serve as a novel target for disease-modifying therapies in PD.

A potent fluorescent probe for HOCl with dual NIR emissions: Achieving the early diagnosis of polystyrene microplastics-induced liver injury involved in ferroptosis

Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that pose a significant threat to ecosystems and human health. The toxicity of PS-MPs to the liver is associated with a surge of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the specific type of ROS triggered by PS-MPs in the injured liver tissue remains inadequately known. In this study, a dual-channel near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe TPAC-B with distinct aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties was contructed, which can specifically detect HOCl and target dual organelles (mitochondria and lipid droplets). Firstly, TPAC-B exhibited selective detection of HOCl with dual-channel imaging in PS-MPs-treated cells, thus eliciting a 40-fold ratiometric fluorescence enhancement. Probe TPAC-B was also prone to accumulate in the liver, and real-time monitoring of elevated HOCl levels in a mouse model of PS-MPs-induced liver injury was thus achieved. As confirmed by western blot analysis, PS-MPs could suppress the expression of ferroptosis regulatory proteins glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and Ferritin in liver cells and upregulate the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, a marker protein for oxidative stress). Therefore, the work shown here represents the first fluorescent probe capable of tracking the fluctuation of HOCl levels in PS-MPs-induced liver injury, providing a potent imaging tool for the early diagnosis of this disease.

Guyuan Jiannao decoction improves neurovascular unit dysfunction by regulating PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway in cerebral small vessel disease rats

ETHNOPHARMCOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a series of clinical, imaging, and pathological syndromes caused by brain microvascular damage and treated as a major contributing factor in many neurological diseases. Guyuan Jiannao Decoction (GYJND), a traditional Chinese formular, is clinically used for treating CSVD. However, the fundamental mechanism is nevertheless unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the potential mechanism underlying the effect of GYJND on CSVD.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

UPLC-Q-TOF/MS was employed to identify the chemical components of GYJND. Subsequently, CSVD models were utilized to assess the impact of GYJND in vivo. Morris Water Maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate cognitive function. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE), luxol fast blue (LFB) staining and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were performed to observe pathological changes of brain. Morphology and function of endothelial cells, astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, including Occludin, GFAP and Iba-1 were detected using immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemistry (ICH).

RESULTS

A total of 95 compounds were identified from GYJND, mainly including flavonoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, saponins, phenolic acids. In animal experiments, treatment with GYJND effectively improved cognitive function in rats, as observed by MWM. GYJND reduced brain tissue injury and improve the permeability of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and microvascular structure. Further, the morphology and structural damage of neurovascular unit (NVU) were alleviated after treatment of GYJND. GYJND also attenuated neuronal apoptosis, increased NeuN, GFAP and decreased Iba-1, AQP4 level in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, GYJND upregulated PI3K/AKT expression and inhibited NF-κB expression.

CONCLUSION

Our study suggested that GYJND treatment can protect NVU in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of CSVD. These effects may be achieved by inhibiting NF-κB through activation of PI3K/AKT signaling.

Hydroxychloroquine alleviates maternal separation-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors by preventing autophagic degradation of TRPV1

Previous studies have shown that schizophrenia is closely related to transient receptor potential vanilloid1 (TRPV1). It is reported that downregulation of TRPV1 occurs in animals undergoing maternal separation (MS) which can induce behaviors and pathology reminiscent of schizophrenia. In vitro, cortisol was found to degrade TRPV1 via autophagy induction. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an autophagy inhibitor, is recognized as an effective treatment to lower the risk of central nervous system degenerative diseases. This study aimed to explore whether HCQ can alleviate schizophrenia-like behaviors by modulating TRPV1 in a MS induced schizophrenia model. HCQ was administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg to rats just before MS on postnatal day 9 (PND9). Behavioral tests and measurements of biological markers were undertaken on PND10 and in adulthood. Furthermore, autophagy and TRPV1 levels were detected in the HT22 cells model. The results showed that autophagy levels increased in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of PND10 in MS rats, accompanied by decreased TRPV1. MS rats in adulthood showed impaired autophagy function and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, accompanied by schizophrenia-like behaviors. Early treatment with HCQ reverses these changes in MS rats and alleviates behavioral abnormalities. Our findings in the HT22 cells model confirmed the link between TRPV1 and autophagy. In summary, our findings suggest that HCQ prevents TRPV1 degradation via autophagy, alleviating MS-induced neurobiological and behavioral alterations.

Omarigliptin ameliorates cisplatin-induced renal damage: Cross-talk between glucagon-like peptide-1, HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4 signaling, and TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome/gasdermin D axis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Cisplatin is a platinum compound that is effective in management of neoplastic conditions including testicular, ovarian, and lung malignancies. However, the possible incidence of kidney damage may significantly affect its therapeutic value. Omarigliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor that is effective in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Interestingly, omarigliptin exhibited significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-autophagic properties in various body tissues. The focus of this research was to evaluate the possible effects of omarigliptin on the renal insult induced by cisplatin and to determine the pathological mechanisms that may precipitate these effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study employed forty Wistar rats which were randomized into 4 equal groups as follows: control group; cisplatin group (injected intraperitoneally with cisplatin at increasing weekly doses at 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 4.8 mg/kg starting from the end of the first week of the experiments); and 2 other groups treated with cisplatin as described above concomitantly with omarigliptin at 2.5 mg/kg/day and 5 mg/kg/day respectively orally starting 1 week before cisplatin administration and continuing for 6 days after the last cisplatin injection.

KEY FINDINGS

Omarigliptin dose-dependently combatted the renal damaging effects of cisplatin via affection of glucagon-like peptide-1 levels which subsequently modulates autophagy, the oxidant/antioxidant balance, pyroptosis, and the inflammatory microenvironment of the renal tissues. These favorable responses were associated with dose-dependent significant improvement of the renal morphological changes elicited by cisplatin.

SIGNIFICANCE

Omarigliptin may be introduced, for the first time, as a promising agent to mitigate the nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin.

Identification of Sinigrin as Active Compound of Rape Pollen for Treating Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Through PI3K/AKT/mTOR Axis

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common proliferative disease in older males. PuleanPian, containing rape pollen (RP), is a certified BPH medicine, but its main active compound and mechanism are unknown. This study aims to identify the main active compound of RP for the treatment of BPH. BPH rat models were induced with estradiol/testosterone (E2/T) and treated with RP or its alcohol extract (ALRP). RNA-seq and metabolomics were conducted, and RP compounds were identified via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In vitro experiments used BPH-1 and RWPE-1 cells. E2/T induced BPH symptoms, alleviated by RP and ALRP treatment. RP possibly acts through phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways, promoting autophagy. LC-MS identified five main RP compounds, with sinigrin implicated in BPH treatment via the PI3K/AKT(AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) axis. Sinigrin may be the active compound in RP for BPH treatment, acting through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis.

Zn2+ regulates mitochondrial DNA efflux to inhibit AIM2-mediated ZBP1-PANoptosome pathway and alleviate septic myocardial injury

This study was performed to investigate the mechanism by which zinc ion regulated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) efflux to inhibit the AIM2-mediated ZBP1-PANoptosome pathway and alleviate sepsis-induced myocardial injury. Here we discovered that zinc ions suppressed mitochondrial DNA release, thereby protecting the heart from LPS-induced damage in mice. In addition, LPS induced mPTP opening and mediated mtDNA efflux in cardiomyocytes, which drove AIM2 activation and ZBP1-PANoptosome multiprotein complex formation, leading to pan-apoptotic cardiomyocyte death. Zn2+ prevented mPTP opening to inhibit mtDNA efflux-driven AIM2 and ZBP1-PANoptosome multiprotein complex formation and alleviate PANoptosis. Knockdown of AIM2 alleviated LPS-induced PANoptosis in cardiomyocytes. LPS-induced PANoptosis in cardiomyocytes by regulating the ZBP1/RIPK3 pathway. However, activation of the ZBP1/RIPK3 pathway partially reversed the inhibitory effect of Zn2+ on PANoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Taken together, Zn2+ regulated mitochondrial DNA efflux to inhibit the AIM2-mediated ZBP1-PANoptosome pathway to alleviate septic myocardial injury.

