1
|
Marasinghe CK, Yoon SD, Je JY. Two peptides LLRLTDL and GYALPCDCL inhibit foam cell formation through activating PPAR-γ/LXR-α signaling pathway in oxLDL-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38760074 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Foam cell formation plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis-associated cardiovascular diseases. Bioactive peptides generated from marine sources have been found to provide multifunctional health advantages. In the present study, we investigated the anti-atherosclerotic effects of LLRLTDL (Bu1) and GYALPCDCL (Bu2) peptides, isolated from ark shell protein hydrolysates by assessing their inhibitory effect on oxidized LDL (oxLDL)-induced foam cell formation. The two peptides showed a promising anti-atherosclerotic effect by inhibiting foam cell formation, which was evidenced by inhibiting lipid accumulation in oxLDL-treated RAW264.7 macrophages and oxLDL-treated primary human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC). Two peptides effectively reduced total cholesterol, free cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and triglyceride levels by upregulating cholesterol efflux and downregulating cholesterol influx. Expression of cholesterol influx-related proteins such as SR-A1 and CD36 were reduced, whereas cholesterol efflux-related proteins such as ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA-1 and ABCG-1 were highly expressed. In addition, Bu1 and Bu2 peptides increased PPAR-γ and LXR-α expression. However, PPAR-γ siRNA transfection reversed the foam cell formation inhibitory activity of Bu1 and Bu2 peptides. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of Bu1 and Bu2 peptides on foam cell formation inhibition was observed with PPAR-γ agonist thiazolidinediones, indicating that PPAR-γ signaling pathway plays a key role in foam cell formation of macrophages. Beyond their impact on foam cell formation, Bu1 and Bu2 peptides demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential by inhibiting the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide and NF-κB nuclear activation. Taken together, these results suggest that Bu1 and Bu2 peptides may be useful for atherosclerosis and associated anti-inflammatory therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soon-Do Yoon
- Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Je
- Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du Y, Su J, Yan M, Wang Q, Wang T, Gao S, Tian Y, Wang Y, Chen S, Lv G, Yu J. Polymethoxyflavones in citrus extract has a beneficial effect on hypercholesterolemia rats by promoting liver cholesterol metabolism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 322:117644. [PMID: 38135227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hyperlipidemia is characterized by the disorder of lipid metabolism accompanied by oxidative stress damage, and low-grade inflammation, with the pathway of cholesterol and bile acid metabolic are an important triggering mechanism. Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are the active constituents of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus, which have many biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities, anti-obesity, suppressing adipogenesis in adipocytes, and ameliorate type 2 diabetes, with potential roles for regulation of lipid metabolism. However, its associated mechanisms on hyperlipidemia remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to identify the anti-hypercholesterolemia effects and mechanisms of PMFs in a hypercholesterolemia model triggered by high-fat compounds in an excessive alcohol diet (HFD). MATERIALS AND METHODS A hypercholesterolemia rat model was induced by HFD, and PMFs was intragastric administered at 125 and 250 mg/kg daily for 16 weeks. The effects of PMFs on hypercholesterolemia were assessed using serum lipids, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress levels. Hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and Oil Red O staining were performed to evaluate histopathological changes in the rat liver. The levels of total cholesterol (TC) and total bile acid (TBA) in the liver and feces were determined to evaluate lipid metabolism. RAW264.7 and BRL cells loaded with NBD-cholesterol were used to simulate the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process in vitro. The signaling pathway of cholesterol and bile acid metabolic was evaluated by Western Blotting (WB) and qRT-PCR. RESULTS Lipid metabolism disorders, oxidative stress injury, and low-grade inflammation in model rats were ameliorated by PMFs administration. Numerous vacuoles and lipid droplets in hepatocytes were markedly reduced. In vitro experiments results revealed decreased NBD-cholesterol levels in RAW264.7 cells and increased NBD-cholesterol levels in BRL cells following PMFs intervention. PMFs upregulated the expression of proteins associated with the RCT pathway, such as LXRα, ABCA1, LDLR, and SR-BI, thereby promoting TC entry into the liver. Meanwhile, the expression of proteins associated with cholesterol metabolism and efflux pathways such as CYP7A1, CYP27A1, CYP7B1, ABCG5/8, ABCB1, and BSEP were regulated, thereby promoting cholesterol metabolism. Moreover, PMFs treatment regulated the expression of proteins related to the pathway of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, such as ASBT, OSTα, NTCP, FXR, FGF15, and FGFR4, thereby maintaining lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS PMFs might ameliorate hypercholesterolemia by promoting the entry of cholesterol into the liver through the RCT pathway, followed by excretion via metabolism pathways of cholesterol and bile acid. These findings provide a promising therapeutic potential for PMFs to treat hypercholesterolemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030607, China
| | - Jie Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Meiqiu Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Qirui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China; School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Su Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Yajuan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Yibei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Suhong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
| | - Guiyuan Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China.
| | - Jingjing Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cai Y, Yang Q, Yu Y, Yang F, Bai R, Fan X. Efficacy and underlying mechanisms of berberine against lipid metabolic diseases: a review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1283784. [PMID: 38034996 PMCID: PMC10684937 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1283784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-lowering therapy is an important tool for the treatment of lipid metabolic diseases, which are increasing in prevalence. However, the failure of conventional lipid-lowering drugs to achieve the desired efficacy in some patients, and the side-effects of these drug regimens, highlight the urgent need for novel lipid-lowering drugs. The liver and intestine are important in the production and removal of endogenous and exogenous lipids, respectively, and have an important impact on circulating lipid levels. Elevated circulating lipids predisposes an individual to lipid deposition in the vascular wall, affecting vascular function. Berberine (BBR) modulates liver lipid production and clearance by regulating cellular targets such as cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). It influences intestinal lipid synthesis and metabolism by modulating gut microbiota composition and metabolism. Finally, BBR maintains vascular function by targeting proteins such as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1). This paper elucidates and summarizes the pharmacological mechanisms of berberine in lipid metabolic diseases from a multi-organ (liver, intestine, and vascular system) and multi-target perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Cai
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoning Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqiao Yu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Furong Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruina Bai
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodi Fan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shrivastava S, Sharma A, Saxena N, Bhamra R, Kumar S. Addressing the preventive and therapeutic perspective of berberine against diabetes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21233. [PMID: 38027723 PMCID: PMC10663750 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has emerged as one the leading detrimental factors for human life expectancy worldwide. The disease is mainly considered as outcome of dysregulation in glucose metabolism, resulting in consistent high glucose concentration in blood. At initial stages, the diabetes particularly type 2 diabetes, is manageable by lifestyle interventions such as regular physical activity and diet with less carbohydrates. However, in advance stage, regular intake of external insulin dose and medicines like metformin are recommended. The long-term consumption of metformin is associated with several side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, lectic acidosis etc., In this scenario, several plant-based medicines have shown promising potential for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Berberine is the bioactive compound present in the different plant parts of berberis family. Biochemical studies have shown that berberine improve insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Additionally, berberine induces glucose metabolism by activating AMPK signaling and inhibition of inflammation. A series of studies have demonstrated the antidiabetic potential of berberine at in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical trials. This review provides comprehensive details of preventive and therapeutic potential of berberine against diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suyesh Shrivastava
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, Jabalpur-482003, India
| | - Anamika Sharma
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical and Education and Research 500037, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nishant Saxena
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, Jabalpur-482003, India
| | - Rashmi Bhamra
- Global Research Institute of Pharmacy, Radour-135133, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Nagpur Road, Jabalpur-482003, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
