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Porras-Rivera G, Górski K, Colin N. Behavioral biomarkers in fishes: A non-lethal approach to assess the effects of chemical pollution on freshwater ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 260:119607. [PMID: 39002628 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The expansion of the human population and the escalating use of chemical products pose a considerable threat to aquatic biodiversity. Consequently, there is an imperative need for the implementation of non-lethal, cost-effective, and easily deployable biomonitoring tools. In this context, fish and their behavior as biomarkers have gained prominence in monitoring of freshwater ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess the state of art in the use of behavioral biomarkers in ecotoxicology, emphasizing their role as informative tools for global environmental monitoring. Through a systematic literature search, ninety-two articles focusing on the evaluation of behavioral changes in freshwater fish in response to pollution were identified. The most prevalent keywords were "behavior" (7%) and "zebrafish" (6%). Experiments were conducted in countries with expansive territories, such as the United States (18%) and Brazil (17%). Exotic species were primarily employed (58%), with Danio rerio (26%) being the most frequently studied species. Among pollutants, pesticides (32%) and medicines (25%) were the most frequently studied, while locomotion (38%) and social behaviors (18%) were the most frequently evaluated behaviors. Across these studies, authors consistently reported significant changes in the behavior of fish exposed to contaminants, including decreased swimming speed and compromised feeding efficiency. The review findings affirm that evaluating behavioral biomarkers in freshwater fish offers an informative, non-lethal, cost-effective, and easily implementable approach to understanding pollution impacts on freshwater ecosystems. Although few studies on behavioral biomarkers were available to date, the number has rapidly increased in recent years. Furthermore, a variety of novel approaches and study models are being included. Research into behavioral biomarkers is crucial for understanding and managing environmental risks in freshwater ecosystems. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to enhance our understanding of behavioral toxicity indicators, considering factors such as life stage, sex, and breeding season in the tested species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Porras-Rivera
- Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Konrad Górski
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
| | - Nicole Colin
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Programa Austral Patagonia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile.
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Liu T, Dong H, Zhao J, Shang D, Li Y, Xie R. The concentration of dissolved organic matter impacts the neurobehavior in female zebrafish exposed to cyclophosphamide. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 278:109866. [PMID: 38373514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a broad-spectrum anticancer drug for various cancers and frequently detected in aquatic environments, reaching concentrations up to 22 μg/L. However, there is limited understanding of the toxicities of CP with the presence of dissolved organic matter, a ubiquitous component in aquatic environments, in fish. In this study, we investigated the behaviors, morphological alterations of retina, and related gene transcripts in zebrafish exposed to CP (0 and 50 μg/L) and Humic acid (HA, a main component of DOM) at concentrations of 0, 3, 10, and 30 mg-C/L for 30 days. The results showed that, relative to the zebrafish in CP treatment, HA at 30 mg-C/L increased the locomotion (12.1 % in the light and 7.2 % in the dark) and startle response (9.7 %), while inhibiting the anxiety (12.5 %) and cognition of female zebrafish (24.6 %). The levels of transcripts of neurotransmitter- (tph1b and ache), neuroinflammation-(il-6 and tnfα) and antioxidant-(gpx) related genes in the brain of female adult were also altered by CP with the presence of HA. In addition, HA promoted the transgenerational effects of CP on the neurobehaviors. Therefore, HA can enhance potential neurotoxicity of CP in female fish through alteration neurotransmission related genes. Our findings provide new insights into the toxicity and underlying mechanisms of CP with the presence of dissolved organic matter, thereby contribute to a deeper understanding of the risks posed by CP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Liu
- China MCC20 Group Corp., Ltd., Shanghai 201999, China.
| | - Heru Dong
- China MCC20 Group Corp., Ltd., Shanghai 201999, China
| | - Jianxing Zhao
- China MCC20 Group Corp., Ltd., Shanghai 201999, China
| | | | - Yindong Li
- China MCC20 Group Corp., Ltd., Shanghai 201999, China
| | - Rong Xie
- China MCC20 Group Corp., Ltd., Shanghai 201999, China
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3
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Islam MA, Lopes I, Domingues I, Silva DCVR, Blasco J, Pereira JL, Araújo CVM. Behavioural, developmental and biochemical effects in zebrafish caused by ibuprofen, irgarol and terbuthylazine. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140373. [PMID: 37806324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of chemicals and their release into aquatic ecosystems are harming aquatic biota. Despite extensive ecotoxicological research, many environmental pollutants' ecological effects are still unknown. This study examined the spatial avoidance, behavioural and biochemical impacts of ibuprofen, irgarol, and terbuthylazine on the early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under a range of ecologically relevant concentrations (0-500 μg/L). Embryos were exposed following the OECD guideline "fish embryo toxicity test" complemented with biochemical assessment of AChE activity and behavioural analyses (swimming activity) using the video tracking system Zebrabox. Moreover, spatial avoidance was assessed by exposing 120 hpf-old larvae of D. rerio to a gradient of each chemical, by using the heterogeneous multi-habitat assay system (HeMHAS). The results obtained revealed that the 3 compounds delayed hatching at concentrations of 50 and 500 μg/L for both ibuprofen and irgarol and 500 μg/L for terbuthylazine. Moreover, all chemicals elicited a dose-dependent depression of movement (swimming distance) with LOEC values of 5, 500 and 50 μg/L for ibuprofen, irgarol and terbuthylazine, respectively. Zebrafish larvae avoided the three chemicals studied, with 4 h-AC50 values for ibuprofen, irgarol, and terbuthylazine of 64.32, 79.86, and 131.04 μg/L, respectively. The results of the HeMHAS assay suggest that larvae may early on avoid (just after 4 h of exposure) concentrations of the three chemicals that may later induce, apical and biochemical effects. Findings from this study make clear some advantages of using HeMHAS in ecotoxicology as it is: ecologically relevant (by simulating a chemically heterogeneous environmental scenario), sensitive (the perception of chemicals and the avoidance can occur at concentrations lower than those producing lethal or sublethal effects) and more humane and refined approach (organisms are not mandatorily exposed to concentrations that can produce individual toxicity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ariful Islam
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain; Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh; Management and Conservation of the Sea, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Isabel Lopes
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Inês Domingues
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Daniel C V R Silva
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, Marabá, 68507-590, Pará, Brazil; Institute of Natural Resources, Federal University of Itajubá (UNIFEI), Laboratory of Limnology and Ecotoxicolo Gy, Itajubá, 37500-903, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Julián Blasco
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Joana Luísa Pereira
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain.
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Cheron M, Kato A, Ropert-Coudert Y, Meyer X, MacIntosh AJJ, Raoelison L, Brischoux F. Exposure, but not timing of exposure, to a sulfonylurea herbicide alters larval development and behaviour in an amphibian species. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 254:106355. [PMID: 36446167 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination is one of the major causes of biodiversity loss. Wetlands are particularly susceptible to contamination and species inhabiting these habitats are subjected to pollutants during sensitive phases of their development. In this study, tadpoles of a widespread amphibian, the spined toad (Bufo spinosus), were exposed to environmental concentrations of nicosulfuron (0 μg/L; 0.15 ± 0.05 μg/L and 0.83 ± 0.04 μg/L), a sulfonylurea herbicide, during different phases of development. Tadpoles were exposed during embryonic (12.98 ± 0.90 days) or larval development (93.74± 0.85 days), or throughout both phases, and we quantified development duration, morphological traits and behavioural features as responses to exposure. Developing tadpoles exposed to nicosulfuron were larger, but with smaller body, and had shorter but wider tail muscles. They were also more active and swam faster than control tadpoles and showed diverging patterns of behavioural complexity. We showed that higher concentrations had greater effects on individuals than lower concentrations, but the timing of nicosulfuron exposure did not influence the metrics studied: Exposure to nicosulfuron triggered similar effects irrespective of the developmental stages at which exposure occurred. These results further indicate that transient exposure (e.g., during embryonic development) can induce long-lasting effects throughout larval development to metamorphosis. Our study confirms that contaminants at environmental concentrations can have strong consequences on non-target organisms. Our results emphasize the need for regulation agencies and policy makers to consider sublethal concentrations of sulfonulyrea herbicides, such as nicosulfuron, as a minimum threshold in their recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Cheron
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC UMR 7372, CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois 79360, France.