Multi-omics analysis reveals the attenuation effect of C-phycocyanin on aging-induced subfertility in female mice

Excessive inflammatory responses within the ovary are one of the main causes of subfertility in elderly women. Eliminating these responses can reverse fertility in aged individuals. Here, we demonstrate that administering 300 mg kg-1 day-1 C-phycocyanin (PC) to 36-week-old female mice for 45 days can reduce age-related fertility decline, resulting in an increase in litter size from 7.53 to 10.90. PC administration in aged mice enhances ovarian antioxidant enzyme levels, promotes first polar extrusion, and supports early embryonic development. Additionally, PC increases the proportion of normal spindle-chromosome complexes, normalizes mitochondrial distribution, reduces ROS levels, and decreases early apoptosis in aged mice. Notably, PC intervention mitigates age-related changes in gut microbiota composition, serum metabolite profiles, and ovarian gene expression patterns. Mechanistically, PC exerts its effects by suppressing interferon-γ expression, attenuating interferon responses, and preventing ovarian fibrosis, thereby improving reproductive function in aged female mice. Collectively, these findings highlight PC as a potential therapeutic agent to counter age-related fertility decline through targeted anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Memory-Enhancing Effects of Daidzin, Possibly Through Dopaminergic and AChEergic Dependent Pathways

BACKGROUND

The soy isoflavone daidzin (DZN) possesses cognitive-enhancing effects in animals.

OBJECTIVES

However, the mechanism for this effect is yet to be discovered.

METHODS

For this, we investigate its memory-enhancing capacity using the mouse models of marble burying, dust removal, an open-field study, and in silico studies. Adult male Swiss albino mice were randomly assigned to different groups consisting of control (vehicle: 10 mL/kg), DZN 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, dopamine (agonist: 22 mg/kg), galantamine (inhibitor: 3 mg/kg), and a combination of DZN-10 with standards.

RESULTS

DZN dose-dependently and significantly (P < 0.05) increased marble burying and removed dust while decreasing the total distance in the open-field test (OFT). DZN-10 enhanced dopamine's effect significantly (P < 0.05). In silico findings suggest that DZN has strong binding capacities of -10.3, -7.5, -9.8, and -9.2 kcal/mol to the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), D1, D3, and D5 receptors, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, DZN may exert its memory-enhancing ability by interacting with AChE and dopamine receptors.

Qingshu Yiqi decoction ameliorates exertional heat stroke-induced intestinal barrier injury via NF-κB/MLC pathway and gut microbiota

BACKGROUND

Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a life-threatening condition induced by high-temperature environments, which poses significant health risks. The Qingshu Yiqi Decoction (QSYQD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula that is known to clear summer heat, replenish Qi, and protect intestinal function. However, experimental evidence and mechanistic insights into its role in EHS prevention are limited.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study is to evaluate the protective effects of QSYQD against EHS-induced hyperthermia and multi-organ injury and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

An EHS rat model was established using treadmill exercise in a high-temperature environment. The rats were pretreated with low, medium, or high doses of the QSYQD. The intestinal barrier function was assessed using biomarkers, an ultrastructural analysis, and key protein expressions. Network pharmacology was used to identify potential targets, and molecular mechanisms were validated using western blot. The gut microbiota composition was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing.

RESULTS

The QSYQD significantly alleviated hyperthermia and multi-organ injury in the EHS rats, and the medium dose had the most pronounced effects. It preserved intestinal barrier integrity by maintaining the tight junction protein levels and reducing biomarkers of epithelial damage. Network pharmacology and experimental validation revealed that the QSYQD inhibited the NF-κB and MLC signaling pathways, key regulators of intestinal barrier function. Additionally, the QSYQD altered the gut microbiota composition and notably increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, that has known heat stress protective effects.

CONCLUSIONS

QSYQD protects against EHS-induced damage by preserving intestinal barrier integrity, modulating gut microbiota, and inhibiting the NF-κB and MLC signaling pathways. Future studies will focus on identifying active compounds within QSYQD that enhance heat tolerance and provide EHS protection.

Isoquercetin alleviates osteoarthritis via regulating the NOX4/Nrf2 redox imbalance in senescent chondrocytes

The redox imbalance induced by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to senescent phenotypes of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis (OA). However, there is limited evidence regarding the involvement of NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX4)/NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) redox imbalance in OA. Isoquercetin (IQ), a quercetin derivative, exhibits promising antioxidative and anti-aging properties. Here, we found that IQ promoted redox homeostasis by inhibiting NOX4 and activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses, thereby ameliorating OA. Specifically, IQ significantly suppressed the expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs) in senescent chondrocytes. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that cellular senescence and oxidative stress were involved in the mechanism of IQ's effect on senescent chondrocytes. IQ effectively reversed redox imbalance, as evidenced by reduced levels of ROS and endogenous oxidants, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential and, elevated levels of endogenous antioxidants. Mechanistically, the elevated expression of NOX4 observed in patients with severe OA confirms its role in OA pathogenesis. Molecular docking and NOX4 knockdown experiments suggested that IQ may interact with NOX4 and inhibit its expression. This study identifies a potential therapeutic target and provides a promising candidate for OA treatment.

Artesunate Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia by Promoting IRF4 Associated Macrophage Polarization

Vascular restenosis is a serious clinical issue initiated and aggravated by macrophage inflammation, with no effective treatments available, in cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. However, the untapped mechanisms and new targets that can regulate macrophage polarization and vascular restenosis remain elusive. The research identifies interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) expression as crucial in macrophage polarization during arterial restenosis. Myeloid-specific Irf4 deficiency and overexpression experiments showed that IRF4 promoted M2 macrophage polarization, inhibited M1 macrophage transitions, and disrupted the interaction between macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells to reduce neointimal hyperplasia by directly upregulating krüppel like factor 4 (KLF4) expression. Artesunate, an FDA-approved drug, is screened as a potent activator of IRF4 expression in M2 polarization, and its treatment attenuated arterial restenosis in rodents and non-human primates. The findings reveal a significant protective role of IRF4 in the development of neointimal hyperplasia by regulating macrophage polarization, and artesunate may be proposed as a novel therapy for vascular restenosis.

Decabromodiphenyl ethane exposure-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction drives oxeiptosis in placental trophoblasts and induces fetal growth restriction

Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a newly emerging brominated flame retardant (BFR), has garnered increasing attention due to its high production volumes and widespread usage, prompting worries about its possible impacts on human well-being. Prior investigations have highlighted the substantial toxicity of DBDPE to the thyroid, liver, and cardiovascular systems, yet its effects on fetal growth and development remain inadequately understood. This investigation aims to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and consequences of DBDPE exposure on fetal growth and development through both in vivo and in vitro models. Pregnant mice were administered DBDPE orally at doses of 0, 0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg/kg bw/day. Results revealed that gestational DBDPE exposure caused placental damage, resulting in fetal growth restriction (FGR). A significant reduction in the phosphorylation level of AIFM1 Ser116 in placental trophoblasts was observed, specifically correlating with the activation of oxeiptosis. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses further suggested that DBDPE exposure disrupts the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway, thereby impairing mitochondrial function. Notably, treatment with MitoQ, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, effectively reversed DBDPE-induced oxeiptosis in placental trophoblasts, alleviating the negative effects of DBDPE on placental damage and FGR. Mechanistically, the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by gestational DBDPE exposure initiates oxeiptosis in placental trophoblasts, exacerbating placental injury and ultimately leading to FGR. In summary, this study integrates the roles of environmental pollutants, oxeiptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, offering new insights into the toxicological mechanisms by which DBDPE and other emerging pollutants impact fetal growth and development.

Curcumin inhibits pancreatic steatosis in mice with a high-fat diet through the YAP/p53 pathway and confirmed through ultrasonic imaging

AIMS

To investigate the mechanism by which curcumin inhibits pancreatic steatosis (PS), and the diagnostic value of ultrasonography in the pancreas of mice with obesity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Male mice were randomly divided into normal chow diet (NC), high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD + 80 mg/kg curcumin groups (HC) and maintained for 12 weeks to induce PS. Weight and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were collected biweekly and oral glucose tolerance test and insulin levels were measured in the final week. The morphology and fat infiltration of pancreas were observed by ultrasonography and histology. The level of blood lipid was detected, and the expression of genes and proteins related to lipid metabolism in pancreatic tissues was analyzed.

