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Gooldy M, Roux CM, LaRosa SP, Spaulding N, Fisher CJ. Removal of clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 variants by an affinity resin containing Galanthus nivalis agglutinin. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272377. [PMID: 35901224 PMCID: PMC9333444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus -19 (COVID-19) pandemic due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus has now exceeded two years in duration. The pandemic has been characterized by the development of a succession of variants containing mutations in the spike protein affecting infectiousness, virulence and efficacy of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. Resistance to vaccination and limitations in the current treatments available require the ongoing development of therapies especially for those with severe disease. The plant lectin Galanthus nivalis binds to mannose structures in the viral envelope. We hypothesized that viral binding should be unaffected by spike protein mutations. Known concentrations of seven clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 variants were spiked in medium and passed three times over columns containing 1 gm of GNA affinity resin. Percent decrease in viral titer was compared with a control sample. Viral capture efficiency was found to range from 53 to 89% for all variants. Extrapolation indicated that an adult Aethlon Hemopurifier® would have more than sufficient binding capacity for viral loads observed in adult patients with severe COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven P. LaRosa
- Aethlon Medical, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2
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Amundson DE, Shah US, de Necochea-Campion R, Jacobs M, LaRosa SP, Fisher CJ. Removal of COVID-19 Spike Protein, Whole Virus, Exosomes, and Exosomal MicroRNAs by the Hemopurifier® Lectin-Affinity Cartridge in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:744141. [PMID: 34692735 PMCID: PMC8531584 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.744141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus−19 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread throughout the world resulting in a significant amount of morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in therapy, social distancing, masks, and vaccination many places in the world continue to see an increase in the number of cases and deaths. Viremia is commonly present in severely ill patients with COVID-19 infections and is associated with organ dysfunction and poor outcomes. Exosomes released by activated cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection. We report the experience of two cases of critically ill COVID-19 patients treated with the Hemopurifier; a lectin affinity cartridge designed to remove mannosylated viruses and exosomes. Both patients tolerated the Hemopurifier sessions without adverse effects. In the first patient removal of exosomes and exosomal microRNAs was associated with improved coagulopathy, oxygenation, and clinical recovery, while in a second patient removal of COVID-19 by the Hemopurifier cartridge was observed. The Hemopurifier is currently under further investigation in up to 40-patients in a safety and feasibility study in ICU patients with COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Amundson
- Department of Critical Care, Scripps Mercy Hospital Chula Vista, Chula Vista, CA, United States
| | - Usman S Shah
- Department of Critical Care, Hoag Hospital Newport Beach, Newport Beach, CA, United States
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Barre A, Bourne Y, Van Damme EJM, Rougé P. Overview of the Structure⁻Function Relationships of Mannose-Specific Lectins from Plants, Algae and Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E254. [PMID: 30634645 PMCID: PMC6359319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, a number of mannose-binding lectins have been isolated and characterized from plants and fungi. These proteins are composed of different structural scaffold structures which harbor a single or multiple carbohydrate-binding sites involved in the specific recognition of mannose-containing glycans. Generally, the mannose-binding site consists of a small, central, carbohydrate-binding pocket responsible for the "broad sugar-binding specificity" toward a single mannose molecule, surrounded by a more extended binding area responsible for the specific recognition of larger mannose-containing N-glycan chains. Accordingly, the mannose-binding specificity of the so-called mannose-binding lectins towards complex mannose-containing N-glycans depends largely on the topography of their mannose-binding site(s). This structure⁻function relationship introduces a high degree of specificity in the apparently homogeneous group of mannose-binding lectins, with respect to the specific recognition of high-mannose and complex N-glycans. Because of the high specificity towards mannose these lectins are valuable tools for deciphering and characterizing the complex mannose-containing glycans that decorate both normal and transformed cells, e.g., the altered high-mannose N-glycans that often occur at the surface of various cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Barre
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Yves Bourne
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Univ, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Rougé
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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Koch B, Schult-Dietrich P, Büttner S, Dilmaghani B, Lohmann D, Baer PC, Dietrich U, Geiger H. Lectin Affinity Plasmapheresis for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus and Marburg Virus Glycoprotein Elimination. Blood Purif 2018; 46:126-133. [PMID: 29698959 DOI: 10.1159/000487224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Marburg virus (MARV) are among the World Health Organization's top 8 emerging pathogens. Both zoonoses share nonspecific early symptoms, a high lethality rate, and a reduced number of specific treatment options. Therefore, we evaluated extracorporeal virus and glycoprotein (GP) elimination by lectin affinity plasmapheresis (LAP). METHODS For both MERS-CoV (pseudovirus) as well as MARV (GPs), 4 LAP devices (Mini Hemopurifiers, Aethlon Medical, San Diego, CA, USA) and 4 negative controls were tested. Samples were collected every 30 min and analyzed for reduction in virus infectivity by a flow cytometry-based infectivity assay (MERS-CoV) and in soluble GP content (MARV) by an immunoassay. RESULTS The experiments show a time-dependent clearance of MERS-CoV of up to 80% within 3 h (pseudovirus). Up to 70% of MARV-soluble GPs were eliminated at the same time. Substantial saturation of the binding resins was detected within the first treatment hour. CONCLUSION MERS-CoV (pseudovirus) and MARV soluble GPs are eliminated by LAP in vitro. Considering the high lethality and missing established treatment options, LAP should be evaluated in vivo. Especially early initiation, continuous therapy, and timed cartridge exchanges could be of importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Koch