OxLDL-Induced Foam Cell Formation Inhibitory Activity of Pepsin Hydrolysate of Ark Shell (Scapharca subcrenata (Lischke, 1869)) in RAW264.7 Macrophages. J Food Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/6905673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory effect of ark shell (Scapharca subcrenata (Lischke, 1869)) proteolytic hydrolysates (ASHs) on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced macrophage foam cell formation was investigated. Two types of ASHs were prepared by Alcalase® and pepsin, ASAH (ark shell-Alcalase® hydrolysates), and ASPH (ark shell-pepsin hydrolysate). Oil Red O staining results showed that ASPH suppressed foam cell formation and lipid accumulation more than ASAH in oxLDL-induced foam cell formation of RAW264.7 macrophages. ASPH reduced the levels of total cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and free cholesterol in oxLDL-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. It was found that ASPH increased cholesterol efflux and decreased cholesterol influx rate. In this regard, protein expressions of CD36 and scavenger receptor class A1 (SR-A1) for cholesterol influx and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and G1 (ABCA1 and ABCG1) for cholesterol efflux were investigated. ASPH treatment resulted in an increase of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression but downregulated CD36 and SR-A1 expression. Furthermore, ASPH suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 and -1β, through regulating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in oxLDL-induced foam cell formation of RAW264.7 macrophages. Taken together, our data indicate that ASPH might be a useful ingredient in functional foods for ameliorating atherosclerosis by preventing foam cell formation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang J, Liu YM, Hu J, Chen C. Trained immunity in monocyte/macrophage: Novel mechanism of phytochemicals in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1109576. [PMID: 36895942 PMCID: PMC9989041 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1109576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the pathology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), characterized by persistent chronic inflammation in the vessel wall, in which monocytes/macrophages play a key role. It has been reported that innate immune system cells can assume a persistent proinflammatory state after short stimulation with endogenous atherogenic stimuli. The pathogenesis of AS can be influenced by this persistent hyperactivation of the innate immune system, which is termed trained immunity. Trained immunity has also been implicated as a key pathological mechanism, leading to persistent chronic inflammation in AS. Trained immunity is mediated via epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming and occurs in mature innate immune cells and their bone marrow progenitors. Natural products are promising candidates for novel pharmacological agents that can be used to prevent or treat cardiovascular diseases (CVD). A variety of natural products and agents exhibiting antiatherosclerotic abilities have been reported to potentially interfere with the pharmacological targets of trained immunity. This review describes in as much detail as possible the mechanisms involved in trained immunity and how phytochemicals of this process inhibit AS by affecting trained monocytes/macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Mei Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Modulatory effect of berberine on plasma lipoprotein (or lipid) profile: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10885-10893. [PMID: 35941413 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Berberine is a bioactive isoquinoline alkaloid compound extracted from various medicinal plants, such as Barberry. Berberine shows various pharmacological properties that are mainly attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. A growing body of evidence has shown that berberine influences cholesterol metabolism, and consequently, may ameliorate dyslipidemias and atherosclerosis. Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is known to have an independent negative association with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, several outcomes trials and genetic studies have failed to meet expecting the beneficial effects of elevating plasma HDL-C concentrations. Hence, investigations are currently focused on enhancing the functionality of HDL particles, independent of their plasma concentrations. HDL particles show various qualities because of a heterogeneous composition. Consistent with complex metabolism and composition, various biological functions are found for HDL, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-thrombotic activities. Protective effects of berberine may impact the functionality of HDL; therefore, the present literature review was intended to determine whether berberine can amplify HDL function. It was concluded that berberine may regulate markers of HDL activity, such as apo-AI, cholesterol efflux, LCAT, PON1, and S1P activities and levels. Consequently, berberine may recuperate conditions with dysfunctional HDL and, therefore, have the potential to emerge as a therapeutic agent. However, further human trials of berberine are warranted to evaluate its impact on HDL function and cholesterol metabolism.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu X, Wang L, Tan S, Chen Z, Wu B, Wu X. Therapeutic Effects of Berberine on Liver Fibrosis are associated With Lipid Metabolism and Intestinal Flora. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:814871. [PMID: 35308208 PMCID: PMC8924518 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.814871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is a form of liver fibrosis resulting from chronic hepatitis caused by various liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver damage, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, autoimmune liver disease, and by parasitic diseases such as schistosomiasis. Liver fibrosis is the common pathological base and precursors of cirrhosis. Inflammation and disorders of lipid metabolism are key drivers in liver fibrosis. Studies have determined that parts of the arachidonic acid pathway, such as its metabolic enzymes and biologically active products, are hallmarks of inflammation, and that aberrant peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-mediated regulation causes disorders of lipid metabolism. However, despite the ongoing research focus on delineating the mechanisms of liver fibrosis that underpin various chronic liver diseases, effective clinical treatments have yet to be developed. Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid with multiple biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. Many studies have also found that BBR acts via multiple pathways to alleviate liver fibrosis. Furthermore, the absorption of BBR is increased by nitroreductase-containing intestinal flora, and is strengthened via crosstalk with bile acid metabolism. This improves the oral bioavailability of BBR, thereby enhancing its clinical utility. The production of butyrate by intestinal anaerobic bacteria is dramatically increased by BBR, thereby amplifying butyrate-mediated alleviation of liver fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the effects of BBR on liver fibrosis and lipid metabolism, particularly the metabolism of arachidonic acid, and highlight the potential mechanisms by which BBR relieves liver fibrosis through lipid metabolism related and intestinal flora related pathways. We hope that this review will provide insights on the BBR-based treatment of liver cirrhosis and related research in this area, and we encourage further studies that increase the ability of BBR to enhance liver health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Lifu Wang
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwei Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zebin Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xing L, Zhou X, Li AH, Li HJ, He CX, Qin W, Zhao D, Li PQ, Zhu L, Cao HL. Atheroprotective Effects and Molecular Mechanism of Berberine. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:762673. [PMID: 34869592 PMCID: PMC8636941 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.762673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of cardiovascular diseases and it is closely associated with hyperlipidemia, endothelial injury, macrophage-derived foam cells formation, proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), platelet aggregation, and altered gut microbiota. Various symptomatic treatments, that are currently used to inhibit atherosclerosis, need to be administered in long term and their adverse effects cannot be ignored. Berberine (BBR) has beneficial effects on atherosclerosis through regulating multiple aspects of its progression. This review highlights the recent advances in understanding the anti-atherosclerosis mechanism of BBR. BBR alleviated atherosclerosis by attenuation of dyslipidemia, correction of endothelial dysfunction, inhibition of macrophage inflammation and foam cell formation, activation of macrophage autophagy, regulation of the proliferation and migration of VSMCs, attenuation of platelet aggregation, and modulation of gut microbiota. This review would provide a modern scientific perspective to further understanding the molecular mechanism of BBR attenuating atherosclerosis and supply new ideas for atherosclerosis management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xing
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ai-Hong Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Herb and Natural Drug Development, Medicine Research Institute, Shaanxi Pharmaceutical Holding Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
| | - Hui-Jin Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun-Xia He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng-Quan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui-Ling Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Herb and Natural Drug Development, Medicine Research Institute, Shaanxi Pharmaceutical Holding Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ma CY, Shi XY, Wu YR, Zhang Y, Yao YH, Qu HL, Zhang W, Guo YL, Xu RX, Li JJ. Berberine attenuates atherosclerotic lesions and hepatic steatosis in ApoE -/- mice by down-regulating PCSK9 via ERK1/2 pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1517. [PMID: 34790723 PMCID: PMC8576642 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-8106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background It has been demonstrated that berberine (BBR), a kind of alkaloid derived from Chinese herbal medicine, has multiple pharmacological effects on human’s diseases including anti-atherosclerosis action. However, although the previous studies showed that the beneficial impact of BBR on atherosclerosis might be associated with proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), the exact underlying mechanism are not fully determined. The present study aimed to investigate potential mechanisms of anti-atherosclerosis by BBR using ApoE-/- mice. Methods The eight-week mice were divided into five groups: group 1 (wild type C57BL/6J mice with normal diet), group 2 (ApoE-/- mice with normal diet), group 3 [ApoE-/- mice with high-fat diet (HFD)], group 4 (ApoE-/- mice with HFD, and treatment with low dose BBR of 50 mg/kg/d), and group 5 (ApoE-/- mice with HFD, and treatment with high dose BBR of 100 mg/kg/d). After a 16-week treatment, the blood sample, aorta and liver were collected for lipid analysis, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) or oil red O staining, and Western blotting respectively. Besides, HepG2 Cells were cultured and treated with different concentrations of BBR (0, 5, 25 and 50 µg/mL) for 24 hours. Subsequently, cells were collected for real-time PCR or western blotting assays. Finally, the expression levels of PCSK9, LDL receptor (LDLR), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) were examined. Results Fifty mg/kg/d and 100 mg/kg/d of BBR decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level. Moreover, BBR reduced aorta atherosclerotic plaque, and ameliorated lipid deposition in ApoE-/- mice fed with HFD. Finally, in vitro study showed that BBR promoted intracellular cholesterol efflux, up-regulated LDLR and down-regulated PCSK9 expression via the ERK1/2 pathway in cultured HepG2 cells. Conclusions Data indicated that BBR significantly attenuated lipid disorder, reduced aortic plaque formation, and alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation in ApoE-/- mice fed with HFD, which was associated with down-regulation of PCSK9 through ERK1/2 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Shi
- Division of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Integrative Medicine Emergency Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Ru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Lin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ozturk M, Chia JE, Hazra R, Saqib M, Maine R, Guler R, Suzuki H, Mishra BB, Brombacher F, Parihar SP. Evaluation of Berberine as an Adjunct to TB Treatment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656419. [PMID: 34745081 PMCID: PMC8563784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the global health problem with the second highest number of deaths from a communicable disease after COVID-19. Although TB is curable, poor health infrastructure, long and grueling TB treatments have led to the spread of TB pandemic with alarmingly increasing multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB prevalence. Alternative host modulating therapies can be employed to improve TB drug efficacies or dampen the exaggerated inflammatory responses to improve lung function. Here, we investigated the adjunct therapy of natural immune-modulatory compound berberine in C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary TB. Berberine treatment did not affect Mtb growth in axenic cultures; however, it showed increased bacterial killing in primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Ad libitum berberine administration was beneficial to the host in combination with rifampicin and isoniazid. Berberine adjunctive treatment resulted in decreased lung pathology with no additive or synergistic effects on bacterial burdens in mice. Lung immune cell flow cytometry analysis showed that adjunctive berberine treatment decreased neutrophil, CD11b+ dendritic cell and recruited interstitial macrophage numbers. Late onset of adjunctive berberine treatment resulted in a similar phenotype with consistently reduced numbers of neutrophils both in lungs and the spleen. Together, our results suggest that berberine can be supplemented as an immunomodulatory agent depending on the disease stage and inflammatory status of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julius E. Chia
