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Martín-Vélez V, Navarro J, Figuerola J, Aymí R, Sabaté S, Planell R, Vila J, Montalvo T. A spatial analysis of urban gulls contribution to the potential spread of zoonotic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168762. [PMID: 38007121 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife human interactions within cities are becoming more common with consequences for pathogen transmission and human health. Large gulls are opportunistic feeders, adapted to coexist with humans in urban environments, and are potential vectors for spread and transmission of pathogens, including antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. We investigated the potential role that urban gulls play in the spread and dispersal of these bacteria. We analysed 129 faecal swabs from yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) of different ages (56 adults and 73 immatures) during the breeding period from three years in the highly populated city of Barcelona (northeastern Spain). Thirteen individuals tested positive for the pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni), including antibiotic-resistant strains. We modelled the potential spatial spread of pathogens using the GPS trajectories of 58 yellow-legged gulls (23 adults, 35 immature individuals), which included the thirteen individuals that tested positive for pathogenic bacteria. By overlapping the spatially explicit pathogen dispersal maps with the distribution of urban installations sensitive at risk of possible pathogen spillover (e.g. elder and medical centres, markets, food industries, kindergartens, or public water sources), we identified potential areas at risk of pathogen spillover. Pathogens may be potentially spread to municipalities beyond Barcelona city borders. The results revealed that immature gulls dispersed pathogens over larger areas than adults (maximum dispersal distances of 167 km versus 53.2 km, respectively). Recreational urban water sources were the most sensitive habitats visited by GPS-tagged gulls that tested positive, followed by schools. Combining GPS movement data with pathogen analytics allows spatially explicit maps to be generated using a One Health approach that can help urban and public health management within large cities, such as Barcelona, and identify areas used by humans that are sensitive to pathogen spillover from gulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Martín-Vélez
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM), CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Navarro
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM), CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), CSIC, Avenida Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raül Aymí
- Institut Català d'Ornitologia, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Pl. Leonardo da Vinci, 4-5, a, Barcelona 08019, Spain
| | - Sara Sabaté
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Planell
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vila
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Diagnosis (CDB), Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.; ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Montalvo
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
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Souguir M, Châtre P, Drapeau A, François P, Azaiez S, Ncir S, Madec JY, Mansour W, Haenni M. Molecular characterization of highly prevalent Escherichia coli and Escherichia marmotae resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in European starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris) in Tunisia. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0222023. [PMID: 37772831 PMCID: PMC10581222 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02220-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
European starlings are widespread migratory birds that have already been described as carrying bacteria resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC-R). These birds are well known in Tunisia because they spend the wintertime in this country and are hunted for human consumption. The goal of our study was to estimate the proportion of ESC-R in these birds and to characterize the collected isolates using whole-genome sequencing. Results showed that 21.5% (42/200) of the birds carried either an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) or an acquired AmpC gene. Diverse bla CTX-M genes were responsible for the ESBL phenotype, bla CTX-M-14 being the most prevalent, while only bla CMY-2 and one bla CMY-62 were found in AmpC-positive isolates. Likewise, different genetic determinants carried these resistance genes, including IncHI2, and IncF plasmids for bla CTX-M genes and IncI1 plasmids for bla CMY-2 genes. Three chromosomally encoded bla CTX-M-15 genes were also identified. Surprisingly, species identification revealed a large proportion (32.7%) of Escherichia marmotae isolates. This species is phenotypically indistinguishable from Escherichia coli and has obviously the same capacity to acquire ESC-R genes. Our data also strongly suggest that at least the IncHI2/pST3 plasmid can spread equally between E. coli and E. marmotae. Given the potential transmission routes between humans and animals, either by direct contact with dejections or through meat preparation, it is important to closely monitor antimicrobial resistance in European starlings in Tunisia and to set up further studies to identify the sources of contamination of these birds. IMPORTANCE The One Health concept highlighted knowledge gaps in the understanding of the transmission routes of resistant bacteria. A major interest was shown in wild migratory birds since they might spread resistant bacteria over long distances. Our study brings further evidence that wild birds, even though they are not directly submitted to antibiotic treatments, can be heavily contaminated by resistant bacteria. Our results identified numerous combinations of resistance genes, genetic supports, and bacterial clones that can spread vertically or horizontally and maintain a high level of resistance in the bird population. Some of these determinants are widespread in humans or animals (IncHI2/pST3 plasmids and pandemic clones), while some others are less frequent (atypical IncI1 plasmid and minor clones). Consequently, it is essential to be aware of the risks of transmission and to take all necessary measures to prevent the proportions of resistant isolates from increasing uncontrollably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Souguir
- Laboratoire de Recherche Biophysique Métabolique et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Al Jazzar Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Châtre
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Drapeau
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline François
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sana Azaiez
- Laboratoire de Recherche Biophysique Métabolique et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Al Jazzar Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sana Ncir
- Laboratoire de Recherche Biophysique Métabolique et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Al Jazzar Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Wejdene Mansour
- Laboratoire de Recherche Biophysique Métabolique et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Al Jazzar Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Martínez-Álvarez S, Châtre P, Cardona-Cabrera T, François P, Sánchez-Cano A, Höfle U, Zarazaga M, Madec JY, Haenni M, Torres C. Detection and genetic characterization of bla ESBL-carrying plasmids of cloacal Escherichia coli isolates from white stork nestlings (Ciconia ciconia) in Spain. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 34:186-194. [PMID: 37482121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterize Escherichia coli isolates from cloacal samples of white stork nestlings, with a special focus on extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing E. coli isolates and their plasmid content. METHODS Cloacal samples of 88 animals were seeded on MacConkey-agar and chromogenic-ESBL plates to recover E. coli and ESBL-producing E. coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility was screened using the disc diffusion method, and the genotypic characterization was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent sequencing. S1 nuclease Pulsed-Field-Gel-Electrophoresis (PFGE), Southern blotting, and conjugation essays were performed on ESBL-producing E. coli, as well as whole-genome sequencing by short- and long-reads. The four blaESBL-carrying plasmids were completely sequenced. RESULTS A total of 113 non-ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were collected on antibiotic-free MacConkey-agar, of which 27 (23.9%) showed a multidrug-resistance (MDR) phenotype, mainly associated with β-lactam-phenicol-sulfonamide resistance (blaTEM/cmlA/floR/sul1/sul2/sul3). Moreover, four white stork nestlings carried ESBL-producing E. coli (4.5%) with the following characteristics: blaSHV-12/ST38-D, blaSHV-12/ST58-B1, blaCTX-M-1/ST162-B1, and blaCTX-M-32/ST155-B1. Whole-genome sequencing followed by Southern blot hybridizations on S1-PFGE gels in ESBL-positive isolates proved that the blaCTX-M-1 gene and one of the blaSHV-12 genes were carried by IncI1/pST3 plasmids, while the second blaSHV-12 gene and the blaCTX-M-32 gene were located on IncF plasmids. The two blaSHV-12 genes and the two blaCTX-M genes had similar but non-identical close genetic environments, as all four genes were flanked by a variety of insertion sequences. CONCLUSION The role played by several genetic platforms in the mobility of ESBL genes allows for interchangeability on a remarkably small scale (gene-plasmid-clones), which may support the spread of ESBL genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martínez-Álvarez
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Pierre Châtre
- ANSES - Université de Lyon, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France
| | - Teresa Cardona-Cabrera
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Research Group, Institute for Game and Wildlife Research IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pauline François
- ANSES - Université de Lyon, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Cano
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Research Group, Institute for Game and Wildlife Research IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ursula Höfle
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Research Group, Institute for Game and Wildlife Research IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- ANSES - Université de Lyon, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France
| | - Marisa Haenni
- ANSES - Université de Lyon, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Lyon, France
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain.
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Saeed MA, Khan AU, Ehtisham-ul-Haque S, Waheed U, Qamar MF, Rehman AU, Nasir A, Zaman MA, Kashif M, Gonzalez JP, El-Adawy H. Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Genetic Determinants in Gram-Negative Fecal-Microbiota of Wild Birds and Chicken Originated at Trimmu Barrage. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1376. [PMID: 37760673 PMCID: PMC10525410 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) give rise to resistance against penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics in multiple bacterial species. The present study was conducted to map genetic determinants and related attributes of ESBL-producing bacteria in three wild aquatic bird species and chickens at the "Trimmu Barrage" in district Jhang, Punjab province, Pakistan. To study the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria, a total of 280 representative samples were collected from wild bird species; cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis), little egrets (Egretta garzetta) and common teals (Anas crecca) as well as from indigenous chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) originating from a local wet market. The isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers using a double disc synergy test (DDST) and bacterial species were identified using API-20E and 20NE strips. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect ESBL genetic determinants and for genus identification via 16S rRNA gene amplification. A phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for ESBL-producing isolates against 12 clinically relevant antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. A phylogenetic tree was constructed for the sequence data obtained in this study and comparative sequence data obtained from GenBank. The overall prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria was 34.64% (97/280). The highest percentage (44.28%; 31/70) of ESBL-producing bacteria was recovered from chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), followed by little egrets (Egretta garzetta) (41.43%; 29/70), common teal (Anas crecca) (28.57%; 20/70) and cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) (24.28%; 17/70). Five different ESBL-producing bacteria were identified biochemically and confirmed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which included Escherichia coli (72; 74.23%), Enterobacter cloacae (11; 11.34%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8; 8.25%), Salmonella enterica (4; 4.12%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2; 2.06%). Based on PCR, the frequency of obtained ESBL genes in 97 isolates was blaCTX-M (51.55%), blaTEM (20.62%), blaOXA (6.18%) and blaSHV (2.06%). In addition, gene combinations blaCTX-M + blaTEM, blaTEM + blaOXA and blaCTX-M + blaSHV were also detected in 16.49%, 2.06% and 1.03% of isolates, respectively. The ESBL gene variation was significant (p = 0.02) in different bacterial species while non-significant in relation to different bird species (p = 0.85). Phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequence data confirmed the existence of CTX-M-15 and TEM betalactamases. The average susceptibility of the antibiotics panel used was lowest for both Klebsiella pneumoniae (62.5% ± 24.42) and Salmonella enterica (62.5% ± 31.08) as compared to Enterobacter cloacae (65.90% ± 21.62), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (70.83% ± 33.42) and Escherichia coli (73.83% ± 26.19). This study provides insight into the role of aquatic wild birds as reservoirs of ESBL-producing bacteria at Trimmu Barrage, Punjab, Pakistan. Hence, active bio-surveillance and environment preservation actions are necessitated to curb antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan Saeed
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan; (A.U.K.); (S.E.-u.-H.); (U.W.); (M.F.Q.); (A.u.R.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Aman Ullah Khan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan; (A.U.K.); (S.E.-u.-H.); (U.W.); (M.F.Q.); (A.u.R.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Syed Ehtisham-ul-Haque
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan; (A.U.K.); (S.E.-u.-H.); (U.W.); (M.F.Q.); (A.u.R.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Usman Waheed
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan; (A.U.K.); (S.E.-u.-H.); (U.W.); (M.F.Q.); (A.u.R.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Fiaz Qamar
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan; (A.U.K.); (S.E.-u.-H.); (U.W.); (M.F.Q.); (A.u.R.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Aziz ur Rehman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan; (A.U.K.); (S.E.-u.-H.); (U.W.); (M.F.Q.); (A.u.R.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Amar Nasir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan; (A.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Muhammad Arfan Zaman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan; (A.U.K.); (S.E.-u.-H.); (U.W.); (M.F.Q.); (A.u.R.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan; (A.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Jean-Paul Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 35516, Egypt
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Almansour AM, Alhadlaq MA, Alzahrani KO, Mukhtar LE, Alharbi AL, Alajel SM. The Silent Threat: Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens in Food-Producing Animals and Their Impact on Public Health. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2127. [PMID: 37763971 PMCID: PMC10537193 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem without geographic boundaries. This increases the risk of complications and, thus, makes it harder to treat infections, which can result in higher healthcare costs and a greater number of deaths. Antimicrobials are often used to treat infections from pathogens in food-producing animals, making them a potential source of AMR. Overuse and misuse of these drugs in animal agriculture can lead to the development of AMR bacteria, which can then be transmitted to humans through contaminated food or direct contact. It is therefore essential to take multifaceted, comprehensive, and integrated measures, following the One Health approach. To address this issue, many countries have implemented regulations to limit antimicrobial use. To our knowledge, there are previous studies based on AMR in food-producing animals; however, this paper adds novelty related to the AMR pathogens in livestock, as we include the recent publications of this field worldwide. In this work, we aim to describe the most critical and high-risk AMR pathogens among food-producing animals, as a worldwide health problem. We also focus on the dissemination of AMR genes in livestock, as well as its consequences in animals and humans, and future strategies to tackle this threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayidh M. Almansour
- Molecular Biology Division, Reference Laboratory for Microbiology, Executive Department of Reference Laboratories, Research and Laboratories Sector, Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (K.O.A.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Meshari A. Alhadlaq
- Molecular Biology Division, Reference Laboratory for Microbiology, Executive Department of Reference Laboratories, Research and Laboratories Sector, Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (K.O.A.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Khaloud O. Alzahrani
- Molecular Biology Division, Reference Laboratory for Microbiology, Executive Department of Reference Laboratories, Research and Laboratories Sector, Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (K.O.A.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Lenah E. Mukhtar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Division, Reference Laboratory for Microbiology, Executive Department of Reference Laboratories, Research and Laboratories Sector, Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulmohsen L. Alharbi
- Molecular Biology Division, Reference Laboratory for Microbiology, Executive Department of Reference Laboratories, Research and Laboratories Sector, Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (K.O.A.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Sulaiman M. Alajel
- Reference Laboratory for Microbiology, Executive Department of Reference Laboratories, Research and Laboratories Sector, Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