- Goethe University Hospital, Med. III, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Büttner
- Goethe University Hospital, Med. III, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bijan Dilmaghani
- Goethe University Hospital, Med. III, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dario Lohmann
- Goethe University Hospital, Med. III, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick C Baer
- Goethe University Hospital, Med. III, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helmut Geiger
- Goethe University Hospital, Med. III, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Frankfurt, Germany
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Mahmood N, Piacente S, Burke A, Khan A, Pizza C. Constituents of Cuscuto Reflexa are anti-HIV Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Crude water extracts of Cuscuta reflexa exhibited anti-HIV activity. Fractionation of the crude extract led to the isolation of nine pure compounds with closely related structures, showing interesting structure activity relationships. 3,5,7,4′-Tetrahydroxyflavanone (aromadendrin) inhibited infection by binding to V3 loop of gp 120 and inhibiting its interaction with CD4, whereas 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentahydroxyflavanone (taxifolin), with an extra OH group in the 3′ position in ring B was less specific and exhibited less selectivity in cell cultures. In general, flavanones containing an extra OH group in the 3′ position (taxifolin, taxifolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and coccinoside B) were less specific and inhibited viral protease, reverse transcriptase, CD4 /gp120 interaction in vitro and bound to non specific proteins. Other compounds isolated from C reflexa were derivatives of quinic acids; 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid was more active than 3-O-caffeoyl quinic acid. The anti-HIV activity of crude extract may be the result of combinatory effects with compounds of different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mahmood
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 IAD, UK
| | - S Piacente
- Universita degli Studi di Napoli, Dipartmento di Chimice delle Sostanze Naturali, via Domenico Montesano, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Burke
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 IAD, UK
| | - Al Khan
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 IAD, UK
| | - C Pizza
- Universita degli Studi di Napoli, Dipartmento di Chimice delle Sostanze Naturali, via Domenico Montesano, Napoli, Italy
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McGuigan C, Bellevergue P, Jones BCNM, Mahmood N, Hay AJ, Petrik J, Karpas A. Alkyl Hydrogen Phosphonate Derivatives of the anti-HIV Agent AZT may be Less Toxic than the Parent Nucleoside Analogue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel alkyl hydrogen phosphonate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridite chemistry. These materials are designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bioactive free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation has revealed the compounds to have a pronounced and selective antiviral action. Short-chain (C1-C7) alkyl derivatives are more potent than the parent hydrogen phosphonate, whilst one long-chain (C18) compound is less active. In an assay that demonstrates the toxicity of the parent drug AZT, the alkyl H-phosphonates appear to be less cytotoxic, whilst retaining full antiviral activity. Lastly, the compounds are all poorly active in a cell line (JM) that is poorly responsive to AZT, indicating that they act as depot forms of the nucleoside rather than of the free nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - P. Bellevergue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - B. C. N. M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - N. Mahmood
- Medical Research Council Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - A. J. Hay
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - J. Petrik
- Department of Haematology, Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL, UK
| | - A. Karpas
- Department of Haematology, Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL, UK
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Animashaun T, Mahmood N, Hay AJ, Hughes RC. Inhibitory Effects of Novel Mannose-Binding Lectins on HIV-Infectivity and Syncytium Formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029300400303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several new lectins were isolated and characterized with respect to their composition and sugar binding specificities and their ability to prevent HIV-1 infection. Twelve of the 13 mannose-specific lectins were inhibitory to varying degrees. The most effective were Machaerium biovulatum agglutinin (MBA) and M. lunatus agglutinin (MLA) which at 0.4 μg ml−1 prevented the cytopathic effect of the virus. Lower protection was obtained with Bowringia mildbraedii agglutinin (BMA), Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), Lablab niger agglutinin (LNA) and Dolichos lablab agglutinin (DLA). All these lectins are more protective than Con A while MBA is nearly 10 times more potent than any previously reported lectin. In each case the selective antiviral activity appears to be due to interaction with virus and not with some component on the target cell. MBA and GNA immobilized on Sepharose specifically bound gp120. Studies of binding to glycoproteins confirmed the recognition of particular isomers of high mannose oligosaccharides Man9 to Man7GlcNAc2 by BMA and of Man5GlcNAc2 glycopeptides by GNA. By contrast, MBA did not bind oligomannosidic structures but did interact with ovalbumin, a glycoprotein rich in hybrid-type glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Animashaun
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - N. Mahmood
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1–3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - A. J. Hay
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - R. C. Hughes
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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8