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC UMR 7372, CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois 79360, France
| | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC UMR 7372, CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois 79360, France
| | - Xavier Meyer
- European Science Foundation, 1 quai Lezay-Marnesia, Strasbourg 67080, France
| | - Andrew J J MacIntosh
- Kyoto University Primate Research Institute, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan
| | - Léa Raoelison
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC UMR 7372, CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois 79360, France
| | - François Brischoux
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC UMR 7372, CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois 79360, France
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Della Torre C, Liberatori G, Ghilardi A, Del Giacco L, Puccini M, Ferraro F, Vitolo S, Corsi I. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo-larval contact assay combined with biochemical biomarkers and swimming performance in sewage sludge and hydrochar hazard assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119053. [PMID: 35227847 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization is considered a powerful technology to convert sewage sludge (SS) into a valuable carbonaceous solid known as hydrochar (HC). Up to now criteria for landfill application of SS and HC are based only on physicochemical properties and levels of pollutant residues. Nevertheless, to ensure their safe environmental applications it is mandatory to develop biosensors which can provide relevant information on their toxic potential for natural ecosystems. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the suitability of a contact assay using zebrafish embryo/larvae combined with sub-lethal end-points to evaluate the hazard associated with SS and related HC exposure. A suite of biomarkers was also applied on larvae, related to detoxification and oxidative stress as the activity of Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase, the content of reactive oxygen species and the behavioral assay using the DanioVision™ chamber. Legacy priority pollutants were also measured either in SS and HC tested samples and in contact waters. The exposure to SS caused higher lethality compared to HC. No significant changes in the activity of oxidative stress markers was observed upon exposure to both matrices. The behavioral test showed a hypoactivity condition in larvae exposed to both SS and HC with the effects of SS stronger than HC. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of trace elements and halogenated compounds in either SS, HC. Heavy metals were also released in contact waters, while volatile hydrocarbons (C6-C10) and halogenated compounds resulted below LOD (<0.05 μ L-1). Our study highlights the suitability of zebrafish embryotoxicity test, coupled with behavioral traits, as screening tool for assessing potential risks, associated with the landfill application of both SS and HC, for aquatic wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Liberatori
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Ghilardi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Del Giacco
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Puccini
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ferraro
- Laboratori pH - Gruppo TÜV SÜD, Loc. Sambuca Tavarnelle Val Di Pesa, Italy
| | - Sandra Vitolo
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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6
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Zhong ZM, Zhang J, Tang BG, Yu FF, Lu YS, Hou G, Chen JY, Du ZX. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of the immune response to light stress in the hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀). Animal 2022; 16:100448. [PMID: 35065313 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Light intensity is an important environmental factor that affects fish growth and health through multiple physiological activities and metabolism and eventually impacts aquaculture harvest. There is a need to evaluate the fish stress response to light intensities, which will benefit aquaculture. Here, hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀) was treated with three light intensities for evaluation of the light stress response, including high light intensity (1 250 lx), low light intensity (10 lx) and moderate light intensity (250 lx). Transcriptome analysis showed that a total of 71 318 unigene sequences were obtained with an N50 of 2 589 bp. Compared to the control group (250 lx), 1 697 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), a considerable quantity, were detected in the 1 250 lx group. Among those genes, 548 were upregulated, and the remaining 149 genes showed decreased expression. Comparatively small numbers of DEGs were detected in the 10 lx group; 54 out of 103 genes exhibited upregulated expression, and 49 genes showed downregulation. For further KEGG analysis, 82 DEGs were enriched in nine common signalling pathways in immunity, of which 73 DEGs were significantly inhibited in the 1 250 lx group. In contrast, only 11 DEGs were enriched in three immunity pathways, with nine DEGs showing a significant increase in the 10 lx group. The metabolome analysis revealed 59 and 44 differential metabolites (DMs) from the 1 250 lx and 10 lx groups, respectively. Of note, those DMs from the 1 250 lx-treated group were tendentiously involved in amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism pathways, while the purine metabolism, amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism pathways were mostly found in the 10 lx treatment group. In summary, our data indicated that high light intensity significantly inhibited the immune response in hybrid grouper, while low light intensity presented low stimulation of immune activity. In addition, both high and low light intensity could inhibit protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism. Taken together, hybrid grouper exhibited a much milder stress response to low light intensity than to high light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Zhong
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - J Zhang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524006, China
| | - B G Tang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524006, China
| | - F F Yu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524006, China.
| | - Y S Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - G Hou
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - J Y Chen
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - Z X Du
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
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Li X, Liu H, Li D, Lei H, Wei X, Schlenk D, Mu J, Chen H, Yan B, Xie L. Dietary Seleno-l-Methionine Causes Alterations in Neurotransmitters, Ultrastructure of the Brain, and Behaviors in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11894-11905. [PMID: 34488355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of dietary selenium (Se) cause abnormalities and extirpation of fish inhabiting in Se-contaminated environments. However, its effect on fish behavior and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, two-month-old zebrafish (Danio rerio) was fed seleno-l-methionine (Se-Met) at environmentally relevant concentrations (i.e., control (2.61), low (5.43), medium (12.16), and high (34.61) μg Se/g dry weight (dw), respectively, corresponding to the C, L, M, and H treatments) for 60 days. Targeted metabolomics, histopathological, and targeted transcriptional endpoints were compared to behavioral metrics to evaluate the effects of dietary exposure to Se-Met . The results showed that the levels of total Se and malondialdehyde in fish brains were increased in a dose-dependent pattern. Meanwhile, mitochondrial damages and decreased activities of the mitochondria respiratory chain complexes were observed in the neurons at the M and H treatments. In addition, dietary Se-Met affected neurotransmitters, metabolites, and transcripts of the genes associated with the dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, and histamine signaling pathways in zebrafish brains at the H treatments. The total swimming distance and duration in the Novel Arm were lowered in fish from the H treatment. This study has demonstrated that dietary Se-Met affects the ultrastructure of the zebrafish brain, neurotransmitters, and associated fish behaviors and may help enhance adverse outcome pathways for neurotransmitter-behavior key events in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongsong Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dan Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haojun Lei
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinrong Wei
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Jingli Mu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bo Yan
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
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8
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Biswas S, Bellare J. Adaptive mechanisms induced by sparingly soluble mercury sulfide (HgS) in zebrafish: Behavioural and proteomics analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129438. [PMID: 33429232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) causes great health concerns due to its extreme neurotoxicity. However, here we show that pretreatment of sparingly soluble mercury compound (HgS) could induce adaptive mechanisms in zebrafish, which can resist the neurotoxic effects of mercury chloride (HgCl2). In this study, zebrafish were treated with HgS (in the form of 99% HgS arising from traditional Ayurvedic medicine Rasasindura (RS), chosen for its particle and crystallite sizes). This work was prompted by the traditional use of this form of HgS to treat nervous and immune-related diseases. Our investigation on zebrafish behaviour showed that RS pretreated fish group (RS-HG) was less severely affected by HgCl2 exposure, as compared to the RS non-treated (VC-HG) group. Further, biochemical tests showed that RS pretreatment prevents alteration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and cortisol as compared to the VC-HG group. Proteomics and bioinformatics studies of zebrafish brain tissues suggested that Rasasindura (RS-HG group) protects alteration of various protein expression related to KEGG pathways, including citrate cycle (TCA cycle) and glutathione metabolism that are directly or indirectly linked to the oxidative stress, against HgCl2 induced neurotoxicity. We found that adaptive mechanisms were initiated by the initiation of response to stress (enrichment of GO:0006950 pathway), due to the accumulation of a small amount of ionic Hg (60 ± 10 ng/g) after 15 days of RS treatment. These adaptive mechanisms avoid further adverse neurotoxicity of HgCl2. Thus, HgS (RS) pretreatment can induce protective effects in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehasis Biswas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Jayesh Bellare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India; Wadhwani Research Centre for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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9
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Lee JW, Deng DF, Lee J, Kim K, Jung HJ, Choe Y, Park SH, Yoon M. The adverse effects of selenomethionine on skeletal muscle, liver, and brain in the steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103451. [PMID: 32599160 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss (average weight: 22.3 g) were fed one of five selenomethionine diets (1.09, 8.79, 15.37, 30.79, or 61.58 mg Se/kg diet). After 4 weeks, hepatic catalase activity over 15.37 mg Se/kg diets was significantly decreased, and the glutathione peroxidase activity over 30.79 mg Se/kg diets was elevated compared to the controls. In the brain, the dopamine levels at 61.58 mg Se/kg diet and the serotonin levels over 15.37 mg Se/kg diets were significantly increased, whereas the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and dopamine turnover, and the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and serotonin turnover over 30.79 mg Se/kg diets were decreased. In muscle, the 3-nitrotyrosine level over 15.37 mg Se/kg diets, acetylcholine esterase activity over 30.79 mg Se/kg diets, and histological alterations over 8.79 mg Se/kg diets were increased. Our current results showed that selenomethionine disrupted dopamine and serotonin metabolism in the brain and damaged the neuromuscular system in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Won Lee
- Department of Integrated Bioindustry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
| | - Dong-Fang Deng
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53217, USA
| | - Jinsu Lee
- Department of Integrated Bioindustry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Jung
- Aging Neuroscience Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41068, South Korea
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Aging Neuroscience Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41068, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Park
- Department of Anatomy, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Minjung Yoon
- Department of Horse, Companion and Wild Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, South Korea.
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10
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Jacquin L, Petitjean Q, Côte J, Laffaille P, Jean S. Effects of Pollution on Fish Behavior, Personality, and Cognition: Some Research Perspectives. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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11
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Sandoval-Herrera N, Mena F, Espinoza M, Romero A. Neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticides could reduce the ability of fish to escape predation under low doses of exposure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10530. [PMID: 31324839 PMCID: PMC6642105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are frequently used in ecotoxicology as they allow to study toxicant effects happening at low concentrations of exposure. However, most sublethal studies only evaluate cellular biomarkers which lack evident ecological relevance. We used a multibiomarker approach to estimate the toxic effects of ethoprophos, an organophosphate insecticide commonly used in banana plantations, on the tropical fish Astyanax aeneus (Characidae). We measured biomarkers at sub-individual (cellular) and individual (metabolism, behavior) levels and examined relationships among these responses. A sublethal exposure to ethoprophos caused a significant (54%) reduction of brain Cholinesterase (ChE) activity, reflecting the pesticide's high neurotoxicity. However, other biomarkers like oxidative stress, biotransformation reactions, and resting metabolic rate were not affected. Exposure to ethoprophos modified antipredator behaviors such as escape response and detection avoidance (light/dark preference): exposed fish escaped slower from a simulated attack and preferred brighter areas in a novel tank. The relationship between ChE activity and reaction time suggests that pesticide-induced ChE inhibition reduces escape ability in fish. Our results provide evidence that impacts of organophosphate pesticides on fish ecological fitness can occur even with short exposures at very low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Freylan Mena
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances/Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Campus Omar Dengo, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Mario Espinoza
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Adarli Romero
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
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12
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Covantes-Rosales CE, Toledo-Ibarra GA, Díaz-Resendíz KJG, Ventura-Ramón GH, Girón-Pérez MI. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression in brain and immune cells of Oreochromis niloticus. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 328:105-107. [PMID: 30691695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nervous and immune systems maintain a bidirectional communication, expressing receptors for neurotransmitters and cytokines. Despite being well established in mammals, this has been poorly described in lower vertebrates as fishes. Experimental evidence shows that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) regulates the immune response. In this research, we evaluated mRNA levels of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) in spleen mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and compared the expression levels of immune cells with the brain. The mAChR subtypes (M2-M5A) were detected in both tissues, but mAChRs mRNA levels were higher in immune cells. This data have a potential use in biomedical and comparative immunology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Covantes-Rosales
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n. Cd, de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - G A Toledo-Ibarra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n. Cd, de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - K J G Díaz-Resendíz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n. Cd, de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - G H Ventura-Ramón
- Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - M I Girón-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n. Cd, de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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13
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Mkhinini M, Boughattas I, Alphonse V, Livet A, Bousserrhine N, Banni M. Effect of treated wastewater irrigation in East Central region of Tunisia (Monastir governorate) on the biochemical and transcriptomic response of earthworms Eisenia andrei. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1245-1255. [PMID: 30180333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Treated wastewater (TWW) reuse for irrigation has become an excellent way to palliate water scarcity in Mediterranean arid regions. However, the toxicological effects of these effluents on the soil's organisms, especially earthworms, have not been well studied as yet. In this paper, earthworms Eisenia andrei were exposed for 7 days and 14 days to five agricultural soils irrigated with TWW for different periods: 1 year, 8 years, and 20 years. In addition, they were also exposed to soil from one reference site sampled from the Ouardenin perimeter in the Monastir Governorate in Tunisia. The effect on earthworms was assessed at the biochemical level by evaluating for catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde accumulation (MDA) and acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE). On the other hand, genotoxicity and transcriptomic responses were evaluated using micronuclei test (MNT) and gene expression level of CAT and GST. Moreover, metals uptake by earthworms was analyzed. Results showed that CAT and GST activity in the earthworm increased significantly when they were exposed to soils irrigated with TWW for 1, 8 and 20 years. Furthermore, MDA concentration also increased significantly with the increase in exposure period. However, AChE activity decreased and MNi frequency increased in earthworms after 7 and 14 days of exposure to soils irrigated with TWW for more than a year. The gene expression level of CAT and GST showed a significant variability, thus data are discussed in relation to the studied biomarkers (CAT and GST). These data provide new insights into the effect of toxicity of TWW on the soil's macro fauna, which is strongly affected by the trace elements and other organic compounds accumulated in soils after 20 years of TWW irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Mkhinini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Meriem, 4042, Tunisia.