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Furmanek-Blaszk B, Sektas M, Rybak B. High Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance among ESBL/AmpC-Producing Enterobacterales from Free-Living Birds in Poland. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12804. [PMID: 37628984 PMCID: PMC10454011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) in extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL) and/or AmpC-type β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales isolates from free-living birds in Poland. The prevalence of the qnrB19 gene was 63%, and the distribution of isolates in terms of bacterial species was as follows: 67% (22/33) corresponded to Escherichia coli, 83% (5/6) to Rahnella aquatilis, 44% (4/9) to Enterobacter cloacae and 33% (1/3) to Klebsiella pneumoniae. The qnrB19 gene was also found in a single isolate of Citrobacter freundii. The molecular characteristics of qnrB19-positive isolates pointed to extended-spectrum beta lactamase CTX-M as the most prevalent one (89%) followed by TEM (47%), AmpC (37%) and SHV (16%). This study demonstrates the widespread occurrence of PMQR-positive and ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacterales isolates in fecal samples from wild birds. In this work, plasmid pAM1 isolated from Escherichia coli strain SN25556 was completely sequenced. This plasmid is 3191 nucleotides long and carries the qnrB19 gene, which mediates decreased susceptibility to quinolones. It shares extensive homology with other previously described small qnrB19-harboring plasmids. The nucleotide sequence of pAM1 showed a variable region flanked by an oriT locus and a Xer recombination site. The presence of a putative recombination site was detected, suggesting that interplasmid recombination events might have played a role in the development of pAM1. Our results highlight the broad geographical spread of ColE-type Qnr resistance plasmids in clinical and environmental isolates of Enterobacterales. As expected from the results of phenotypic susceptibility testing, no resistance genes other than qnrB19 were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Furmanek-Blaszk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Marian Sektas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Rybak
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland;
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7
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Haenni M, Du Fraysseix L, François P, Drapeau A, Bralet T, Madec JY, Boulinier T, Duriez O. Occurrence of ESBL- and AmpC-Producing E. coli in French Griffon Vultures Feeding on Extensive Livestock Carcasses. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1160. [PMID: 37508256 PMCID: PMC10376662 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the selective pressure of antibiotics on wild birds is supposed to be very weak, they are considered potential vectors of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Obligate scavengers such as vultures can present high proportions of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, partially due to feeding stations that are provisioned with livestock carcasses from intensive farming. Here we investigated whether griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) from two populations located in the French Alps, which feed on livestock carcasses from extensive farms, may carry such resistant bacteria. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization showed an 11.8% proportion of ESC-resistant bacteria, including five extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and one AmpC-producing E. coli. The five ESBL-positive E. coli were clonal and all came from the same vulture population, proving their spread between animals. The ESBL phenotype was due to a blaCTX-M-15 gene located on the chromosome. Both ESBL- and AmpC-positive E. coli belonged to minor STs (ST212 and ST3274, respectively); interestingly, ST212 has already been identified in wild birds around the world, including vultures. These results suggest that actions are needed to mitigate the spread of MDR bacteria through wild birds, particularly in commensal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Haenni
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES-Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Laetitia Du Fraysseix
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES-Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Pauline François
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES-Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Drapeau
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES-Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Tristan Bralet
- CEFE, Montpellier University, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France
- ANSES-Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES-Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Boulinier
- CEFE, Montpellier University, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Duriez
- CEFE, Montpellier University, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France
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8
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Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in wild birds hospitalised in a wildlife rescue centre. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 93:101945. [PMID: 36621272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the consequence of a hospitalisation period on antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from wild bird species admitted in the wildlife rescue centre of the Department of Veterinary Sciences (Turin University, Italy). Samples were collected from 121 raptors and 51 synanthropic animals, at the time of arrival as well as 5 and 10 days afterwards for a total of 372 faecal samples, and the susceptibility of E. coli strains was tested to a panel of seven antibacterials. Of the total, 109 animals (63.37 %) presented at least one sample positive for E. coli, 36 strains (39.6 %) were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and 12 (13.2 %) were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. During the first 10 days of hospitalisation E. coli strains increased the number of resistances towards each antimicrobial principle, the number of ESBL E. coli and the therapy with fluoroquinolones developed resistance towards ceftriaxone, marbofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and tetracycline. Our results suggest that wild birds act as reservoirs of MDR bacteria, being potential sources for their spreading in the environment and to other species.
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9
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Devnath P, Karah N, Graham JP, Rose ES, Asaduzzaman M. Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bats and Its Planetary Health Impact for Surveillance of Zoonotic Spillover Events: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:243. [PMID: 36612565 PMCID: PMC9819402 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as other outbreaks, such as SARS and Ebola, bats are recognized as a critical species for mediating zoonotic infectious disease spillover events. While there is a growing concern of increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally during this pandemic, knowledge of AMR circulating between bats and humans is limited. In this paper, we have reviewed the evidence of AMR in bats and discussed the planetary health aspect of AMR to elucidate how this is associated with the emergence, spread, and persistence of AMR at the human-animal interface. The presence of clinically significant resistant bacteria in bats and wildlife has important implications for zoonotic pandemic surveillance, disease transmission, and treatment modalities. We searched MEDLINE through PubMed and Google Scholar to retrieve relevant studies (n = 38) that provided data on resistant bacteria in bats prior to 30 September 2022. There is substantial variability in the results from studies measuring the prevalence of AMR based on geographic location, bat types, and time. We found all major groups of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in bats, which are resistant to commonly used antibiotics. The most alarming issue is that recent studies have increasingly identified clinically significant multi-drug resistant bacteria such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), ESBL producing, and Colistin resistant Enterobacterales in samples from bats. This evidence of superbugs abundant in both humans and wild mammals, such as bats, could facilitate a greater understanding of which specific pathways of exposure should be targeted. We believe that these data will also facilitate future pandemic preparedness as well as global AMR containment during pandemic events and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Popy Devnath
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Nabil Karah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jay P. Graham
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Rose
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Muhammad Asaduzzaman
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 450 Oslo, Norway
- Planetary Health Alliance, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Planetary Health Working Group, Be-Cause Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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10
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Muloi DM, Hassell JM, Wee BA, Ward MJ, Bettridge JM, Kivali V, Kiyong'a A, Ndinda C, Gitahi N, Ouko T, Imboma T, Akoko J, Murungi MK, Njoroge SM, Muinde P, Alumasa L, Kaitho T, Amanya F, Ogendo A, van Bunnik BAD, Kiiru J, Robinson TP, Kang'ethe EK, Kariuki S, Pedersen AB, Fèvre EM, Woolhouse MEJ. Genomic epidemiology of Escherichia coli: antimicrobial resistance through a One Health lens in sympatric humans, livestock and peri-domestic wildlife in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Med 2022; 20:471. [PMID: 36482440 PMCID: PMC9730568 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock systems have been proposed as a reservoir for antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria and AMR genetic determinants that may infect or colonise humans, yet quantitative evidence regarding their epidemiological role remains lacking. Here, we used a combination of genomics, epidemiology and ecology to investigate patterns of AMR gene carriage in Escherichia coli, regarded as a sentinel organism. METHODS We conducted a structured epidemiological survey of 99 households across Nairobi, Kenya, and whole genome sequenced E. coli isolates from 311 human, 606 livestock and 399 wildlife faecal samples. We used statistical models to investigate the prevalence of AMR carriage and characterise AMR gene diversity and structure of AMR genes in different host populations across the city. We also investigated household-level risk factors for the exchange of AMR genes between sympatric humans and livestock. RESULTS We detected 56 unique acquired genes along with 13 point mutations present in variable proportions in human and animal isolates, known to confer resistance to nine antibiotic classes. We find that AMR gene community composition is not associated with host species, but AMR genes were frequently co-located, potentially enabling the acquisition and dispersal of multi-drug resistance in a single step. We find that whilst keeping livestock had no influence on human AMR gene carriage, the potential for AMR transmission across human-livestock interfaces is greatest when manure is poorly disposed of and in larger households. CONCLUSIONS Findings of widespread carriage of AMR bacteria in human and animal populations, including in long-distance wildlife species, in community settings highlight the value of evidence-based surveillance to address antimicrobial resistance on a global scale. Our genomic analysis provided an in-depth understanding of AMR determinants at the interfaces of One Health sectors that will inform AMR prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishon M Muloi
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - James M Hassell
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Bryan A Wee
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Melissa J Ward
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Judy M Bettridge
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - Velma Kivali
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alice Kiyong'a
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Tom Ouko
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Samuel M Njoroge
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patrick Muinde
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lorren Alumasa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Titus Kaitho
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Allan Ogendo
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - John Kiiru
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Timothy P Robinson
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amy B Pedersen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Mark E J Woolhouse
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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11
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Martín-Maldonado B, Rodríguez-Alcázar P, Fernández-Novo A, González F, Pastor N, López I, Suárez L, Moraleda V, Aranaz A. Urban Birds as Antimicrobial Resistance Sentinels: White Storks Showed Higher Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Levels Than Seagulls in Central Spain. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2714. [PMID: 36230455 PMCID: PMC9558531 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of AMR bacteria in the human-animal-environmental interface is a clear example of the One Health medicine. Several studies evidence the presence of resistant bacteria in wildlife, which can be used as a good indicator of anthropization level on the ecosystem. The fast increase in AMR in the environment in the last decade has been led by several factors as globalization and migration. Migratory birds can travel hundreds of kilometers and disseminate pathogens and AMR through different regions or even continents. The aim of this study was to compare the level of AMR in three migratory bird species: Ciconia ciconia, Larus fuscus and Chroicocephalus ridibundus. For this purpose, commensal Escherichia coli has been considered a useful indicator for AMR studies. After E. coli isolation from individual cloacal swabs, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by the disk-diffusion method, including 17 different antibiotics. A total of 63.2% of gulls had resistant strains, in contrast to 31.6% of white storks. Out of all the resistant strains, 38.9% were considered multi-drug resistant (50% of white storks and 30% of seagulls). The antibiotic classes with the highest rate of AMR were betalactamics, quinolones and tetracyclines, the most commonly used antibiotic in human and veterinary medicine in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Martín-Maldonado
- Deparment of Veterinary Medicine, School Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
- Wildlife Hospital, Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Grupo de Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-Alcázar
- Wildlife Hospital, Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Department Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Fernández-Novo
- Deparment of Veterinary Medicine, School Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Fernando González
- Wildlife Hospital, Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Grupo de Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Natalia Pastor
- Wildlife Hospital, Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Grupo de Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Irene López
- Wildlife Hospital, Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Grupo de Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Laura Suárez
- Wildlife Hospital, Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Grupo de Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Virginia Moraleda
- Wildlife Hospital, Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Grupo de Estudio de la Medicina y Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre (GEMAS), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Alicia Aranaz
- Department Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Ewbank AC, Fuentes-Castillo D, Sacristán C, Esposito F, Fuga B, Cardoso B, Godoy SN, Zamana RR, Gattamorta MA, Catão-Dias JL, Lincopan N. World Health Organization critical priority Escherichia coli clone ST648 in magnificent frigatebird (Fregata magnificens) of an uninhabited insular environment. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:940600. [PMID: 36033868 PMCID: PMC9410367 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.940600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an ancient natural phenomenon increasingly pressured by anthropogenic activities. Escherichia coli has been used as markers of environmental contamination and human-related activity. Seabirds may be bioindicators of clinically relevant bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance genes, including extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmid-encoded AmpC (pAmpC), in anthropized and remote areas. We evaluated cloacal swabs of 20 wild magnificent frigatebirds (Fregata magnificens) of the Alcatrazes Archipelago, the biggest breeding colony of magnificent frigatebirds in the southern Atlantic and a natural protected area with no history of human occupation, located in the anthropized southeastern Brazilian coast. We characterized a highly virulent multidrug-resistant ST648 (O153:H9) pandemic clone, harboring blaCTX–M–2, blaCMY–2, qnrB, tetB, sul1, sul2, aadA1, aac(3)-VIa and mdfA, and virulence genes characteristic of avian pathogenic (APEC) (hlyF, iroN, iss, iutA, and ompT) and other extraintestinal E. coli (ExPEC) (chuA, kpsMII, and papC). To our knowledge, this is the first report of ST648 E. coli co-producing ESBL and pAmpC in wild birds inhabiting insular environments. We suggest this potentially zoonotic and pathogenic lineage was likely acquired through indirect anthropogenic contamination of the marine environment, ingestion of contaminated seafood, or by intra and/or interspecific contact. Our findings reinforce the role of wild birds as anthropization sentinels in insular environments and the importance of wildlife surveillance studies on pathogens of critical priority classified by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Ewbank
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Carolina Ewbank,
| | - Danny Fuentes-Castillo
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
- One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Sacristán
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Spain
| | - Fernanda Esposito
- One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Fuga
- One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda Cardoso
- One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Neri Godoy
- Refúgio de Vida Silvestre do Arquipélago de Alcatrazes – Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Ramblas Zamana
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Gattamorta