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McGuigan C, Tsang HW, Mahmood N, Hay AJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Symmetrical Phosphate Dimer Derivatives of 3′-Modified Nucleosides as Potential anti-HIV Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel symmetrical nucIeotide-(5′,5′)-dimers of 3′-O-acetylthymidine, 3′-O-methylthymidine, 3′-O-ethylthymidine, 3′-O-n-propylthymidine and 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) were synthesized as membrane soluble pro-drugs. These were prepared using phosphorodichloridate chemistry and were characterised by spectroscopic and analytical data. In-vitro evaluation of the derivatives in cells acutely infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) demonstrated a range of activities. These derivatives were generally found to display poor inhibition of HIV proliferation. Derivatives containing AZT moieties were found to be potent, but such compounds were less active than the parent nucleoside. The data indicated that the AZT-containing compounds act primarily via the release of the free nucleoside. However, in some cases, the dimers of certain inactive nucleoside analogues were found to be active. In these cases, release of the nucleoside alone cannot account for the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - H.-W. Tsang
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - N. Mahmood
- Medical Research Council Collaborative Centre, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AD, UK
| | - A. J. Hay
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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9
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Mahmood N, Moore PS, De Tommasi N, De Simone F, Colman S, Hay AJ, Pizza C. Inhibition of HIV Infection by Caffeoylquinic Acid Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029300400406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The caffeoylquinic acids 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid (1) and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (2), as well as caffeic acid (4) and synapoic acid (5) were isolated from the plant Securidaka longipedunculata (polygalaceae). 1 exhibited a greater selective inhibition of HIV replication than 2 which had an anti-HIV activity similar to that of 3,4,5-tri-O-galloylquinic acid (3), isolated from Guiera senegalensis (combretaceae); 4 and 5 were ineffective and the structurally related compound rosmarinic acid (6) had only slight anti-HIV activity. Studies of the actions of these compounds suggest that inhibition of the viral reverse transcriptase in vitro is non-specific and that they act by specific binding to gp120 which prevents its interaction with CD4 on T-lymphocytes and thus inactivates virus infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Mahmood
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1–3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - P. S. Moore
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1–3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - N. De Tommasi
- Università degli Studi di Napoli, Dipartimento di Chimice delle Sostanze Naturali, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, Napoli, Italy
| | - F. De Simone
- Università degli Studi di Napoli, Dipartimento di Chimice delle Sostanze Naturali, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - A. J. Hay
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - C. Pizza
- Università degli Studi di Napoli, Dipartimento di Chimice delle Sostanze Naturali, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, Napoli, Italy
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Stieh DJ, King DF, Klein K, Aldon Y, McKay PF, Shattock RJ. Discrete partitioning of HIV-1 Env forms revealed by viral capture. Retrovirology 2015; 12:81. [PMID: 26399966 PMCID: PMC4581120 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The structure of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is flexible and heterogeneous on whole virions. Although functional Env complexes are thought to require trimerization of cleaved gp41/gp120 heterodimers, variable processing can result in the potential incorporation of non-functional uncleaved proteins (gp160), non-trimeric arrangements of gp41/gp120 heterodimers, and gp120 depleted gp41 stumps. The potential distribution of functional and non-functional Env forms across replication-competent viral populations may have important implications for neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody functions. This study applied an immuno-bead viral capture assay (VCA) to interrogate the potential distribution (heterologous vs homologous) of functional and non-functional forms of virion associated Env. Results The VCA revealed a significant association between depletion of infectious virions and virion Env incorporation, but not between infectivity and p24-gag. Three distinct subpopulations of virions were identified within pools of genetically homogenous viral particles. Critically, a significant subpopulation of infectious virions were exclusively captured by neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) indicative of a homologous distribution of functional trimeric Env forms. A second infectious subpopulation bound both neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) representative of a heterologous distribution of Env forms, while a third non-infectious subpopulation was predominantly bound by nnAbs recognizing gp41 stumps. Conclusions The observation that a distinct and significant subpopulation of infectious virions is exclusively captured by neutralizing antibodies has important implications for understanding antibody binding and neutralization, as well as other antibody effector functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0207-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Stieh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Deborah F King
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Katja Klein
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Yoann Aldon
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Paul F McKay
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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Büttner S, Koch B, Dolnik O, Eickmann M, Freiwald T, Rudolf S, Engel J, Becker S, Ronco C, Geiger H. Extracorporeal Virus Elimination for the Treatment of Severe Ebola Virus Disease - First Experience with Lectin Affinity Plasmapheresis. Blood Purif 2015; 38:286-91. [DOI: 10.1159/000375229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Tan L, Jia X, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Tang H, Yao S, Xie Q. Real-time monitoring of the cell agglutination process with a quartz crystal microbalance. Anal Biochem 2008; 383:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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van der Meer FJUM, de Haan CAM, Schuurman NMP, Haijema BJ, Verheije MH, Bosch BJ, Balzarini J, Egberink HF. The carbohydrate-binding plant lectins and the non-peptidic antibiotic pradimicin A target the glycans of the coronavirus envelope glycoproteins. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:741-9. [PMID: 17704516 PMCID: PMC7110056 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Many enveloped viruses carry carbohydrate-containing proteins on their surface. These glycoproteins are key to the infection process as they are mediators of the receptor binding and membrane fusion of the virion with the host cell. Therefore, they are attractive therapeutic targets for the development of novel antiviral therapies. Recently, carbohydrate-binding agents (CBA) were shown to possess antiviral activity towards coronaviruses. The current study further elucidates the inhibitory mode of action of CBA. Methods Different strains of two coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus and feline infectious peritonitis virus, were exposed to CBA: the plant lectins Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin and Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA) and the non-peptidic mannose-binding antibiotic pradimicin A. Results and conclusions Our results indicate that CBA target the two glycosylated envelope glycoproteins, the spike (S) and membrane (M) protein, of mouse hepatitis virus and feline infectious peritonitis virus. Furthermore, CBA did not inhibit virus–cell attachment, but rather affected virus entry at a post-binding stage. The sensitivity of coronaviruses towards CBA was shown to be dependent on the processing of the N-linked carbohydrates. Inhibition of mannosidases in host cells rendered the progeny viruses more sensitive to the mannose-binding agents and even to the N-acetylglucosamine-binding UDA. In addition, inhibition of coronaviruses was shown to be dependent on the cell-type used to grow the virus stocks. All together, these results show that CBA exhibit promising capabilities to inhibit coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. J. U. M. van der Meer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C. A. M. de Haan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N. M. P. Schuurman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B. J. Haijema
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. H. Verheije
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B. J. Bosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minderbroedersstraat 10 blok x—bus 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - H. F. Egberink
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Tel: +31-30-2532487; Fax: +31-30-2536723; E-mail:
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14
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Routledge A, Walker I, Freeman S, Hay A, Mahmood N. Synthesis, Bioactivation and Anti-HIV Activity of 4-Acyloxybenzylbis(Nucleosid-5′-yl) Phosphates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779508009491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Piccinelli AL, Mahmood N, Mora G, Poveda L, De Simone F, Rastrelli L. Anti-HIV activity of dibenzylbutyrolactone-type lignans from Phenax species endemic in Costa Rica. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006; 57:1109-15. [PMID: 16105232 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.57.9.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we isolated two new dibenzylbutyrolactone-type lignans, named phenaxolactones and, from the leaves of Phenax angustifolius Wedd. (Urticaceae). In this investigation three new dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans (phenaxolactones), together with phenaxolactone, and flavones vitexin, isovitexin, were isolated from Phenax rugosus Wedd. leaves collected in Santa Ana, Costa Rica. The structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry. Phenaxolactones and flavones and were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against HIV-1MN in infected C8166 cells. The most promising compound was phenaxolactone with an EC50 value of 3.0 microM, no cytotoxicity at 112 microM and a therapeutic index value of 37.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Piccinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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16
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Structural revision of clusianone and 7-epi-clusianone and anti-HIV activity of polyisoprenylated benzophenones. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry and Staedler Minerva Center for Mesoscopic Macromolecular Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel.
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18
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Labrijn AF, Koppelman MHGM, Verhagen J, Brouwer MC, Schuitemaker H, Hack CE, Huisman HG. Novel strategy for the selection of human recombinant Fab fragments to membrane proteins from a phage-display library. J Immunol Methods 2002; 261:37-48. [PMID: 11861064 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the selection of phage-display libraries is performed on purified antigens (Ags), immobilized to a solid substrate. However, this approach may not be applicable for some Ags, such as membrane proteins, which for structural integrity strongly rely on their native environment. Here we describe an approach for the selection of phage-libraries against membrane proteins. The envelope glycoproteins (Env) of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) were used as a model for a type-1 integral membrane protein. HIV-1IHI Env, expressed on the surface of Rabbit Kidney cells (RK13) with a recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV), was solubilized using the non-ionic detergent n-Octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (OG). Membrane associated Env was reconstituted into vesicles by the simultaneous removal of detergent and free monomeric Env subunits by gel-filtration. The resulting antigen preparation, termed OG-P1IHI, was captured on microtiter plates coated with Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) and used for rounds of selection (panning) of a well-characterized phage-display library derived from an HIV-1 seropositive donor. Simultaneously, an identical experiment was performed with OG-P1IHI vesicles disrupted by Nonidet P-40 (NP-P1IHI). Both membrane-associated and soluble Ags were selected for vaccinia-specific clones (OG-P1IHI: 59/75 and NP-P1IHI: 1/75) and HIV-1-specific clones (OG-P1IHI: 11/75 and NP-P1IHI: 65/75) using our approach. Hence, the novel panning strategy described here may be applicable for selection of phage-libraries against membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran F Labrijn