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Meriem, 4042, Tunisia.
| | - Vanessa Alphonse
- Laboratory of Water Environment and Urban systems, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil cedex, 94010, France.
| | - Alexandre Livet
- Laboratory of Water Environment and Urban systems, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil cedex, 94010, France.
| | - Noureddine Bousserrhine
- Laboratory of Water Environment and Urban systems, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil cedex, 94010, France.
| | - Mohammed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Meriem, 4042, Tunisia
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14
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Marty MS, Borgert C, Coady K, Green R, Levine SL, Mihaich E, Ortego L, Wheeler JR, Yi KD, Zorrilla LM. Distinguishing between endocrine disruption and non-specific effects on endocrine systems. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:142-158. [PMID: 30217484 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine system is responsible for growth, development, maintaining homeostasis and for the control of many physiological processes. Due to the integral nature of its signaling pathways, it can be difficult to distinguish endocrine-mediated adverse effects from transient fluctuations, adaptive/compensatory responses, or adverse effects on the endocrine system that are caused by mechanisms outside the endocrine system. This is particularly true in toxicological studies that require generation of effects through the use of Maximum Tolerated Doses (or Concentrations). Endocrine-mediated adverse effects are those that occur as a consequence of the interaction of a chemical with a specific molecular component of the endocrine system, for example, a hormone receptor. Non-endocrine-mediated adverse effects on the endocrine system are those that occur by other mechanisms. For example, systemic toxicity, which perturbs homeostasis and affects the general well-being of an organism, can affect endocrine signaling. Some organs/tissues can be affected by both endocrine and non-endocrine signals, which must be distinguished. This paper examines in vitro and in vivo endocrine endpoints that can be altered by non-endocrine processes. It recommends an evaluation of these issues in the assessment of effects for the determination of endocrine disrupting properties of chemicals. This underscores the importance of using a formal weight of evidence (WoE) process to evaluate potential endocrine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Chris Borgert
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology, Inc., C.E.H.T. Dept. Physiological Sciences, University of FL College of Veterinary Medicine, 2250 NW 24th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32605, USA.
| | - Katie Coady
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Richard Green
- Dow AgroSciences, 3b Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RN, United Kingdom.
| | - Steven L Levine
- Monsanto Company, Global Regulatory Science, 700 Chesterfield Parkway W, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, USA.
| | - Ellen Mihaich
- Environmental and Regulatory Resources, LLC, 6807 Lipscomb Drive, Durham, NC, 27712, USA.
| | - Lisa Ortego
- Bayer CropScience, 2 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - James R Wheeler
- Dow AgroSciences, 3b Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RN, United Kingdom.
| | - Kun Don Yi
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, 410 S Wing Rd, Greensboro, NC, 27409, USA.
| | - Leah M Zorrilla
- Bayer CropScience, 2 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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15
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Vicari T, Dagostim AC, Klingelfus T, Galvan GL, Monteiro PS, da Silva Pereira L, Silva de Assis HC, Cestari MM. Co-exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NpTiO 2) and lead at environmentally relevant concentrations in the Neotropical fish species Hoplias intermedius. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:1032-1043. [PMID: 30386731 PMCID: PMC6205112 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing production and utilization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NpTiO2) invariably lead to their accumulation in oceans, rivers and other water bodies, thus increasing the risk to the welfare of this ecosystem. The progressive launch of these nanoparticles in the environment has been accompanied by concern in understanding the dynamics and the toxic effect of these xenobiotic in different ecosystems, either on their own or in tandem with different contaminants (such as organic compounds and heavy metals), possibly altering their toxicity. Nevertheless, it remains unknown if these combined effects may induce damage in freshwater organisms. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the consequences caused by NpTiO2, after a waterborne exposure of 96 h to a Neotropical fish species Hoplias intermedius, as well as after a co-exposure with lead, whose effects for fish have already been well described in the literature. The characterization of NpTiO2 stock suspension was carried out in order to provide additional information and revealed a stable colloidal suspension. As a result, NpTiO2 showed some genotoxic effects which were observed by comet assay in gill, kidney and brain cells. Also, the activity of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has not changed, but the activity of muscle AChE decreased in the group exposed only to PbII. Regarding the hepatic antioxidant system, catalase (CAT) did not show any change in its activity, whereas that of superoxide dismutase (SOD) intensified in the groups submitted only to PbII and NpTiO2 alone. As for lipid peroxidation, there was a decrease in the group exposed to the NpTiO2 alone and to the co-exposed group (NpTiO2+PbII). As far as metallothionein is concerned, its concentration rose for the co-exposed group (NpTiO2+PbII) and for the group exposed to PbII alone. Overall, we may conclude that NpTiO2 alone caused DNA damage to vital tissues. Also, some impairment related to the antioxidant mechanism was described but it is probably not related to the DNA damage observed, suggesting that the genotoxic effect observed may be due to a different mechanism instead of ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taynah Vicari
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Dagostim
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Klingelfus
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabrieli Limberger Galvan
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sampaio Monteiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Letícia da Silva Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helena Cristina Silva de Assis
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marta Margarete Cestari
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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16
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Pereira R, Leite E, Raimundo J, Guilherme S, Puga S, Pinto-Ribeiro F, Santos MA, Canário J, Almeida A, Pacheco M, Pereira P. Metals(loids) targeting fish eyes and brain in a contaminated estuary - Uncovering neurosensory (un)susceptibility through bioaccumulation, antioxidant and morphometric profiles. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 140:403-411. [PMID: 30054132 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the susceptibility of fish (Liza aurata) eyes and brain to metals(loids) contamination under realistic exposure conditions. A multidimensional approach was applied to fish caught at a chronically contaminated site (BAR) and at a reference site of the Tagus estuary (Portugal), which comprised metals(loids) accumulation in eyes and brain together with a battery of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, as well as brain morphometry (i.e. cell density). Trace element levels in the blood, gills, liver and kidney allowed interpretations on their preferential pathway(s) to the eyes and brain. Metals(loids) accumulation pointed out the elevated vulnerability of the fish eyes at BAR, probably related with the direct waterborne uptake. Pb uptake in L. aurata eyes could be associated both with water and indirect pathways. At the most contaminated site, metals(loids) were on the basis of pro-oxidant conditions in the ocular tissues, while no indication of toxicity was recorded in the brain. Overall, the results disclosed a differential bioaccumulation among fish organs, suggesting that, in the L. aurata population studied, metal organotropism underlie the lower susceptibility of the brain comparing to the eyes. However, mechanisms remain little understood and further work is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pereira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Leite
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Raimundo
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Guilherme
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Puga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine (EM), Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4750-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipa Pinto-Ribeiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine (EM), Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4750-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Ana Santos
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Canário
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Armando Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine (EM), Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, 4750-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mário Pacheco
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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17
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Sastre S, Fernández Torija C, Atiénzar Pertusa I, Beltrán EM, Pablos MV, González-Doncel M. Stage-dependent effects of chlorpyrifos on medaka (Oryzias latipes) swimming behavior using a miniaturized swim flume. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 200:37-49. [PMID: 29723761 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
By considering chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus pesticide with known mechanisms of action that affect neurobehavioral development, we assessed the validity and sensitivity of a miniaturized swim flume by investigating the effects of the insecticide on swimming behavior in medaka (Oryzias latipes) fish growing stages. Medaka in three developmental periods, namely 0, 20 and 40 day-old post-hatch (i.e. time points 0, 20 and 40, respectively), were exposed to CPF (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/L) for 48 h under semi-static conditions. The CPF half-lives during exposures were evaluated and the swimming patterns in a flume section (arena) were presented on two-dimensional gradient maps of forced movement of fish against water current. A comparative numerical analysis of fish residence times between each time point control and the corresponding CPF groups was performed by dividing arenas into 15 proportional areas. The time point 0 control group gradient map showed a noticeably different swim pattern from those of the ≥12.5 μg CPF/L groups, which was statistically supported by the differences for residence times seen in ≥12 corresponding areas. The control group gradient maps for time points 20 and 40 differed from those of the respective ≥12.5 μg CPF/L groups. The comparative analysis of the residence times in the corresponding 15 areas revealed differences in ≥5 areas for time point 20 and in ≥3 areas for time point 40. The integrative analysis of the gradient maps and the numerical statistics revealed stage-specific effects and a concentration-response relationship between CPF and alterations on forced medaka swimming despite the dissipation of CPF from the water column. These results indicate the validity of the miniaturized swim flume toward a more environmentally realistic scenario for the evaluation of neurodevelopmental and behavioral toxicity in small fish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Sastre
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández Torija
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Atiénzar Pertusa
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eulalia María Beltrán
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Victoria Pablos
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Doncel