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Islam MS, Sobur MA, Rahman S, Ballah FM, Ievy S, Siddique MP, Rahman M, Kafi MA, Rahman MT. Detection of bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla CMY, and bla SHV Genes Among Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Migratory Birds Travelling to Bangladesh. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:942-950. [PMID: 34312710 PMCID: PMC8313370 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli cause severe health hazards. Migratory birds are reservoirs and transmitters of many pathogens including ESBL-producing E. coli. To examine migratory birds as potential carriers of ESBL-producing E. coli and E. coli-carrying antibiotic resistance genes, 55 PCR-positive E. coli isolates were screened using the disk diffusion method, double-disk synergy test, and further polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Genes encoding resistance to tetracycline [tetA, 100% (35/35); tetB, 31.43% (11/35)], fluoroquinolone [qnrA, 35.71% (10/28); qnrB, 25% (7/28)], and streptomycin [aadA1, 90.24% (37/41)] were detected in the isolated E. coli. Of the 55 E. coli isolates, 21 (38.18%) were ESBL producers, and all of them were multidrug resistant. All the ESBL-producing E. coli isolates harbored at least two or more beta-lactamase genes, of which blaTEM, blaCMY, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV were detected in 95.24%, 90.48%, 85.71%, and 42.86% of isolates, respectively. All the beta-lactamase genes were present in four of the ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Furthermore, 95.24% of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were positive for one or more antibiotic resistance genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to detect E. coli-carrying antibiotic resistance genes including beta-lactamase blaCMY and blaSHV originating from migratory birds in Bangladesh. These results suggest that migratory birds are potential carriers of ESBL-producing E. coli along with other clinically important antibiotic resistance genes which may have detrimental impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Fatimah Mohammed Ballah
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Samina Ievy
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubul Pratik Siddique
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Marzia Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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14
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Osińska M, Nowakiewicz A, Zięba P, Gnat S, Łagowski D, Trościańczyk A. A rich mosaic of resistance in extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Poland as a potential effect of increasing synanthropization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151834. [PMID: 34808162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In our research, we analyzed the resistance of cephalosporin-resistant E. coli strains to antimicrobial agents. The strains were collected during five years from wild animal species commonly inhabiting Poland. We have identified the type of β-lactamases produced and the multidrug-resistance profile. Most strains (73.8%) had genes encoding ESBL enzymes, mainly CTX-M-1 and TEM. Almost all AmpC-β-lactamase-producing isolates had the blaCMY-2 gene. Almost 70% of the strains tested showed a multi-drug resistance profile. The dominant phenotype was resistance to tetracycline (69.05%), and/or sulfamethoxazole (57.1%). We also found high resistance to quinolones: ciprofloxacin 35.7% and nalidixic acid 52.4%. The phenotypic resistance of the strains was in most cases confirmed by the presence of corresponding genes. Among strains, 26.2% were carriers of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (PMQR). MLST analysis revealed a large clonal variation of the strains, which was reflected in 28 different sequence types. More than half of the strains (54.7%) were classified into the following sequence complexes: 10, 23, 69, 101, 155, 156, 168, 354, 398, 446, and 648. Only one strain in the studied group was assigned to the ExPEC pathotype and represented sequence type 117. The results of our research have confirmed that isolates obtained from wild animals possess many resistance determinants and sequence types, which are also found in food-producing animals and humans. This reflects the doctrine of "One health", which clearly indicates that human health is inextricably linked with animal health as well as degree of environmental contamination. We conclude that the resistance and virulence profiles of strains isolated from wildlife animals may be a resultant of various sources encountered by animals, creating a rich and varied mosaic of genes, which is very often unpredictable and not reflected in the correlation between the sequence type and the gene profile of resistance or virulence observed in epidemic clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Osińska
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Zięba
- State Veterinary Laboratory, Droga Męczenników Majdanka 50, 20-325 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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15
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Ghenea AE, Zlatian OM, Cristea OM, Ungureanu A, Mititelu RR, Balasoiu AT, Vasile CM, Salan AI, Iliuta D, Popescu M, Udriștoiu AL, Balasoiu M. TEM,CTX-M,SHV Genes in ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Clinical Samples in a County Clinical Emergency Hospital Romania-Predominance of CTX-M-15. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040503. [PMID: 35453254 PMCID: PMC9028254 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: CTX-M betalactamases have shown a rapid spread in the recent years among Enterobacteriaceae and have become the most prevalent Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) in many parts of the world. The introduction and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant genes limits options for treatment, increases mortality and morbidity in patients, and leads to longer hospitalization and expensive costs. We aimed to identify the beta-lactamases circulating encoded by the genes blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-1 and blaTEM-1 in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) strains. Furthermore, we established the associated resistance phenotypes among patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) from County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, Romania. Methods: A total of 46 non-duplicated bacterial strains (14 strains of E. coli and 32 strains of K. pneumoniae), which were resistant to ceftazidime (CAZ) and cefotaxime (CTX) by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, were identified using the automated VITEK2 system. Detection of ESBL-encoding genes and other resistance genes was carried out by PCR. Results. E. coli strains were resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins and moderately resistant to quinolones, whereas K. pneumoniae strains were resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, and sulfamides, and moderately resistant to quinolones and carbapenems. Most E. coli strains harbored blaCTX-M-15 gene (13/14 strains), a single strain had the blaSHV-1 gene, but 11 strains harbored blaTEM-1 gene. The mcr-1 gene was not detected. We detected tet(A) gene in six strains and tet(B) in one strain. In K. pneumoniae strains we detected blaCTX-M-15 in 23 strains, blaSHV-1 in all strains and blaTEM-1 in 14 strains. The colistin resistance gene mcr-1 was not detected. The tetracycline gene tet(A) was detected in 11 strains, but the gene tet(B) was not detected in any strains. Conclusions. The development in antibiotic resistance highlights the importance of establishing policies to reduce antibiotic use and improving the national resistance surveillance system in order to create local antibiotic therapy guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Elena Ghenea
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.E.G.); (O.M.Z.); (A.U.); (R.R.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Ovidiu Mircea Zlatian
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.E.G.); (O.M.Z.); (A.U.); (R.R.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Oana Mariana Cristea
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.E.G.); (O.M.Z.); (A.U.); (R.R.M.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (O.M.C.); (C.M.V.)
| | - Anca Ungureanu
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.E.G.); (O.M.Z.); (A.U.); (R.R.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Radu Razvan Mititelu
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.E.G.); (O.M.Z.); (A.U.); (R.R.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Andrei Theodor Balasoiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Corina Maria Vasile
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Correspondence: (O.M.C.); (C.M.V.)
| | - Alex-Ioan Salan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Daniel Iliuta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Popescu
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Anca-Loredana Udriștoiu
- Faculty of Automation, Computers and Electronics, University of Craiova, 200776 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Maria Balasoiu
- Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.E.G.); (O.M.Z.); (A.U.); (R.R.M.); (M.B.)
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Gambino D, Gargano V, Butera G, Sciortino S, Pizzo M, Oliveri G, Cardamone C, Piraino C, Cassata G, Vicari D, Costa A. Food Is Reservoir of MDR Salmonella: Prevalence of ESBLs Profiles and Resistance Genes in Strains Isolated from Food. Microorganisms 2022; 10:780. [PMID: 35456830 PMCID: PMC9026803 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are among the most frequent causes of foodborne diseases, and the increasing occurrence of MDR strains is an additional cause for concern. In the three-year period 2019-2021, we collected Salmonella spp. strains isolated from different food categories analysed in the context of Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 in order to assess their antibiotic susceptibility profiles and ESBL production. To determine the susceptibility profiles and identify MDR strains, we used the Kirby-Bauer method to test 17 antibiotics. Double-disc and PCR testing then allowed us to assess the production of ESBLs and the presence of beta-lactamase resistance genes. Phenotypic tests showed that 36 out of 67 strains were MDR and 52.7% of these were ESBL producers. Finally, molecular investigations conducted on ESBL-producing strains revealed the presence of blaSHV, blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes. Our results confirmed the prevalence of S. Infantis, an MDR strain and ESBL producer, in chicken meat. This suggests that further research on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in foodborne strains is needed, especially from a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Gambino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Gargano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaspare Butera
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonia Sciortino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pizzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Oliveri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cardamone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Piraino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cassata
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Vicari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Costa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", 90129 Palermo, Italy
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Akhil Prakash E, Hromádková T, Jabir T, Vipindas PV, Krishnan KP, Mohamed Hatha AA, Briedis M. Dissemination of multidrug resistant bacteria to the polar environment - Role of the longest migratory bird Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152727. [PMID: 34974001 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria(ARB), primarily due to the frequent use and misuse of antibiotics, is an issue of serious global concern. Migratory birds have a significant role in dissemination of ARB, as they acquire resistant bacteria from reservoirs and transport them to other environments which are relatively less influenced by anthropogenically. We have investigated the prevalence of ARB in a long-distance migratory bird, the Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) captured from the Svalbard Archipelago. The birds were tagged with geolocators to track their extraordinary long migration, and the cloacal samples were collected before the migration and after the migration by recapturing the same birds. The tracking of 12 birds revealed that during the annual cycle they underwent a total of 166 stopovers (11-18, mean = 3.8) and recovery points along the Atlantic Ocean. Twelve major bacterial genera were identified from Arctic tern cloacal samples, which are dominated by Staphylococcus spp. and Aerococcus spp. The bacterial isolates showed resistance against 16 antibiotics (before migration) and 17 antibiotics (after migration) out of 17 antibiotics tested. Resistance to β-lactam and quinolone class of antibiotics were frequent among the bacteria. The study highlights the potential role of Arctic tern in the dissemination of multidrug resistant bacteria across far and wide destinations, especially to the polar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Akhil Prakash
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi 682 016, India.
| | - Tereza Hromádková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - T Jabir
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences (Government of India), Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403 804, India.
| | - P V Vipindas
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences (Government of India), Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403 804, India
| | - K P Krishnan
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences (Government of India), Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403 804, India; CUSAT-NCPOR Centre for Polar Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi 682 016, India
| | - A A Mohamed Hatha
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi 682 016, India; CUSAT-NCPOR Centre for Polar Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi 682 016, India.
| | - Martins Briedis
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland; Lab of Ornithology, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004 Riga, Latvia
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18
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Ives AM, Brenn-White M, Buckley JY, Kendall CJ, Wilton S, Deem SL. A Global Review of Causes of Morbidity and Mortality in Free-Living Vultures. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:40-54. [PMID: 35000042 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vulture species worldwide play a key role in ecosystems as obligate scavengers, and several populations have had precipitous declines. Research on vulture health is critical to conservation efforts including free-living vultures and captive breeding programs, but is limited to date. In this systematic review, we determined the reported causes of free-living vulture species morbidity and mortality worldwide. The most commonly reported cause of mortality was from toxins (60%), especially lead and pesticides, followed by traumatic injury (49%), including collisions with urban infrastructure and gunshot. Neglected areas of research in free-living vulture health include infectious diseases (16%), endocrine and nutritional disorders (6%), and neoplasia (< 1%). Almost half of the studies included in the review were conducted in either Spain or the USA, with a paucity of studies conducted in South America and sub-Saharan Africa. The highest number of studies was on Griffon (Gyps fulvus) (24%) and Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) (19%), while half of all vulture species had five or fewer studies. Future investigations on free-living vulture health should focus on neglected areas of research, such as infectious diseases, and areas with gaps in the current literature, such as South America, sub-Saharan Africa, and under-studied vulture species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Ives
- The Cooke Veterinary Medical Center, 1520 Volvo Parkway, Chesapeake, VA, 23320, USA.
| | - Maris Brenn-White
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jacqueline Y Buckley
- Department of Conservation and Science, Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Sara Wilton
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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19
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First Report of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase ( blaCTX-M1) and Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 in E. coli of Lineage ST648 from Cockroaches in Tunisia. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0003621. [PMID: 35230131 PMCID: PMC9045256 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00036-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has become a major problem. Cockroaches may play an important role in the spread of those bacteria between the environment and humans. This study was designed to screen extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and colistin-resistant strains and to investigate the molecular support of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the external surface and gut homogenates of cockroaches collected from different locations in Tunisia. Between July 2017 and June 2018, 144 Enterobacteriaceae samples were isolated from 115 trapped cockroaches (collective catering, houses, and a hospital). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-encoding genes and the mcr-1 gene were investigated by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and standard PCR. The genetic relationship among isolates was studied with the help of multilocus sequence type (MLST) analysis. Of the 144 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 22 strains exhibited a positive ESBL-screening test (73.3%), including 17 Escherichia coli isolates and 5 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Among them, 9 Escherichia coli isolates were resistant to colistin, with an MIC ranging from 8 to16 μg/L, all of which harbored the mcr-1 gene. Eight blaCTX-M-15 genes were detected; two among them were associated with blaTEM-117 and blaTEM-128, and seven blaCTX-M-1 genes were detected that also harbored the mcr-1 gene. Genotyping analysis revealed 7 different sequence types already described in humans and animals. We report the first survey of mcr-1 in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from cockroaches. Our findings highlight cockroaches as a source of nosocomial infections, and they are a reservoir of colistin-resistant E. coli, which is a carrier of other additional risk genes such as blaESBL, especially in hospitals. IMPORTANCE Multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae has become a major concern worldwide that is increasingly observed in human, animals, and also cockroaches. In our study, we found that cockroaches may play an important role as a potential vector of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the hospital environment and collective catering. Our study describes the first survey of mcr-1 in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from hospital cockroaches. Our results further highlight the possibility that mcr-1 may enter humans via cockroach contamination and thereby threaten public health. Our results show that these cockroaches are an important reservoir of colistin-resistant E. coli and carriers of other additional risk genes such as blaESBL, hence the importance of strengthening prevention strategies and of strictly respecting hygiene measures in order to control their distribution and spread in Tunisia.