RESULTS

Compared to the NC and HC groups, the HFD group had higher body weight, cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL and HDL levels, along with increased inflammation and fat deposits in the pancreas. The HC group had milder inflammation and lower glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (P<0.05). The gray value, steatosis scores, immunohistochemical results, and ORO staining were significantly correlated (P<0.05). Correlations were found between gray values, steatosis scores, and ORO staining (P<0.05). In comparison to the HFD, expression of LATS2, FAS, YAP, and SREBP2 were downregulated and p53 was upregulated in the HC group.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin is a potential modulator of insulin resistance and SREBP2 expression, with its underlying mechanism possibly mediated through the YAP/p53 signaling pathway. Pancreatic steatosis exhibits distinct ultrasonographic features, making ultrasound an effective diagnostic tool for identifying the condition.

Investigation of the fingerprint-activity relationship of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides and its mitigating effect on radiation-induced intestinal injury

The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the fingerprint of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPs) sourced from China and their bioactivities, with an emphasis on identifying the most bioactive TFP variety that significantly mitigated radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII). Firstly, the multi-fingerprints we developed indicated that TFPs were classified as acidic, primarily consisting of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, xylose, and fucose, with average molecular weight (Mw) ranging from 1.65 × 103 to 2.50 × 103 kDa. Subsequently, in vitro activity evaluations demonstrated variability in the antioxidant activities and the inhibitory effects on cancer cell proliferation among TFPs. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated a significant correlation between monosaccharide composition of TFPs and their bioactivity, whereas Mw did not exhibit a similar relationship. Notably, TFP sourced from Zhenjinhui (Gutian, Fujian) (i.e., TFP-2) and Shengkuo (Tongjiang, Sichuan) (i.e., TFP-23) exhibited the most significant bioactivities, both effectively mitigating RIII in mice, with TFP-23 proving to be more effective. Further investigations indicated that TFP-23 provided radioprotective benefits by rectifying RIII-induced dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota and increasing probiotic abundance. Consequently, this study not only clarifies the fingerprint-activity relationship of TFPs but also promotes the potential of TFP-23 as innovative agents for radiation protection.

Repeated lidocaine exposure induces synaptic and cognitive impairment in aged mice by activating microglia and neurotoxic A1 astrocytes

In the perioperative setting, the administration of intravenous lidocaine is widespread. This study investigates the effects of varying frequencies of intravenous lidocaine on cognitive function in mice of differing ages. Young adult and aged mice received systemic lidocaine either once or three times. Our findings indicated that repeated exposure to systemic lidocaine in aged mice resulted in cognitive impairment, accompanied by neuronal apoptosis and synaptic loss in the hippocampus. Additionally, repeated lidocaine exposure activated microglia and neurotoxic A1 astrocytes in aged mice. Notably, the adverse effects were significantly diminished when aged mice were treated with dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), a specific NF-κB inhibitor. Furthermore, depleting microglia with PLX5622 effectively prevented the activation of A1 astrocytes and synaptic loss following lidocaine exposure. This study provides evidence linking age and exposure frequency to cognitive impairment due to systemic lidocaine administration, correlating with the activation of microglia and neurotoxic A1 astrocytes.

Targeting Respiratory Viruses: The Efficacy of Intranasal mRNA Vaccination in Generating Protective Mucosal and Systemic Immunity Against Influenza A (H1N1)

Four significant influenza outbreaks have occurred over the past 100 years, and the 1918 influenza pandemic is the most severe. Since influenza viruses undergo antigenic evolution, they are the pathogens most likely to trigger a new pandemic shortly. Intranasal vaccination offers a promising strategy for preventing diseases triggered by respiratory viruses by eliciting an immunoglobulin A (IgA) response, limiting virus replication and transmission from the respiratory tract more efficiently than intramuscular vaccines. Combining intranasal administration and mRNA-lipid nanoparticles can be an ideal strategy for limiting the extent of the next flu pandemic. This study explored the immunogenicity of intranasally delivered mRNA encapsulated in mannose-histidine-conjugated chitosan lipid nanoparticles (MHCS-LNPs) as a vaccine against influenza A (H1N1) in BALB/c mice. Intranasal administration of mRNA-MHCS-LNPs resulted in the generation of influenza A (H1N1) hemagglutinin-specific neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated animals. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results indicated a notable increase in the quantity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies in serum and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), respectively, and exhibited influenza A-specific IFN-γ secretion in vaccinated mice, as well as a noticeable alteration in IL-5 production. Overall, this study demonstrated an effective immunogenic response against respiratory viral infections through intranasal delivery of an mRNA-MHCS-LNP vaccine.

Bushen Jiedu formula alleviates colorectal cancer progression through reducing lncRPPH1 in tumor-derived extracellular vesicles

BACKGROUND

The Bushen Jiedu Formula (BSJDF) is a traditional and effective chemical prescription of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) administered due to its anti-cancer properties, particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC).

PURPOSE

This study proposes to explore the therapeutic benefits of BSJDF against metastasis in CRC and unravel its regulatory mechanisms related to the tumor microenvironment.

STUDY DESIGN/METHODS

The combination of mass spectrometry and network pharmacology was used to analyze the involvement of BSJDF in anti-tumor progression. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to measure the regulatory effect of BSJDF on tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), which induce the M2 polarization of macrophages and CRC metastasis. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and RT-qPCR assays were employed to elucidate the mechanisms by which tumor-derived EVs induce macrophage M2-type polarization.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology illuminated that immune and inflammatory response pathways were involved in the beneficial effects of BSJDF on CRC. In vivo experiments indicated that BSJDF suppressed the metastasis of CRC to the liver by modulating macrophage immune infiltration. Mechanically, BSJDF inhibited CRC metastasis via modulating tumor-derived EVs that facilitate the polarization of M2 macrophages. Moreover, BSJDF suppressed the metastasis of CRC and the polarization of M2 macrophages by reducing lncRPPH1 in tumor-derived EVs.

CONCLUSIONS

BSJDF blocked the M2-type polarization of macrophages and prevented CRC metastasis by decreasing the expression levels of lncRPPH1 in tumor-derived EVs.

Telomere Length of Cardiomyocytes in Wistar Rat Treated with Doxorubicin: In Vivo Experimental Study

The effect of doxorubicin on the relative telomere length of cardiomyocytes in Wistar rats was studied. Doxorubicin (2 mg/kg body weight) was injected into the caudal vein once a week for 4 weeks, the control group was injected with 0.9% NaCl solution in an equivalent volume. The serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (MCP-1 and TNFα), oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were measured. In rats treated with doxorubicin, the relative length of cardiomyocyte telomeres and serum levels of 8-OHdG were higher than the in control. Thus, molecular effects of subchronic low-dose doxorubicin exposure in rats were revealed: telomeric regions of cardiomyocyte DNA were lengthened, and the level of oxidative stress marker increased.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide and Nicotinamide Riboside Improve Dyslipidemia and Fatty Liver but Promote Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice

Background: Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and nicotinamide riboside (NR) are intermediary products in NAD+ metabolism. NMN and NR supplementation can elevate NAD+ levels in tissues, addressing health issues associated with aging and obesity. However, the impact of NMN and NR on atherosclerosis remains incompletely elucidated. Methods: C57BL/6J and Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were used to explore the impact of NMN and NR supplementation on serum lipids, fatty liver, and atherosclerosis. Additionally, various suppliers, administration protocols, and doses on ApoE-/- mice were investigated. Results: The intragastric administration of NMN (300 mg/kg) and NR (230 mg/kg) reduced body weight, serum lipids, and fatty liver but aggravated atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice after 4 months of administration with different suppliers. Atherosclerosis also deteriorated after 2 months of different NMN administration protocols (intragastric and water administration) in ApoE-/- mice with existing plaques. The effects of NMN were dose-dependent, and doses around 100 mg/kg had little harmful effects on atherosclerosis. Conclusions: NMN and NR improve dyslipidemia and fatty liver but promote atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. These findings emphasize the safe dosage for the clinical trials of NMN.