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Stengel D, Wahby S, Braunbeck T. In search of a comprehensible set of endpoints for the routine monitoring of neurotoxicity in vertebrates: sensory perception and nerve transmission in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4066-4084. [PMID: 29022183 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop a test battery based on a variety of neurological systems in fish, three sensory systems (vision, olfaction, and lateral line) as well as nerve transmission (acetylcholine esterase) were analyzed in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos with respect to their suitability as a model for the screening of neurotoxic trace substances in aquatic ecosystems. As a selection of known or putative neurotoxic compounds, amidotrizoic acid, caffeine, cypermethrin, dichlorvos, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-nonylphenol, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid were tested in the fish embryo test (OECD test guideline 236) to determine EC10 values, which were then used as maximum test concentration in subsequent neurotoxicity tests. Whereas inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was investigated biochemically both in vivo and in vitro (ex vivo), the sensory organs were studied in vivo by means of fluorescence microscopy and histopathology in 72- or 96-h-old zebrafish embryos, which are not regarded as protected developmental stages in Europe and thus - at least de jure - represent alternative test methods. Various steps of optimization allowed this neurotoxicity battery to identify neurotoxic potentials for five out of the nine compounds: Cypermethrin and dichlorvos could be shown to specifically modulate acetylcholinesterase activity; dichlorvos, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-nonylphenol, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid led to a degeneration of neuromasts, whereas both vision and olfaction proved quite resistant to concentrations ≤ EC10 of all of the model neurotoxicants tested. Comparison of neurotoxic effects on acetylcholinesterase activity following in vivo and in vitro (ex vivo) exposure to cypermethrin provided hints to a specific enzyme-modulating activity of pyrethroid compounds. Enhancement of the neuromast assay by applying a simultaneous double-staining procedure and implementing a 4-scale scoring system (Stengel et al. 2017) led to reduced variability of results and better statistical resolution and allowed to differentiate location-dependent effects in single neuromasts. Since acetylcholinesterase inhibition and neuromast degeneration can be analyzed in 72- and 96-h-old zebrafish embryos exposed to neurotoxicants according to the standard protocol of the fish embryo toxicity test (OECD TG 236), the fish embryo toxicity test can be enhanced to serve as a sensitive neurotoxicity screening test in non-protected stages of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stengel
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 120, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Wahby
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 120, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 120, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Legradi JB, Di Paolo C, Kraak MHS, van der Geest HG, Schymanski EL, Williams AJ, Dingemans MML, Massei R, Brack W, Cousin X, Begout ML, van der Oost R, Carion A, Suarez-Ulloa V, Silvestre F, Escher BI, Engwall M, Nilén G, Keiter SH, Pollet D, Waldmann P, Kienle C, Werner I, Haigis AC, Knapen D, Vergauwen L, Spehr M, Schulz W, Busch W, Leuthold D, Scholz S, vom Berg CM, Basu N, Murphy CA, Lampert A, Kuckelkorn J, Grummt T, Hollert H. An ecotoxicological view on neurotoxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:46. [PMID: 30595996 PMCID: PMC6292971 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The numbers of potential neurotoxicants in the environment are raising and pose a great risk for humans and the environment. Currently neurotoxicity assessment is mostly performed to predict and prevent harm to human populations. Despite all the efforts invested in the last years in developing novel in vitro or in silico test systems, in vivo tests with rodents are still the only accepted test for neurotoxicity risk assessment in Europe. Despite an increasing number of reports of species showing altered behaviour, neurotoxicity assessment for species in the environment is not required and therefore mostly not performed. Considering the increasing numbers of environmental contaminants with potential neurotoxic potential, eco-neurotoxicity should be also considered in risk assessment. In order to do so novel test systems are needed that can cope with species differences within ecosystems. In the field, online-biomonitoring systems using behavioural information could be used to detect neurotoxic effects and effect-directed analyses could be applied to identify the neurotoxicants causing the effect. Additionally, toxic pressure calculations in combination with mixture modelling could use environmental chemical monitoring data to predict adverse effects and prioritize pollutants for laboratory testing. Cheminformatics based on computational toxicological data from in vitro and in vivo studies could help to identify potential neurotoxicants. An array of in vitro assays covering different modes of action could be applied to screen compounds for neurotoxicity. The selection of in vitro assays could be guided by AOPs relevant for eco-neurotoxicity. In order to be able to perform risk assessment for eco-neurotoxicity, methods need to focus on the most sensitive species in an ecosystem. A test battery using species from different trophic levels might be the best approach. To implement eco-neurotoxicity assessment into European risk assessment, cheminformatics and in vitro screening tests could be used as first approach to identify eco-neurotoxic pollutants. In a second step, a small species test battery could be applied to assess the risks of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Legradi
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt–Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Environment and Health, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C. Di Paolo
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt–Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. H. S. Kraak
- FAME-Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. G. van der Geest
- FAME-Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E. L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - A. J. Williams
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
| | - M. M. L. Dingemans
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - R. Massei
- Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, Germany
| | - W. Brack
- Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, Germany
| | - X. Cousin
- Ifremer, UMR MARBEC, Laboratoire Adaptation et Adaptabilités des Animaux et des Systèmes, Route de Maguelone, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
- INRA, UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Domaine de Vilvert, Batiment 231, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M.-L. Begout
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Place Gaby Coll, 17137 L’Houmeau, France
| | - R. van der Oost
- Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Carion
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - V. Suarez-Ulloa
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - F. Silvestre
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - B. I. Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - M. Engwall
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - G. Nilén
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - S. H. Keiter
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - D. Pollet
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Stephanstrasse 7, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P. Waldmann
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Stephanstrasse 7, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C. Kienle
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - I. Werner
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - A.-C. Haigis
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt–Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - D. Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - L. Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - M. Spehr
- Institute for Biology II, Department of Chemosensation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - W. Schulz
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Langenau, Germany
| | - W. Busch
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - D. Leuthold
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S. Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - C. M. vom Berg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, 8600 Switzerland
| | - N. Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - C. A. Murphy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - A. Lampert
- Institute of Physiology (Neurophysiology), Aachen, Germany
| | - J. Kuckelkorn
- Section Toxicology of Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Water, Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, 08645 Bad Elster, Germany
| | - T. Grummt
- Section Toxicology of Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Water, Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, 08645 Bad Elster, Germany
| | - H. Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt–Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Liu J, Cai Y, Lu G, Dan X, Wu D, Yan Z. Interaction of erythromycin and ketoconazole on the neurological, biochemical and behavioral responses in crucian carp. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 55:14-19. [PMID: 28802958 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment has received great attention due to their potential impacts on public health. The single, as well as the combined toxicities of erythromycin (ERY) and ketoconazole (KCZ) on the bioaccumulation, biochemical and behavioral responses, were examined in crucian carp. This study focused on the uptake of contaminants, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brain, swimming and shoaling behavior of fish. After 14days of binary exposure, the addition of KCZ at nominal concentrations of 0.2, 2 and 20μg/L significantly increased the accumulation of ERY in the brain of the fish and the bioconcentration factor of 2.08 was 2.6-fold higher than that calculated from the ERY-alone exposure. The brain AChE activity was significantly inhibited by ERY and KCZ with a significant correlation with respect to the accumulative concentration of the contaminants. The inhibition rates of swimming activity to KCZ were increased with a corresponding increase in the exposure concentration of KCZ in the single exposure. However, this manner was altered by the combined exposure. In addition, shoaling was significantly enhanced by KCZ-alone exposure, which was significantly correlated with the swimming activity. This study indicates that the mixture of the contaminants may cause endocrine disrupting effects and behavior modification especially in fish with known ecological and evolutionary consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yuanfei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Wentian College, Hohai University, Ma'anshan, 243031, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, XiZang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Dan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Maulvault AL, Barbosa V, Alves R, Custódio A, Anacleto P, Repolho T, Pousão Ferreira P, Rosa R, Marques A, Diniz M. Ecophysiological responses of juvenile seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) exposed to increased temperature and dietary methylmercury. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:551-558. [PMID: 28216029 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicological effects of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure have been intensively described in literature. Yet, it is still unclear how marine biota will respond to the presence of MeHg under climate change, namely ocean warming. The present study aimed to investigate, for the first time, fish condition [Fulton's K index (K), hepatosomatic index (HIS) and brain-to-body mass ratio (BB-ratio)] and several stress-related responses in an ecologically and commercially important fish species (Dicentrachus labrax) exposed for 28days to dietary MeHg (8.0mg kg-1 dw) and temperature increase (+4°C). Results showed significant impairments on fish condition, i.e. up to 34% decrease on K, >100% increase on HIS and 44% decrease on BB-ratio, compared to control conditions. Significant changes on tissue biochemical responses were observed in fish exposed to both stressors, acting alone or combined, evidencing the relevance of assessing possible interactions between different environmental stressors in ecotoxicological studies. For instance, muscle showed to be the least affected tissue, only revealing significant alterations in GST activity of MeHg-enriched fish. On the other hand, liver exhibited a significant induction of GST (>100%) and CAT (up to 74%) in MeHg-enriched fish, regardless of temperature exposure, as well as decreased SOD activity (19%) and increased HSP70/HSC70 content (87%) in fish exposed to warming alone. Brain showed to be affected by temperature (69% of GST inhibition and >100% of increased CAT activity), MeHg (>100% of increased CAT activity, 47% of SOD inhibition and 55% of AChE inhibition), as well as by the combination of both (GST, SOD and AChE inhibition, 17%, 48% and 53%, respectively). Hence, our data provides evidences that the toxicological aspects of MeHg ca be potentiated by warmer temperatures, thus, evidencing the need for further research combining contaminants exposure and climate change effects, to better forecast ecological impacts in the ocean of tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Maulvault
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal.