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Antibiotic resistance, virulence, and phylogenetic analysis of Escherichia coli strains isolated from free-living birds in human habitats. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262236. [PMID: 35020771 PMCID: PMC8754294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds can be colonized by bacteria, which are often resistant to antibiotics and have various virulence profiles. The aim of this study was to analyze antibiotic resistance mechanisms and virulence profiles in relation to the phylogenetic group of E. coli strains that were isolated from the GI tract of wildfowl. Out of 241 faecal samples, presence of E. coli resistant to a cephalosporin (ESBL/AmpC) was estimated for 33 isolates (13,7%). Based on the analysis of the coexistence of 4 genes encoding ESBLs/AmpC (blaCTX-M, blaTEM,blaSHV, blaAmpC) and class 1 and 2 integrons genes (intI1, intI2) a subset of two resistance profiles was observed among the investigated E. coli isolates carrying blaAmpC, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M, blaTEM, class 1 and 2 integrons, respectively. The E. coli isolates were categorized into 4 phylogenetic groups A (39.4%), B2 (24.25%), D (24.25%) and B1 (12.1%). The pathogenic B2 and D groups were mainly typical for the Laridae family. Among the 28 virulence factors (Vfs) detected in pathogenic phylogenetic groups B2 and D, 7 were exclusively found in those groups (sfa, vat, tosA, tosB, hly, usp, cnf), while 4 VFs (fecA, fyuA, irp2, kspMTII) showed a statistically significant association (P≤0.05) with phylogroups A and B1. Our results indicated that strains belonging to commensal phylogroups A/B1 possess extensive iron acquisition systems (93,9%) and autotransporters (60,6%), typical for pathogens, hence we suggest that these strains evolve towards higher levels of virulence. This study, which is a point assessment of the virulence and drug resistance potential of wild birds, confirms the importance of taking wild birds as a reservoir of strains that pose a growing threat to humans. The E. coli analyzed in our study derive from different phylogenetic groups and possess an arsenal of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors that contribute to their ability to cause diseases.
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21
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Ewbank AC, Fuentes-Castillo D, Sacristán C, Cardoso B, Esposito F, Fuga B, de Macedo EC, Lincopan N, Catão-Dias JL. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli survey in wild seabirds at a pristine atoll in the southern Atlantic Ocean, Brazil: First report of the O25b-ST131 clone harboring bla CTX-M-8. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150539. [PMID: 34852430 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is among the most serious public health threats of the 21st century, with great impact in terms of One Health. Among antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB), extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) represent major challenges to human healthcare. Wild birds have been commonly used as environmental bioindicators of ESBL-EC. Remote locations represent a unique opportunity to evaluate the occurrence, dissemination and epidemiology of ARB in the environment. Herein we surveyed ESBL-EC in 204 cloacal swabs from six nonsynanthropic seabird species at the pristine Rocas Atoll, Brazil. We identified ESBL-EC isolates in 2.4% (5/204) of the tested seabirds, all in magnificent frigatebirds (Fregata magnificens). We isolated strains of O25b-ST131-fimH22 harboring gene blaCTX-M-8 (3 clones), ST117 harboring gene blaSHV-12, and a novel ST11350 (clonal complex 349) harboring genes blaCTX-M-55 and fosA3. All the isolates presented Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) virulence profiles. We suggest that magnificent frigatebirds may act as "flying bridges", transporting ESBL-EC and ARGs from an anthropogenically-impacted archipelago geographically close to our pristine and remote study site. The characteristics of our isolates suggest zoonotic potential and, despite the apparent good health of all the evaluated birds, may represent a hypothetical potential threat to the avian population using the atoll. To our knowledge, this is the first description of: (1) the pandemic and public health relevant ST131-O25b harboring blaCTX-M-8 worldwide; (2) ST131-fimH22 in wild birds; and (3); fosA3 in wildlife. Our findings expand the current epidemiological knowledge regarding host and geographical distribution of ESBL-EC and ARGs in wild birds, and emphasize the disseminating characteristics and adaptability of ST131 and ST117 strains within the human-animal-interface. Herein we discuss the involvement of nonsynanthropic wild birds in the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance and their potential as sentinels of ESBL E. coli in insular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Ewbank
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Danny Fuentes-Castillo
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Sacristán
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Brenda Cardoso
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Esposito
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.; One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Fuga
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.; One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Cavalcante de Macedo
- Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) - Brazilian Ministry of the Environment, Rocas Atol Biological Reserve, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.; One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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Yuan Y, Liang B, Jiang BW, Zhu LW, Wang TC, Li YG, Liu J, Guo XJ, Ji X, Sun Y. Migratory wild birds carrying multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli as potential transmitters of antimicrobial resistance in China. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261444. [PMID: 34910771 PMCID: PMC8673662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory birds play an important role in the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. To investigate the prevalence of MDR Escherichia coli in migratory birds in China and potential relationships with the environment, a total of 1387 samples (fecal samples, cloacal swabs, or throat swabs) were collected from migratory birds from three different river basins in China. The collected samples were processed and subjected to bacteriological examinations. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the recovered isolates was performed using the E-test for the detection of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Some antibiotic resistance genes were detected and the PCR products were confirmed by sequencing. In total, 478 (34.7%) E. coli isolates were recovered. The results showed that the drug-resistant E. coli isolates were highly resistant to β-lactams (43.7%) and tetracycline (22.6%), and 73 (15.3%) were MDR, including eight that were extended spectrum β-lactamase-positive. The retrieved strains harbored the blaCTX-M, blaTEM-1, tet(A), tet(B), tet(M), sul1, sul2, sul3, cmlA, floR, and intI1 genes with a prevalence of 5.9%, 36.4%, 80.5%, 11.9%, 6.8%, 6.8%, 47.5%, 12.7%, 50.8%, 37.3%, and 61.0%, respectively. The drug resistance rate of the isolates from southern China was higher than those from northern China. The E. coli samples collected for migratory birds in the Pearl River Basin had the highest proportion (46.7%) MDR isolates. Furthermore, MDR bacteria carried by migratory birds were closely related to the antibiotic content in the basin, which confirms that MDR bacteria carried by migratory birds are likely acquired from the environment. This study also confirmed that migratory birds are potential transmitters of MDR bacteria, demonstrating the need to reduce the use and emission of antibiotics and further in-depth studies on the mechanisms underlying drug resistance of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Liang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Bo-wen Jiang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Ling-wei Zhu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Tie-cheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan-guo Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Xue-jun Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Ji
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (YS); (XJ)
| | - Yang Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (YS); (XJ)
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White-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) in protected Danube wetlands as carriers of Escherichia coli with resistance and virulence genes. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-021-01547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Garcias B, Aguirre L, Seminati C, Reyes N, Allepuz A, Obón E, Molina-Lopez RA, Darwich L. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactam Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in Wild European Hedgehogs ( Erinaceus europeus) Living in Populated Areas. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102837. [PMID: 34679858 PMCID: PMC8532684 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The alarming emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human and veterinary medicine has activated awareness for monitoring the levels of AMR pollution in the environment and wildlife. European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are common wild species habiting urban areas in Europe. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactam (ESBL) resistant enterobacteria and AMR genes were assessed in wild European hedgehogs in Catalonia, NE Spain. The results showed that 36.8% of the animals were detected as carriers of β-lactamase/carbapenemase resistance genes, with a special occurrence of human nosocomial bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Citrobacter freundii. In addition, more than half of the enterobacteria presented a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype and 31% of the isolates had an extended XDR profile. No differences in the spatial distribution of animals with AMR genes were observed within the study region. The results of this study suggest that the close contact with human areas predispose the transmission of AMR genes to wild hedgehogs because they either inhabit and/or feed in an anthropogenic environment. In conclusion, hedgehogs could be good sentinels or bioindicators of AMR environmental pollution, especially in highly populated areas with high human activity. Abstract Wildlife has been suggested to be a good sentinel of environmental health because of its close interaction with human populations, domestic animals, and natural ecosystems. The alarming emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human and veterinary medicine has activated/triggered the awareness of monitoring the levels of AMR pollution in wildlife. European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are common wild species habiting urban areas in Europe. However, there are few studies conducted in hedgehogs as reservoirs of AMR bacteria or genes. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and distribution of ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenem-resistant enterobacteria and AMR genes in wild European hedgehogs in Catalonia, a densely populated region of NE Spain. A total of 115 hedgehogs admitted at the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center of Torreferrussa were studied. To our knowledge, this is the first description of β-lactam resistant enterobacteria in wild hedgehogs. Interestingly, 36.8% (42/114) of the animals were detected as carriers of β-lactamase/carbapenemase resistance genes. Klebsiella spp. (59.6%), and specifically K. pneumoniae (84.6%), were the bacteria with the highest proportion of resistance genes, followed by E. coli (34.6%) and C. freundii (5.8%). The most frequently detected genetic variants were blaCTX-M-15 (19.3%), blaSHV-28 (10.5%), blaCMY-1 (9.7%), blaCMY-2 (8.8%), and blaOXA-48 (1.7%). In addition, 52% (27/52) of the isolates presented a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype and 31% had an extended drug resistance (XDR) profile. No clustering of animals with AMR genes within the study region was shown in the spatial analysis, nor differences in the proportion of positive animals among regions, were detected. The results of this study suggest that wild European hedgehogs could be good sentinels of AMR environmental pollution, especially in areas with a high human population density, because they either inhabit and/or feed in an anthropogenic environment. In conclusion, it is crucial to raise awareness of the strong interconnection between habitats and compartments, and therefore this implies that AMR issues must be tackled under the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biel Garcias
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.G.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (N.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Laia Aguirre
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.G.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (N.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Chiara Seminati
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.G.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (N.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Nerea Reyes
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.G.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (N.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Alberto Allepuz
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.G.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (N.R.); (A.A.)
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Elena Obón
- Catalan Wildlife Service, Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain; (E.O.); (R.A.M.-L.)
| | - Rafael A. Molina-Lopez
- Catalan Wildlife Service, Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain; (E.O.); (R.A.M.-L.)
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (B.G.); (L.A.); (C.S.); (N.R.); (A.A.)
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-935811046
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Characterization of ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Clinical Samples in a Northern Portuguese Hospital: Predominance of CTX-M-15 and High Genetic Diversity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091914. [PMID: 34576808 PMCID: PMC8467980 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Enterobacteriaceae are major players in the spread of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics through the action of CTX-M β-lactamases. We aimed to analyze the diversity and genetic characteristics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from patients in a Northern Portuguese hospital. Methods: A total of 62 cefotaxime/ceftazidime-resistant E. coli (n = 38) and K. pneumoniae (n = 24) clinical isolates were studied. Identification was performed by MALDI-TOF MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 13 antibiotics was performed. Detection of ESBL-encoding genes and other resistance genes, phylogenetic grouping, and molecular typing (for selected isolates) was carried out by PCR/sequencing. Results: ESBL activity was detected in all 62 E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates. Most of the ESBL-producing E. coli isolates carried a blaCTX-M gene (37/38 isolates), being blaCTX-M-15 predominant (n = 32), although blaCTX-M-27 (n = 1) and blaCTX-M-1 (n = 1) were also detected. Two E. coli isolates carried the blaKPC2/3 gene. The lineages ST131-B2 and ST410-A were detected among the ESBL-producing blood E. coli isolates. Regarding the 24 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates, 18 carried a blaCTX-M gene (blaCTX-M-15, 16 isolates; blaCTX-M-55, 2 isolates). All K. pneumoniae isolates carried blaSHV genes, including ESBL-variants (blaSHV-12 and blaSHV-27, 14 isolates) or non-ESBL-variants (blaSHV-11 and blaSHV-28, 10 isolates); ten K. pneumoniae isolates also carried the blaKPC2/3 gene and showed imipenem-resistance. ESBL-positive E. coli isolates were ascribed to the B2 phylogenetic group (82%), mostly associated with ST131 lineage and, at a lower rate, to ST410/A. Regarding K. pneumoniae, the three international lineages ST15, ST147, and ST280 were detected among selected isolates. Conclusions: Different ESBL variants of CTX-M (especially CTX-M-15) and SHV-type (specially SHV-12) were detected among CTX/CAZRE. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, in occasions associated with carbapenemase genes (blaKPC2/3 gene).