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rudranil Hazra
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohd Saqib
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Rebeng A. Maine
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Bibhuti B. Mishra
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Suraj P. Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tan M, Ye J, Zhao M, Ke X, Huang K, Liu H. Recent developments in the regulation of cholesterol transport by natural molecules. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5623-5633. [PMID: 34327759 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism is a high-risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis (AS). Cholesterol transport maintains whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Low-density apolipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mediates cholesterol uptake in cells and plays an important role in the primary route of circulatory cholesterol clearance in liver cells. Caveolins 1 is an integral membrane protein and shuttle between the cytoplasm and cell membrane. Caveolins 1 not only plays a role in promoting cholesterol absorption in cells but also in the transport of cellular cholesterol efflux by interacting with the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). These proteins, which are associated with reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), are potential therapeutic targets for NAFLD and AS. Many studies have indicated that natural products have lipid-lowering effects. Moreover, natural molecules, derived from natural products, have the potential to be developed into novel drugs. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of cholesterol transport by natural molecules have not yet been adequately investigated. In this review, we briefly describe the process of cholesterol transport and summarize the mechanisms by which molecules regulate cholesterol transport. This article provides an overview of recent studies and focuses on the potential therapeutic effects of natural molecules; however, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacies of natural molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiao Tan
- Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jintong Ye
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Guangzhou Liwan District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuehong Ke
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keer Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huabao Liu
- Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li DD, Yu P, Xiao W, Wang ZZ, Zhao LG. Berberine: A Promising Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloid for the Development of Hypolipidemic Drugs. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2634-2647. [PMID: 32901585 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200908165913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Berberine, as a representative isoquinoline alkaloid, exhibits significant hypolipidemic activity in both animal models and clinical trials. Recently, a large number of studies on the lipid-lowering mechanism of berberine and studies for improving its hypolipidemic activity have been reported, but for the most part, they have been either incomplete or not comprehensive. In addition, there have been a few specific reviews on the lipid-reducing effect of berberine. In this paper, the physicochemical properties, the lipid-lowering mechanism, and studies of the modification of berberine all are discussed to promote the development of berberine as a lipid-lowering agent. Subsequently, this paper provides some insights into the deficiencies of berberine in the study of lipid-lowering drug, and based on the situation, some proposals are put forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 58 Haichang South Road, Lianyungang 222001, China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 58 Haichang South Road, Lianyungang 222001, China
| | - Lin-Guo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Song L, Zhang J, Lai R, Li Q, Ju J, Xu H. Chinese Herbal Medicines and Active Metabolites: Potential Antioxidant Treatments for Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:675999. [PMID: 34054550 PMCID: PMC8155674 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.675999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex chronic disease that occurs in the arterial wall. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. The dominance of oxidative stress over antioxidative capacity generates excess reactive oxygen species, leading to dysfunctions of the endothelium and accelerating atherosclerotic plaque progression. Studies showed that Chinese herbal medicines and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) might regulate oxidative stress; they have already been used to treat diseases related to atherosclerosis, including stroke and myocardial infarction. This review will summarize the mechanisms of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis and discuss studies of Chinese herbal medicines and TCM preparations treating atherosclerosis, aiming to increase understanding of TCM and stimulate research for new drugs to treat diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luxia Song
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runmin Lai
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyi Li
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Ju
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Natural products and analogs as preventive agents for metabolic syndrome via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: An overview. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113535. [PMID: 33992930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural products and synthetic analogs have drawn much attention as potential therapeutical drugs to treat metabolic syndrome. We reviewed the underlying mechanisms of 32 natural products and analogs with potential pharmacological effects in vitro, and especially in rodent models and/or patients, that usually act on the PPAR pathway, along with other molecular targets. Recent outstanding total syntheses or semisyntheses of these lead compounds are stated. In general, they can activate the transcriptional activity of PPARα, PPARγ, PPARα/γ, PPARβ/δ, PPARα/δ, PPARγ/δ and panPPAR as weak, partial agonists or selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARγM), which may be useful for managing obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia and non-fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Terpenoids is the largest group of compounds that act as potential modulators on PPARs and are comprised from small lipophilic cannabinoids to lipophilic pentacyclic triterpenes and polar saponins. Shikimates-phenylpropanoids include polar heterocyclic flavonoids and phenolic compounds containing at least one C3-C6 unit and usually a double bond on the propyl chain. Quercetin (19), resveratrol (24) and curcumin (27), stand out from this group for exhibiting beneficial effects on patients. Alkaloids, the minor group of potential modulators on PPARs, include berberine (30), which has been widely explored in preclinical and clinical studies for its potential beneficial effects on T2D and dyslipidemia. However, large-scale clinical trials may be warranted for the promising compounds.
Collapse
|
16
|
Pillai SC, Borah A, Jacob EM, Kumar DS. Nanotechnological approach to delivering nutraceuticals as promising drug candidates for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:550-568. [PMID: 33703990 PMCID: PMC7954496 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1892241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is Caesar’s sword, which poses a huge risk to the present generation. Understanding the atherosclerotic disease cycle would allow ensuring improved diagnosis, better care, and treatment. Unfortunately, a highly effective and safe way of treating atherosclerosis in the medical community remains a continuous challenge. Conventional treatments have shown considerable success, but have some adverse effects on the human body. Natural derived medications or nutraceuticals have gained immense popularity in the treatment of atherosclerosis due to their decreased side effects and toxicity-related issues. In hindsight, the contribution of nutraceuticals in imparting enhanced clinical efficacy against atherosclerosis warrants more experimental evidence. On the other hand, nanotechnology and drug delivery systems (DDS) have revolutionized the way therapeutics are performed and researchers have been constantly exploring the positive effects that DDS brings to the field of therapeutic techniques. It could be as exciting as ever to apply nano-mediated delivery of nutraceuticals as an additional strategy to target the atherosclerotic sites boasting high therapeutic efficiency of the nutraceuticals and fewer side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu C Pillai
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ankita Borah
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eden Mariam Jacob
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - D Sakthi Kumar
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oleacein may intensify the efflux of oxLDL from human macrophages by increasing the expression of the SRB1 receptor, as well as ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
18
|
Soltani S, Boozari M, Cicero AFG, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Effects of phytochemicals on macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity: Impact on atherosclerosis. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2854-2878. [PMID: 33464676 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) is the major promoter of reverse cholesterol transport and efflux of excess cellular cholesterol. The functions of HDL, such as cholesterol efflux, are associated with cardiovascular disease rather than HDL levels. We have reviewed the evidence base on the major classes of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, alkaloids, carotenoids, phytosterols, and fatty acids, and their effects on macrophage cholesterol efflux and its major pathways. Phytochemicals show the potential to improve the efficiency of each of these pathways. The findings are mainly in preclinical studies, and more clinical research is warranted in this area to develop novel clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Soltani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahareh Boozari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li DD, Yu P, Wang ZZ, Xiao W, Zhou XH, Zhao LG. Discovery of 7,9-Disulfatetrahydroberberine as Novel Lipid-Lowering Agents. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30836-30848. [PMID: 33324793 PMCID: PMC7726782 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Berberine (BBR), a well-known alkaloid, exhibits various pharmacological activities, especially hypolipidemic activity, which has attracted much interest from medicinal chemists in the past decade. However, little progress was made on the structural modification of BBR for improving lipid-lowering activity, mainly due to its unclear biological target and low safety. In this study, a new scaffold of 7,9-disulfatetrahydroberberine was discovered unexpectedly, provided with extremely low cytotoxicity. Hence, a novel series of highly safe 7,9-disulfatetrahydroberberines were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their hypolipidemic activities. In order to investigate the significance of the 9-position substituent, another new series of 7-sulfatetrahydroberberines were designed and synthesized. Lipid-lowering experiments showed that among these compounds, 5f exhibited the best lipid-lowering activity based on two cell models, 3T3-L1 cells and HepG2 cells. Compared with the blank control, the inhibition rate of compound 5f against total cholesterol was over 60%, the inhibition rate against triglyceride was over 70%, the inhibition rate against low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was approximately 75%, and the inhibition rate against high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was close to 50%, which were far superior to the positive control BBR. This result also verified the feasibility of the development of BBR as a lipid-lowering drug via disubstituted modification at the 7- and 9-position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Li