- Department of Immunopathology, CLB and Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Huisman JG, Carotenuto A, Labrijn AF, Papavoine CH, Laman JD, Schellekens MM, Koppelman MH, Hilbers CW. Recognition properties of V3-specific antibodies to V3 loop peptides derived from HIV-1 gp120 presented in multiple conformations. Biochemistry 2000; 39:10866-76. [PMID: 10978173 DOI: 10.1021/bi0004504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To identify structural constraints and amino acid sequences important for antibody recognition of the third variable domain (V3) of HIV-1 gp120, we have studied the solution conformation of three 35-mer circular V3 loop peptides derived from HIV-1 strains which differ in syncytium- (SI) and non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) capacity. In addition to 2D NMR and CD analyses, fluid- and solid-phase immunoassays were performed using V3-specific antibodies to V3 peptides and gp120 derived from different strains of HIV-1. NMR and CD spectroscopy indicated that circular and linear V3 loops exist in water as a dynamic ensemble of multiple conformations. Amino acid substitutions and biochemical modifications of the V3 loop were found to affect antibody binding depending on the presentation of the antigens. From NMR observations and immunological experiments, we provide evidence for a V3 loop specific monoclonal antibody interaction which is directed predominantly against linear epitopes rather than against discontinuous epitopes. The absence of a single defined solution conformation of 35-mer circular V3 peptides should be taken into account when using V3-related peptides to investigate structural elements in the V3 domain of the gp120 envelope protein of HIV-1 involved in biological processes of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Huisman
- CLB, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology of Plasma Proteins, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Ourmanov I, Brown CR, Moss B, Carroll M, Wyatt L, Pletneva L, Goldstein S, Venzon D, Hirsch VM. Comparative efficacy of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol and/or Env in macaques challenged with pathogenic SIV. J Virol 2000; 74:2740-51. [PMID: 10684290 PMCID: PMC111764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.6.2740-2751.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/1999] [Accepted: 12/23/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies demonstrated that immunization of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol and Env recombinants of the attenuated poxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) provided protection from high levels of viremia and AIDS following challenge with a pathogenic strain of SIV (V. M. Hirsch et al., J. Virol. 70:3741-3752, 1996). This MVA-SIV recombinant expressed relatively low levels of the Gag-Pol portion of the vaccine. To optimize protection, second-generation recombinant MVAs that expressed high levels of either Gag-Pol (MVA-gag-pol) or Env (MVA-env), alone or in combination (MVA-gag-pol-env), were generated. A cohort of 24 macaques was immunized with recombinant or nonrecombinant MVA (four groups of six animals) and was challenged with 50 times the dose at which 50% of macaques are infected with uncloned pathogenic SIVsmE660. Although all animals became infected postchallenge, plasma viremia was significantly reduced in animals that received the MVA-SIV recombinant vaccines as compared with animals that received nonrecombinant MVA (P = 0.0011 by repeated-measures analysis of variance). The differences in the degree of virus suppression achieved by the three MVA-SIV vaccines were not significant. Most importantly, the reduction in levels of viremia resulted in a significant increase in median (P < 0.05 by Student's t test) and cumulative (P = 0.010 by log rank test) survival. These results suggest that recombinant MVA has considerable potential as a vaccine vector for human AIDS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Gene Products, env/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/biosynthesis
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Recombination, Genetic
- SAIDS Vaccines/genetics
- SAIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/ultrastructure
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins
- Viral Load
- Viral Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ourmanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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21
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Wallis MP, Mahmood N, Fraser W. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of C4-modified pyrimidine nucleosides. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1999; 54:83-9. [PMID: 10321033 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(98)00107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One-pot syntheses provided a series of triazole- and pentafluorophenyloxy-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides. Most of the compounds in the series displayed anti-HIV activities but none as potent as AZT 2. 1-(beta-D-Erythro-pentofuranosyl)-4-pentafluorophenyloxy-2(1H)-pyr imidinone 14 was the most potent and the most selective compound in the series with EC50 = 1.6 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Wallis
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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22
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De Tommasi N, Pizza C, Aquino R, Cumandà J, Mahmood N. Flavonol and chalcone ester glycosides from Bidens leucantha. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 1997; 60:270-273. [PMID: 9090869 DOI: 10.1021/np960572q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Four new flavonol 7-O-glycosides 1-4 and a new chalcone ester glycoside 5 have been isolated from the leaves of Bidens leucantha along with four known chalcone ester glycosides 6-9. Their structures were elucidated using a combination of spectroscopic techniques. The in vitro anti-HIV activity of all the compounds was tested as part of our screening of potential anti-AIDS agents from medicinal plants. Although none of the flavonol glycosides was active, a moderate inhibitory effect on viral replication was exerted by chalcone ester glycoside 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- N De Tommasi
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Chimica, Biologia e Technologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy
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23
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Piacente S, Pizza C, De Tommasi N, Mahmood N. Constituents of Ardisia japonica and their in vitro anti-HIV activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 1996; 59:565-569. [PMID: 8786362 DOI: 10.1021/np960074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As part of our screening of anti-AIDS agents from medicinal plants, the MeOH extract of the aerial parts of Ardisia japonica was tested, and it showed moderate in vitro anti-HIV activity. Reexamination to identify the compounds responsible for the anti-HIV activity revealed several known compounds and a new triterpenoid saponin (4) whose structure elucidation was accomplished by 1H-1H correlation spectroscopy (COSY, HOHAHA, ROESY) and 1H-13C heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) NMR experiments. All of the isolated compounds were tested and, although none of the triterpenoid saponins was active, bergenin and norbergenin showed weak anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Piacente