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Zeballos-Gross D, Rojas-Sereno Z, Salgado-Caxito M, Poeta P, Torres C, Benavides JA. The Role of Gulls as Reservoirs of Antibiotic Resistance in Aquatic Environments: A Scoping Review. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703886. [PMID: 34367104 PMCID: PMC8343230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of wildlife with long-range dispersal such as gulls in the global dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across natural and anthropogenic aquatic environments remains poorly understood. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been detected in resident and migratory gulls worldwide for more than a decade, suggesting gulls as either sentinels of AMR pollution from anthropogenic sources or independent reservoirs that could maintain and disperse AMR across aquatic environments. However, confirming either of these roles remains challenging and incomplete. In this review, we present current knowledge on the geographic regions where AMR has been detected in gulls, the molecular characterization of resistance genes, and the evidence supporting the capacity of gulls to disperse AMR across regions or countries. We identify several limitations of current research to assess the role of gulls in the spread of AMR including most studies not identifying the source of AMR, few studies comparing bacteria isolated in gulls with other wild or domestic species, and almost no study performing longitudinal sampling over a large period of time to assess the maintenance and dispersion of AMR by gulls within and across regions. We suggest future research required to confirm the role of gulls in the global dispersion of AMR including the standardization of sampling protocols, longitudinal sampling using advanced satellite tracking, and whole-genome sequencing typing. Finally, we discuss the public health implications of the spread of AMR by gulls and potential solutions to limit its spread in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Zeballos-Gross
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zulma Rojas-Sereno
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marília Salgado-Caxito
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Patricia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Julio A Benavides
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
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Suárez-Pérez A, Corbera JA, González-Martín M, Tejedor-Junco MT. Multidrug-Resistant Phenotypes of Escherichia coli Isolates in Wild Canarian Egyptian Vultures ( Neophron percnopterus majorensis). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061692. [PMID: 34204084 PMCID: PMC8229213 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Increasing antimicrobial resistance is a global problem for both human and animal health. Escherichia coli is frequently used as a “sentinel” for antimicrobial resistance and as an indicator of faecal contamination of the environment. This study is a characterisation of the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of E. coli isolates obtained from cloacal samples of Canarian Egyptian vultures. A total of 65 chickens and 38 adult and immature birds were studied. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 16 antibiotics of 12 different categories was determined in 103 E. coli isolates. We found a 39.8% prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli. Almost all MDR phenotypes found included resistance to tetracycline, an antibiotic widely used in veterinary medicine. Resistance has also been found to chloramphenicol (13 MDR phenotypes), imipenem (5 MDR phenotypes) and others. Wild birds can act as reservoirs and disseminators of MDR E. coli, transferring them via faeces to the environment, feed or water. Our results highlight the need to minimise exposure of wild birds to antimicrobials from human activities to avoid the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Abstract The presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli in cloacal samples from Canarian Egyptian vultures was investigated. Samples were obtained from chicks (n = 65) and from adults and immature birds (n = 38). Antimicrobial susceptibility to 16 antibiotics included in 12 different categories was determined for 103 E. coli isolates. MDR was defined as acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. Forty-seven different resistance phenotypes were detected: 31 MDR (41 isolates) and 16 non-MDR (62 isolates). One isolate was resistant to all 12 antimicrobial categories and 2 phenotypes included resistance to 9 antimicrobial categories. Imipenem resistance was included in five MDR phenotypes, corresponding to five different isolates. Statistically significant differences in prevalence of MDR-phenotypes were found between chicks in nests and the rest of the animals, probably due to the shorter exposure time of chicks to antimicrobials. The main risk derived from MDR bacteria in scavengers is that it threatens the treatment of wild animals in rescue centres and could be transferred to other animals in the facilities. In addition to this, it could pose a health risk to veterinarians or other staff involved in wildlife protection programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Suárez-Pérez
- Wildlife Animal Rescue Centre, Cabildo de Tenerife, 38291 La Laguna, Spain;
- Department of Animal Pathology, Animal Production and Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Department of Animal Pathology, Animal Production and Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Arucas, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, ULPGC, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain; (M.G.-M.); (M.T.T.-J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Margarita González-Martín
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, ULPGC, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain; (M.G.-M.); (M.T.T.-J.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, ULPGC, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain; (M.G.-M.); (M.T.T.-J.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35413 Arucas, Spain
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Lee HJ, Woo YK, Choi BK, Jeong OM, Kim JH, Kim DW, Jeong JY, Kwon YK, Kang MS. High prevalence of a gene cluster conferring resistance to streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline in Escherichia coli isolated from indigenous wild birds. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2021; 67:81-84. [PMID: 33487603 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A total of 116 Escherichia coli isolates from cecal contents of 81 indigenous wild birds in Korea were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Seventy-one isolates from sparrows (Passer montanus) and one isolate from doves (Columba livia) were resistant to three antimicrobials, including streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline (SSuT). PCR and subsequent sequence analysis revealed the SSuT gene cluster region (approximately 13 kb) harboring genes encoding resistance to streptomycin (strA and strB), sulfonamide (sul2), and tetracycline (tetB, tetC, tetD, and tetR). In particular, tetracycline resistance genes were located on the transposon Tn10-like element. The SSuT element-harboring E. coli can be an important source of the transmission of antimicrobial resistance to other pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, strict sanitary measures in human and animal environments are necessary to prevent the spread of resistant bacteria through fecal residues of wild birds.
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VinodhKumar OR, Karikalan M, Ilayaraja S, Sha AA, Singh BR, Sinha DK, Chandra Mohan S, Pruthvishree BS, Pawde AM, Sharma AK. Multi-drug resistant (MDR), extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing and carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli in rescued Sloth bears (Melursus ursinus), India. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:163-170. [PMID: 34041662 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study reports the multi-drug resistant (MDR), extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing and carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli (CRE) isolated from rescued sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), India. Non-duplicate faecal samples from 21 adult rescued sloth bears were collected at once during 2015-2016 and processed for isolation of E. coli and antibacterial susceptibility pattern. From 21 samples, 45 E. coli were isolated and on phenotypic screening, 23 were MDR, 17 were ESBL producers, and five were carbapenem-resistant (CR). Three E. coli isolates (6.67%, 3/45) showed no resistance, however 42 isolates (93.33%, 42/45) exhibited resistant to at least one antibiotics. The MDR isolates carried beta-lactamase, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, fluroquinolone, and sulphadimidine resistance genes. All the phenotypic ESBL producing isolates harbored blaCTX-M genes. On genotypic screening, three CRE (60.0%, 3/5) were positive for blaNDM carbapenemase gene and efflux pump-mediated carbapenem resistance was detected in two CRE isolates (40.0%, 2/5) which were negative for carbapenemase genes. The CRE isolates (n = 5) also co-harbored AMR genes like blaTEM-1, blaAmpC, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, tetA, tetB and sulI. Virulence screening of the resistant isolates detected the presence of Stx1(n = 1), Stx2 (n = 3), eaeA (n = 4) and hlyA (n = 3) genes. Plasmid incompatibility (Inc) typing revealed that two isolates harboured blaNDM-5 gene on Incl1 and one isolate on IncF plasmid. Apart from the NDM gene, the plasmids also carried tetracycline, beta-lactamase and quinolone resistance genes. The plasmid multilocus sequence typing (pMLST) of the E. coli Incl1 plasmid showed the Sequence Type (ST) 297. This appears to be the first report of MDR, ESBL producing and blaNDM-5 genes on Incl1 and IncF plasmids from rescued sloth bear.
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Affiliation(s)
- O R VinodhKumar
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| | - M Karikalan
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - S Ilayaraja
- Agra Bear Rescue Centre, Wildlife SOS, Keetham, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arun A Sha
- Research &Veterinary Operations, Bannerghatta Bear Rescue Centre, Wildlife SOS, Bengaluru, India
| | - B R Singh
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - D K Sinha
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - S Chandra Mohan
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - B S Pruthvishree
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - A M Pawde
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - A K Sharma
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
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Alonso CA, de Toro M, de la Cruz F, Torres C. Genomic Insights into Drug Resistance and Virulence Platforms, CRISPR-Cas Systems and Phylogeny of Commensal E. coli from Wildlife. Microorganisms 2021; 9:999. [PMID: 34063152 PMCID: PMC8148099 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal bacteria act as important reservoirs of virulence and resistance genes. However, existing data are generally only focused on the analysis of human or human-related bacterial populations. There is a lack of genomic studies regarding commensal bacteria from hosts less exposed to antibiotics and other selective forces due to human activities, such as wildlife. In the present study, the genomes of thirty-eight E. coli strains from the gut of various wild animals were sequenced. The analysis of their accessory genome yielded a better understanding of the role of the mobilome on inter-bacterial dissemination of mosaic virulence and resistance plasmids. The study of the presence and composition of the CRISPR/Cas systems in E. coli from wild animals showed some viral and plasmid sequences among the spacers, as well as the relationship between CRISPR/Cas and E. coli phylogeny. Further, we constructed a single nucleotide polymorphisms-based core tree with E. coli strains from different sources (humans, livestock, food and extraintestinal environments). Bacteria from humans or highly human-influenced settings exhibit similar genetic patterns in CRISPR-Cas systems, plasmids or virulence/resistance genes-carrying modules. These observations, together with the absence of significant genetic changes in their core genome, suggest an ongoing flow of both mobile elements and E. coli lineages between human and natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Andrea Alonso
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain;
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital San Pedro, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - María de Toro
- Plataforma de Genómica y Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain;
| | - Fernando de la Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC), 39011 Santander, Spain;
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain;
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Kurittu P, Khakipoor B, Brouwer MS, Heikinheimo A. Plasmids conferring resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactamases including a rare IncN+IncR multireplicon carrying blaCTX-M-1 in Escherichia coli recovered from migrating barnacle geese ( Branta leucopsis). OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2021; 1:46. [PMID: 37645149 PMCID: PMC10446048 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13529.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat and wild migratory birds may act as mediators of resistant bacteria across country borders. Our objective was to study extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-encoded AmpC (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli in barnacle geese using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and to identify plasmids harboring bla genes. Methods: Barnacle geese feces (n=200) were collected during fall 2017 and spring 2018 from an urban area in Helsinki, Finland. ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli were recovered from nine samples (4.5%) and isolates were subjected to WGS on both short- and long-read sequencers, enabling hybrid assembly and determination of the genomic location of bla genes. Results: A rare multireplicon IncN+IncR was recovered from one isolate carrying bla CTX-M-1 in addition to aadA2b, lnu(F), and qnrS1. Moreover, rarely detected IncY plasmids in two isolates were found to harbor multiple resistance genes in addition to the human-associated bla CTX-M-15. Poultry-associated bla CMY-2 was identified from the widely distributed IncI1 and IncK plasmids from four different isolates. One isolate harbored an IncI1 plasmid with bla CTX-M-1 and flor. A chromosomal point mutation in the AmpC promoter was identified in one of the isolates. WGS analysis showed isolates carried multiple resistance and virulence genes and harbored multiple different plasmid replicons in addition to bla-carrying plasmids. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that wild migratory birds serve as a limited source of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli and may act as disseminators of the epidemic plasmid types IncI1 and IncK but also rarely detected plasmid types carrying multidrug resistance. Human and livestock-associated ESBL enzyme types were recovered from samples, suggesting a potential for interspecies transmission. WGS offers a thorough method for studying AMR from different sources and should be implemented more widely in the future for AMR surveillance and detection. Understanding plasmid epidemiology is vital for efforts to mitigate global AMR spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Kurittu
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Banafsheh Khakipoor
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory and Research Division, Microbiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Seinäjoki, Finland
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Carvalho I, Safia Chenouf N, Cunha R, Martins C, Pimenta P, Pereira AR, Martínez-Álvarez S, Ramos S, Silva V, Igrejas G, Torres C, Poeta P. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Diversity of Clones among ESBL- and Acquired AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Fecal Samples of Healthy and Sick Cats in Portugal. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030262. [PMID: 33807601 PMCID: PMC8001562 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the mechanisms of resistance in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and acquired AmpC (qAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from healthy and sick cats in Portugal. A total of 141 rectal swabs recovered from 98 sick and 43 healthy cats were processed for cefotaxime-resistant (CTXR) E. coli recovery (in MacConkey agar supplemented with 2 µg/mL cefotaxime). The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) method was used for E. coli identification and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by a disk diffusion test. The presence of resistance/virulence genes was tested by PCR sequencing. The phylogenetic typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were determined by specific PCR sequencing. CTXRE. coli isolates were detected in seven sick and six healthy cats (7.1% and 13.9%, respectively). Based on the synergy tests, 11 of 13 CTXRE. coli isolates (one/sample) were ESBL-producers (ESBL total rate: 7.8%) carrying the following ESBL genes: blaCTX-M-1 (n = 3), blaCTX-M-15 (n = 3), blaCTX-M-55 (n = 2), blaCTX-M-27 (n = 2) and blaCTX-M-9 (n = 1). Six different sequence types were identified among ESBL-producers (sequence type/associated ESBLs): ST847/CTX-M-9, CTX-M-27, CTX-M-1; ST10/CTX-M-15, CTX-M-27; ST6448/CTX-M-15, CTX-M-55; ST429/CTX-M-15; ST101/CTX-M-1 and ST40/CTX-M-1. Three of the CTXR isolates were CMY-2-producers (qAmpC rate: 2.1%); two of them were ESBL-positive and one ESBL-negative. These isolates were typed as ST429 and ST6448 and were obtained in healthy or sick cats. The phylogenetic groups A/B1/D/clade 1 were detected among ESBL- and qAmpC-producing isolates. Cats are carriers of qAmpC (CMY-2)- and ESBL-producing E. coli isolates (mostly of variants of CTX-M group 1) of diverse clonal lineages, which might represent a public health problem due to the proximity of cats with humans regarding a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carvalho
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (N.S.C.); (S.M.-Á.); (C.T.)
| | - Nadia Safia Chenouf
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (N.S.C.); (S.M.-Á.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valuation of the Steppe Ecosystem, University of Djelfa, Djelfa 17000, Algeria
| | - Rita Cunha
- Hospital Veterinário de São Bento, 1200-822 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Carla Martins
- Clínica Veterinária do Vouga, 3740-253 Sever do Vouga, Portugal;
| | - Paulo Pimenta
- Hospital Veterinário de Trás-os-Montes, 5000-056 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | | | - Sandra Martínez-Álvarez
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (N.S.C.); (S.M.-Á.); (C.T.)
| | - Sónia Ramos
- VetRedondo, Consultório Veterinário de Monte Redondo Unipessoal Lda, Monte Redondo, 2425-618 Leiria, Portugal;
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (N.S.C.); (S.M.-Á.); (C.T.)