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry
University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry
University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Wang
- Jiangsu
Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 58 Haichang South Road, Lianyungang 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu
Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 58 Haichang South Road, Lianyungang 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin-Hu Zhou
- Jiangsu
Yanghe Distillery Co. Ltd., Suqian 223800, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin-Guo Zhao
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry
University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Berberine Attenuates Cholesterol Accumulation in Macrophage Foam Cells by Suppressing AP-1 Activity and Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 75:45-53. [PMID: 31895879 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation condition resulting from the interaction between lipoproteins, monocyte-derived macrophages, T lymphocytes, and other cellular elements in the arterial wall. Macrophage-derived foam cells play a key role in both early and advanced stage of atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown that berberine could inhibit foam cell formation and prevent experimental atherosclerosis. However, its underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully clarified. In this study, we explored the cholesterol-lowering effects of berberine in macrophage-derived foam cells and investigated its possible mechanisms in prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Here, we demonstrated that berberine could inhibit atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and induce cholesterol reduction as well as decrease the content of macrophages. Berberine can regulate oxLDL uptake and cholesterol efflux, thus suppresses foam cell formation. Mechanisms study showed that berberine can suppress scavenger receptor expression via inhibiting the activity of AP-1 and upregulate ATP-binding cassette transporter via activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in human macrophage. In summary, berberine significantly inhibits atherosclerotic disease development by regulating lipid homeostasis and suppressing macrophage foam cell formation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ilyas Z, Perna S, Al-Thawadi S, Alalwan TA, Riva A, Petrangolini G, Gasparri C, Infantino V, Peroni G, Rondanelli M. The effect of Berberine on weight loss in order to prevent obesity: A systematic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110137. [PMID: 32353823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study provides a critical overview of experimental studies in vitro, in humans, and in animals that evaluated the efficacy of Berberine and its effect on management of obesity and the related metabolic consequences. As a result of this review, we summarized the effects of Berberine in different models and the related mechanism of actions. In preclinical models, Berberine demonstrates that it affects gut microbiota by reducing diversity of microbes starting at a dosage of 100 mg/kg/day. Moreover, in animal models, Berberine explicates an action on glucose through the inhibition of α-glycosidase at a dose of 200 mh/kg/day. Berberine is also known to be effective against differentiation of adipocytes through a decrease in LXRs, PPARs, and SREBPs expression at 150 mg/kg/day. Other mechanism ascribed to Berberine are related to its inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis through the Phospheoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), Glucose-6-phosphate (G6Pase) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, Berberine (associated to Red Yeast Rice) is effective in decreasing lipid levels in rats, which consequently lowers the change of weight gain at dosage of 40 mg/kg to 380 mg/kg/day. All the above preclinical data are confirmed in human studies where Berberine can modulate the diversity of gut microbes at the dose of 500 mg/day. In addition, Berberine is found to have a beneficial impact on gene regulation for the absorption of cholesterol at a daily dose of 300 mg in humans, an amelioration on glucose accumulation at 1.0 g daily dose was also observed. For all these reasons, this review gives an important good account of the impact of Berberine in obesity treatment and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ilyas
- University of Bahrain, Department of Biology, College of Science, Sakhir Campus P. O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Simone Perna
- University of Bahrain, Department of Biology, College of Science, Sakhir Campus P. O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Salwa Al-Thawadi
- University of Bahrain, Department of Biology, College of Science, Sakhir Campus P. O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Tariq A Alalwan
- University of Bahrain, Department of Biology, College of Science, Sakhir Campus P. O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Antonella Riva
- Research and Development Unit, Indena, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | | | - Clara Gasparri
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona "Istituto Santa Margherita'', University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Vittoria Infantino
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Gabriella Peroni
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona "Istituto Santa Margherita'', University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu M, Zhu D, Wen J, Ding W, Huang S, Xia C, Zhang H, Xiong Y. Berberine Promotes OATP1B1 Expression and Rosuvastatin Uptake by Inducing Nuclear Translocation of FXR and LXRα. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:375. [PMID: 32292349 PMCID: PMC7118773 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine, a quinoline alkaloid, can be used in combination with statins to enhance hypolipidemic effects and reduce the dose and side effects of statins. The hypolipidemic effects of statins in the liver are mainly regulated by organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), and the expression of OATPs is regulated by nuclear receptors. Berberine has been reported to affect nuclear receptors. However, whether berberine affects the uptake of statins by regulating nuclear receptor-mediated expression of OATPs remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of berberine on the expression of OATP1B1 in HepG2 and explore the underlying mechanism. In HepG2 cells, 10-50 μM berberine significantly increased the uptake of rosuvastatin by inducing the expression of OATP1B1 mRNA and protein. Dual-Luciferase reporter assay showed that luciferase activity of hFXR and hLXRα activated OATP1B1 promoter was increased by 2.5-50 μM berberine in a concentration-dependent manner, with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 12.19 ± 0.86 and 32.15 ± 2.32 μM, respectively. In addition, after silencing FXR or LXRα by small interfering RNA (siRNA), berberine-induced OATP1B1 expression was significantly attenuated. Western blot analysis of FXR and LXRα protein levels in the cytoplasm and nucleus of HepG2 cells after treatment with berberine showed that berberine induced nuclear translocation and activation of FXR and LXRα. In conclusion, berberine-induced nuclear translocation of FXR and LXRα could activate OATP1B1 promoter, resulting in enhanced expression of OATP1B1 and increased uptake of rosuvastatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinhua Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shibo Huang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuqing Xiong
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kirichenko TV, Sukhorukov VN, Markin AM, Nikiforov NG, Liu PY, Sobenin IA, Tarasov VV, Orekhov AN, Aliev G. Medicinal Plants as a Potential and Successful Treatment Option in the Context of Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:403. [PMID: 32322201 PMCID: PMC7156611 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic multifactorial disease characterized by mainly changes of blood lipids profile and inflammation in vessel wall. The cardiovascular disease based on atherosclerosis is currently the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. Therefore, timely prevention and therapy of atherosclerosis are able to reduce the risk of the development of its clinical manifestations. Anti-atherosclerotic activity of medicinal plants mainly appears in their multiple effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, hypotensive, lipid-lowering, anti-thrombotic. Moreover, most of medicinal plants are characterized by their pleiotropic anti-atherosclerotic action. In addition, the medicinal plants-derived pharmacological substances and/or compounds are characterized by relative safety and fewer side effects that allows considering them as one of potential anti-atherosclerotic effective agents. The direct anti-atherosclerotic effect of some medicinal plants was confirmed in clinical trials of carotid Intima-media thickness (IMT) progression during long-term medication with medicinal plants. This review attempted to determine the current status of the databases PubMed and Scopus (until November, 2019) to investigate the medicinal plants possessing anti-atherosclerotic activity in experimental and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V. Kirichenko
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Markin
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V. Tarasov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hong M, Li J, Li S, Almutairi MM. Resveratrol Derivative, Trans-3, 5, 4'-Trimethoxystilbene, Prevents the Developing of Atherosclerotic Lesions and Attenuates Cholesterol Accumulation in Macrophage Foam Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1901115. [PMID: 31965713 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Recent studies have demonstrated that trans-3, 5, 4'-Trimethoxystilbene (TMS), a novel derivative of resveratrol, may suppress the foam cells formation and restrain atherosclerosis in vitro and in vivo. Herein, the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of TMS against atherosclerosis are further delineated. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, the cholesterol-lowering effects of TMS in macrophage-derived foam cell by animal studies, Oil Red O staining, and lipid uptake as well as efflux analysis, are explored. Real-time PCR, western blotting analysis, luciferase reporter assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and immunofluorescent staining are applied for investigating the mechanism involved in atherosclerosis prevention by TMS. Herein, it is revealed that TMS, at a dosage of 10 mg kg-1 day-1 , may suppress atherosclerotic plaques within the aorta and arterial intima in apolipoprotein Edeficient mice (ApoE)-/- mice by reducing cholesterol level and macrophages content. Exposure of macrophages to TMS (10 µM) can suppress foam cells formation via regulating oxidized low density lipoprotein and cholesterol content in human macrophages through inhibiting scavenger receptors expression and activator protein-1(AP-1) activity. In addition, TMS can activate ERK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling which increases the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters. CONCLUSION In conclusion, TMS may inhibit the progress of atherosclerosis through regulating cholesterol homeostasis and inhibiting macrophage-derived foam cells formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jinke Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 64101, USA
| | - Siying Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 64101, USA