Safety and immunogenicity of Ad5-nCoV administered intradermally by needle-free injector in rats

Objectives

To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of adenovirus type 5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoV), by intradermal immunization with a needle-free injector in rats.

Methods

This study was divided into two parts. In study A, 105 rats were randomly assigned to seven groups, to receive the low-dose, medium-dose, or high-dose vaccine by needle-free intradermal injections (NFI), or needle-based intramuscular injections (NI), or needle-free intradermal injections with saline solution as a control group. Blood samples were collected on day 0 before vaccination, and day 7, day 14, day 21 and day 28 after vaccination. Binding antibody, pseudovirus neutralizing antibody as well as cellular immune response were measured. The safety endpoints included weight changes and skin reactions. In study B, 32 rats were randomly assigned to four groups to receive low-dose, or medium-dose vaccine by NFI or NI, to observe pathological changes at the injection site following immunization.

Results

No safety concern was noted associated with NFI of Ad5-nCoV. Comparable levels of neutralizing antibodies against various variants induced by NFI compared to NI at the same dosage.

Conclusion

The NFI immunization would be considered as an alternative immunization method to replace the traditional NI for the Ad5-nCoV.

Effect of Rhei Radix Et Rhizome on treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome by regulating PI3K/AKT pathway and targeting EGFR/ALB in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Abnormal endocrine metabolism caused by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) poses a serious risk to reproductive health in females. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theories, the leading causes of PCOS include turbid phlegm, blood stasis and stagnation of liver Qi. Rhei Radix Et Rhizome is widely used in TCM to attack stagnation, clear damp heat, relieve fire. Rhei Radix Et Rhizome is an important part of the TCM formulas for the treatment of PCOS, which has a long history of medicinal use. However, the specific effect and mechanisms of Rhei Radix Et Rhizome on PCOS have yet to be elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The object of this study aimed to investigate the effect and its pharmacological mechanism of Rhei Radix Et Rhizome on the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome.

METHODS

PCOS was induced in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by administering letrozole (1 mg/kg, per orally, p.o.) for 21 days, then treated with Rhei Radix Et Rhizome at doses of 0.6 g/kg or 1.2 g/kg. Rats weight, blood glucose and estrus period are measured, and serum hormone include free testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and ovarian lesions were observed to determine the effects of Rhei Radix Et Rhizome. Network pharmacology and molecular docking predicted the targets of Rhei Radix Et Rhizome on PCOS. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), albumin (ALB), PI3K and P-AKT/AKT protein expression levels in ovarian tissues were assessed by Western blot.

RESULTS

Rhei Radix Et Rhizome reduce abnormal weight and fasting blood glucose induced by letrozole (n = 5, p < 0.01), and improve the disturbed estrus cycle, reduce T, LH levels and LH/FSH ratio of PCOS rats (n = 4, p < 0.01). In addition, it alleviates the polycystic changes of ovaries in PCOS rats and reduces ovarian histopathological damage (n = 4, p < 0.01). Additionally, the core active components of Rhei Radix Et Rhizome for PCOS include Sennoside D_qt, Procyanidin B-5,3'-O-gallate, and Mutatochrome, which strongly bind to core therapeutic targets ALB and EGFR. Furthermore, the treatment reduces the increase of EGFR and ALB induced by letrozole (n = 4, p < 0.01). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis highlights endocrine resistance and prolactin signaling pathway, in both of which the PI3K/AKT pathway plays a crucial role. Our results show Rhei Radix Et Rhizome rescue the abnormal expression of PI3K/AKT pathway in PCOS rats (n = 4, p < 0.01). However, no significant dose-dependent relationship was observed in the tested dose range for the above experiments.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that Rhei Radix Et Rhizome can regulate the PI3K/AKT pathway and target EGFR and ALB to treat polycystic ovary syndrome in rats. This study provides a scientific basis for the use of Rhei Radix Et Rhizome in the treatment of PCOS and highlights its potential mechanism through modulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Traditional medicine Bazi Bushen potentiates immunosurveillance of senescent liver cancer cells via cGAS-STING signaling activation in macrophages

Senescent cancer cells often evade immune clearance to exert profound effects on cancer progression and therapy resistance. Improving immunosurveillance to eliminate senescent cancer cells is a crucial measure to enhance anti-cancer therapy. Bazi Bushen (BZBS) is a traditional medicine with the function of relieving fatigue and delaying ageing, but its role in tumor treatment remains poorly understood. Herein, we find that BZBS promotes immunosurveillance of both chemotherapy- and oncogene-induced senescent liver cancer cells, further leading to enhanced chemotherapy efficacy and dramatic tumor repression in mice. Mechanistically, BZBS induces mitochondrial DNA leakage by mitochondrial damage to further activate cGAS-STING signaling in macrophages. Subsequently, cGAS-STING signaling activation in macrophages recruits CD8+ T cells into tumor and promotes the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T cells to eradicate senescent cancer cells. Furthermore, host STING is responsible for BZBS-mediated immunosurveillance of senescent liver cancer cells in mice. Therefore, our findings unveil the role of traditional medicine BZBS in activating cGAS-STING signaling and potentiating senescence immunosurveillance to enhance anti-cancer therapy.

Bie Jia Jian pill ameliorates BDL-induced cholestatic hepatic fibrosis in rats by regulating intestinal microbial composition and TMAO-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

As a compound of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Bie Jia Jian pill (BJJP) is extensively used to treat the clinical chronic liver disease. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism through which BJJP affects hepatic fibrosis (HF) remains unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the role and potential mechanism of BJJP involved in treating HF.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HF model of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was induced by a bile duct ligation (BDL). The function of BJJP involved in the intestinal microbiota (IM) and its metabolites in BDL-induced HF rats were explored through the 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics technologies. Network pharmacology was used to forecast mechanism underlying BJJP's anti-HF effects, which were validated in BDL-induced rats and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)-induced LX-2 and HSC-T6 cells.

RESULTS

BJJP effectively ameliorated pathological liver damage, inflammation, and fibrosis of the BDL-induced HF rats. BJJP regulated IM diversity and composition and interfered with trimethylamine (TMA)-flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3)-TMAO process. In vitro, BJJP significantly inhibited the TMAO-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) (rat HSC cell line, HSC-T6; human HSC cell line, LX-2). Network pharmacology results demonstrated that PI3K/AKT signal pathway is crucially involved in BJJP treatment of HF. Further research revealed that BJJP inhibited the PI3K/AKT signal pathway in BDL-induced HF rats. Moreover, TMAO activated the PI3K/AKT pathway, whereas BJJP suppressed TMAO-induced activation. Subsequent intervention with 740Y-P (the PI3K agonist) successfully neutralized the repression effect on PI3K/AKT signal pathway by BJJP.

CONCLUSION

These results clearly show that BJJP attenuates HF by regulating the IM, as well as inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway mediated by TMAO.

Qingke Pingchuan granules alleviate airway inflammation in COPD exacerbation by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular traps in mice

BACKGROUND

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) imposes a significant global health and socioeconomic burden. Exacerbations of COPD (ECOPD), characterized by heightened airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion, adversely affect patient health and accelerate disease progression. Qingke Pingchuan (QKPC) granules, a formulation from Traditional Chinese Medicine initially prescribed for acute bronchitis, have shown unexplored potential in ECOPD management, with mechanisms of action yet to be clarified.

PURPOSE

This study investigates the therapeutic effects of QKPC in a mouse model of ECOPD, focusing on underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

COPD was induced in mice through chronic cigarette smoke (CS) exposure, followed by intratracheal administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to trigger exacerbation, after which mice were treated with QKPC granules. Major compounds in QKPC were identified via UHPLC-QE-MS, and high-throughput RNA sequencing of lung tissue samples identified differentially expressed genes. Transcriptomic data were integrated with network pharmacology analysis to pinpoint potential pathways, bioactive compounds, and target genes through which QKPC might attenuate ECOPD. Molecular docking, protein-small molecule binding assays, and in vitro analyses further validated interactions between key compounds and target genes, shedding light on plausible signaling pathways.