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
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24
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Aruoma OI, Spencer JP, Rossi R, Aeschbach R, Khan A, Mahmood N, Munoz A, Murcia A, Butler J, Halliwell B. An evaluation of the antioxidant and antiviral action of extracts of rosemary and Provençal herbs. Food Chem Toxicol 1996; 34:449-56. [PMID: 8655093 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(96)00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of herbs and spices are increasingly of interest in the food industry because they retard oxidative degradation of lipids. There is also increasing interest in the antiviral activity of plant products. A liquid, deodorized rosemary extract and an oily extract of a mixture of Provençal herbs were tested for antioxidant and antiviral action in vitro. The rosemary extract (Herbor 025) and the extract of Provençal herbs (Spice Cocktail) inhibited peroxidation of phospholipid liposomes with 50% inhibition concentration values of 0.0009% (v/v) and 0.0035% (v/v), respectively. Herbor 025 and the spice cocktail (at 0.2%, v/v) reacted with trichloromethylperoxyl radical with calculated rates of 2.7 x 10(4) s-1 and 1.5 x 10(3) s-1, respectively. The main active components in the herbal preparations, carnosol and carnosic acid, at 0.05% (v/v) react with rate constants of (1-3) x 10(6) M-1 sec-1 and 2.7 x 10(7) M-1 sec-1, respectively. Both extracts show good antioxidant activity in the Rancimat test, especially in lard. Herbor 025 and the spice cocktail inhibited human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at very low concentrations which were also cytotoxic. However, purified carnosol exhibited definite anti-HIV activity at a concentration (8 microM) which was not cytotoxic. Both preparations promoted some DNA damage in the copper-phenanthroline and the bleomycin-iron systems. The two herbal preparations possess antioxidant properties that may make them useful in the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Aruoma
- Pharmacology Group, University of London King's College, UK
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25
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Coombe DR, Harrop HA, Watton J, Mulloy B, Barrowcliffe TW, Rider CC. Low anticoagulant heparin retains anti-HIV type 1 activity in vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:1393-6. [PMID: 8573397 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 replication, in addition to being a well-established inhibitor of blood coagulation. The major anticoagulant activity of heparin results from binding to the plasma protein antithrombin (AT). The high-affinity binding site for AT is a specific pentasaccharide sequence that is of low abundance and completely absent from the majority of heparin chains. We have examined the anti-HIV-1 activity of both conventional and low molecular weight heparins fractionated according to affinity for AT. The high- and low-affinity fractions, despite differing markedly in anticoagulant activity, are identical in their ability to bind to the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1, and in their inhibitory effect on HIV-1 replication in vitro (EC50 1 and 8 micrograms/ml for conventional and low molecular weight fractions, respectively). Our study shows that the anti-HIV activity of heparin is independent of its antithrombin-mediated inhibition of coagulation proteases. Therefore, heparin preparations retaining full anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro but with greatly reduced anticoagulant activity may be readily produced for further clinical investigation in the prophylaxis and therapy of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Coombe
- Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, Western Australia
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26
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Tommasi ND, Simone FD, Piacente S, Pizza C, Mahmood N. Diterpenes fromMomordica Balsamina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/10575639508043169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Pancino G, Camoin L, Sonigo P. Structural analysis of the principal immunodominant domain of the feline immunodeficiency virus transmembrane glycoprotein. J Virol 1995; 69:2110-8. [PMID: 7884857 PMCID: PMC188877 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.4.2110-2118.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the transmembrane envelope glycoprotein (TM) of lentiviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), two cysteine residues, conserved in most retroviruses, are thought to form a loop containing five to seven amino acids. These elements make up a B-cell epitope recognized by nearly 100% of sera from infected patients or animals, designated the principal immunodominant domain (PID). The PID amino acid sequences are highly conserved between isolates of the same lentivirus but are unrelated, except for the two cysteines, when divergent lentiviruses are compared. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between amino acid sequence in the PID and envelope function. We introduced two kinds of mutations in the PID of FIV: mutations which impeded the formation of a loop and mutations which substituted the sequence of FIV with the corresponding sequences from other lentiviruses, HIV-1, visna virus, and equine infectious anemia virus. We analyzed antibody recognition, processing, and fusogenic properties of the modified envelopes, using two methods of Env expression: a cell-free expression system and transfection of a feline fibroblast cell line with gag-pol-deleted FIV proviruses. Most mutations in the PID of FIV severely affected envelope processing and abolished syncytium formation. Only the chimeric envelope containing the HIV-1 PID sequence was correctly processed and maintained the capacity to induce syncytium formation, although less efficiently than the wild-type envelope. We computed three-dimensional structural models of the PID, which were consistent with mutagenesis data and confirmed the similarity of FIV and HIV-1 PID structures, despite their divergence in amino acid sequence. Considering these results, we discussed the respective importance of selection exerted by functional requirements or host antibodies to explain the observed variations of the PIDs in lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pancino
- Génétique des Virus et Immunopharmacologie Moléculaire (ICGM-CNRS UPR0415), Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris, France
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28