| | - Mohammed M Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 64101, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ou HX, Huang Q, Liu CH, Xiao J, Lv YC, Li X, Lei LP, Mo ZC. Midkine Inhibits Cholesterol Efflux by Decreasing ATP-Binding Membrane Cassette Transport Protein A1 via Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling in Macrophages. Circ J 2020; 84:217-225. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-19-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-xiao Ou
- Hunan Province Innovative Training Base for Medical Postgraduates, University of South China and Yueyang Women & Children’s Medical Center
- Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University
| | - Qin Huang
- Hunan Province Innovative Training Base for Medical Postgraduates, University of South China and Yueyang Women & Children’s Medical Center
| | - Chu-hao Liu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China
| | - Ji Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China
| | - Yun-cheng Lv
- Hunan Province Innovative Training Base for Medical Postgraduates, University of South China and Yueyang Women & Children’s Medical Center
- Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China
| | - Xuan Li
- Hunan Province Innovative Training Base for Medical Postgraduates, University of South China and Yueyang Women & Children’s Medical Center
| | - Li-Ping Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China
| | - Zhong-cheng Mo
- Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fatahian A, Haftcheshmeh SM, Azhdari S, Farshchi HK, Nikfar B, Momtazi-Borojeni AA. Promising Anti-atherosclerotic Effect of Berberine: Evidence from In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Studies. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:83-110. [PMID: 32789786 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, impaired vascular wall, and presence of inflammatory macrophages are important atherogenic risk factors contributing to atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression. The interventions modulating these risk factors have been found to protect against atherosclerosis development and to decrease atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disorders. Nutritional approaches involving supplements followed by improving dietary habits and lifestyle have become growingly attractive and acceptable methods used to control atherosclerosis risk factors, mainly high levels of plasma cholesterol. There are a large number of studies that show berberine, a plant bioactive compound, could ameliorate atherosclerosis-related risk factors. In the present literature review, we put together this studies and provide integrated evidence that exhibits berberine has the potential atheroprotective effect through reducing increased levels of plasma cholesterol, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C) via LDL receptor (LDLR)-dependent and LDL receptor-independent mechanisms, inhibiting migration and inflammatory activity of macrophages, improving the functionality of endothelial cells via anti-oxidant activities, and suppressing proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. In conclusion, berberine can exert inhibitory effects on the atherosclerotic plaque development mainly through LDL-lowering activity and suppressing atherogenic functions of mentioned cells. As the second achievement of this review, among the signaling pathways through which berberine regulates intracellular processes, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a central and critical role, showing that enhancing activity of AMPK pathway can be considered as a promising therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Fatahian
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Sara Azhdari
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Helaleh Kaboli Farshchi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Nikfar
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Halal research center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang D, Yang Y, Lei Y, Tzvetkov NT, Liu X, Yeung AWK, Xu S, Atanasov AG. Targeting Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:596-670. [PMID: 31554644 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.017178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foam cell formation and further accumulation in the subendothelial space of the vascular wall is a hallmark of atherosclerotic lesions. Targeting foam cell formation in the atherosclerotic lesions can be a promising approach to treat and prevent atherosclerosis. The formation of foam cells is determined by the balanced effects of three major interrelated biologic processes, including lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol efflux. Natural products are a promising source for new lead structures. Multiple natural products and pharmaceutical agents can inhibit foam cell formation and thus exhibit antiatherosclerotic capacity by suppressing lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and/or promoting cholesterol ester hydrolysis and cholesterol efflux. This review summarizes recent findings on these three biologic processes and natural products with demonstrated potential to target such processes. Discussed also are potential future directions for studying the mechanisms of foam cell formation and the development of foam cell-targeted therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yang Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yingnan Lei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Xingde Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Suowen Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cabou C, Honorato P, Briceño L, Ghezali L, Duparc T, León M, Combes G, Frayssinhes L, Fournel A, Abot A, Masri B, Parada N, Aguilera V, Aguayo C, Knauf C, González M, Radojkovic C, Martinez LO. Pharmacological inhibition of the F 1 -ATPase/P2Y 1 pathway suppresses the effect of apolipoprotein A1 on endothelial nitric oxide synthesis and vasorelaxation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13268. [PMID: 30821416 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM The contribution of apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), the major apolipoprotein of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), to endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is unclear, and there is little information regarding endothelial receptors involved in this effect. Ecto-F1 -ATPase is a receptor for APOA1, and its activity in endothelial cells is coupled to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-sensitive P2Y receptors (P2Y ADP receptors). Ecto-F1 -ATPase is involved in APOA1-mediated cell proliferation and HDL transcytosis. Here, we investigated the effect of lipid-free APOA1 and the involvement of ecto-F1 -ATPase and P2Y ADP receptors on nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and the regulation of vascular tone. METHOD Nitric oxide synthesis was assessed in human endothelial cells from umbilical veins (HUVECs) and isolated mouse aortas. Changes in vascular tone were evaluated by isometric force measurements in isolated human umbilical and placental veins and by assessing femoral artery blood flow in conscious mice. RESULTS Physiological concentrations of lipid-free APOA1 enhanced endothelial NO synthesis, which was abolished by inhibitors of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and of the ecto-F1 -ATPase/P2Y1 axis. Accordingly, APOA1 inhibited vasoconstriction induced by thromboxane A2 receptor agonist and increased femoral artery blood flow in mice. These effects were blunted by inhibitors of eNOS, ecto-F1 -ATPase and P2Y1 receptor. CONCLUSIONS Using a pharmacological approach, we thus found that APOA1 promotes endothelial NO production and thereby controls vascular tone in a process that requires activation of the ecto-F1 -ATPase/P2Y1 pathway by APOA1. Pharmacological targeting of this pathway with respect to vascular diseases should be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cendrine Cabou
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse France
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy University Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
| | - Paula Honorato
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Luis Briceño
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Lamia Ghezali
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse France
| | - Thibaut Duparc
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse France
| | - Marcelo León
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Guillaume Combes
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse France
| | - Laure Frayssinhes
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse France
| | - Audren Fournel
- UMR 1220, IRSD, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, European Associated Laboratory NeuroMicrobiota (INSERM/UCL) University of Toulouse Toulouse France
| | - Anne Abot
- UMR 1220, IRSD, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, European Associated Laboratory NeuroMicrobiota (INSERM/UCL) University of Toulouse Toulouse France
| | - Bernard Masri
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse France
| | - Nicol Parada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Valeria Aguilera
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Claudio Aguayo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health) Chillan Chile
| | - Claude Knauf
- UMR 1220, IRSD, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, European Associated Laboratory NeuroMicrobiota (INSERM/UCL) University of Toulouse Toulouse France
| | - Marcelo González
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health) Chillan Chile
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Claudia Radojkovic
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Laurent O. Martinez
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang LS, Zhang JH, Feng R, Jin XY, Yang FW, Ji ZC, Zhao MY, Zhang MY, Zhang BL, Li XM. Efficacy and Safety of Berberine Alone or Combined with Statins for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:751-767. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of berberine for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, six electronic literature databases including SinoMed, CNKI, WanFang Data, PubMed, Embase and The Cochrane Library were searched to collect clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of berberine alone or combined with statins for the treatment of hyperlipidemia from the inception to 8 March 2018. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included RCTs. Then, meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. A total of 11 RCTs involving 1386 patients were finally included. The results of meta-analysis showed that compared with the placebo group, berberine could significantly reduce the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels and elevate the high density lipoprotein level ([Formula: see text]). Compared with the simvastatin group, berberine was effective only in reducing the level of triglyceride ([Formula: see text], 95% CI: [Formula: see text]0.66, [Formula: see text]0.07, [Formula: see text]). There, however, was no statistical significance between the BBR group and simvastatin group in the low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein levels. Compared with the simvastatin group, berberine plus simvastatin was more effective in reducing the level of triglyceride ([Formula: see text], 95% CI: [Formula: see text]0.46, [Formula: see text]0.20, [Formula: see text]) and total cholesterol ([Formula: see text], 95% CI: [Formula: see text]0.60, [Formula: see text]0.12, [Formula: see text]). In terms of adverse reactions, the incidence of adverse reactions including transaminase elevation and muscle aches was lower in the berberine alone or combined with simvastatin group than that in the control group, while the instance of constipation was higher. This study suggests that berberine is effective for hyperlipidemia. The quality and quantity of included studies, however, were dissatisfactory, which might decrease the reliability of the results. Higher quality studies are needed to provide more high quality evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shuang Zhang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Hua Zhang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Rui Feng
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yao Jin
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Wen Yang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Chen Ji