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259350466; Fax: +351-259350629
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Athanasakopoulou Z, Tsilipounidaki K, Sofia M, Chatzopoulos DC, Giannakopoulos A, Karakousis I, Giannakis V, Spyrou V, Touloudi A, Satra M, Galamatis D, Diamantopoulos V, Mpellou S, Petinaki E, Billinis C. Poultry and Wild Birds as a Reservoir of CMY-2 Producing Escherichia coli: The First Large-Scale Study in Greece. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030235. [PMID: 33652621 PMCID: PMC7996950 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance mediated by β-lactamases is a globally spread menace. The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of Escherichia coli producing plasmid-encoded AmpC β-lactamases (pAmpC) in animals. Fecal samples from chickens (n = 159), cattle (n = 104), pigs (n = 214), and various wild bird species (n = 168), collected from different Greek regions during 2018-2020, were screened for the presence of pAmpC-encoding genes. Thirteen E. coli displaying resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and a positive AmpC confirmation test were detected. blaCMY-2 was the sole pAmpC gene identified in 12 chickens' and 1 wild bird (Eurasian magpie) isolates and was in all cases linked to an upstream ISEcp1-like element. The isolates were classified into five different sequence types: ST131, ST117, ST155, ST429, and ST1415. Four chickens' stains were assigned to ST131, while five chickens' strains and the one from the Eurasian magpie belonged to ST117. Seven pAmpC isolates co-harbored genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines (tetM, tetB, tetC, tetD), 3 carried sulfonamide resistance genes (sulI and sulII), and 10 displayed mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA (S83L+D87N) and parC (S80I+E84V). This report provides evidence of pAmpC dissemination, describing for the first time the presence of CMY-2 in chickens and wild birds from Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Athanasakopoulou
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.); (A.T.)
| | | | - Marina Sofia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Dimitris C. Chatzopoulos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.); (A.T.)
| | | | | | - Vassiliki Spyrou
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Antonia Touloudi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Maria Satra
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Galamatis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA (ELGO DIMITRA), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | - Spyridoula Mpellou
- Bioefarmoges Eleftheriou LP-Integrated Mosquito Control, 19007 Marathon, Greece;
| | - Efthymia Petinaki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.); (A.T.)
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
- Correspondence:
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Cabe PR. European Starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris) as Vectors and Reservoirs of Pathogens Affecting Humans and Domestic Livestock. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020466. [PMID: 33578636 PMCID: PMC7916395 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
European starlings are an abundant, widespread avian species frequently found in close association with human development and agriculture. The ability of starlings to carry and disperse pathogens of humans and domesticated livestock has received considerable attention, including studies of enteric bacteria, viruses, and some fungi. To investigate the importance of European starlings as disease vectors, I reviewed and assessed the available literature, comprising several hundred published papers. Although a wide variety of potential pathogens have been reported in starlings, the strongest evidence suggests that they may be responsible for harboring and dispersing some species of enteric bacteria, with Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni of perhaps greatest interest, and primarily in the context of dairies, concentrated animal feeding operations, and other intensive livestock agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Cabe
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450, USA
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Plaza-Rodríguez C, Alt K, Grobbel M, Hammerl JA, Irrgang A, Szabo I, Stingl K, Schuh E, Wiehle L, Pfefferkorn B, Naumann S, Kaesbohrer A, Tenhagen BA. Wildlife as Sentinels of Antimicrobial Resistance in Germany? Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:627821. [PMID: 33585611 PMCID: PMC7873465 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.627821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of bacteria carrying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in wildlife is an indicator that resistant bacteria of human or livestock origin are widespread in the environment. In addition, it could represent an additional challenge for human health, since wild animals could act as efficient AMR reservoirs and epidemiological links between human, livestock and natural environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and the antibiotic resistance patterns of several bacterial species in certain wild animals in Germany, including wild boars (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and wild ducks (family Anatidae, subfamily Anatinae) and geese (family Anatidae, subfamily Anserinae). In the framework of the German National Zoonoses Monitoring Program, samples from hunted wild boars, roe deer and wild ducks and geese were collected nationwide in 2016, 2017, and 2019, respectively. Fecal samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella spp. (in wild boars and wild ducks and geese), Campylobacter spp. (in roe deer and wild ducks and geese), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia (E.) coli (STEC), commensal E. coli and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL) or ampicillinase class C (AmpC) beta-lactamase-producing E. coli (in wild boars, roe deer and wild ducks and geese). In addition, the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was investigated in nasal swabs from wild boars. Isolates obtained in the accredited regional state laboratories were submitted to the National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for confirmation, characterization and phenotypic resistance testing using broth microdilution according to CLSI. AMR was assessed according to epidemiological cut-offs provided by EUCAST. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 13 of 552 (2.4%) tested wild boar fecal samples, but absent in all 101 samples from wild ducks and geese. Nine of the 11 isolates that were submitted to the NRL Salmonella were susceptible to all tested antimicrobial substances. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from four out of 504 (0.8%) roe deer fecal samples, but not from any of the samples from wild ducks and geese. Of the two isolates received in the NRL Campylobacter, neither showed resistance to any of the substances tested. From roe deer, 40.2% of the fecal samples (144 of 358) yielded STEC compared to 6.9% (37 of 536) from wild boars. In wild ducks and geese, no STEC isolates were found. Of 150 STEC isolates received in the NRL (24 from wild boars and 126 from roe deer), only one from each animal species showed resistance. Of the 219 isolates of commensal E. coli from wild boars tested for AMR, 210 were susceptible to all 14 tested substances (95.9%). In roe deer this proportion was even higher (263 of 269, 97.8%), whereas in wild ducks and geese this proportion was lower (41 of 49, 83.7%). Nevertheless, selective isolation of ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli yielded 6.5% (36 of 551) positive samples from wild boars, 2.3% (13 of 573) from roe deer and 9.8% (10 of 102) from wild ducks and geese. Among the 25 confirmed ESBL-/AmpC-producing isolates from wild boars, 14 (56.0%) showed resistance up to five classes of substances. This proportion was lower in roe deer (3 of 12, 25%) and higher in wild ducks and geese (7 of 10, 70%). None of the 577 nasal swabs from wild boars yielded MRSA. Results indicate that overall, the prevalence of resistant bacteria from certain wild animals in Germany is low, which may reflect not only the low level of exposure to antimicrobials but also the low level of resistant bacteria in the areas where these animals live and feed. However, despite this low prevalence, the patterns observed in bacteria from the wild animals included in this study are an indicator for specific resistance traits in the environment, including those to highest priority substances such as 3rd generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and colistin. Therefore, also continuous monitoring of the occurrence of such bacteria in wildlife by selective isolation is advisable. Furthermore, the possible role of wildlife as reservoir and disperser of resistant bacteria would need to be assessed, as wild animals, and in particular wild ducks and geese could become spreaders of resistant bacteria given their capacity for long-range movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Plaza-Rodríguez
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Alt
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Grobbel
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Andre Hammerl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Irrgang
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Istvan Szabo
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stingl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schuh
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Wiehle
- Department Food, Feed, Consumer Goods, German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Pfefferkorn
- Department Food, Feed, Consumer Goods, German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Naumann
- Department Food, Feed, Consumer Goods, German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Kaesbohrer
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Talavera-González JM, Talavera-Rojas M, Soriano-Vargas E, Vázquez-Navarrete J, Salgado-Miranda C. In vitro transduction of antimicrobial resistance genes into Escherichia coli isolates from backyard poultry in Mexico. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:415-425. [PMID: 33395360 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of multidrug-resistant pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes is an emerging problem involving multiple factors (humans, domestic animals, wildlife). The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Escherichia coli isolates with different antimicrobial resistance genes from backyard poultry and to demonstrate the in vitro transduction phenomenon of these genes between phages from migratory wild birds and poultry E. coli isolates. We collected 197 E. coli isolates from chickens, turkeys, and ducks in backyard production units (northern region of the State of Mexico). Isolates were resistant to ampicillin (80.7%), tetracycline (64.4%), carbenicillin (56.3%), and nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (both, 26.9%). Moreover, the genes blaTEM (56.3%), tetB (20.8%), tetA (19.2%), sulI (7.6%), sulII (10.1%), qnrA (9.6%), and qnrB (5.5%) were found. In vitro transduction using phages from migratory wild birds sampled in the wetland Chimaliapan (State of Mexico) was successfully achieved. It was possible to transduce qnrA, tetB, blaTEM, and sulII genes to E. coli isolates from poultry. This is the first report that describes the transduction of antimicrobial resistance genes from phages of migratory wild birds to poultry and suggests the possible transmission in backyard production units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Martín Talavera-González
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 15.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
| | - Martín Talavera-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 15.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
| | - Edgardo Soriano-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 15.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
| | - Jesús Vázquez-Navarrete
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera México-Toluca Km. 15.5, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Celene Salgado-Miranda
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 15.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
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Hassen B, Abbassi MS, Benlabidi S, Ruiz-Ripa L, Mama OM, Ibrahim C, Hassen A, Hammami S, Torres C. Genetic characterization of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from wastewater and river water in Tunisia: predominance of CTX-M-15 and high genetic diversity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44368-44377. [PMID: 32767214 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10326-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments are crucial hotspots for the dissemination of antibiotic resistant microorganisms and resistance genes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and the genetic characterization of cefotaxime-resistant (CTXR) Enterobacteriaceae at a Tunisian semi-industrial pilot plant with biological treatment (WWPP) and its receiving river (Rouriche River, downstream from WWPP) located in Tunis City, during 2017-2018. We collected 105 and 15 water samples from the WWPP and the Rouriche River, respectively. Samples were screened to recover ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) and isolates were characterized for phenotype/genotype of antimicrobial resistance, integrons, plasmid types and molecular typing (multilocus sequence typing, MLST). Among 120 water samples, 33 and 4 contained ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, respectively. Most isolates were multidrug resistant and produced CTX-M-15 (28 isolates), CTX-M-1 (4 isolates), CTX-M-55 (2 isolates), CTX-M-27 (one isolate), SHV-12 (one isolate) and VEB beta-lactamases (one isolate). All K. pneumoniae were CTX-M-15-positive. Four colistin-resistant isolates were found (MIC 4-8 μg/ml), but they were negative for the mcr genes tested. Class 1 integrons were detected in 21/25 trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant isolates, and nine of them carried the gene cassette arrays: aadA2 + dfrA12 (n = 4), aadA1 + dfrA15 (n = 2), aadA5 + dfrA17 (n = 2) and aadA1/2 (n = 1). The IncP and IncFIB plasmids were found in 30 and 16 isolates, respectively. Genetic lineages detected were as follows: E. coli (ST48-ST10 Cplx, ST2499, ST906, ST2973 and ST2142); K. pneumoniae: (ST1540 and ST661). Our findings show a high rate of CTX-M-15 and high genetic diversity of ESBL-E isolates from WWPP and receiving river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilel Hassen
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Université de Tunis El Manar, 20 rue Jebel, Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Salah Abbassi
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Université de Tunis El Manar, 20 rue Jebel, Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Laboratoire de résistance aux antibiotiques LR99ES09, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saloua Benlabidi
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Université de Tunis El Manar, 20 rue Jebel, Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Laura Ruiz-Ripa
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios, 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Olouwafemi M Mama
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios, 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Chourouk Ibrahim
- Laboratoire de Traitement et de Valorisation des Rejets Hydriques, Centre de Recherche et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Technopole Borj-Cédria, BP 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- Laboratoire de Traitement et de Valorisation des Rejets Hydriques, Centre de Recherche et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Technopole Borj-Cédria, BP 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Salah Hammami
- IRESA, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Université de la Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios, 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
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Haenni M, Métayer V, Jarry R, Drapeau A, Puech MP, Madec JY, Keck N. Wide Spread of bla CTX-M-9/ mcr-9 IncHI2/ST1 Plasmids and CTX-M-9-Producing Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae in Rescued Wild Animals. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:601317. [PMID: 33329492 PMCID: PMC7717979 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.601317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife has recently been pinpointed as one of the drivers of dissemination of genes conferring resistances to clinically important antimicrobials. The presence of both extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL) and carbapenemase-encoding genes has notably been reported in wild birds, that can act as sentinels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) contamination but also as long-distance spreaders in case of migratory birds. Here, 424 wild birds brought to a rescue center in France were sampled over a 6-month period. These birds encompassed 62 different sedentary or migratory species. A further 16 wild mammals present in the center were also investigated. No carbapenemase-producer was found, but we identified a surprisingly high proportion (24.1%) of ESBL-positive isolates. A total of 144 non-duplicate isolates were collected, including Escherichia coli (n = 88), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 51), and Citrobacter freundii (n = 5), of which 123 carried the blaCTX–M–9 gene. PFGE, phylogroup, and MLST revealed the presence of a limited number of ESBL-positive clones circulating in these animals, all presenting multiple associated resistances. Next-generation sequencing on a subset of isolates, followed by Southern blot hybridization, showed the wide dissemination of an IncHI2/ST1 plasmid carrying the blaCTX–M–9, blaSHV–12 and mcr-9 genes. In all, our results undoubtedly reflect cross transmissions of ESC-resistance (ESC-R) Enterobacteriaceae within the rescue center – similarly to nosocomial spreads observed at hospital, rather than the true bacterial flora of birds. We also showed that the spread of ESC-R in this rescue center did not only rely on clonal but also on a highly successful plasmidic transmission. Since most animals are intended to get back to nature after a few days or weeks, this is obviously an issue with regard to ESBL dissemination in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Haenni
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Métayer
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Romane Jarry
- Laboratoire Départemental Vétérinaire de l'Hérault, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Drapeau
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jean-Yves Madec
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Keck