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Hammar L, Hirsch I, Machado AA, De Mareuil J, Baillon JG, Bolmont C, Chermann JC. Lectin-mediated effects on HIV type 1 infection in vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:87-95. [PMID: 7734200 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins with specificity for terminal mannose residues and anti-mannan antibodies neutralize HIV-1 infection in vitro. This is assumed to be caused by binding of the agents to the viral glycoproteins. In this study we show that one such agent, the Galanthus nivalis lectin (GNA), also blocks infection at the target cell level. To explore the effect of GNA on HIV infection we used the two HIV-1 isolates LAV and NDK, representing in the first case a prototype virus and in the latter case a highly cytopathic virus, which spreads preferentially via cell-to-cell contact. MT-4 cells were used as target cells and infection was determined from the occurrence of syncytia. Cell-to-cell infection was studied with CEM cells persistently infected with the two virus isolates. GNA, at concentrations in the nanogram per milliliter range, neutralized the HIV-1 isolates LAV, NDK, and MN as well as HIV-2ROD. Pretreatment of cells with the lectin, before addition of virus, or of infected cells, also blocked infection. This effect was more pronounced with HIV-1NDK than with HIV-1LAV. Mannosidase treatment of the target cells abolished the GNA effect on HIV-1NDK infection. It is concluded that GNA inhibits infection of several HIV isolates. It neutralizes infection by binding to the virion but also blocks infection at the target cell level. The latter effect may be different for different virus isolates. Mannosyl residuals at the cell surface are targets for GNA modulation of infection with the cytopathic HIV-1NDK. These do not represent essential virus receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hammar
- Department of Dermatology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Houghton PJ, Woldemariam TZ, Khan AI, Burke A, Mahmood N. Antiviral activity of natural and semi-synthetic chromone alkaloids. Antiviral Res 1994; 25:235-44. [PMID: 7535992 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(94)90006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV), of the non-polar fraction of a methanolic extract of the rootbark of Schumanniophyton magnificum was found to be present in a fraction containing the chromone secondary amine schumannificine 1. Other chromone alkaloids present in the plant were isolated and tested for inhibition of HIV and HSV infections in C8166 and Vero cells, respectively. Acyl and methyl derivatives were prepared and tested. Of all the compounds tested, schumannificine 1 displayed the greatest activity against HIV, whereas potent anti-HSV activity was observed for a number of its derivatives. The presence of a piperidine ring and unsubstituted hydroxy groups on the molecules seems to favour the anti-HIV activity. The anti-HIV activity is considered to be due to irreversible binding to gp120 rather than inhibition of reverse transcriptase or protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Houghton
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, UK
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30
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Hinkula J, Gidlund M, Persson C, Osterhaus A, Wahren B. Enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for the evaluation of antibodies directed to the CD4 receptor-binding site of the HIV gp120 molecule. J Immunol Methods 1994; 175:37-46. [PMID: 7523525 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the CD4 molecule is probably the most important primary event determining HIV infection. Reactivity with the native viral envelope has been difficult to measure due to the lack of gp120 ligand purified directly from primary virus cultures. We have developed an ELISA, utilizing Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) which selectively binds native HIV envelope gp120 in culture medium. The GNA-based ELISA eliminates the need for isotope-labelled reagents, live cells and recombinant non-natively glycosylated envelope proteins and offers an easy way of using gp120 directly from crude HIV culture medium. The reactivities of sera from several categories of HIV infected individuals were assayed for inhibition of the HIV-1 gp120-CD4 binding. 19/32 (59.3%) sera from asymptomatic individuals and 7/10 (70%) sera from ARC/AIDS patients blocked the CD4-gp120 binding. 20 serum samples from uninfected individuals showed a gp120-CD4 interaction blocking capacity of 0-15%. Two monoclonal antibodies, T4.2 directed to CD4 and 1171 directed to the CD4 binding site of gp120 were used as positive controls. Both Mabs inhibited CD4-gp120 binding by 66-90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hinkula
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Department of Virology, Stockholm
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31
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McGuigan C, Bellevergue P, Sheeka H, Mahmood N, Hay AJ. Certain phosphoramidate derivatives of dideoxy uridine (ddU) are active against HIV and successfully by-pass thymidine kinase. FEBS Lett 1994; 351:11-4. [PMID: 8076677 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
As part of our effort to deliver masked phosphates inside living cells we have discovered that certain phosphate triester derivatives of the inactive nucleoside analogue, dideoxy uridine (ddU) are inhibitors of HIV replication at microM levels. Moreover, we note that certain phosphoramidate derivatives retain their activity in thymidine kinase-deficient cells, which indicates that they do indeed act by intracellular release of the free nucleotide, and that they successfully by-pass the nucleoside kinase. The increased structural freedom in drug design which this allows may have implications for dealing with the emergence of resistance and may stimulate the discovery of improved therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, UK
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32
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Piacente S, Aquino R, De Tommasi N, Pizza C, Lock De Ugaz O, Chavez Orellana H, Mahmood N. Constituents of Werneria ciliolata and their in vitro anti-HIV activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1994; 36:991-996. [PMID: 7765214 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)90477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aerial part of Werneria ciliolata afforded a series of new diterpenes: two ent-kaurane derivatives, a norkaurane, an ent-manoyloxide derivative, a dimeric diterpene, as well as a rare diterpene. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including the concerted application of 1D NMR techniques (DEPT and NOEDS) and 2D NMR techniques (1H-1H COSY and HETCOR). In addition, four known kauranes, four coumarins and 6-hydroxytremetone were isolated. All isolated compounds from W. ciliolata and W. dactylophylla were tested in vitro for anti-viral activity against HIV-1, but only 6-hydroxytremetone showed a significant anti-HIV-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Piacente