| | - Vera Barbosa
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Alves
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Custódio
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Anacleto
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Tiago Repolho
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão Ferreira
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading. Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Diniz
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE Chemistry Department, Centre of Fine Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon (CQFB-FCT/UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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22
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Pereira TM, Mattar LP, Pereira ER, Merçon J, da Silva AG, Cruz ZMA. Effects of Tin on Enzyme Activity in Holothuria grisea (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:607-611. [PMID: 27904927 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of tin exposure on enzyme activity in the sea cucumber (Holothuria grisea Selenka, 1867). After exposure to 0 (control), 0.04, 0.08, or 0.12 mg L-1 tin, we tested the activities of total cholinesterase in longitudinal muscles, acid phosphatase in gonads and the respiratory tree, as well as alkaline phosphatase in the intestines during a 96-h bioassay. Regression analyses showed that all enzyme activities declined with increasing tin concentrations, except for acid phosphatase in the respiratory tree, which were similarly, inhibited at all tin concentrations. These results indicate that H. grisea is a potential bioindicator for seascape habitat monitoring programs, as its biochemical markers show sensitivity to trace elements that can indicate a rise in pollution levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Miura Pereira
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Contaminação Ambiental e Genotoxicidade, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Rua Comissário José Dantas Melo 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, ES, 29.102-770, Brazil
| | - Lívia Pôncio Mattar
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Contaminação Ambiental e Genotoxicidade, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Rua Comissário José Dantas Melo 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, ES, 29.102-770, Brazil
| | - Edgar Rocha Pereira
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Contaminação Ambiental e Genotoxicidade, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Rua Comissário José Dantas Melo 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, ES, 29.102-770, Brazil
| | - Julia Merçon
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Contaminação Ambiental e Genotoxicidade, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Rua Comissário José Dantas Melo 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, ES, 29.102-770, Brazil
| | - Ary Gomes da Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia Funcional, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Rua Comissário José Dantas Melo 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, ES, 29.102-770, Brazil
| | - Zilma Maria Almeida Cruz
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Contaminação Ambiental e Genotoxicidade, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Rua Comissário José Dantas Melo 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, ES, 29.102-770, Brazil.
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Prakash Krishnan Muthaiah V, Ding D, Salvi R, Roth JA. Carbaryl-induced ototoxicity in rat postnatal cochlear organotypic cultures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:956-969. [PMID: 27296064 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbaryl, a widely used carbamate-based insecticide, is a potent anticholinesterase known to induce delayed neurotoxicity following chronic exposure. However, its potential toxic effects on the cochlea, the sensory organ for hearing that contains cholinergic efferent neurons and acetylcholine receptors on the hair cells (HC) and spiral ganglion neurons has heretofore not been evaluated. To assess ototoxic potential of carbaryl, cochlear organotypic cultures from postnatal day 3 rats were treated with doses of carbaryl ranging from 50 to 500 μM for 48 h up to 96 h. Carbaryl damaged both the sensory HC and spiral ganglion neurons in a dose- and duration-dependent manner. HC and neuronal damage was observed at carbaryl concentrations as low as 50 μM after 96-h treatment and 100 μM after 48-h treatment. Hair cell was greatest in the high frequency basal region of the cochlea and progressively decreased towards the apex consistent with the majority of ototoxic drugs. In contrast, damage to the spiral ganglion neurons was of similar magnitude in the basal and apical regions of the cochlea. Carbaryl damage was characterized by soma shrinkage, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and blebbing, morphological features of programmed cell death. Carbaryl upregulated the expression of executioner caspase-3 in HC and spiral ganglion neurons indicating that cellular damage occurred primarily by caspase-mediated apoptosis. These results suggest that chronic exposure to carbaryl and other carbamate anticholinesterases may be ototoxic. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 956-969, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalian Ding
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14214
| | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14214
| | - Jerome A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14214
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24
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Immediate and lag effects of pesticide exposure on parasite resistance in larval amphibians. Parasitology 2017; 144:817-822. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016002560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYAcross host–parasite systems, there is evidence that pesticide exposure increases parasite loads and mortality following infection. However, whether these effects are driven by reductions in host resistance to infection or slower rates of parasite clearance is often unclear. Using controlled laboratory experiments, we examined the ability of larval northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens) and American toads (Anaxyrus americanus) to resist and clear trematode (Echinoparyphium sp.) infections following exposure to the insecticide carbaryl. Northern leopard frogs exposed to 1 mg L−1 of carbaryl had 61% higher parasite loads compared with unexposed individuals, while there was no immediate effect of carbaryl on parasite encystment in American toads. However, when tadpoles were exposed to carbaryl and moved to freshwater for 14 days before the parasite challenge, we recovered 37 and 63% more parasites from carbaryl-exposed northern leopard frogs and American toads, respectively, compared with the control. No effects on clearance were found for either species. Collectively, our results suggest that pesticide exposure can reduce the ability of amphibians to resist parasite infections and that these effects can persist weeks following exposure. It is critical for researchers to incorporate species interactions into toxicity studies to improve our understanding of how contaminants affect ecological communities.
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Kristofco LA, Cruz LC, Haddad SP, Behra ML, Chambliss CK, Brooks BW. Age matters: Developmental stage of Danio rerio larvae influences photomotor response thresholds to diazinion or diphenhydramine. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 170:344-354. [PMID: 26431593 PMCID: PMC4968053 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Because basic toxicological data is unavailable for the majority of industrial compounds, High Throughput Screening (HTS) assays using the embryonic and larval zebrafish provide promising approaches to define bioactivity profiles and identify potential adverse outcome pathways for previously understudied chemicals. Unfortunately, standardized approaches, including HTS experimental designs, for examining fish behavioral responses to contaminants are rarely available. In the present study, we examined movement behavior of larval zebrafish over 7 days (4-10 days post fertilization or dpf) during typical daylight workday hours to determine whether intrinsic activity differed with age and time of day. We then employed an early life stage approach using the Fish Embryo Test (FET) at multiple developmental ages to evaluate whether photomotor response (PMR) behavior differed with zebrafish age following exposure to diazinon (DZN), a well-studied orthophosphate insecticide, and diphenhydramine (DPH), an antihistamine that also targets serotonin reuptake transporters and the acetylcholine receptor. 72h studies were conducted at 1-4, 4-7 and 7-10dpf, followed by behavioral observations using a ViewPoint system at 4, 7 and 10dpf. Distance traveled and swimming speeds were quantified; nominal treatment levels were analytically verified by isotope-dilution LC-MSMS. Larval zebrafish locomotion displayed significantly different (p<0.05) activity profiles over the course of typical daylight and workday hours, and these time of day PMR activity profiles were similar across ages examined (4-10dpf). 10dpf zebrafish larvae were consistently more sensitive to DPH than either the 4 or 7dpf larvae with an environmentally realistic lowest observed effect concentration of 200ng/L. Though ELS and FET studies with zebrafish typically focus on mortality or teratogenicity in 0-4dpf organisms, behavioral responses of slightly older fish were several orders of magnitude more sensitive to DPH. Our observations highlight the importance of understanding the influence of time of day on intrinsic locomotor activity, and the age-specific hazards of aquatic contaminants to fish behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Kristofco
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Luis Colon Cruz
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Samuel P Haddad
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Martine L Behra
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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26
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Ulm L, Krivohlavek A, Jurašin D, Ljubojević M, Šinko G, Crnković T, Žuntar I, Šikić S, Vinković Vrček I. Response of biochemical biomarkers in the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna exposed to silver nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19990-19999. [PMID: 26296504 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) production and use owing to their antimicrobial properties justifies the need to examine the resulting environmental impacts. The discharge of biocidal nanoparticles to water bodies may pose a threat to aquatic species. This study evaluated the effects of citrate-coated AgNPs on the standardized test organism Daphnia magna Straus clone MBP996 by means of biochemical biomarker response. AgNP toxicity was compared against the toxic effect of Ag(+). The toxicity endpoints were calculated based upon measured Ag concentrations in exposure media. For AgNPs, the NOAEC and LOAEC values at 48 h were 5 and 7 μg Ag/L, respectively, while these values were 0.5 and 1 μg Ag/L, respectively, for Ag(+). The EC50 at 48 h was computed to be 12.4 ± 0.6 and 2.6 ± 0.1 μg Ag/L for AgNPs and Ag(+), respectively, with 95 % confidence intervals of 12.1-12.8 and 2.3-2.8 μg Ag/L, respectively. These results indicate significant less toxicity of AgNP compared to free Ag(+) ions. Five biomarkers were evaluated in Daphnia magna neonates after acute exposure to Ag(+) or AgNPs, including glutathione (GSH) level, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and catalase (CAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. AgNPs induced toxicity and oxidative stress responses in D. magna neonates at tenfold higher concentrations than Ag. Biochemical methods revealed a clear increase in AChE activity, decreased ROS level, increased GSH level and CAT activity, but no significant changes in SOD activity. As Ag(+) may dissolve from AgNPs, these two types of Ag could act synergistically and produce a greater toxic response. The observed remarkably high toxicity of AgNPs (in the parts-per-billion range) to crustaceans indicates that these organisms are a vulnerable link in the aquatic food chain with regard to contamination by nanosilver. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Ulm
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska 16, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Adela Krivohlavek
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska 16, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darija Jurašin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Ljubojević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Šinko
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tea Crnković
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Žuntar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Šikić
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska 16, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Vinković Vrček
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Maximiliano Attademo A, Mariela Peltzer P, Carlos Lajmanovich R, Cabagna-Zenklusen M, María Junges C, Lorenzatti E, Aró C, Grenón P. Biochemical changes in certain enzymes of Lysapsus limellium (Anura: Hylidae) exposed to chlorpyrifos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:287-294. [PMID: 25528379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Different enzyme biomarkers (AChE: acetylcholinesterase, CbE: carboxylesterase, GST: glutathione-S-transferase, CAT: catalase) were measured in digestive tissues of Lysapsus limellum frogs collected from a rice field (RF: chlorpyriphos sprayed by aircraft) and a non-contaminated area (RS: reference site), immediately (24h) and 168 h after aerial spraying with chlorpyrifos (CPF). CPF degradation was also searched in water samples collected from RF and RS, and found that insecticide concentration was reduced to≈6.78% of the original concentration in RF at 168 h. A significant reduction of AChE and CbE activities was detected in L. limellum from RF in stomach and liver at 24 and 168 h, and in intestine only at 24h, with respect to RS individuals. CAT activity decreased in intestine of L. limellum from RF 24h and 168 h after exposure to CPF, whereas GST decreased in that tissue only at 24h. In stomach and liver, a decrease was observed only at 168 h in both CAT and GST. The use of biomarkers (AChE, CbE, GST, and CAT) provides different lines of evidences for ecotoxicological risk assessment of wild frog populations at sites contaminated with pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Maximiliano Attademo
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of Littoral (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET)-Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Paola Mariela Peltzer