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Yu Zhao
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yan Zhang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Li Zhang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Mei Li
- Baokang Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Qiao L, Chen W. Atheroprotective effects and molecular targets of bioactive compounds from traditional Chinese medicine. Pharmacol Res 2018; 135:212-229. [PMID: 30107203 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has served the Chinese people since antiquity, and is playing an important role in today's healthcare. However, there has been controversy in the use of these traditional herbs due to unclear components and absence of scientific proof. As China plans to modernize traditional medicine, successful attempts to better understand the molecular mechanisms of TCM have been made by focusing on isolating active ingredients from these remedies. In this review, we critically examined the current evidence on atheroprotective effects of bioactive compounds from TCM using in vitro or in vivo models in the past two decades. A total of 47 active compounds were included in our review, which were introduced in the order of chemical structures, source, model, efficacy and mechanism. Notablely, this review highlighted the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these active compounds in prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Two compounds were also involved in double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs). Besides, we introduced the legislations of the People's Republic of China ensuring quality and safety of products used in TCM. In summary, studies on bioactive compounds from TCM will provide a new approach for better management of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Feng J, Li H, Zhao W, Dang H, Wang R, Luo K, Guo H, Xing W, Cheng J, Song W, Sun Y, Xie L. Biological-Profiling-Based Systematic Analysis of Rhizoma Coptidis from Different Growing Regions and Its Anticholesterol Biosynthesis Activity on HepG2 Cells. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2234-2245. [PMID: 29747507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoma Coptidis is a widely cultivated traditional Chinese herb. Although the chemical profiles of Rhizoma Coptidis have been established previously, the biological profiling of Rhizoma Coptidis has not been conducted yet. In this study, we collected Rhizoma Coptidis varieties from four distinct growing regions and performed genome-wide biological response fingerprinting (BioReF) on HepG2 cells using a gene expression array. Similar biological pathways were affected by extracts of all four Rhizoma Coptidis varieties but not by their analogue, Mahoniae Caulis. Among these pathways, the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway was highly enriched, and six genes in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway were all down-regulated. However, the expression, maturation, as well as the specific DNA binding capacity of their coordinate transcription factor, sterol response element binding protein 2 (SREBP2), was not affected by Rhizoma Coptidis extract (RCE) or its typical active alkaloid berberine. Cellular cholesterol content tests further verified the cholesterol-lowering function of RCE in vitro, which supplements evidence for the use of Rhizoma Coptidis in hyperlipidemia treatment. This is the first described example of evaluating the quality of Rhizoma Coptidis with BioReF and a good demonstration of using BioReF to uncover the mechanisms of herbs at a systematic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , Hangzhou 310003 , China.,Medical Systems Biology Research Center , Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing 100084 , China.,National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Haoxun Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Wenlong Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Honglei Dang
- National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Ruijun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Fenyang College , Shanxi Medical University , Fenyang 032200 , China
| | - Kun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , Hangzhou 310003 , China.,Medical Systems Biology Research Center , Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing 100084 , China.,National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Wanli Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , Hangzhou 310003 , China.,Medical Systems Biology Research Center , Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing 100084 , China.,National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Jing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , Hangzhou 310003 , China.,Medical Systems Biology Research Center , Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing 100084 , China.,National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Weifang Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, Fenyang College , Shanxi Medical University , Fenyang 032200 , China
| | - Yimin Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Lan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , Hangzhou 310003 , China.,Medical Systems Biology Research Center , Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing 100084 , China.,National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology , Beijing 102206 , China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Effectiveness and Safety of Dietetic Supplementation of a New Nutraceutical on Lipid Profile and Serum Inflammation Biomarkers in Hypercholesterolemic Patients. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051168. [PMID: 29757945 PMCID: PMC6099501 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To assess the effectiveness and safety of a new nutraceutical (NC) on lipid profile, inflammation biomarkers and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) serum levels in hypercholesterolemic patients. Methods: 40 patients underwent hypolipemic treatment with NC. Initial and final (after 12 weeks) screening included medical history, physical examination, and measurement of serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides), hepatic (GOT, GPT, γGT), and renal (serum creatinine and urea) functions, CPK level and many inflammation biomarkers (hs-CRP and fibrinogen). At the screening visit, all patients were instructed to follow a normocaloric and hypolipidic diet during the study period. Results: The treatment with supplementation of NC demonstrated a significant reduction of serum total cholesterol (224 ± 11.2 mg/dL vs. 178 ± 10.7; p < 0.001), LDL-cholesterol (141 ± 10.6 vs. 116 + 10.1; p < 0.001), triglycerides (183 ± 13 vs. 159 ± 11.5; p < 0.01), serum inflammatory biomarkers as hs-CRP (2.24 ± 0.83 vs. 1.76 ± 0.61 mg/dL; p < 0.01), fibrinogen (315 ± 43 vs. 199 ± 41 mg/dL; p < 0.01) and a significantly increase of HDL-cholesterol (44 ± 7 vs. 53 ± 7 mg/dL; p < 0.01). Hepatic and renal function and serum CPK were normal. No adverse events was reported. Conclusions: The treatment with NC has demonstrated a significant reduction of LDL-cholesterol (−17.73%), total cholesterol (−20.53%) and triglycerides (−13.1%), with a significant increase of HDL-cholesterol values (+20.45%). The improvement of lipid profile was associated with a significant reduction of serum inflammation biomarkers as hs-PCR (−27%) and fibrinogen (−36.8%) with good tolerability profile.
Collapse
|
33
|
Fu Y, Xin Z, Liu B, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li F. Platycodin D Inhibits Inflammatory Response in LPS-Stimulated Primary Rat Microglia Cells through Activating LXRα-ABCA1 Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1929. [PMID: 29375565 PMCID: PMC5767310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D (PLD), an effective triterpenesaponin extracted from Platycodon grandiflorum, has been known to have anti-inflammatory effect. In the present study, we investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of PLD on LPS-induced inflammation in primary rat microglia cells. The results showed that PLD significantly inhibited LPS-induced ROS, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production in primary rat microglia cells. PLD also inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation. Furthermore, our results showed that PLD prevented LPS-induced TLR4 translocation into lipid rafts via disrupting the formation of lipid rafts by inducing cholesterol efflux. In addition, PLD could activate LXRα–ABCA1 signaling pathway which induces cholesterol efflux from cells. The inhibition of inflammatory cytokines by PLD could be reversed by SiRNA of LXRα. In conclusion, these results indicated that PLD prevented LPS-induced inflammation by activating LXRα–ABCA1 signaling pathway, which disrupted lipid rafts and prevented TLR4 translocation into lipid rafts, thereby inhibiting LPS-induced inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Xin
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Banik B, Wen R, Marrache S, Kumar A, Kolishetti N, Howerth EW, Dhar S. Core hydrophobicity tuning of a self-assembled particle results in efficient lipid reduction and favorable organ distribution. NANOSCALE 2017; 10:366-377. [PMID: 29218349 PMCID: PMC5744677 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06295h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the deadliest disease in the United States, arises due to the build up of plaques in the arteries as a result of excessive cholesterol deposition and an impaired cholesterol removal process. High density lipoproteins (HDL), popularly known as "good cholesterol", are naturally occurring nano-sized particles that, along with apolipoproteins, are deployed to maintain cholesterol homeostasis in the body. Both cholesterol efflux, from the fat-laden macrophages in the arteries, and intracellular lipid transport, to deliver cholesterol to the mitochondria of liver cells for metabolism, hold key responsibilities to maintain healthy lipid levels inside the body. We designed a library of nine mitochondria targeted polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (NPs), comprised of completely synthetic yet biodegradable components, that are capable of performing HDL-like functions. Using this library, we optimized a superior mitochondria targeted NP candidate, which can show favourable organ distribution, therapeutic potential, and non-toxic properties. Two targeted NP formulations with optimum NP size, zeta potential, and cholesterol binding and release properties were identified. Lipid reduction and anti-oxidative properties of these two NPs demonstrated cholesterol removal ability. In vivo therapeutic evaluation of the targeted-NP formulations in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-/-) mice indicated lipid reduction and anti-inflammatory properties compared to non-targeted NPs. This synthetic targeted NP with potential abilities to participate in both extra- and intracellular cholesterol transport might potentiate therapeutic interventions for heart diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhabatosh Banik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Berberine treatment increases Akkermansia in the gut and improves high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in Apoe -/- mice. Atherosclerosis 2017; 268:117-126. [PMID: 29202334 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gut microbiota plays a major role in metabolic disorders. Berberine is used to treat obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis. The mechanism underlying the role of berberine in modulating metabolic disorders is not fully clear because berberine has poor oral bioavailability. Thus, we evaluated whether the antiatherosclerotic effect of berberine is related to alterations in gut microbial structure and if so, whether specific bacterial taxa contribute to the beneficial effects of berberine. METHODS Apoe-/- mice were fed either a normal-chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD). Berberine was administered to mice in drinking water (0.5 g/L) for 14 weeks. Gut microbiota profiles were established by high throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The effects of berberine on metabolic endotoxemia, tissue inflammation and gut barrier integrity were also investigated. RESULTS Berberine treatment significantly reduced atherosclerosis in HFD-fed mice. Akkermansia spp. abundance was markedly increased in HFD-fed mice treated with berberine. Moreover, berberine decreased HFD-induced metabolic endotoxemia and lowered arterial and intestinal expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Berberine treatment increased intestinal expression of tight junction proteins and the thickness of the colonic mucus layer, which are related to restoration of gut barrier integrity in HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of gut microbiota, specifically an increase in the abundance of Akkermansia, may contribute to the antiatherosclerotic and metabolic protective effects of berberine, which is poorly absorbed orally. Our findings therefore support the therapeutic value of gut microbiota manipulation in treating atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting large and medium arteries and is considered to be a major underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the development of pharmacotherapies to treat CVD has contributed to a decline in cardiac mortality in the past few decades, CVD is estimated to be the cause of one-third of deaths globally. Nutraceuticals are natural nutritional compounds that are beneficial for the prevention or treatment of disease and, therefore, are a possible therapeutic avenue for the treatment of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this Review is to highlight potential nutraceuticals for use as antiatherogenic therapies with evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, the current evidence from observational and randomized clinical studies into the role of nutraceuticals in preventing atherosclerosis in humans will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe W E Moss