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
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33
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Rider CC, Coombe DR, Harrop HA, Hounsell EF, Bauer C, Feeney J, Mulloy B, Mahmood N, Hay A, Parish CR. Anti-HIV-1 activity of chemically modified heparins: correlation between binding to the V3 loop of gp120 and inhibition of cellular HIV-1 infection in vitro. Biochemistry 1994; 33:6974-80. [PMID: 7911328 DOI: 10.1021/bi00188a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified heparins were tested for their activities in (i) inhibiting HIV-1 replication in vitro and (ii) inhibiting the binding to recombinant HIV-1 gp120 of monoclonal antibodies specific for the V3 loop. The results reveal that N-desulfation reduces activity, although this is largely restored on N-acetylation. Selective O-desulfation also markedly reduces activity, whereas carboxyl reduction has little effect. Overall these results show that the anti-HIV-1 activity of heparin does not depend simply on negative density, and indicate instead that particular structures, notably O-sulfates, are involved. Our studies reveal that for chemically modified heparins and heparin-derived fragments there is a striking correlation between anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro and binding to the V3 loop of gp120 in solid phase ELISA. This strongly suggests that the heparin exerts its anti-HIV-1 activity by binding to the V3 loop of gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Rider
- Department of Biochemistry, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, Egham, Surrey, U.K
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McGuigan C, Davies M, Pathirana R, Mahmood N, Hay AJ. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of some novel diaryl phosphate derivatives of AZT. Antiviral Res 1994; 24:69-77. [PMID: 7944314 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(94)90053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Novel diaryl phosphate triester derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials were designed to act as membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In particular, novel parasubstituted diaryl phosphate derivatives were prepared. In vitro evaluation revealed the compounds to have a pronounced and selective antiviral effect, the magnitude of which varied considerably with the nature of the aryl substituent. In particular, strongly electron-withdrawing aryl substituents correlate with high anti-HIV potency in C8166 cells. Along with AZT, the compounds are poorly effective in JM cells, which appear to lack thymidine kinase, indicating the phosphates to act as pro-drugs of the nucleoside rather than of the free phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hammar
- Department of Veterinary Virology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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36
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Mahmood N, Pizza C, Aquino R, De Tommasi N, Piacente S, Colman S, Burke A, Hay AJ. Inhibition of HIV infection by flavanoids. Antiviral Res 1993; 22:189-99. [PMID: 8279812 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Of a variety of flavanoids, the flavans were generally more effective than flavones and flavanones in selective inhibition of HIV-1, HIV-2 or SIV infection. Studies of their effects on the binding of sCD4 and antibody to gp120 indicated that the effective compounds interact irreversibly with gp120 to inactive virus infectivity and block infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mahmood
- MRC Collaborative Centre, London, UK
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37
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Gilljam G. Envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV purified with Galanthus nivalis agglutinin induce strong immune responses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993; 9:431-8. [PMID: 8318269 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1993.9.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectin affinity chromatography was used to purify in a single step the envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV. Envelope glycoproteins carry the major determinants essential for protection by the humoral immune response. The purification of these proteins has previously been a laborious procedure. The glycoproteins were purified by a one-step procedure to a high level of purity by using Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA). The purified glycoprotein had CD4-binding and antigenic reactivities. Strong immune responses to envelope proteins and peptides were seen in mice and primates after immunization with these preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gilljam
- Department of Virology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
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Thomson W, Nicholls D, Irwin WJ, Al-Mushadani JS, Freeman S, Karpas A, Petrik J, Mahmood N, Hay AJ. Synthesis, bioactivation and anti-HIV activity of the bis(4-acyloxybenzyl) and mono(4-acyloxybenzyl) esters of the 5′-monophosphate of AZT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1039/p19930001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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McGuigan C, Pathirana RN, Mahmood N, Devine KG, Hay AJ. Aryl phosphate derivatives of AZT retain activity against HIV1 in cell lines which are resistant to the action of AZT. Antiviral Res 1992; 17:311-21. [PMID: 1642482 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(92)90026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel aryl phosphate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials are designed to act as membrane-soluble pro-drugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation revealed the compounds to have a pronounced, selective antiviral activity, which, in one case, was more potent than the parent nucleoside AZT. The magnitude of the biological effect varied considerably with the nature of the phosphate-blocking group. Moreover, one of the compounds, a phosphoramidate, is particularly active in a cell line restrictive to the activity of AZT, due to poor phosphorylation therein. These data support the suggestion that the phosphate derivatives exert their biological effects via intracellular release of the nucleotide forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, U.K
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