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of Littoral (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET)-Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Rafael Carlos Lajmanovich
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of Littoral (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET)-Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mariana Cabagna-Zenklusen
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of Littoral (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Normal Morphology signature -Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Celina María Junges
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of Littoral (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET)-Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Lorenzatti
- Contamination and Remediation soil Signature. Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of Litoral (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carolina Aró
- Normal Morphology signature -Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Paula Grenón
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of Littoral (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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Kaur K, Kaur A. Fish erythrocytes as biomarkers for the toxicity of sublethal doses of an azo dye, Basic Violet-1 (CI: 42535). MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:264-273. [PMID: 25434363 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614013609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate poikilocytosis in Labeo rohita (an important food fish) as an early indicator of stress due to an azo dye, Basic Violet-1 (CI: 42535). This dye was observed to be very toxic to test fish (96 h LC50 as0.45 mg/L dye). Fish were given short-term (96 h) and subchronic (150 days) exposures to the dye, and poikilocytosis was recorded under light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Light microscopy helped in identification of micronuclei along with irregularities, notches, blebs, lobes, crenation, clumps, chains, spherocytes, vacuolation, and necrosis in erythrocytes. However, SEM indicated shrinkage, oozing of cytoplasm, and several new abnormal shapes including marginal foldings, discocytes, keratocytes, dacrocytes, degmacytes, acanthocytes, echinocytes, protuberances, stomatocytes, drepanocytes, holes in the membrane, stippling/spicules, crescent-shaped cells, triangular cells, and pentagonal cells. Earlier studies speculated changes in the membrane to be responsible for clumping and chaining of erythrocytes, whereas the present SEM study clearly indicates that oozing out of cytoplasm is also responsible for the formation of chains and clumps. This study also shows that erythrocytes exhibit pathological symptoms before the appearance of other external symptoms such as abnormal behavior or mortality of fish. There was a dose- and duration-dependent increase; therefore, poikilocytosis, especially echinocytes, spherocytes, and clumps, can act as a biomarker for the stress caused by azo dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Zoology,Guru Nanak Dev University,Amritsar,Punjab 143005,India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Department of Zoology,Guru Nanak Dev University,Amritsar,Punjab 143005,India
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Kochhann D, Meyersieck Jardim M, Valdez Domingos FX, Val AL. Biochemical and behavioral responses of the Amazonian fish Colossoma macropomum to crude oil: the effect of oil layer on water surface. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 111:32-41. [PMID: 25450912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The largest Brazilian terrestrial province of petroleum mining is located at the margins of Urucu River, Amazonas. Mined crude oil is transported along 400 km across Solimões River to be refined in Manaus. Thus, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of crude oil exposure on biochemical, physiological and behavioral parameters of juveniles of the Amazonian fish tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). The toxicity of water-soluble and insoluble oil fractions and the influence of a layer formed by the oil on the water surface from low and high concentrations of crude oil were analyzed. The results showed a strong physical effect of oil at the water surface and a significant effect on fish behavior. Swimming time and response to alarm substance decreased when fish was exposed for just one day to water insoluble fraction, and remain lower after 30 days of exposure, compared to control. Chronic exposure to water insoluble fraction of the inert oil also affected these two parameters. Critical swimming velocity decreased in fish exposed to both crude and inert oil water insoluble fraction. These reductions are possibly related to a decrease in aerobic capacity. Only exposure to high concentrations of petroleum water-soluble fractions induced transient alterations of the analyzed parameters. The exposure of fish to low and high concentrations of water insoluble fraction of Urucu oil caused a reduction of responses to alarm substance, spontaneous swimming activity and swimming capacity (Ucrit), decreased activity of acetylcholinesterase, and increased activity of alkaline phosphatase. Severe hypertrophy of lamellar epithelium and extensive lamellar fusion of the gills were also observed. Overall, these results show significant behavioral and physiological changes caused by the oil layer on the water surface, which means that toxicity of petroleum produced by its chemical components is, in fact, in this fish species, enhanced by the presence of an oil phase as a physical barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiani Kochhann
- Brazilian National Institute for Research in the Amazon, Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Ave André Araújo 2936, 69060-001, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Manoela Meyersieck Jardim
- Brazilian National Institute for Research in the Amazon, Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Ave André Araújo 2936, 69060-001, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Xochilt Valdez Domingos
- Brazilian National Institute for Research in the Amazon, Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Ave André Araújo 2936, 69060-001, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Luis Val
- Brazilian National Institute for Research in the Amazon, Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Ave André Araújo 2936, 69060-001, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Wu JP, Lee HL, Li MH. Cadmium neurotoxicity to a freshwater planarian. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 67:639-650. [PMID: 24996536 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although freshwater planarians are evolutionarily primitive, they are some of the simplest bilateral animals possessing integrated neural networks similar to those in vertebrates. We attempted to develop planarian Dugesia japonica as a model for investigating the neurotoxicity of environmental pollutants such as cadmium (Cd). This study was therefore designed to study the effects of Cd on the locomotor activity, neurobehavior, and neurological enzymes of D. japonica. After planarians were exposed to Cd at high concentrations, altered neurobehavior was observed that exhibited concentration-dependent patterns. Morphological alterations in Cd-treated planarians included irregular shape, body elongation, screw-like hyperkinesia, and bridge-like position. To study the direct effects of Cd on neurological enzymes, tissue homogenates of planarians were incubated in vitro with Cd before their activity was measured. Results showed that acetylcholinesterase (AChE), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) activities were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. MAO-B activity was significantly induced by Cd at low concentrations and inhibited at high concentrations. Changes in the in vivo activity of AChE and ATPase were also found after planarians were treated with Cd at a sublethal concentration (5.56 μM). These observations indicate that neurotransmission systems in planarians are disturbed after Cd exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Pin Wu
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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Souid G, Souayed N, Yaktiti F, Maaroufi K. Lead accumulation pattern and molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress in seabream (Sparus aurata) under short-term metal treatment. Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; 38:98-105. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.917091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) behavioral responses in identifying sublethal exposures to deltamethrin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:3650-60. [PMID: 24699028 PMCID: PMC4024987 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110403650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of fish behavioral responses are sensitive indicators to identify accidental chemical pollution. In this research, a series of exposure tests were conducted to investigate behavioral changes of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to deltamethrin (DM) in six concentrations of 0, 0.15, 1.5, 3.75, 7.5 and 15 μg/L. Swimming changes in zebrafish were detected at a concentration as low as 1% of the LC(50-24h) within five hours. Hyperactivity was the first response, followed by a second response of fish surfacing. The change patterns of swimming speed in zebrafish were similar in all exposure groups, but the degree increased with increasing concentrations. Swimming speed and depth were altered within the first two hours after exposure, which was regarded as the most vital phase for water quality monitoring. The duration of hyperactivity and the time of zebrafish surfacing were both logarithmically correlated with exposure concentrations, which was helpful to distinguish the level of pollution.
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Zheng K, Liu Z, Li Y, Cui Y, Li M. Toxicological responses of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) exposed to metal-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8382-8390. [PMID: 23589267 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1689-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological responses of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) induced by field-contaminated, metal-polluted soils. Biochemical responses and DNA damage of earthworm exposed to two multi-metal-contaminated soils in a steel industry park and a natural reference soil in Zijin Mountain for 2, 7, 14, and 28 days were studied. Results showed that three enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and cellulase, in earthworm in metal-contaminated soils were significantly different from those of the reference soil. Cellulase and AChE were more sensitive than SOD to soil contamination. The Olive tail moment of the comet assay after 2-day exposure increased 56.5 and 552.0 % in two contaminated soils, respectively, compared to the reference soil. Our findings show that cellulase and DNA damage levels can be used as potential biomarkers for exposure of earthworm to metal-polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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King KA, Grue CE, Grassley JM, Fisk RJ. Pesticides in urban streams and early life stages of Pacific coho salmon. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:920-931. [PMID: 23297254 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are frequently detected in urban streams and are believed to be primarily the result of homeowner use. Although concentrations in most cases are low (<1 µg/L), there is concern that pesticide inputs threaten efforts to restore and enhance salmon habitat. The authors exposed early life stages of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to a pesticide mixture ("cocktail") representative of those pesticides most frequently reported in urban streams in western Washington State, USA. Life stages were continuously exposed to pulses of the cocktail simulating those in urban streams in fall and winter when coho salmon eggs and sac fry are present. Nominal concentrations of eight herbicides, two insecticides, a fungicide, and a breakdown product were the maximum detected. Fertilization, hatching success, survival, deformities, and growth of fry were not significantly affected. A reduction in fertilization success (19-25%) was not reproducible even when gametes were exposed to 100 times the maximum concentrations detected. Based on the end points examined in the present study, the results suggest that direct exposure to the pesticides most frequently detected in urban streams in western Washington does not impair early life stages of coho salmon and is not a major factor governing the recovery of salmon populations. The extent to which pesticide exposure would affect smoltification, outmigration, and ocean survival needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerensa A King
- University of Washington, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Moore DRJ, Teed RS. Risks of carbamate and organophosphate pesticide mixtures to salmon in the Pacific Northwest. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2013; 9:70-78. [PMID: 22736415 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest are being affected by a variety of environmental stressors including intense fishing pressure, parasites and disease, climatic variability and change, land development, hatchery production, hydropower operations, stormwater runoff, and exposure to toxic contaminants. In recent years, there has been much concern that mixtures of pesticides are causing toxic effects to Pacific salmon. In this study, we compared measured stream water concentrations from 2 monitoring studies conducted in the Pacific Northwest with concentration-response curves derived for inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) for mixtures of organophosphate (OPs) and carbamate (CBs) pesticides. In the first monitoring study, samples were collected from 2003 to 2007 in salmonid-bearing waters of 5 urban or agricultural watersheds in Washington State. This study was targeted to areas of high pesticide use and generally involved weekly sampling during the pesticide use season. The second monitoring study was the United States Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment that included samples taken from 2003 to 2010 in California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. OPs and CBs were frequently detected in both studies. The available monitoring data collected since 2003, however, demonstrates that mixtures of OPs and CBs in surface waters rarely occur at levels capable of producing significant physiological and behavioral effects in Pacific salmon. The observed mixtures never reached concentrations capable of causing mortality. We conclude that mixtures of organophosphates and carbamates do not pose a significant direct risk to Pacific salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne R J Moore
- Intrinsik Environmental Sciences (US), New Gloucester, ME 04260, USA.