- Laboratoire Départemental Vétérinaire de l'Hérault, Montpellier, France
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Blanco G, López-Hernández I, Morinha F, López-Cerero L. Intensive farming as a source of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents in sedentary and migratory vultures: Implications for local and transboundary spread. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:140356. [PMID: 32758969 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of wild birds in the carriage and transmission of human and food animal bacteria with resistant genotypes has repeatedly been highlighted. However, few studies have focussed on the specific exposure sources and places of acquisition and selection for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in vultures relying on livestock carcasses across large areas and different continents. The occurrence of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents was assessed in the faecal microbiota of sedentary Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) and trans-Saharan migratory Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) in central Spain. High rates (generally >50%) of resistant Escherichia coli and other enterobacteria to amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole and tetracycline were found. About 25-30% of samples were colonised by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing bacteria, while 5-17% were positive for plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) phenotypes, depending on vulture species and age. In total, nine ESBL types were recorded (7 in griffon vultures and 5 in Egyptian vultures), with CTX-M-1 the most prevalent in both species. The most prevalent PMQR was mediated by qnrS genes. We found no clear differences in the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in adult vultures of each species, or between nestling and adult Egyptian vultures. This supports the hypothesis that antimicrobial resistance is acquired in the European breeding areas of both species. Bacterial resistance can directly be driven by the regular ingestion of multiple active antimicrobials found in medicated livestock carcasses from factory farms, which should be not neglected as a contributor to the emergence of novel resistance clones. The One Health framework should consider the potential transboundary carriage and spread of epidemic resistance from high-income European to low-income African countries via migratory birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Blanco
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada López-Hernández
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Morinha
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena López-Cerero
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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40
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Carvalho I, Tejedor-Junco MT, González-Martín M, Corbera JA, Suárez-Pérez A, Silva V, Igrejas G, Torres C, Poeta P. Molecular diversity of Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from vultures in Canary Islands. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 12:540-547. [PMID: 32755023 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance among isolates from wild animals is increasingly reported. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and particularly Escherichia coli, have spread worldwide as one of the most common multidrug-resistant organisms. The aim of this study was to determine the carriage rate of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates and their genetic characteristics in wild vultures from the Canary Islands. Faecal samples were collected from 22 apparently healthy free-ranging (wild) vulture chicks from Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands) during July 2019. They were seeded in MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime (2 μg ml-1 ). Colonies with typical morphology of E. coli were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility was done by disk diffusion. Phenotypic detection of ESBL was performed by double-disk tests. The presence of blaCTX-M , blaSHV , blaTEM , blaKPC and blaOXA-48 genes, as well as mcr-1 (colistin resistance), tetA/tetB and int1 gene, was tested by PCR/sequencing. Phylogenetic groups and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were determined by PCR/sequencing. ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were detected in 5/22 tested animals (22.7%), and all isolates (one/animal) carried blaCTX-M genes: blaCTX-M-15 (n = 3) and blaCTX-M-55 (n = 2). ESBL-positive isolates were ascribed to phylogenetic group D (two isolates), B1 (two isolates) and A (one isolate), and five sequence types were detected (ST/phylogenetic-group/ESBL): ST515/B1/CTX-M-15, ST1290/A/CTX-M-15, ST38/D/CTX-M-15, ST457/D/CTX-M-55 and ST6448/B1 /CTX-M-55; this suggests a genetic diversity among these isolates. Three CTX-M-15-producing isolates contained the blaTEM gene and one the tetA gene. To our knowledge, this appears to be the first report of ESBL-producing E. coli in vulture chicks from the Canary Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carvalho
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Margarita González-Martín
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Pérez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
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41
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Carvalho I, Tejedor-Junco MT, González-Martín M, Corbera JA, Silva V, Igrejas G, Torres C, Poeta P. Escherichia coli Producing Extended-Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) from Domestic Camels in the Canary Islands: A One Health Approach. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081295. [PMID: 32751146 PMCID: PMC7459641 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli is an important problem in hospital settings. Camels are known to harbor multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and to be involved in the transmission of various microorganisms to humans. Fecal samples of 58 camels were recovered in the Canary Islands for detection and characterization of cefotaxime-resistant (CTXR) and ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Five samples carried CTXRE. coli isolates and two of them contained ESBL-positive E. coli (3.4%) with the following characteristics: (ESBL/phylogroup/sequence type): CTX-M-15/A/ST3018 and CTX-M-15/B1/ST69. The three remaining isolates recovered from CTX-supplemented plates were ascribed to phylogroup-B1. Due to the participation of these animals in touristic activities in the region, the potential transference of ESBL-positive bacteria between humans and animals could happen and should be further monitored. Abstract Objective: This work aimed to determine the carriage rate of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli as well as their genetic characteristics in camels from the Canary Islands, Spain. Methods: Fecal samples were recovered from 58 healthy camels from Gran Canaria (n = 32) and Fuerteventura Islands (n = 26) during July 2019. They were seeded on MacConkey (MC) agar no supplemented and supplemented (MC + CTX) with cefotaxime (2 µg/mL). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion test (CLSI, 2018). The presence of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM,blaCMY-2 and blaOXA-1/48 genes was tested by PCR/sequencing. Furthermore, the mcr-1 (colistin resistance), tetA/tetB (tetracycline resistance), int1 (integrase of class 1 integrons) and stx1,2 genes were analyzed. Phylogenetic groups and sequence types were determined by specific-PCR/sequencing for selected isolates. Results: E. coli was obtained from all the 58 camels in MC media (100%) and in five of them in MC + CTX media (8.6%). Furthermore, 63.8% of E. coli isolates recovered from MC agar were susceptible to all the antibiotics tested. The five E. coli isolates recovered from MC + CTX media were characterized and two of them were ESBL-producers (3.4%). Both ESBL-producer isolates carried the blaCTX-M-15 gene and belonged to the lineages ST3018 (phylogroup A) and ST69 (phylogroup B1). The 3 ESBL-negative isolates recovered from MC-CTX plates were ascribed to phylogroup-B1. Conclusions: Camels can be a source of ESBL-producer bacteria, containing the widespread blaCTX-M-15 gene associated with the lineages ST3018 and ST69.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carvalho
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain;
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain; (M.T.T.-J.); (M.G.-M.); (J.A.C.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Margarita González-Martín
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain; (M.T.T.-J.); (M.G.-M.); (J.A.C.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain; (M.T.T.-J.); (M.G.-M.); (J.A.C.)
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain;
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +351-259-350-466
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42
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Höfle U, Jose Gonzalez-Lopez J, Camacho MC, Solà-Ginés M, Moreno-Mingorance A, Manuel Hernández J, De La Puente J, Pineda-Pampliega J, Aguirre JI, Torres-Medina F, Ramis A, Majó N, Blas J, Migura-Garcia L. Foraging at Solid Urban Waste Disposal Sites as Risk Factor for Cephalosporin and Colistin Resistant Escherichia coli Carriage in White Storks ( Ciconia ciconia). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1397. [PMID: 32849315 PMCID: PMC7399022 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
White stork (Ciconia ciconia) may act as a reservoir and vehicle of cephalosporin resistant (CR) Escherichia coli. Between 2011 and 2014, we sampled white storks from colonies exposed to different degrees of anthropic pressure across the major areas of natural distribution of white storks in Spain. Cloacal swab samples (n = 467) were obtained from individuals belonging to 12 different colonies from six different regions. Additionally, 70 samples were collected from recently deposited droppings at the base of nesting platforms. We phenotypically characterized E. coli isolates, confirmed presence of CR genes and classified plasmids. Risk factors for acquiring these genes were assessed. Overall, 8.8% (41 out of 467) storks carried CR E. coli in their cloaca and five (7.1%) were identified from recently deposited droppings; therefore, 46 isolates were further characterized. Of them, 20 contained blaCTX–M–1, nine blaCMY–2, six blaCTX–M–14, four blaSHV–12, three blaCTX–M–15, two blaCTX–M–32, one blaCTX–M–1 together with blaCMY–2, and one blaCTX–M–1 together with blaSHV–12. All were multidrug-resistant, and four harbored the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-1 gene. CR genes were associated with the presence of IncI1, IncFIB, and IncN replicon families. XbaI-macrorestriction analysis revealed a great diversity among most of the XbaI-PFGE types, but indistinguishable types were also seen with isolates obtained from different locations. Clonal complex 10 was the most common among CR E. coli and two blaCTX–M–15 positive isolates were identified as B2-ST131. Carriage of CR E. coli was significantly higher in colonies located close to solid urban waste disposal sites in which foraging on human waste was more likely and in one case to cattle grazing. The co-occurrence of blaCMY–2 and mcr-1 on plasmids of E. coli isolated from wild birds as early as 2011 is of note, as the earliest previous report of mcr-1 in wild birds is from 2016. Our study shows that foraging at landfills and in association with cattle grazing are important risk factors for the acquisition of CR E. coli in white storks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Höfle
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) Working Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Gonzalez-Lopez
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Cruz Camacho
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) Working Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marc Solà-Ginés
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert Moreno-Mingorance
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier Pineda-Pampliega
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Aguirre
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Torres-Medina
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.,Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Antoni Ramis
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Natalia Majó
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Julio Blas
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Lourdes Migura-Garcia
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
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Fuentes-Castillo D, Navas-Suárez PE, Gondim MF, Esposito F, Sacristán C, Fontana H, Fuga B, Piovani C, Kooij R, Lincopan N, Catão-Dias JL. Genomic characterization of multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing Escherichia coli ST58 causing fatal colibacillosis in critically endangered Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus). Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:258-266. [PMID: 32544292 PMCID: PMC8246901 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Even though antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria have begun to be detected in wildlife, raising important issues related to their transmission and persistence of clinically important pathogens in the environment, little is known about the role of these bacteria on wildlife health, especially on endangered species. The Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus) is one of the most threatened waterfowl in the world, classified as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. In 2019, a fatal case of sepsis was diagnosed in an 8‐day‐old Brazilian merganser inhabiting a zoological park. At necropsy, major gross lesions were pulmonary and hepatic congestion. Using microbiologic and genomic methods, we identified a multidrug‐resistant (MDR) extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL) CTX‐M‐8‐producing Escherichia coli (designed as PMPU strain) belonging to the international clone ST58, in coelomic cavity, oesophagus, lungs, small intestine and cloaca samples. PMPU strain harboured a broad resistome against antibiotics (cephalosporins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, sulphonamides, trimethoprim and quinolones), domestic/hospital disinfectants and heavy metals (arsenic, mercury, lead, copper and silver). Additionally, the virulence of E. coli PMPU strain was confirmed using a wax moth (Galleria mellonella) infection model, and it was supported by the presence of virulence genes encoding toxins, adherence factors, invasins and iron acquisition systems. Broad resistome and virulome of PMPU contributed to therapeutic failure and death of the animal. In brief, we report for the first time a fatal colibacillosis by MDR ESBL‐producing E. coli in critically endangered Brazilian merganser, highlighting that besides colonization, critical priority pathogens are threatening wildlife. E. coli ST58 clone has been previously reported in humans, food‐producing animals, wildlife and environment, supporting broad adaptation and persistence at human–animal–environment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Fuentes-Castillo
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Enrique Navas-Suárez
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Esposito
- One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Sacristán
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Herrison Fontana
- One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Fuga
- One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nilton Lincopan
- One Health Brazilian Resistance Project (OneBR), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Microorganisms Resistant to Antimicrobials in Wild Canarian Egyptian Vultures ( Neophron percnopterus majorensis). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060970. [PMID: 32503222 PMCID: PMC7341323 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat bacterial infections in both animals and humans. If bacteria become resistant to them, in particular as the result of the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, the infections that they cause are harder to treat. Therefore, the detection of microorganisms resistant to antimicrobial drugs is an important issue, considering the interaction among domestic animals, human, the ecosystem and wild animals. Wild birds, and particularly birds-of-prey, are sentinels, reservoirs, spreaders and a source of infection for human beings and other animals. Wildlife can also act as an asymptomatic reservoir for zoonotic bacteria (e.g., Salmonella). The presence of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms was investigated for a period of three years and the differences between chicks in the nest (n = 81) and adult and immature birds (n = 61) were analyzed. Gram negative bacteria were isolated in all the samples. Escherichia coli was obtained in 80.28% of the samples, where the prevalence of Salmonella in our study was 6.3%. The results of our study support the idea that raptors could act as reservoirs of Salmonella and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, posing a risk not only to wildlife but also to livestock and the human population. Abstract Due to their predatory habits, raptors may serve as indicators of the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the environment, but they also represent a public health risk for livestock and humans because they can act as reservoirs, sources and spreaders of these bacteria. Our objective was to determine the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in cloacal samples of Canarian Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus majorensis), an endemic bird of prey. One hundred and forty-two cloacal swabs were obtained; Escherichia coli was isolated from 80.28% and Salmonella from 6.3% of these samples. Low levels of susceptibility to ampicillin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were found. About 20% of the isolates were resistant or presented intermediate susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Surprisingly, we found isolates resistant to imipenem (6.96%). Isolates from chicks were more susceptible to antimicrobial drugs than adult and immature birds. About 50% of E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and about 20% to piperacillin, enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin. High percentages of isolates of Salmonella were found to be resistant to cephalexin (88%) and aminoglycosides (greater than 77%). Our results support the idea that raptors could act as reservoirs of Salmonella and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, posing a risk not only to wildlife but also to livestock and the human population, thus reinforcing the need to minimize the exposure of wildlife to antimicrobial agent through human and livestock waste.