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Dipak P Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Imenshahidi M, Hosseinzadeh H. Berberis Vulgaris and Berberine: An Update Review. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1745-1764. [PMID: 27528198 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid present in several plants, including Coptis sp. and Berberis sp. Berberine is a customary component in Chinese medicine, and is characterized by a diversity of pharmacological effects. An extensive search in electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, Wiley, ProQuest, ISI, and Science Direct) were used to identify the pharmacological and clinical studies on Berberis vulgaris and berberine, during 2008 to 2015, using 'berberine' and 'Berberis vulgaris' as search words. We found more than 1200 new article studying the properties and clinical uses of berberine and B. vulgaris, for treating tumor, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections, cerebral ischemia trauma, mental disease, Alzheimer disease, osteoporosis, and so on. In this article, we have updated the pharmacological effects of B. vulgaris and its active constituent, berberine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Imenshahidi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pirillo A, Catapano AL. Berberine, a plant alkaloid with lipid- and glucose-lowering properties: From in vitro evidence to clinical studies. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:449-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
39
|
β Common Receptor Mediates Erythropoietin-Conferred Protection on OxLDL-Induced Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation in Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:439759. [PMID: 26101463 PMCID: PMC4458544 DOI: 10.1155/2015/439759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), the key factor for erythropoiesis, also protects macrophage foam cells from lipid accumulation, yet the definitive mechanisms are not fully understood. β common receptor (βCR) plays a crucial role in the nonhematopoietic effects of EPO. In the current study, we investigated the role of βCR in EPO-mediated protection in macrophages against oxidized low-density lipoprotein- (oxLDL-) induced deregulation of lipid metabolism and inflammation. Here, we show that βCR expression was mainly in foamy macrophages of atherosclerotic aortas from apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Results of confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that βCR was colocalized and interacted with EPO receptor (EPOR) in macrophages. Inhibition of βCR activation by neutralizing antibody or small interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished the EPO-conferred protection in oxLDL-induced lipid accumulation. Furthermore, EPO-promoted cholesterol efflux and upregulation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 were prevented by pretreatment with βCR neutralizing antibody or βCR siRNA. Additionally, blockage of βCR abrogated the EPO-conferred anti-inflammatory action on oxLDL-induced production of macrophage inflammatory protein-2. Collectively, our findings suggest that βCR may play an important role in the beneficial effects of EPO against oxLDL-elicited dysfunction of macrophage foam cells.
Collapse
|
40
|
Yuan M, Fu H, Ren L, Wang H, Guo W. Soluble CD40 ligand promotes macrophage foam cell formation in the etiology of atherosclerosis. Cardiology 2015; 131:1-12. [PMID: 25825037 DOI: 10.1159/000374105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High levels of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) in the circulation have been suggested as an important indicator of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes. In the present study, we explored the role of sCD40L in the formation of foam cells. METHODS Lipid deposition and foam cell formation was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and Nile Red staining, respectively. Gene expressions were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. The interaction between CD40 and sCD40L were blocked by CD40 small interfering RNA or anti-CD40 antibody. RESULTS sCD40L significantly increased lipid deposition and foam cell formation associated with upregulation of scavenger receptor type A and CD36. Additionally, sCD40L increased adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1 and cholesterol efflux, and activated NF-κB in macrophages. sCD40L promoted foam cell formation via CD40 ligation and disruption of the ligation between CD40 and CD40L either by small interfering RNA or by a blocking anti-CD40 antibody apparently inhibiting foam cell formation in response to sCD40L. CONCLUSION Our data suggests a novel insight into the role of sCD40L in foam cell formation during atherosclerosis, which further confirms the importance of sCD40L in atherosclerosis and as a target for the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zimetti F, Adorni MP, Ronda N, Gatti R, Bernini F, Favari E. The natural compound berberine positively affects macrophage functions involved in atherogenesis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:195-201. [PMID: 25240689 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We investigated the effect of berberine (BBR), an alkaloid showing antiatherogenic properties beyond the cholesterol lowering capacity, on macrophage cholesterol handling upon exposure to human serum and on macrophage responses to excess free cholesterol (FC) loading. METHODS AND RESULTS Mouse and human macrophages were utilized as cellular models. Cholesterol content was measured by a fluorimetric assay; cholesterol efflux, cytotoxicity and membrane FC distribution were evaluated by radioisotopic assays. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion was measured by ELISA; membrane ruffling and macropinocytosis were visualized by confocal microscopy. Exposure of cholesterol-enriched MPM to serum in the presence of 1 μM BBR resulted in a reduction of intracellular cholesterol content twice greater than exposure to serum alone (-52%; p < 0.01 and -21%; p < 0.05), an effect not mediated by an increase of cholesterol efflux, but rather by the inhibition of cholesterol uptake from serum. Consistently, BBR inhibited in a dose-dependent manner cholesterol accumulation in human macrophages exposed to hypercholesterolemic serum. Confocal microscope analysis revealed that BBR inhibited macropinocytosis, an independent-receptor process involved in LDL internalization. Macrophage FC-enrichment increased MCP-1 release by 1.5 folds, increased cytotoxicity by 2 fold, and induced membrane ruffling; all these responses were markedly inhibited by BBR. FC-enrichment led to an increase in plasma membrane cholesterol by 4.5 folds, an effect counteracted by BBR. CONCLUSION We showed novel potentially atheroprotective activities of BBR in macrophages, consisting in the inhibition of serum-induced cholesterol accumulation, occurring at least in part through an impairment of macropinocytosis, and of FC-induced deleterious effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Zimetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - M P Adorni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - N Ronda
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - R Gatti
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnology and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - F Bernini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - E Favari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Uitz E, Bahadori B, McCarty MF, Moghadasian MH. Practical strategies for modulating foam cell formation and behavior. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:497-506. [PMID: 25325059 PMCID: PMC4198401 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i10.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although high density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated reverse cholesterol transport is crucial to the prevention and reversal of atheroma, a recent meta-analysis makes evident that current pharmaceutical strategies for modulating HDL cholesterol levels lower cardiovascular risk only to the extent that they concurrently decrease low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. This corresponds well with findings of a recent Mendelian randomization analysis, in which genetic polymorphisms associated with HDL cholesterol but no other known cardiovascular risk factors failed to predict risk for myocardial infarction. Although it is still seems appropriate to search for therapies that could improve the efficiency with which HDL particles induce reverse cholesterol transport, targeting HDL cholesterol levels per se with current measures appears to be futile. It may therefore be more promising to promote reverse cholesterol transport with agents that directly target foam cells. Macrophage expression of the cholesterol transport proteins adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter A1, adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter G1, and scavenger receptor class B member 1 is transcriptionally up-regulated by activated liver X receptors (LXR), whereas nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB antagonizes their expression. Taurine, which inhibits atherogenesis in rodent studies, has just been discovered to act as a weak agonist for LXRalpha. Conversely, it may be possible to oppose NF-kappaB activation in macrophages with a range of measures. Induction of heme oxygenase-1, which can be attained with phase 2 inducer phytochemicals such as lipoic acid and green tea catechins, promotes reverse cholesterol transport in macrophages and inhibits atherogenesis in rodents, likely due to, in large part, NF-kappaB antagonism. Inhibition of macrophage nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity with the spirulina-derived bilirubin-mimetic phycocyanobilin may also oppose NF-kappaB activation, and salicylic acid similarly should be useful for this purpose. The 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activator berberine promotes macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in cell culture; metformin probably shares this property. Many of these measures could also be expected to promote plaque stability by suppressing foam cell production of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, and to reduce intimal monocyte infiltration by anti-inflammatory effects on vascular endothelium. Direct targeting of foam cells with agents such as phase 2 inducers, spirulina, salicylate, taurine, and berberine or metformin, may hence have considerable potential for preventing and reversing atheroma, and for preventing the plaque rupture that triggers vascular thrombosis.