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Oliva M, Perales JA, Gravato C, Guilhermino L, Galindo-Riaño MD. Biomarkers responses in muscle of Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) from a heavy metals and PAHs polluted estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:2097-2108. [PMID: 22858014 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical responses in muscle, such as the enzymatic activities of acetylcholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, were studied in sole (Solea senegalensis) collected in Huelva estuary (SW Spain), in the vicinity of a petrochemical and mining industry. The sampling sites showed different type and degree of pollution. The results demonstrated significant differences in muscle activities of AChE and IDH in Odiel and Tinto Rivers compared to control fish. LDH activity did not show any difference between sampling sites. Significant correlations were established between some biomarkers and heavy metals: AChE was correlated with Pb, Cd and Cu concentrations in water; IDH activity was correlated with Cd and Cu concentrations in water and As, Pb and Cd concentrations in sediments; LDH activity was correlated with As and Zn concentration in water and Cd concentration in sediment. Only one correlation was established between the biomarkers analysed and the concentrations of PAHs: benzo(b)fluoranthene concentration in sediment and IDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagrosa Oliva
- Department Biology, Marine and Environmental Sciences Faculty, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
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Espinoza HM, Williams CR, Gallagher EP. Effect of cadmium on glutathione S-transferase and metallothionein gene expression in coho salmon liver, gill and olfactory tissues. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 110-111:37-44. [PMID: 22257444 PMCID: PMC3321375 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a multifunctional family of phase II enzymes that detoxify a variety of environmental chemicals, reactive intermediates, and secondary products of oxidative damage. GST mRNA expression and catalytic activity have been used as biomarkers of exposure to environmental chemicals. However, factors such as species differences in induction, partial analyses of multiple GST isoforms, and lack of understanding of fish GST gene regulation, have confounded the use of GSTs as markers of pollutant exposure. In the present study, we examined the effect of exposure to cadmium (Cd), a prototypical environmental contaminant and inducer of mammalian GST, on GST mRNA expression in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) liver, gill, and olfactory tissues. GST expression data were compared to those for metallothionein (MT), a prototypical biomarker of metal exposure. Data mining of genomic databases led to the development of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays for salmon GST isoforms encompassing 9 subfamilies, including alpha, mu, pi, theta, omega, kappa, rho, zeta and microsomal GST. In vivo acute (8-48 h) exposures to low (3.7 ppb) and high (347 ppb) levels of Cd relevant to environmental scenarios elicited a variety of transient, albeit minor changes (<2.5-fold) in tissue GST profiles, including some reductions in GST mRNA expression. In general, olfactory GSTs were the earliest to respond to cadmium, whereas, more pronounced effects in olfactory and gill GST expression were observed at 48 h relative to earlier time points. Although evaluation of GSTs reflected a cadmium-associated oxidative stress response, there was no clear GST isoform in any tissue that could serve as a reliable biomarker of acute cadmium exposure. By contrast, metallothionein (MT) mRNA was consistently and markedly induced in all three tissues by cadmium, and among the tissues examined, olfactory MT was the most sensitive marker of cadmium exposures. In summary, coho salmon exhibit a complex GST tissue profile consisting of at least 9 isoforms, all of which are present in the peripheral olfactory system. Short-term exposure to environmental levels of Cd causes transient changes in salmon GST consistent with oxidative stress, and in some cases, includes a loss of GST. In a biomarker context, however, monitoring of tissue MT mRNA expression, especially in the peripheral olfactory system, may be of greater utility for assessing short-term environmental exposures to cadmium.
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Botté ES, Jerry DR, Codi King S, Smith-Keune C, Negri AP. Effects of chlorpyrifos on cholinesterase activity and stress markers in the tropical reef fish Acanthochromis polyacanthus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 65:384-93. [PMID: 21962920 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tropical coastal ecosystems, including the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) of Australia are increasingly threatened by pollution; yet few studies have investigated the sensitivity of GBR species to these pollutants. Here we exposed juveniles of the tropical reef fish Acanthochromis polyacanthus (spiny damselfish) to three concentrations of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and measured (i) muscle cholinesterase (ChE) activity; (ii) hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity; and (iii) coenzyme Q (CoQ) redox balance, after 6h and 96h of exposure. After 96h, muscle ChE activity was significantly inhibited by 26%, 49% and 53% when fish were exposed to 1, 10 or 100μg/L CPF, respectively. Muscle ChE characterization revealed three types of ChEs, including two atypical forms. Hepatic CoQ antioxidant form significantly increased at 10μg/L after 6h of exposure, potentially demonstrating an early response to CPF-induced oxidative stress in liver. Hepatic GST was not affected by CPF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Botté
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology and AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
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Gagnaire B, Adam-Guillermin C, Bouron A, Lestaevel P. The effects of radionuclides on animal behavior. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 210:35-58. [PMID: 21170702 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7615-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Concomitant with the expansion of the nuclear industry, the concentrations of several pollutants, radioactive or otherwise, including uranium, caesium, cadmium and cobalt, have increased over the last few decades. These elemental pollutants do exist in the environment and are a threat to many organisms. Behavior represents the integration of all the anatomical adaptations and physiological processes that occur within an organism. Compared to other biological endpoints, the effects of pollutants on animal behavior have been the focus of only a few studies. However, behavioral changes appear to be ideal for assessing the effects of pollutants on animal populations, because behavior links physiological functions with ecological processes. The alteration of behavioral responses can have severe implications for survival of individuals and of population of some species. Behavioral disruptions may derive from several underlying mechanisms: disruption of neuro-sensorial activity and of endocrines, or oxidative and metabolic disruptions. In this review, we presented an overview of the current literature in which the effects of radioactive pollutants on behavior in humans, rodents, fish and wildlife species are addressed. When possible, we have also indicated the potential underlying mechanisms of the behavioral alterations and parameters measured. In fried, chronic uranium contamination is associated with behavior alterations and mental disorders in humans, and cognitive deficits in rats. Comparative studies on depleted and enriched uranium effects in rats showed that chemical and radiological activities of this metal induced negative effects on several behavioral parameters and also produced brain oxidative stress. Uranium exposure also modifies feeding behavior of bivalves and reproductive behavior of fish. Studies of the effects of the Chernobyl accident shows that chronic irradiation to 137Cs induces both nervous system diseases and mental disorders in humans leading to increased suicides, as well as modification of preferred nesting sites, reduced hatching success and fecundity in birds that live in the Chernobyl zone. No significant effect from caesium exposure was shown in laboratory experiments with rats, but few studies were conducted. Data on radioactive cadmium are not available in the literature, but the effects of its metallic form have been well studied. Cadmium induces mental retardation and psychomotor alterations in exposed populations and increases anxiety in rats, leading to depression. Cadmium exposure also results in well-documented effects on feeding and burrowing behavior in several invertebrate species (crustaceans, gastropods, annelids, bivalves) and on different kinds of fish behavior (swimming activity, fast-start response, antipredatory behavior). Cobalt induces memory deficits in humans and may be involved in Alzheimer's disease; gamma irradiation by cobalt also decreases fecundity and alters mating behavior in insects. Collectively, data are lacking or are meagre on radionuclide pollutants, and a better knowledge of their actions on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control animal behavior is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Gagnaire
- Laboratoire de Radioécologie et d'Ecotoxicologie, IRSN, Centre de Cadarache, Bat 186, 13115, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance Cedex, France.