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Fuentes-Castillo D, Esposito F, Cardoso B, Dalazen G, Moura Q, Fuga B, Fontana H, Cerdeira L, Dropa M, Rottmann J, González-Acuña D, Catão-Dias JL, Lincopan N. Genomic data reveal international lineages of critical priority Escherichia coli harbouring wide resistome in Andean condors (Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758). Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1919-1935. [PMID: 32335957 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Critical priority pathogens have globally disseminated beyond clinical settings, thereby threatening wildlife. Andean Condors (Vultur gryphus) are essential for ecosystem health and functioning, but their populations are globally near threatened and declining due to anthropogenic activities. During a microbiological and genomic surveillance study of critical priority antibiotic-resistant pathogens, we identified pandemic lineages of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli colonizing Andean Condors admitted at two wildlife rehabilitation centres in South America. Genomic analysis revealed the presence of genes encoding resistance to hospital and healthcare agents among international E. coli clones belonging to sequence types (STs) ST162, ST602, ST1196 and ST1485. In this regard, the resistome included genes conferring resistance to clinically important cephalosporins (i.e., CTX-M-14, CTX-M-55 and CTX-M-65 ESBL genes), heavy metals (arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, copper, silver), pesticides (glyphosate) and domestic/hospital disinfectants, suggesting a link with anthropogenic environmental pollution. On the other hand, the presence of virulence factors, including the astA gene associated with outbreak of childhood diarrhoea and extra-intestinal disease in animals, was identified, whereas virulent behaviour was confirmed using the Galleria mellonella infection model. E. coli ST162, ST602, ST1196 and ST1485 have been previously identified in humans and food-producing animals worldwide, indicating that a wide resistome could contribute to rapid adaptation and dissemination of these clones at the human-animal-environment interface. Therefore, these results highlight that Andean Condors have been colonized by critical priority pathogens, becoming potential environmental reservoirs and/or vectors for dissemination of virulent and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and/or their genes, in associated ecosystems and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Fuentes-Castillo
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Esposito
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda Cardoso
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Dalazen
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Quézia Moura
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Fuga
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Herrison Fontana
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louise Cerdeira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena Dropa
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel González-Acuña
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - José L Catão-Dias
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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46
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Smith OM, Snyder WE, Owen JP. Are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:652-679. [PMID: 32003106 PMCID: PMC7317827 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteric illnesses remain the second largest source of communicable diseases worldwide, and wild birds are suspected sources for human infection. This has led to efforts to reduce pathogen spillover through deterrence of wildlife and removal of wildlife habitat, particularly within farming systems, which can compromise conservation efforts and the ecosystem services wild birds provide. Further, Salmonella spp. are a significant cause of avian mortality, leading to additional conservation concerns. Despite numerous studies of enteric bacteria in wild birds and policies to discourage birds from food systems, we lack a comprehensive understanding of wild bird involvement in transmission of enteric bacteria to humans. Here, we propose a framework for understanding spillover of enteric pathogens from wild birds to humans, which includes pathogen acquisition, reservoir competence and bacterial shedding, contact with people and food, and pathogen survival in the environment. We place the literature into this framework to identify important knowledge gaps. Second, we conduct a meta‐analysis of prevalence data for three human enteric pathogens, Campylobacter spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp., in 431 North American breeding bird species. Our literature review revealed that only 3% of studies addressed the complete system of pathogen transmission. In our meta‐analysis, we found a Campylobacter spp. prevalence of 27% across wild birds, while prevalence estimates of pathogenic E. coli (20%) and Salmonella spp. (6.4%) were lower. There was significant bias in which bird species have been tested, with most studies focusing on a small number of taxa that are common near people (e.g. European starlings Sturnus vulgaris and rock pigeons Columba livia) or commonly in contact with human waste (e.g. gulls). No pathogen prevalence data were available for 65% of North American breeding bird species, including many commonly in contact with humans (e.g. black‐billed magpie Pica hudsonia and great blue heron Ardea herodias), and our metadata suggest that some under‐studied species, taxonomic groups, and guilds may represent equivalent or greater risk to human infection than heavily studied species. We conclude that current data do not provide sufficient information to determine the likelihood of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans and thus preclude management solutions. The primary focus in the literature on pathogen prevalence likely overestimates the probability of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans because a pathogen must survive long enough at an infectious dose and be a strain that is able to colonize humans to cause infection. We propose that future research should focus on the large number of under‐studied species commonly in contact with people and food production and demonstrate shedding of bacterial strains pathogenic to humans into the environment where people may contact them. Finally, studies assessing the duration and intensity of bacterial shedding and survival of bacteria in the environment in bird faeces will help provide crucial missing information necessary to calculate spillover probability. Addressing these essential knowledge gaps will support policy to reduce enteric pathogen spillover to humans and enhance bird conservation efforts that are currently undermined by unsupported fears of pathogen spillover from wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
| | - William E Snyder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, P.O. Box 646382, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
| | - Jeb P Owen
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, P.O. Box 646382, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
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47
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Lee S, Mir RA, Park SH, Kim D, Kim HY, Boughton RK, Morris JG, Jeong KC. Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in the local farm environment and livestock: challenges to mitigate antimicrobial resistance. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:1-14. [PMID: 31976793 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1715339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of antibiotics has been challenged by the increasing frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AR), which has emerged as a major threat to global health. Despite the negative impact of AR on health, there are few effective strategies for reducing AR in food-producing animals. Of the antimicrobial resistant microorganisms (ARMs), extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are an emerging global threat due to their increasing prevalence in livestock, even in animals raised without antibiotics. Many reviews are available for the positive selection of AR associated with antibiotic use in livestock, but less attention has been given to how other factors including soil, water, manure, wildlife, and farm workers, are associated with the emergence of ESBL-producing bacteria. Understanding of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria transfer at the interfaces of livestock and other potential reservoirs will provide insights for the development of mitigation strategies for AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinyoung Lee
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Raies A Mir
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, and Korean Genomics Industrialization and Commercialization Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Raoul K Boughton
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Ona, FL, USA
| | - J Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kwangcheol C Jeong
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Institute of Life Sciences and Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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48
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Sevilla E, Marín C, Delgado-Blas JF, González-Zorn B, Vega S, Kuijper E, Bolea R, Mainar-Jaime RC. Wild griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) fed at supplementary feeding stations: Potential carriers of pig pathogens and pig-derived antimicrobial resistance? Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1295-1305. [PMID: 31901154 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The carriage of two important pathogens of pigs, that is enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Clostridioides difficile, was investigated in 104 cloacal samples from wild griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) fed on pig carcasses at supplementary feeding stations (SFS), along with their level of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). E. coli was isolated from 90 (86.5%) samples, but no ETEC was detected, likely because ETEC fimbriae confer the species specificity of the pathogen. Resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent was detected in 89.9% of E. coli isolates, with AMR levels being extremely high (>70%) for tetracycline and streptomycin and very high (>50%) for ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Resistance to other critically important antimicrobials such as colistin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins was 2.2% and 1.1%, respectively, and was encoded by the mcr-1 and blaSHV-12 genes. Multidrug resistance was displayed by 80% of the resistant E. coli, and blaSHV-12 gene shared plasmid with other AMR genes. In general, resistance patterns in E. coli from vultures mirrored those found in pigs. Clostridioides difficile was detected in three samples (2.9%); two of them belonged to PCR ribotype 078 and one to PCR ribotype 126, both commonly found in pigs. All C. difficile isolates were characterized by a moderate-to-high level of resistance to fluoroquinolones and macrolides but susceptible to metronidazole or vancomycin, similar to what is usually found in C. difficile isolates from pigs. Thus, vultures may contribute somewhat to the environmental dissemination of some pig pathogens through their acquisition from pig carcasses and, more importantly, of AMR for antibiotics of critical importance for humans. However, the role of vultures would likely be much lesser than that of disposing pig carcasses at the SFS. The monitoring of AMR, and particularly of colistin-resistant and ESBL-producing E. coli, should be considered in pig farms used as sources of carcasses for SFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloísa Sevilla
- Dpto. de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Clara Marín
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - José F Delgado-Blas
- Dpto. de Sanidad Animal y Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno González-Zorn
- Dpto. de Sanidad Animal y Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Vega
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ed Kuijper
- Dpt. of Medical Microbiology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Dpto. de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raúl C Mainar-Jaime
- Dpto. de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
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49
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Ben Yahia H, Chairat S, Gharsa H, Alonso CA, Ben Sallem R, Porres-Osante N, Hamdi N, Torres C, Ben Slama K. First Report of KPC-2 and KPC-3-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Wild Birds in Africa. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:30-37. [PMID: 31055618 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The increased incidence of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae is a public health problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential role of wild birds, given their capacity of migrating over long distances, in the spreading of carbapenemase, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), and acquired-AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the environment. Fecal and pellet samples were recovered from 150 wild birds in seven Tunisian regions and were inoculated in MacConkey-agar plates for Enterobacteriaceae recovery (one isolate/animal). Ninety-nine isolates were obtained and acquired resistance mechanisms were characterized in the five detected imipenem-resistant and/or cefotaxime-resistant isolates, by PCR and sequencing. The following ESBL, carbapenemase, and acquired-AmpC beta-lactamase genes were detected: blaCTX-M-15 (two Escherichia fergusonii and one Klebsiella oxytoca isolates), blaKPC-2 (one K. oxytoca), blaKPC-3 (one E. fergusonii), blaACT-36, and blaACC-2 (two K. oxytoca, four E. fergusonii, and two E. coli). The IncFIIs, IncF, IncFIB, IncK, IncP, and IncX replicons were detected among these beta-lactamase Enterobacteriaceae producers. The blaKPC-2, tetA, sul3, qnrB, and cmlA determinants were co-transferred by conjugation from K. oxytoca strain to E. coli J153, in association with IncK and IncF replicons. Our results support the implication of wild birds as a biological vector for carbapenemase, ESBL, and acquired-AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssem Ben Yahia
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sarra Chairat
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Haythem Gharsa
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Carla Andrea Alonso
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Rym Ben Sallem
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nerea Porres-Osante
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Nabil Hamdi
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
- U/R de Bio-Écologie et Systématique Évolutive; Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Karim Ben Slama
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia.
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50
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Johanns VC, Ghazisaeedi F, Epping L, Semmler T, Lübke-Becker A, Pfeifer Y, Bethe A, Eichhorn I, Merle R, Walther B, Wieler LH. Effects of a Four-Week High-Dosage Zinc Oxide Supplemented Diet on Commensal Escherichia coli of Weaned Pigs. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2734. [PMID: 31849886 PMCID: PMC6892955 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to reduce economic losses associated with post-weaning diarrhea in pig farming include high-level dietary zinc oxide supplementation. However, excessive usage of zinc oxide in the pig production sector was found to be associated with accumulation of multidrug resistant bacteria in these animals, presenting an environmental burden through contaminated manure. Here we report on zinc tolerance among a random selection of intestinal Escherichia coli comprising of different antibiotic resistance phenotypes and sampling sites isolated during a controlled feeding trial from 16 weaned piglets: In total, 179 isolates from "pigs fed with high zinc concentrations" (high zinc group, [HZG]: n = 99) and a corresponding "control group" ([CG]: n = 80) were investigated with regard to zinc tolerance, antimicrobial- and biocide susceptibilities by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). In addition, in silico whole genome screening (WGSc) for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as well as biocide- and heavy metal tolerance genes was performed using an in-house BLAST-based pipeline. Overall, porcine E. coli isolates showed three different ZnCl2 MICs: 128 μg/ml (HZG, 2%; CG, 6%), 256 μg/ml (HZG, 64%; CG, 91%) and 512 μg/ml ZnCl2 (HZG, 34%, CG, 3%), a unimodal distribution most likely reflecting natural differences in zinc tolerance associated with different genetic lineages. However, a selective impact of the zinc-rich supplemented diet seems to be reasonable, since the linear mixed regression model revealed a statistically significant association between "higher" ZnCl2 MICs and isolates representing the HZG as well as "lower ZnCl2 MICs" with isolates of the CG (p = 0.005). None of the zinc chloride MICs was associated with a particular antibiotic-, heavy metal- or biocide- tolerance/resistance phenotype. Isolates expressing the 512 μg/ml MIC were either positive for ARGs conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, or harbored no ARGs at all. Moreover, WGSc revealed a ubiquitous presence of zinc homeostasis and - detoxification genes, including zitB, zntA, and pit. In conclusion, we provide evidence that zinc-rich supplementation of pig feed selects for more zinc tolerant E. coli, including isolates harboring ARGs and biocide- and heavy metal tolerance genes - a putative selective advantage considering substances and antibiotics currently used in industrial pork production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Johanns
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS-4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fereshteh Ghazisaeedi
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennard Epping
- Microbial Genomics (NG1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Microbial Genomics (NG1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antina Lübke-Becker
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Pfeifer
- Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Astrid Bethe
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Walther
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS-4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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