RESULTS

QKPC treatment led to significant reductions in airway leukocyte infiltration and goblet cell metaplasia in CS- and LPS-exposed mice, accompanied by decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL1, and TNF-α) and mucin MUC5AC in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The integrative transcriptomic and network pharmacology analysis identified the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation pathway as a key mechanism underlying QKPC's protective effect against ECOPD. In vitro assays demonstrated that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and quercetin, two important bioactive compounds in QKPC, significantly inhibited NETosis induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) plus LPS in human neutrophils. The two compounds were found to interact directly with the reactive oxidative species (ROS)-generating enzyme NOX2 and its regulatory subunit p47phox. Subsequent in vitro studies further confirmed EGCG and quercetin's capacity to reduce ROS production and downregulate NOX2 and p47phox protein levels in neutrophils stimulated with CSE and LPS. Additionally, in vivo studies confirmed QKPC's efficacy in reducing NET formation, oxidative stress, and NOX2/p47phox protein expression in the lung tissue of ECOPD mice.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that QKPC granules alleviate airway inflammation in ECOPD, potentially through inhibition of pulmonary NET formation via the NOX2/p47phox-ROS pathway, underscoring their potential therapeutic application for ECOPD management in clinical settings.

Evaluation of systemic and brain pharmacokinetic parameters for repurposing metformin using intravenous bolus administration

Metformin's potential in treating ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative conditions is of growing interest. Yet, the absence of established systemic and brain pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters at relevant preclinical doses presents a significant knowledge gap. This study highlights these PK parameters and the importance of using pharmacologically relevant preclinical doses to study pharmacodynamics in stroke and related neurodegenerative diseases. A liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method to measure metformin levels in plasma, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid was developed and validated. In vitro assays examined brain tissue binding and metabolic stability. Intravenous bolus administration of metformin to C57BL6 mice covered a low- to high-dose range maintaining pharmacological relevance. Quantification of metformin in the brain was used to assess brain PK parameters, such as unidirectional blood-to-brain constant (Kin) and unbound brain-to-plasma ratio (Kp, uu, brain). Metformin exhibited no binding in the mouse plasma and brain and remained metabolically stable. It rapidly entered the brain, reaching detectable levels in as little as 5 minutes. A Kin value of 1.87 ± 0.27 μL/g/min was obtained. As the dose increased, Kp, uu, brain showed decreased value, implying saturation, but this did not affect an increase in absolute brain concentrations. Metformin was quantifiable in the cerebrospinal fluid at 30 minutes but decreased over time, with concentrations lower than those in the brain across all doses. Our findings emphasize the importance of metformin dose selection based on PK parameters for preclinical pharmacological studies. We anticipate further investigations focusing on PKs and pharmacodynamics in disease conditions, such as stroke. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The study establishes crucial pharmacokinetic parameters of metformin for treating ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, addressing a significant knowledge gap. It further emphasizes the importance of selecting pharmacologically relevant preclinical doses. The findings highlight metformin's rapid brain entry, minimal binding, and metabolic stability. The necessity of considering pharmacokinetic parameters in preclinical studies provides a foundation for future investigations into metformin's efficacy for neurodegenerative disease(s).

Chronic oral administration of L-carnitine induces testicular injury: in vivo evidence

PURPOSE

While L-carnitine is commonly used to treat oligoasthenozoospermia, concerns have been raised regarding its potential harm to spermatogenesis. This study aims to investigate the potential testicular toxicity of long-term oral administration of L-carnitine.

METHODS

In this study, we refer to the clinical adult dosage and mode of L-carnitine administration, and after converting to mouse doses, mice were daily intragastrical administered L-carnitine to investigate whether it was harmful to the testis. The investigation involved assessing its potential testicular toxicity through histopathological staining, sperm motility analysis, and quantitative real-time PCR.

RESULTS

Our results showed that L-carnitine increased sperm motility after 14 days of continuous administration, but increased luminal exfoliated spermatogenic cells occurred in the testis, and TUNEL results showed increased apoptotic cells. Compared with the control group, the mRNA expression of the spermatogenic cell marker at each stage was decreased in mice treated for 14 consecutive days of L-carnitine. After 50 days of continuous administration followed by 14 days of drug withdrawal, the total sperm motility of mice was almost 0, and a large number of abnormal eosinophilic spermatogenic cells appeared in the testis. These indicate that oral L-carnitine for more than 14 days impairs spermatogenesis in mice, and sudden discontinuation of administration results in substantial death of established spermatogenic cell populations.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that chronic oral administration of L-carnitine impairs spermatogenic function in the testis. The oral administration of L-carnitine to enhance sperm motility should not exceed the 2/5 point of the spermatogenic cycle.

Organophosphate Insecticide Malathion Induces Alzheimer's Disease-Like Cognitive Impairment in Mice: Evidence of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Evidence suggests that exposure to organophosphate pesticides increases the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, but the mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of malathion on Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like symptoms at environmentally relevant concentrations using wild-type (WT) and APP/PS1 transgenic mouse models. Results showed that malathion exposure induced AD-like cognitive impairment, amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, and neuroinflammation in WT mice, with worsened symptoms in APP/PS1 mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that malathion induced AD-like gut microbiota dysbiosis (reduced Lactobacillus and Akkermansia, and increased Dubosiella), causing gut barrier impairment and tryptophan metabolism disruptions. This resulted in a significant increase in indole derivatives and activation of the colonic aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), promoting the kynurenine (KYN) pathway while inhibiting the serotonin (5-HT) pathway. Increased neurotoxic KYN metabolites (3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid) triggered gut and systemic inflammation, upregulating hippocampal IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA levels and thereby causing neuroinflammation. Gut tryptophan metabolism disruptions caused hippocampal neurotransmitter imbalances, reducing the levels of 5-HT and its derivatives. These effects promoted AD progression in both WT and APP/PS1 mice. This study highlights the crucial role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in AD-like cognitive impairment induced by malathion exposure, providing insights into the neurodegenerative disease risks posed by organophosphate pesticides.

Rapid automated production of tubular 3D intestine-on-a-chip with diverse cell types using coaxial bioprinting

Despite considerable animal sacrifices and investments, drug development often falters in clinical trials due to species differences. To address this issue, specific in vitro models, such as organ-on-a-chip technology using human cells in microfluidic devices, are recognized as promising alternatives. Among the various organs, the human small intestine plays a pivotal role in drug development, particularly in the assessment of digestion and nutrient absorption. However, current intestine-on-a-chip devices struggle to accurately replicate the complex 3D tubular structures of the human small intestine, particularly when it comes to integrating a variety of cell types effectively. This limitation is primarily due to conventional fabrication methods, such as soft lithography and replica molding. In this research, we introduce a novel coaxial bioprinting method to construct 3D tubular structures that closely emulate the organization and functionality of the small intestine with multiple cell types. To ensure stable production of these small intestine-like tubular structures, we analyzed the rheological properties of bioinks to select the most suitable materials for coaxial bioprinting technology. Additionally, we conducted biological assessments to validate the gene expression patterns and functional attributes of the 3D intestine-on-a-chip. Our 3D intestine-on-a-chip, which faithfully replicates intestinal functions and organization, demonstrates clear superiority in both structure and biological function compared to the conventional 2D model. This innovative approach holds significant promise for a wide range of future applications.

Intraperitoneal delivery of cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydocannabinol (THC) promotes papillomavirus infections in athymic nude mice

We used our mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1) model to test the hypothesis that two primary psychoactive ingredients of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), promote papillomavirus persistence in the oral mucosa of infected mice. We conducted intraperitoneal (ip) injections of a moderate dose (3 mg/kg) of either CBD and/or THC in both male and female athymic nude mice and followed the mice up to 20 weeks post-infection. These doses are comparable to what is estimated for human conventional cannabis consumption. All mice were infected with MmuPV1 in the oral cavity at week 4 post-ip delivery of CBD, THC, or a combination of THC and CBD (T + C). THC and CBD were detected in the blood of treated mice for up to 72 h after ip injection. Significantly higher levels of viral DNA were detected in males from both CBD and T + C-treated groups compared to those in the control group at 9- 10-and 12-weeks post infection. A marginally increased viral RNA was also detected in the infected tongues of males in all tested groups compared to that in males in the vehicle control group; the opposite was observed in females. We detected significantly higher levels of dermal dendritic cells (CD205+CD11c+), granulocytes (Ly6G+), but macrophages (F4-80+) recruited to the infected tongues of CBD-treated females. Our findings suggest that CBD may play a role in promoting MmuPV1 persistence in the oral cavity.