Collapse
|
43
|
Yao Z, Zhang L, Ji G. Efficacy of polyphenolic ingredients of Chinese herbs in treating dyslipidemia of metabolic syndromes. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2014; 12:135-46. [PMID: 24861834 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(14)60023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest and popularity of Chinese herbal medicine worldwide, which is accompanied by increasing concerns about its effectiveness and potential toxicity. Several ingredients, such as polyphenolic compounds berberine, flavonoids, and curcumin, have been studied extensively by using various animal models. Effectiveness of treatment and amelioration of metabolic syndromes, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, has been demonstrated. This review summarizes the major checkpoints and contributing factors in regulation of exogenous and endogenous lipid metabolism, with particular emphasis centered on triglyceride-rich and cholesterol-rich lipoproteins. Available experimental evidence demonstrating the lipid-lowering effect of berberine, flavonoids and curcumin in cell culture and animal models is compiled, and the strengths and shortcomings of experimental designs in these studies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of System Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada; E-mail:
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu C, Luan H, Zhang X, Wang S, Zhang X, Sun X, Guo P. Chlorogenic acid protects against atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice and promotes cholesterol efflux from RAW264.7 macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95452. [PMID: 25187964 PMCID: PMC4154672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the most abundant polyphenols in the human diet and is suggested to be a potential antiatherosclerotic agent due to its proposed hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CGA on atherosclerosis development in ApoE(-/-) mice and its potential mechanism. ApoE(-/-) mice were fed a cholesterol-rich diet without (control) or with CGA (200 and 400 mg/kg) or atorvastatin (4 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. During the study plasma lipid and inflammatory parameters were determined. Treatment with CGA (400 mg/kg) reduced atherosclerotic lesion area and vascular dilatation in the aortic root, comparable to atorvastatin. CGA (400 mg/kg) also significantly decreased plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol as well as inflammatory markers. Supplementation with CGA or CGA metabolites-containing serum suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced lipid accumulation and stimulated cholesterol efflux from RAW264.7 cells. CGA significantly increased the mRNA levels of PPARγ, LXRα, ABCA1 and ABCG1 as well as the transcriptional activity of PPARγ. Cholesterol efflux assay showed that three major metabolites, caffeic, ferulic and gallic acids, significantly stimulated cholesterol efflux from RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that CGA potently reduces atherosclerosis development in ApoE(-/-) mice and promotes cholesterol efflux from RAW264.7 macrophages. Caffeic, ferulic and gallic acids may be the potential active compounds accounting for the in vivo effect of CGA.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/blood
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/blood
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Animals
- Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atorvastatin/pharmacology
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Caffeic Acids/isolation & purification
- Cell Line
- Chlorogenic Acid/chemistry
- Chlorogenic Acid/pharmacology
- Cholesterol/adverse effects
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Coumaric Acids/isolation & purification
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Gallic Acid/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression
- Lipoproteins/blood
- Lipoproteins/genetics
- Lipoproteins, LDL/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
- Liver X Receptors
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Orphan Nuclear Receptors/blood
- Orphan Nuclear Receptors/genetics
- PPAR gamma/blood
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/blood
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/drug therapy
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Triglycerides/blood
- Vasodilation/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongming Wu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Luan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopo Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hottman DA, Chernick D, Cheng S, Wang Z, Li L. HDL and cognition in neurodegenerative disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:22-36. [PMID: 25131449 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are a heterogeneous group of lipoproteins composed of various lipids and proteins. HDL is formed both in the systemic circulation and in the brain. In addition to being a crucial player in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, HDL possesses a wide range of other functions including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, pro-endothelial function, anti-thrombosis, and modulation of immune function. It has been firmly established that high plasma levels of HDL protect against cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that the beneficial role of HDL extends to many other systems including the central nervous system. Cognition is a complex brain function that includes all aspects of perception, thought, and memory. Cognitive function often declines during aging and this decline manifests as cognitive impairment/dementia in age-related and progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A growing concern is that no effective therapy is currently available to prevent or treat these devastating diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that HDL may play a pivotal role in preserving cognitive function under normal and pathological conditions. This review attempts to summarize recent genetic, clinical and experimental evidence for the impact of HDL on cognition in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders as well as the potential of HDL-enhancing approaches to improve cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Hottman
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dustin Chernick
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Effect of toll-like receptor agonists on the formation of macrophage/foam cells upon acute peritonitis in mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 156:49-52. [PMID: 24319727 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied effects of zymosan, double-stranded RNA, LPS of E. coli and bacterial CpG DNA, agonists of toll-like receptor TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9, respectively, on the formation of macrophage/foam cells 24 h after induction of acute peritonitis. Administration of agonists led to transformation of peritoneal macrophages into foam cells and significant activation of cell biosynthesis and increased the content of triglycerides and cholesterol esters in the absence of LDL and irrespective of the capacity of TLR agonists to stimulate neutrophil infiltration and TNF-α production in the peritoneal cavity.
Collapse
|
47
|
Wei SC, Dong S, Xu LJ, Zhang CY. Intestinal absorption of berberine and 8-hydroxy dihydroberberine and their effects on sugar absorption in rat small intestine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 34:186-189. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-014-1256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
48
|
McCarty MF. AMPK activation--protean potential for boosting healthspan. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:641-663. [PMID: 24248330 PMCID: PMC4039279 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is activated when the cellular (AMP+ADP)/ATP ratio rises; it therefore serves as a detector of cellular "fuel deficiency." AMPK activation is suspected to mediate some of the health-protective effects of long-term calorie restriction. Several drugs and nutraceuticals which slightly and safely impede the efficiency of mitochondrial ATP generation-most notably metformin and berberine-can be employed as clinical AMPK activators and, hence, may have potential as calorie restriction mimetics for extending healthspan. Indeed, current evidence indicates that AMPK activators may reduce risk for atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke; help to prevent ventricular hypertrophy and manage congestive failure; ameliorate metabolic syndrome, reduce risk for type 2 diabetes, and aid glycemic control in diabetics; reduce risk for weight gain; decrease risk for a number of common cancers while improving prognosis in cancer therapy; decrease risk for dementia and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders; help to preserve the proper structure of bone and cartilage; and possibly aid in the prevention and control of autoimmunity. While metformin and berberine appear to have the greatest utility as clinical AMPK activators-as reflected by their efficacy in diabetes management-regular ingestion of vinegar, as well as moderate alcohol consumption, may also achieve a modest degree of health-protective AMPK activation. The activation of AMPK achievable with any of these measures may be potentiated by clinical doses of the drug salicylate, which can bind to AMPK and activate it allosterically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity, 7831 Rush Rose Dr., Apt. 316, Carlsbad, CA, 92009, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tsou CY, Chen CY, Zhao JF, Su KH, Lee HT, Lin SJ, Shyue SK, Hsiao SH, Lee TS. Activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase prevents foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:799-810. [PMID: 24299003 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is a key modulator in the regulation of vascular tone. However, its role and involving mechanism in cholesterol metabolism of macrophages and atherosclerosis remain unclear. METHODS Oil red O staining, Dil-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-binding assay and cholesterol efflux assay were performed in biology of foam cells. Levels of cytokines or intracellular lipid were evaluated by ELISA or colorimetric kits. Expression of gene or protein was determined by quantitative real-time PCR or Western blotting. Histopathology was examined by haematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS Soluble guanylyl cyclase was expressed in macrophages of mouse atherosclerotic lesions. Treatment with 1H-[1, 2, 4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, sGC inhibitor) exacerbated oxLDL-induced cholesterol accumulation in macrophages. In contrast, 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1, sGC activator) attenuated the oxLDL-induced cholesterol accumulation because of increased cholesterol efflux. Additionally, YC-1 dose dependently increased the protein expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) but did not alter that of scavenger receptor class A (SR-A), CD36, SR-BI or ABCG1. Moreover, YC-1-upregulated ABCA1 level depended on liver X receptor α (LXRα). Inhibition of the LXRα-ABCA1 pathway by LXRα small interfering RNA (siRNA), ABCA1 neutralizing antibody or ABCA1 siRNA abolished the effect of YC-1 on cholesterol accumulation and cholesterol efflux. In vivo, YC-1 retarded the development of atherosclerosis, accompanied by reduced serum levels of cholesterol and pro-inflammatory cytokines, in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. CONCLUSION Activation of sGC by YC-1 leads to LXRα-dependent upregulation of ABCA1 in macrophages and may confer protection against atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C.-Y. Tsou
- Department of Physiology; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - C.-Y. Chen
- Department of Physiology; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - J.-F. Zhao
- Department of Physiology; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - K.-H. Su
- Department of Physiology; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - H.-T. Lee
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - S.-J. Lin
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - S.-K. Shyue
- Cardiovascular Division; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - S.-H. Hsiao
- Department of Surgery; Ren-Ai Taipei City Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - T.-S. Lee
- Department of Physiology; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pirro M, Lupattelli G, Del Giorno R, Schillaci G, Berisha S, Mannarino MR, Bagaglia F, Melis F, Mannarino E. Nutraceutical combination (red yeast rice, berberine and policosanols) improves aortic stiffness in low-moderate risk hypercholesterolemic patients. PHARMANUTRITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|