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Wu JP, Chen HC, Li MH. The preferential accumulation of cadmium in the head portion of the freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria). Metallomics 2011; 3:1368-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00093d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Almeida JR, Oliveira C, Gravato C, Guilhermino L. Linking behavioural alterations with biomarkers responses in the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax L. exposed to the organophosphate pesticide fenitrothion. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:1369-81. [PMID: 20686920 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The acute effects of the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion on Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles were investigated through a bioassay using biomarkers and swimming behaviour as effect criteria. After 96 h of exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of fenitrothion, the swimming velocity and several biomarkers were individually determined, namely: brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity; muscle cholinesterases (ChE), lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase activities; liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione S-transferases, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and lipid peroxidation levels (LPO). A significant decrease of the swimming velocity (LOEC = 2 mg l(-1)), an inhibition of both AChE (LOEC = 0.06 mg l(-1)) and ChE activities (LOEC = 0.03 mg l(-1)), and a positive and significant correlation between the swimming velocity and AChE were found in exposed fish, suggesting an influence of the inhibition of these enzymes in the swimming velocity decrease. An increase of EROD activity (LOEC = 1 mg l(-1)), indicating the involvement of this enzyme in fenitrothion biotransformation, and a negative and significant correlation between EROD activity and swimming velocity were also found, suggesting that the two findings may somehow be related. Furthermore, results show a significant induction of SOD (LOEC = 0.13 mg l(-1)) without LPO increase, suggesting that the enzyme is preventing oxidative stress damage. No significant alterations were found in any of the other parameters tested. Thus, exposure of seabass to fenitrothion in the wild at concentrations similar to those tested here may have adverse consequences at population level as neurotransmission and swimming ability are essential for fish performance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R Almeida
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Ecologia, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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Tierney KB. Behavioural assessments of neurotoxic effects and neurodegeneration in zebrafish. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:381-9. [PMID: 21035547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Altered neurological function will generally be behaviourally apparent. Many of the behavioural models pioneered in mammalian models are portable to zebrafish. Tests are available to capture alterations in basic motor function, changes associated with exteroceptive and interoceptive sensory cues, and alterations in learning and memory performance. Excepting some endpoints involving learning, behavioural tests can be carried out at 4 days post fertilization. Given larvae can be reared quickly and in large numbers, and that software solutions are readily available from multiple vendors to automatically test behavioural responses in 96 larvae simultaneously, zebrafish are a potent and rapid model for screening neurological impairments. Coupling current and emerging behavioural endpoints with molecular techniques will permit and accelerate the determination of the mechanisms behind neurotoxicity and degeneration, as well as provide numerous means to test remedial drugs and other therapies. The emphasis of this review is to highlight unexplored/underutilized behavioural assays for future studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Zebrafish Models of Neurological Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith B Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Chou CT, Hsiao YC, Ko FC, Cheng JO, Cheng YM, Chen TH. Chronic exposure of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) alters locomotion behavior in juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 98:388-395. [PMID: 20416957 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to address possible effects of chronic exposure of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants on locomotion behavior, body size, and gonad development in fish. Zebrafish were fed food dosed with PBDE-47 (control, solvent control, low, medium, and high dose groups) from 21 days post hatch (dph) to 90 dph. Fish locomotion parameters, including maximum swimming speed, total distance moved, and percent time active, were assessed using a video-based animal movement analysis system. At the end of the exposure, all fish were euthanized for length and weight measurement, and then subjected to either whole fish histological analysis or tissue PBDE-47 measurement. Survival, body size, and gonad histology were similar between the five groups. However, both total swimming distance and percent time active were negatively correlated with tissue PBDE-47 concentration and were significantly lower in the high dose group. Tissue levels of PBDE-47 in the exposed fish were comparable to that reported in previous field studies. In summary, this study showed that developmental exposure of PBDE-47 at an ecologically relevant level altered locomotion behavior without affecting body size or gonad development of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Chou
- Institute of Marine Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Dong Hwa University, 2 Houwan Rd., Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan ROC
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Boran H, Altinok I, Capkin E. Histopathological changes induced by maneb and carbaryl on some tissues of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Tissue Cell 2010; 42:158-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mdegela RH, Mosha RD, Sandvik M, Skaare JU. Assessment of acetylcholinesterase activity in Clarias gariepinus as a biomarker of organophosphate and carbamate exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:855-863. [PMID: 20169407 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the response of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in Clarias gariepinus in response to Organophosphates (Ops) and carbamate exposure. The AChE activities were determined in plasma, and eye and brain homogenates of unexposed and exposed fish using Ellman's method and 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) chromophore. The baseline AChE activities in plasma, eyes and brain tissues in unexposed fish were comparable between males and females (P > 0.05). Concentrations of pesticides that inhibited 50% (IC(50)) of AChE activities in brain homogenates following in vitro exposures were 0.003, 0.03, 0.15, 190, 0.2, 0.003 and 0.002 microM for carbaryl, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, dimethoate, fenitrothion, pirimiphosmethyl and profenofos, respectively. The in vivo dose-effect relationships were assessed using chlorfenvinphos and carbaryl at different concentrations that ranged from 0.0003 to 0.06 microM and 0.0005 to 0.05 microM, respectively. Acetylcholinesterase activities were comparable in plasma, and eye and brain homogenates from control and carbaryl-exposed fish. Following exposure of fish to chlorfenvinphos at concentrations above 0.03 microM, a significant inhibition of AChE activities in plasma (84%) and eye homogenate (50%) was observed. The AChE activities in brain homogenate were comparable between chlorfenvinphos-exposed fish and controls. Because carbaryl cause reversible inhibition of AChE activities was found to be more potent than chlorfenvinphos that cause irreversible inhibition following in vitro exposure. Contrary, carbaryl was less potent than chlorfenvinphos after in vivo exposure possibly due to more rapid biotransformation of carbaryl than chlorfenvinphos. Findings from this study have demonstrated that inhibition of AChE activity in C. gariepinus is a useful biomarker in assessing aquatic environment contaminated by anticholinesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson H Mdegela
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
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Pretto A, Loro VL, Morsch VM, Moraes BS, Menezes C, Clasen B, Hoehne L, Dressler V. Acetylcholinesterase activity, lipid peroxidation, and bioaccumulation in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to cadmium. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 58:1008-1014. [PMID: 19946682 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a metal with no biological function in superior organisms and it is very toxic even at very low concentrations. Thus the objective of this study was to verify some toxicological parameters in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to cadmium. In this study, silver catfish was exposed to 0 (control), 0.236, and 0.414 mg L(-1) cadmium for 7 and 14 days, followed by the same periods of recovery. The effects of cadmium on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and metal accumulation in brain and muscle were verified. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) formation was evaluated in brain. An increase in TBARS levels was verified after exposure and recovery periods and AChE activity in brain was reduced after 14 days of exposure. These parameters did not return to control values after the recovery period. In muscle AChE was altered during both exposure periods. Alterations in AChE activity may be a good indicator of cadmium contamination in R. quelen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pretto
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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García-Rodríguez D, Carro-Díaz A, Lorenzo-Ferreira R, Cela-Torrijos R. Determination of pesticides in seaweeds by pressurized liquid extraction and programmed temperature vaporization-based large volume injection–gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2940-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kristoff G, Guerrero NRV, Cochón AC. Inhibition of cholinesterases and carboxylesterases of two invertebrate species, Biomphalaria glabrata and Lumbriculus variegatus, by the carbamate pesticide carbaryl. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 96:115-123. [PMID: 19879661 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of sublethal concentrations of the carbamate carbaryl on the cholinesterase (ChE) and carboxylesterase (CES) activities present in the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus and in the pigmented Biomphalaria glabrata gastropod were investigated. The results showed that ChE activity from both species was inhibited by in vivo and in vitro exposure to carbaryl, with EC(50) and IC(50) values approximately 20 times lower for the oligochaete than for the gastropod. On the other hand, the recovery process in uncontaminated media was more efficient in oligochaetes than in snails. Thus, in only 2h the oligochaetes showed no inhibition with respect to control values whereas the snails did not reach control values even after 48h of being in pesticide-free water. CES activity was investigated in whole body soft tissue homogenates using three different substrates: p-nitrophenyl butyrate, 1-naphthyl acetate (NA) and 2-NA. In addition, the presence of multiple CES isozymes in L. variegatus and B. glabrata extracts, with activity towards 1- and 2-NA, was confirmed by native polyacrylamide electrophoresis. In both species, the activities measured using the naphthyl substrates were higher than the activity towards p-nitrophenyl butyrate. In addition, B. glabrata showed a higher CES activity than L. variegatus independently of the substrate used. In L. variegatus, in vivo CES activity towards the different substrates was less sensitive to carbaryl inhibition than ChE activity. In contrast, in B. glabrata, CES activity towards p-nitrophenyl butyrate was inhibited at lower insecticide concentrations than ChE. The results of this study contribute to the knowledge of the sensitivity of non-target freshwater invertebrate Type B-esterases towards pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Kristoff
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II. 4to piso, Nuñez, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kopecka-Pilarczyk J. In vitro effects of pesticides and metals on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from different tissues of the blue mussel, Mytilus trossulus L. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2010; 45:46-52. [PMID: 20390930 DOI: 10.1080/03601230903404341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive comparison of the effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from various tissues of Mytilus trossulus caused by in vitro exposure to several pesticides and metals, because results available in the literature are inconsistent, difficult to compare, and sometimes contradict each other. For this purpose, fraction S10 extracted from gills, digestive gland, mantle and muscles, and the whole soft tissue of the mussel was exposed to several pesticides (dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, carbofuran and carbaryl) and metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb) at a wide range of concentrations. AChE was inhibited in 50% or more in all the tissues exposed to dichlorvos, Cu, Hg and the mixture of Cu+Cd, and in some tissues exposed to carbaryl and carbofuran. The IC(50) was calculated where possible. No inhibition was found in the case of chlorpyrifos, Cd, Pb, and Zn.
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Silva KTU, Pathiratne A. In vitro and in vivo effects of cadmium on cholinesterases in Nile tilapia fingerlings: implications for biomonitoring aquatic pollution. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2008; 17:725-731. [PMID: 18470610 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-008-0221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Effects of cadmium on in vitro and in vivo cholinesterase (ChE) activities of brain and muscle tissues of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were evaluated, considering its potential use in biomonitoring tropical water pollution. Results show that in vitro ChE activities were depressed significantly by millimolar concentration ranges of Cd(2+). The IC50 values of Cd(2+) on in vitro ChE activity in brain and muscle tissues were 1.56 and 4.31 mM, respectively. Exposure of fish to environmentally relevant concentrations of Cd(2+) (5-30 microg l(-1)) for 28 days evoked only a transient inhibition (21-34%) of in vivo ChE activities. Prior exposure and co-exposure of fish to 15 microg l(-1) of Cd(2+) enhanced the extent of inhibition of ChE levels induced by the organophosphorous insecticide chlorpyrifos. As high concentrations of cadmium have the potential to depress ChE activities, monitoring of metal levels in water bodies with suspected high levels of metal inputs is necessary to accurately interpret the fish ChE inhibition data in relation to insecticide contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T U Silva
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11600, Sri Lanka
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