Methamphetamine-induced impairment of memory and fleeting neuroinflammation: Profiling mRNA changes in mouse hippocampus following short-term and long-term exposure

Methamphetamine (METH) has been implicated in inducing memory impairment, but the precise mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. Current research often limits itself to singular models or focuses on individual gene or protein functions, which hampers a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we established three METH mouse exposure models, extracted hippocampal nuclei, and utilized RNA sequencing to analyze changes in mRNA expression profiles. Our results indicate that METH significantly impairs the learning and memory capabilities of mice. Additionally, we observed that METH-induced inflammatory responses occur in the early phase and do not further exacerbate with repeated injections. However, RNA sequencing revealed the persistent enrichment of inflammatory pathway molecules, which correlated with worsened behaviors. This suggests that although METH-induced neuroinflammation plays a critical role in learning and memory impairment, the continued enrichment of inflammatory pathway molecules is associated with behavioral outcomes. These findings provide crucial evidence for the potential application of immune intervention in METH-related disorders.

Siwu decoction mitigates radiation-induced immune senescence by attenuating hematopoietic damage

BACKGROUND

To investigate the long term effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), immune tissues and cells, and the effects of Siwu decoction (SWD) on immune senescence mice.

METHODS

C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to 6.0 Gy 60Co γ irradiation. After 8-weeks of IR, SWD (5, 10, 20 g/kg/d) was administered for 30 days. The changes of HSPCs in bone marrow (BM) and T, B type lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cells in spleen were detected by flow cytometry. The changes of peripheral blood cells were also examined. Hematoxylin-eosin staining were used to detect the pathological lesions of hippocampus, spleen and thymus tissues. Absolute mouse telomere length quantification qPCR assay kit was used to measure the telomere length of BM cells. The expression of factors associated with inflammation and aging such as p16, β-galactosidase in spleen, thymus and BM was determined.

RESULTS

Administration of SWD could increase the proportion of LSK (Lin-, Sca-1 + , c-Kit-), multipotent progenitor cells and multipotent progenitor cells and decrease the proportion of common myeloid progenitors and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in BM. The proportion of B cells and NK cells in spleen and the content of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, lymphocytes and eosinophils in peripheral blood were increased, at the same time, the proportion of neutrophils and monocytes was reduced by SWD. The pathological lesions of hippocampus, spleen and thymus were improved. The expression of p16 and β-galactosidase in spleen, thymus and BM was reduced and shortening of the telomere of BM cells was inhibited after administration. In addition, SWD could reduce the content of Janus activated kinase (JAK) 1, JAK2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in BM and spleen.

CONCLUSIONS

SWD could slow down IR-induced immune senescence by improving hematopoietic and immunologic injury. SWD might reduce the inflammation level of BM hematopoietic microenvironment by acting on JAK/STAT signaling pathway, while the immune damage of mice was improved by affecting the differentiation of HSPCs. The remission of hematopoietic and immunologic senescence was further demonstrated at the overall level.

Daphnetin ameliorates hepatic steatosis by suppressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) in ob/ob mice

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the predominant metabolic liver disorder and currently lacks effective and safe pharmaceutical interventions. Daphnetin (DA), a natural coumarin derivative with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, is a promising agent for NAFLD treatment. In this study, we evaluated the effects and mechanisms of DA on hepatic lipid metabolism in ob/ob mice. Our results showed that DA effectively ameliorates glucose metabolism and hepatic lipid accumulation in ob/ob mice. Metabolomics and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), combined with GEO data analysis, suggest that DA primarily modulates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) pathway, as validated in vivo in ob/ob mice. Mechanistically, DA selectively targets PPARG in hepatic cells by inhibiting PPARG promoter activity and downregulating its expression, resulting in decreased transcription of downstream lipid metabolism-related genes, including fatty acid binding protein 4 (Fabp4), cluster of differentiation 36 (Cd36), and fatty acid synthase (Fasn). This effect was abolished in PPARG-deficient HepG2 cells subjected to palmitic acid (PA) insult. Our findings provide evidence that DA acts as a selective suppressor of hepatic PPARG, suggesting an attractive strategy by targeting PPARG for the prevention of hepatic steatosis.

Xiaobugan decoction prevents CCl4-induced acute liver injury by modulating gut microbiota and hepatic metabolism

BACKGROUND

The liver plays a crucial role in detoxification and metabolism. When its capacity to metabolize foreign substances is exceeded, it can lead to acute liver injury (ALI). Therefore, preventing liver disease and maintaining daily liver health are of utmost importance. Xiaobugan Decoction (XBGD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, is recorded in 'Fuxingjue', is used in folk practice to promote liver health and regulate respiration. However, the hepatoprotective mechanisms of XBGD remained unclear.

PURPOSE

We investigated the prophylactic and hepatoprotective effects of XBGD and explored its related molecular mechanisms using a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced ALI.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

XBGD composition was determined using analytical methods, and the main compounds were identified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive focus mass spectrum (UHPLC-QE-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A CCl4-induced L02 cell injury model was employed to explore the protective effects of XBGD on liver cells, and a CCl4-induced ALI mouse model was used to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of XBGD.

RESULTS

Cellular experiments demonstrated that XBGD had a protective function against L02 cell damage by increasing cell viability, restoring alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and improving mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). In the mouse ALI model, XBGD prevented ALI by reducing ALT, AST, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and inhibiting oxidative stress. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immumohistochemical staining and western blotting results revealed that XBGD exerted hepatoprotective effects by reducing inflammatory responses and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Furthermore, 1H-NMR metabolomics indicated that XBGD regulates hepatic and intestinal metabolism, whereas 16S rDNA sequencing demonstrated the regulatory effects of XBGD on the gut microbiota. Correlation analysis highlighted the close relationship among gut microbiota, metabolites, and ALI indicators.

CONCLUSIONS

XBGD is a promising TCM for the prevention of CCl4-induced ALI via regulation of microbiota and metabolism. This study provides a new perspective on the development of hepatoprotective measures and the prevention of liver disease in daily life.

Prenatal dexamethasone exposure reduces osteoprogenitor proliferation in mice via histone modifications at the Mkp-1 gene locus

Prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) has long-term consequences in bone development, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Our results show that PDE offspring exhibit reduced bone mass, fewer osteoblasts and diminished osteoprogenitors proliferation. Further analyses show that PDE increases MKP-1 expression, while decreasing H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) and H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) at the Mkp-1 gene locus. Mechanistically, dexamethasone suppresses osteoprogenitors proliferation by upregulating MKP-1 expression, notably through the inhibition of H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 modifications, which promote demethylation and transcriptional activation of the Mkp-1 gene. Importantly, restoring histone methylation balance with PFI-90 or GSK-J4 treatment blocks the inhibitory effects of PDE on MAPK signaling in osteoprogenitors, and mitigates the detrimental impact of PDE on osteoprogenitor proliferation and bone development in the offspring. This study provides new insights into the epigenetic mechanism by which PDE disrupts long-term programming of fetal osteoprogenitor proliferation, ultimately impairing long bone growth in offspring.

Inhibitory effect of tea flower polysaccharides on oxidative stress and microglial oxidative damage in aging mice by regulating gut microbiota

Tea flower polysaccharides (TFPS) have prominent anti-aging effect. In this study, we used an animal model of aging induced by D-galactose in mice to investigate the effect of TFPS on reducing inflammatory factors, lowering oxidative stress levels, and inhibiting oxidative damage to microglia from the perspective of regulating gut microbiota. The results showed that TFPS could improve the homeostasis of gut microbiota in aging mice, reduce the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidota, and significantly increase the abundance of Lactobacillus. At the same time, TFPS reduced the excessive activation of hippocampal microglia in aging mice, significantly down-regulated the levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and nuclear transcription factor NF-κB, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and POD, and reduced the content of MDA. Our research results indicate that TFPS can improve the disorder of gut microbiota, alleviate oxidative damage to glial cells, alleviate neuroinflammation, and play a role in delaying aging.

Exploring heparin's protective mechanism against AGEs induced endothelial injury

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in diabetes can cause endothelial damage. Heparin, widely known as a recognized anticoagulant, is also a multifunctional therapeutic drug. This study investigated whether heparin could ameliorate AGEs-induced endothelial injury. Remarkably, heparin effectively attenuated this cellular damage and assumed a reparative role. Furthermore, heparin inhibited the AGEs-RAGE-NFκB axis, thereby mitigating endothelial inflammatory injury. Comprehensive proteome and knockdown experiments suggested that heparin may exert a positive influence on cell growth and further alleviate pathological damage by upregulating the expression of LYAR (cell growth-regulating nucleolar protein). Diabetic mouse model was also used to further verify the changes of endothelial tissue in diabetic state and heparin intervention. In summary, these findings demonstrate that heparin has the potential to ameliorate AGEs-induced endothelial injury, opening new avenues for exploring the expanded therapeutic roles of heparin and its potential application in the management of diabetes and its associated complications.

Levamisole Ameliorates Rheumatoid Arthritis by Downregulating the PI3K/Akt Pathway in SD Rats

Background/Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a protracted course, high rates of morbidity, and disability yet lacks effective therapeutic modalities. Levamisole (LVM), an immunomodulatory drug, has been clinically reported for its potential in RA treatment, while its therapeutic mechanism toward RA remains to be elucidated. Hence, this study provides theoretical support for the application of LVM in the treatment of RA. Methods: This study employed male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to construct the adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model, administering LVM orally (5 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, and 45 mg/kg) for 25 days. An evaluation of LVM's therapeutic effects on RA was conducted through arthritis index scores, paw pad thickness, paw volume, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, 3D microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) scans, serum levels of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, and serum biochemical indicators. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry staining were utilized to measure the expression levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) proteins in synovial and ankle joint tissues. Results: Treatment with the median dose of LVM (15 mg/kg, M-LVM) significantly reduced the arthritis index (p < 0.01), paw pad thickness (p < 0.001), and paw volume (p < 0.01) without affecting body weight. Additionally, M-LVM alleviated inflammatory lesions in the synovium and ankle joints and also normalized serum levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). The Model group exhibited significant increases in serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p < 0.01), creatine kinase (CK) (p < 0.05), and glucose (GLU) (p < 0.001) compared with the Control group; however, M-LVM effectively regulated these parameters to normal levels. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry staining revealed that PI3K-/Akt-related proteins were highly expressed in the synovial and ankle joint tissues of rats in the Model group, while treatment with M-LVM significantly reduced the expression of these proteins. Furthermore, histological examination of major organs (heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, and thymus) showed no significant pathological changes, with the exception of the spleen, where M-LVM ameliorated splenic lesions. Conclusions: We demonstrate that LVM at an optimal dose substantially relieves synovitis and bone erosion in AIA rats by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Actein ameliorates diet-induced obesity through the activation of AMPK-mediated white fat browning

BACKGROUND

Targeting white adipose tissue (WAT) browning to increase systemic energy expenditure is a promising therapeutic strategy to combat obesity. Actein from Actaea cimicifuga L. has recently been reported to ameliorate high fat-induced hepatic steatosis. However, the effect of actein on diet-induced obesity merits more and further investigation.

PURPOSE

We aimed to examine the anti-obesity potential of actein and unravel its actions on WAT browning.

METHODS

The effect of actein on diet-induced obesity was evaluated using a high-fat diet model in C57BL/6 mice. Systemic energy expenditure of mice was measured with a combined indirect calorimetry system. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses were performed to investigate the mRNA levels of genes involved in thermogenesis, browning, and lipolysis. The protein levels were assessed by Western blot. Moreover, WAT explants and a transwell co-culture system consisting of SVFs and adipocytes were constructed to study the mechanisms of actein on promoting WAT browning and lipolysis.

RESULTS

At a dosage of 5 mg/kg/d, actein not only protected mice against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, but also reversed pre-established obesity and glucose intolerance in mice. Meanwhile, actein facilitated systemic energy expenditure by activating WAT lipolysis and browning. Further, mechanistic studies revealed that actein indirectly induced epididymal adipocyte lipolysis and directly promoted a white-to-beige conversion of subcutaneous adipocytes by activating the AMPK signaling.

CONCLUSION

Actein ameliorated diet-induced obesity and was discovered as a natural lead compound directly targeting white-to-beige conversion of subcutaneous adipocytes, suggesting the potential of developing new therapies for obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals the mechanism of isorhamnetin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus erectile dysfunction

PURPOSE

Exploring the therapeutic effect and mechanism of isorhamnetin in the treatment of DMED.

METHODS

Using a high glucose environment to induce endothelial cells damage in the corpus cavernosum, and combining with intervention agents such as ferroptosis inhibitors to observe the process of cell damage and repair, evaluating cell status through CCK-8 and DAPI; To establish the STZ-induced diabetes rat model and detect the erectile function and tissue changes; Perform transcriptomic sequencing on rat models and samples treated with isorhamnetin to analyze differentially expressed genes and their GO functions; Identify critical pathways by combining with the ferroptosis database; Flow cytometry was used to detect ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential, and RT-PCR was used to verify gene expression, Seahorse detects mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate, revealing the mechanism of action of isorhamnetin.

RESULTS

Ferroptosis inhibitors and isorhamnetin can effectively reverse the damage of corpus cavernosum endothelial cells induced by high glucose and ferroptosis agonists. Isorhamnetin has the ability to reinstate the erectile function of diabetic rats, while enhancing the quantity of endothelial cells and refining the morphology of collagen fibers. Immunohistochemistry revealed that ferroptosis existed in the penis tissue of diabetes rats. Transcriptomic analysis showed that isorhamnetin improves gene expression in DM rats by regulating genes such as GFER, IGHM, GPX4 and HMOX1, involving multiple pathways and biological processes. Flow cytometry and RT-PCR confirmed that isorhamnetin can reduce reactive oxygen species levels, restore essential gene expression, improve mitochondrial membrane potential, and alleviate oxidative stress and ferroptosis. Seahorse detection found that isorhamnetin can restore mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate.

CONCLUSION

Isorhamnetin attenuates high glucose damage to cavernous endothelial cells by inhibiting ferroptosis and oxidative stress, restores erectile function and improves tissue morphology in diabetic rats, and its multi-pathway and multi-targeting regulatory mechanism suggests that it is promising to be an effective drug for the treatment of DMED.

Quercetin Boosts Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Release to Improve Luteal Function via Inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3-Mediated Neuron Pyroptosis

SCOPE

Luteal phase deficiency (LPD) is the main cause of infertility without an effective cure. Quercetin (QUE) is a bioactive flavonoid with antioxidant properties, while its role in treating LPD remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of QUE on infertility and menstrual disorders induced by LPD, thus further exploring the underlying mechanism.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Mifepristone-induced rats are used to explore the protective effects of QUE against LPD. QUE stimulates the spontaneous secretion of progesterone to improve luteal function and endometrial receptivity in LPD rats by activating the kisspeptin/GPR54 system to facilitate the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatility. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that the core mechanism of QUE in treating LPD is to attenuate the GnRH neuron pyroptosis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, which is further verified in LPD rats and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated GT1-7, as QUE significantly reduces the expression of key factors concerning NF-κB pathway and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome.

CONCLUSION

This study first proposes that neuron pyroptosis-induced GnRH pulsatility disruption accounts for the pathogenesis of LPD, and QUE facilitates the pulse secretion of GnRH to boost the spontaneous progesterone secretion by inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3-mediated neuron pyroptosis, which provides a new therapeutic target and strategy for LPD.

Volumetric CT Assessment of In Situ Induced Hepatic Lesions in a Transgenic Swine Model

The growth rate of in situ-induced hepatic lesions in an Oncopig large animal model is quantitatively assessed. Oncopigs (n = 9) received baseline triple-phase CT scans prior to lesion induction. Lesions were subsequently induced by delivering the Ad-Cre vector to four locations in the liver. Triple-phase CT scans were obtained weekly to track the growth of the lesions. Animals were sacrificed at 14, 21, or 28 days (n = 3 in each group). The overall success rate of lesion generation was ~78%. Histopathology sections consistently revealed lesions that were highly inflammatory and consisted of a large leukocyte population without clear evidence of carcinomas. Lesions presented within imaging as hypovascular, low attenuating masses with slight contrast enhancement around the margins but little to no enhancement within the lesions themselves. The observed lesions were manually segmented on the venous phase image. Segmentation volumes were fitted to a logistic growth and decay model. Several lesions observed at earlier time points in the 28-day group had fully regressed by the time of the necropsy. The overall trend of rapid growth for the first 21 days, with spontaneous regression of the lesions being observed from day 21 to 28, suggests that the optimal window for experimental studies may be from days 14 to 21. The data and mathematical models generated from this study may be used for future computational models; however, the current model presented has moderate clinical relevance because many induced tumors resolved spontaneously within a few weeks. Awareness and careful consideration of the modest relevance and limitations of the model are advisable for each specific use case.

SSRI antidepressant citalopram reverses the Warburg effect to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma by directly targeting GLUT1

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have shown promise in cancer therapy, particularly for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but their molecular targets and mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that SSRIs exhibit significant anti-HCC effects independent of their classical target, the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT). Using global inverse gene expression profiling, drug affinity responsive target stability assays, and in silico molecular docking, we demonstrate that citalopram targets glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), resulting in reduced glycolytic flux. A mutant GLUT1 variant at the citalopram binding site (E380) diminishes the drug's inhibitory effects on the Warburg effect and tumor growth. In preclinical models, citalopram dampens the growth of GLUT1high liver tumors and displays a synergistic effect with anti-PD-1 therapy. Retrospective analysis reveals that SSRI use correlates with a lower risk of metastasis among patients with HCC. Our study describes a role for SSRIs in cancer metabolism, establishing a rationale for their repurposing as potential anti-cancer drugs for HCC.

4-aminopyridine attenuates inflammation and apoptosis and increases angiogenesis to promote skin regeneration following a burn injury in mice

Severe thermal skin burns are complicated by inflammation and apoptosis, which delays wound healing and contributes to significant morbidity. Diverse treatments demonstrate limited success in mitigating these processes to accelerate healing. Agents that alter cell behavior to improve healing would alter treatment paradigms. We repurposed 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a drug approved by the US FDA for multiple sclerosis, to treat severe burns in mice (10-week-old C57BL/6 J male mice weighing 25 ± 3 g). We found that 4-AP, in the early stages of burn healing, significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1β and TNFα while increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory markers CD206, ARG-1, and IL10. We demonstrated increased intracellular calcium effects of 4-AP through Orai1-pSTAT6 signaling, where 4-AP significantly mitigated inflammatory effects by promoting M2 macrophage differentiation in in-vitro macrophages and post-skin burn tissues. 4-AP attenuated apoptosis, with decreases in apoptotic markers BAX, caspase-9, and caspase-3 and increases in anti-apoptotic markers BCL2 and BCL-XL. Furthermore, 4-AP promoted angiogenesis through increases in the expression of CD31, VEGF, and eNOS. Together, these likely contributed to accelerated burn wound closure, as demonstrated in increased keratinocyte proliferation (K14) and differentiation (K10) markers. In the later stages of burn healing, 4-AP increased TGFβ and FGF levels, which are known to mark the transformation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. This was further demonstrated by an increased expression of α-SMA and vimentin, as well as higher levels of collagen I and III, MMP 3, and 9 in mice treated with 4-AP. Our findings support the idea that 4-AP may have a novel, clinically relevant therapeutic use in promoting burn wound healing.

Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins Impaired Spermatogenesis Process in Mice via Inhibiting α-KG/TET Enzyme Activity

Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are widely found in various environmental media and potentially threaten human health. However, the toxicity mechanisms of SCCPs to the male reproductive system remain unclear. In this study, male BALB/c mice and GC-1 cells were used to investigate the reproductive toxicity of SCCPs and their molecular mechanisms. SCCPs decreased the content of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate α-KG in testicular cells, thus inhibiting the activity of the DNA demethylase TET enzyme and resulting in an increase in the overall methylation level of the testicular genome. Correspondingly, the promoter demethylation and expression of spermatogenesis-related genes Rbm46, Sohlh1, Kit, and Dmrt1 were significantly reduced by SCCPs, which further prevented the transformation of spermatogonia to spermatocytes and reduced sperm quality in mice. The in vitro experiments suggested that the TGFβ pathway activated by oxidative stress might be an essential reason for inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the reduction of α-KG content in testicular cells induced by SCCPs. Overall, this study reveals a novel metabolic regulatory mechanism of SCCPs-induced spermatogenesis disorders, which provides an essential theoretical basis for the prevention of reproductive toxicity of SCCPs.

CARM1 drives triple-negative breast cancer progression by coordinating with HIF1A

Coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) promotes the development and metastasis of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-positive breast cancer. The function of CARM1 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is still unclear and requires further exploration. Here, we report that CARM1 promotes proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and stemness in TNBC. CARM1 is upregulated in multiple cancers and its expression correlates with breast cancer progression. Genome-wide analysis of CARM1 showed that CARM1 is recruited by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 subunit alpha (HIF1A) and occupy the promoters of CDK4, Cyclin D1, β-Catenin, HIF1A, MALAT1, and SIX1 critically involved in cell cycle, HIF-1 signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, thereby modulating the proliferation and invasion of TNBC cells. We demonstrated that CARM1 is physically associated with and directly interacts with HIF1A. Moreover, we found that ellagic acid, an inhibitor of CARM1, can suppress the proliferation and invasion of TNBC by directly inhibiting CDK4 expression. Our research has determined the molecular basis of CARM1 carcinogenesis in TNBC and its effective natural inhibitor, which may provide new ideas and drugs for cancer therapy.

Combination of Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum ELF051 and Astragalus Polysaccharides Improves Intestinal Barrier Function and Gut Microbiota Profiles in Mice with Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

The purpose of this study was to investigate the improvement of the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota in mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ELF051 combined with Astragalus polysaccharides. The amoxicillin, clindamycin, and streptomycin triple-mixed antibiotic-induced AAD models were administered with L. plantarum ELF051 or Astragalus polysaccharides or L. plantarum ELF051 + Astragalus polysaccharides for 14 days. Our findings revealed that the combination of L. plantarum ELF051 and Astragalus polysaccharides elevated the number of goblet cells and enhanced the proportion of mucous within the colon tissue. Furthermore, the expression of sIgA and IgG were upregulated, while the levels of IL-17A, IL-4, DAO, D-LA, LPS, and TGF-β1 were downregulated. L. plantarum ELF051 combined with Astragalus polysaccharides elevated the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins, facilitating intestinal mucosal repair via Smad signaling nodes. Furthermore, their combination effectively increased the relative abundance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Allobaculum, and decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Blautia. Spearman rank correlation analysis demonstrated that LAB were closely related to permeability factors, immune factors, and indicators of intestinal barrier function. In summary, the effect of combining L. plantarum ELF051 and Astragalus polysaccharides on AAD mice was achieved by enhancing intestinal barrier function and regulating the composition of the gut microbiota.

Shuanglongjiegu pill promoted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation by regulating the miR-217/RUNX2 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Shuanglongjiegu pill (SLJGP) on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and explore its mechanism based on miR-217/RUNX2 axis. Results found that drug-containing serum of SLJGP promoted BMSCs viability with a dose-dependent effect. Under osteogenic differentiation conditions, SLJGP promoted the expression of ALP, OPN, BMP2, RUNX2, and the osteogenic differentiation ability of BMSCs. In addition, SLJGP significantly reduced miR-217 expression, and miR-217 directly targeted RUNX2. After treatment with miR-217 mimic, the promoting effects of SLJGP on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs were significantly inhibited. MiR-217 mimic co-treated with pcDNA-RUNX2 further confirmed that the miR-217/RUNX2 axis was involved in SLJGP to promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. In addition, analysis of Wnt/β-catenin pathway protein expression showed that SLJGP activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through miR-217/RUNX2. In conclusion, SLJGP promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by regulating miR-217/RUNX2 axis and activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway.