1
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Henein HY, Younan SM, Rashed LA, Fakhry A. Effect of adrenomedullin gene delivery on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats. J Adv Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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2
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Shi XJ, Wang B, Zhang C, Wang M. Expressions of Bovine IFN-γ and Foot-and-Mouth Disease VP1 antigen in P. pastoris and their effects on mouse immune response to FMD antigens. Vaccine 2006; 24:82-9. [PMID: 16135391 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) may cause a considerable social-economic loss in those countries affected. IFN-gamma has a wide range of antiviral and immune modulating functions. Thus, to study the immune enhancing effects of recombinant Bovine IFN-gamma (rBoIFN-gamma) on a recombinant FMDV vaccine, BoIFN-gamma, FMDV VP1 and BoIFN-gamma/VP fusion genes were cloned, expressed, co-expressed in pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) respectively, and subsequent immune effects have been evaluated in this study. The results showed that the genes encoding for BoIFN-gamma, VP1 and BoIFN-gamma/VP1 are successfully expressed in P. pastoris and their products are directly secreted into the cultural supernatant at a high level of 1.0 g/L analyzed by thin-layer scanning. In addition, rVP1 alone could induce both humoral and marginal cell-mediated immune responses in mice, while the group with co-inoculations of rBoIFN-gamma could markedly enhance both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses; even more dramatic immune responses were observed with the group inoculated with the fusion product, rBoIFN-gamma/VP1. The fusion product could be further investigated for its utility of FMDV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ju Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, No. 2, yuanmingyuan west Road, haidian District 100094, Beijing, PR China.
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3
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Zhu XY, Zhou YH, Wang MY, Jin LP, Yuan MM, Li DJ. Blockade of CD86 signaling facilitates a Th2 bias at the maternal-fetal interface and expands peripheral CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells to rescue abortion-prone fetuses. Biol Reprod 2004; 72:338-45. [PMID: 15456701 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.034108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervention in B7 (CD80/CD86)/B7-ligand (CD28/CTLA-4) pathways is an effective way of preventing unwanted immune responses, such as allograft rejection. Pregnancy maintenance represents maternal tolerance to the fetal allograft, which is accompanied by a type 2 helper cell (Th2) bias at the maternal-fetal interface. Here, the costimulatory signal of CD86 was selectively blocked, and that of CD80 was kept unimpaired by administration of anti-murine CD86 monoclonal antibody at the early gestational stage in abortion-prone CBA/JxDBA/2 matings and normal pregnant CBA/JxBALB/c matings. It was demonstrated that in vivo blockade of CD86 costimulation could suppress maternal immune attack to the fetus by shifting cytokines from Th1 predominance to Th2 bias at the maternal-fetal interface, and expanding peripheral CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, which play an important role in the development and maintenance of maternal-fetal tolerance. Furthermore, the expression of CD28 and its ligands CD80/CD86 on peripheral lymphocytes was down-regulated, whereas that of CTLA-4 was up-regulated, which might facilitate the suppressive effect of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells on the alloreactive T cells. The maternal-fetal immunotolerance induced by CD86 blockade decreased fetal resorption in CBA/JxDBA/2 matings, but did not affect normal pregnant CBA/JxBALB/c matings. These results suggest that selective blockade of CD86 costimulation leads to maternal immune tolerance to embryo antigen, and might contribute to a rational immunoregulatory regimen for recurrent spontaneous abortion.
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MESH Headings
- Abortion, Spontaneous/physiopathology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- B7-2 Antigen
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Decidua/physiology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Fetal Resorption/physiopathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Male
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Placenta/physiology
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/physiology
- Th2 Cells/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Zhu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
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4
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Buggage RR, Matteson DM, Shen DF, Sun B, Tuaillon N, Chan CC. Effect of sex hormones on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). Immunol Invest 2004; 32:259-73. [PMID: 14603994 DOI: 10.1081/imm-120025105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sex hormones have been associated with the prevalence, susceptibility, and severity of autoimmune disease. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, sex hormones are reported to influence cytokine production, specifically by affecting the balance of Th1 and Th2 effector cells. We evaluated the effect of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), a rodent model of human ocular autoimmune disease. METHODS Lewis rats implanted with either beta-estradiol (estrogen), 5-dihydrotestosterone (5-DHT), norgestrel (progesterone), or estrogen plus progesterone were immunized with the retinal antigen interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) peptide. Evaluation of EAU was based on histology of the eyes and measurement of peripheral immunological responses of DTH and lymphocyte proliferation to S-antigen. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure IFN-gamma and IL-10 mRNA in the eyes. RESULTS In female rats 5-DHT significantly decreased, estrogen slightly enhanced, but progesterone or estrogen + progesterone did not affect EAU. In contrast, in male rats 5-DHT slightly decreased, estrogen moderately decreased, progesterone did not effect, but, estrogen + progesterone slightly decreased EAU. The results correlated with the ocular levels of Th1 (IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-10) cytokine messengers. CONCLUSION The data support the hypothesis that sex hormones may affect autoimmune diseases by inducing changes in the cytokine balance. This suggests that sex hormone therapy could be considered as an adjunct to anti-inflammatory agents to treat ocular autoimmune diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Buggage
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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5
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Ekmark M, Grønevik E, Schjerling P, Gundersen K. Myogenin induces higher oxidative capacity in pre-existing mouse muscle fibres after somatic DNA transfer. J Physiol 2003; 548:259-69. [PMID: 12598590 PMCID: PMC2342785 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.036228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/19/2002] [Accepted: 01/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle is a permanent tissue, and in the adult pronounced changes can occur in pre-existing fibres without the formation of new fibres. Thus, the mechanisms responsible for phenotype transformation in the adult might be distinct from mechanisms regulating muscle differentiation during muscle formation and growth. Myogenin is a muscle-specific, basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is important during early muscle differentiation. It is also expressed in the adult, where its role is unknown. In this study we have overexpressed myogenin in glycolytic fibres of normal adult mice by electroporation and single-cell intracellular injection of expression vectors. Myogenin had no effects on myosin heavy chain fibre type, but induced a considerable increase in succinate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase activity, with some type IIb fibres reaching the levels observed histochemically in normal type IIx and IIa fibres. mRNA levels for malate dehydrogenase were similarly altered. The size of the fibres overexpressing myogenin was reduced by 30-50 %. Thus, the transfected fibres acquired a phenotype reminiscent of the phenotype obtained by endurance training in man and other animals, with a higher oxidative capacity and smaller size. We conclude that myogenin can alter pre-existing glycolytic fibres in the intact adult animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Ekmark
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1051, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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6
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Dil N, Qureshi MA. Interleukin-1beta does not contribute to genetic strain-based differences in iNOS expression and activity in chicken macrophages. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 27:137-146. [PMID: 12543127 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The expression of IL-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) from iNOS hypo (GB2, B(6)B(6)) and hyper (K-strain, B(15)B(15)) responder chickens was examined. Compared to GB2, macrophages from K-strain expressed higher iNOS mRNA as quantitated by reverse transcriptase polymerase (RT-PCR) chain reaction after stimulation with 1 microgram/ml of Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). On the contrary, IL-1beta mRNA expression was comparable between K and GB2 macrophages at 3h post-LPS stimulation but persisted up to 9h only in GB2 macrophages. The LPS-inducible interleukin-1 (IL-1) surface receptor expression, measured by flow cytometry, was higher in GB2 than on K-strain macrophages. Blocking of IL-1 receptor by the anti-IL-1 receptor antibody reduced the LPS-mediated iNOS expression by 50% as quantified by competitive RT-PCR. Furthermore, iNOS activity (nitrite) was also reduced to 50%. However, this magnitude of inhibition was similar in both K and GB2 macrophages. While these observations suggest that IL-1beta is involved in mediating LPS-induced iNOS expression and activity, the differential response of GB1 and K-strain macrophages in terms of LPS-induced iNOS expression and activity is unlikely to be modulated by IL-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyla Dil
- Department of Poultry Science and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program of Immunology, North Carolina State University, 27695-7608, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Jin J, Yang JY, Liu J, Kong YY, Wang Y, Li GD. DNA immunization with fusion genes encoding different regions of hepatitis C virus E2 fused to the gene for hepatitis B surface antigen elicits immune responses to both HCV and HBV. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:505-10. [PMID: 12046080 PMCID: PMC4656431 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i3.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2001] [Revised: 12/23/2001] [Accepted: 01/23/2002] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Both Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major causative agents of transfusion-associated and community-acquired hepatitis worldwide. Development of a HCV vaccine as well as more effective HBV vaccines is an urgent task. DNA immunization provides a promising approach to elicit protective humoral and cellular immune responses against viral infection. The aim of this study is to achieve immune responses against both HCV and HBV by DNA immunization with fusion constructs comprising various HCV E2 gene fragments fused to HBsAg gene of HBV. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were immunized with plasmid DNA expressing five fragments of HCV E2 fused to the gene for HBsAg respectively. After one primary and one boosting immunizations, antibodies against HCV E2 and HBsAg were tested and subtyped in ELISA. Splenic cytokine expression of IFN-gamma and IL-10 was analyzed using an RT-PCR assay. Post-immune mouse antisera also were tested for their ability to capture HCV viruses in the serum of a hepatitis C patient in vitro. RESULTS After immunization, antibodies against both HBsAg and HCV E2 were detected in mouse sera, with IgG2a being the dominant immunoglobulin sub-class. High-level expression of INF-gamma was detected in cultured splenic cells. Mouse antisera against three of the five fusion constructs were able to capture HCV viruses in an in vitro assay. CONCLUSION The results indicate that these fusion constructs could efficiently elicit humoral and Th1 dominant cellular immune responses against both HBV S and HCV E2 antigens in DNA-immunized mice. They thus could serve as candidates for a bivalent vaccine against HBV and HCV infection. In addition, the capacity of mouse antisera against three of the five fusion constructs to capture HCV viruses in vitro suggested that neutralizing epitopes may be present in other regions of E2 besides the hypervariable region 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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8
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Tliba O, Sibille P, Boulard C, Chauvin A. Early hepatic cytokine mRNA expression in experimental rat fasciolosis. Vet Parasitol 2002; 103:237-49. [PMID: 11750117 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied the development of the cellular response, particularly with respect to Th1 and Th2 cytokine mRNA levels, in rat liver during the first 14 days of experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica. We analysed the panel of cytokines involved in initiation of the inflammatory and immune response. The levels of various mRNAs, particularly those primarily associated with the acute inflammatory response, and those commonly associated with T-cell proliferation and differentiation, were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in liver samples. We also investigated the immune and inflammatory mediators balance in the liver, draining lymph node and spleen, by RT-competitive PCR quantification of mRNA levels for IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-gamma. Our data provide the first evidence that, in the early phase of infection, the inflammatory response in the liver of infected animals is transiently depressed or delayed. A Th0 profile was initially observed in the liver and hepatic lymph node, which developed into a Th2 profile 2 weeks after infection in the liver only. In the spleen, cytokine down-regulation was initiated and maintained during this period, suggesting that the parasite acts differently locally and in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tliba
- Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie des Maladies Parasitaires, Centre de Tours, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Station de Pathologie Aviaire et de Parasitologie 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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9
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Hu YJ, Zang L, Wu YD, Sun B. High IFN-alpha expression is associated with the induction of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in Fischer 344 rat. Cell Res 2001; 11:293-300. [PMID: 11794322 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Th1-response plays a crucial role in determining pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. It is believed that both IL-12 and INF-alpha are initiators to regulate Th1-response. In our experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model, both Lewis and Fischer 344 rats share the same MHC class II molecules, while Lewis rat is EAU susceptible and Fischer 344 rat is EAU resistant. However, under the same condition of immunization, if pertussis toxin (PTX) was injected intraperitoneally as an additional adjuvant, Fischer 344 rat can develop EAU. In this study we investigate which mechanisms are involved in the induction of EAU in CFA+R16+PTX-treated (CRP-treated) Fischer 344 rats. In vivo and in vitro data demonstrated that Th1-cytokine, IFN-gamma mRNA expression was significantly increased in disease target tissue-eyes and in draining lymph node cells of CRP-treated Fischer 344 rat. When IL-12 and IFN-alpha mRNA expression were compared in the experimental groups, only IFN-alpha mRNA expression was associated with EAU development. To distinguish the sources of IFN-alpha producing cells, it was observed that IFN-alpha expression was mainly produced by macrophages. It was further confirmed that normal macrophage from Fischer 344 rat was able to produce significant IFN-alpha in the presence of PTX. The data strongly suggested that IFN-alpha might be involved in initiating Th1-cell differentiation and in turn contribute to the induction of EAU. High IFN-alpha expression induced by PTX may represent a novel pathway to initiate Th1 response in Fischer 344 rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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10
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Steensberg A, Febbraio MA, Osada T, Schjerling P, van Hall G, Saltin B, Pedersen BK. Interleukin-6 production in contracting human skeletal muscle is influenced by pre-exercise muscle glycogen content. J Physiol 2001; 537:633-9. [PMID: 11731593 PMCID: PMC2278951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Prolonged exercise results in a progressive decline in glycogen content and a concomitant increase in the release of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) from contracting muscle. This study tests the hypothesis that the exercise-induced IL-6 release from contracting muscle is linked to the intramuscular glycogen availability. 2. Seven men performed 5 h of a two-legged knee-extensor exercise, with one leg with normal, and one leg with reduced, muscle glycogen content. Muscle biopsies were obtained before (pre-ex), immediately after (end-ex) and 3 h into recovery (3 h rec) from exercise in both legs. In addition, catheters were placed in one femoral artery and both femoral veins and blood was sampled from these catheters prior to exercise and at 1 h intervals during exercise and into recovery. 3. Pre-exercise glycogen content was lower in the glycogen-depleted leg compared with the control leg. Intramuscular IL-6 mRNA levels increased with exercise in both legs, but this increase was augmented in the leg having the lowest glycogen content at end-ex. The arterial plasma concentration of IL-6 increased from 0.6 +/- 0.1 ng x l(-1) pre-ex to 21.7 +/- 5.6 ng x l(-1) end-ex. The depleted leg had already released IL-6 after 1 h (4.38 +/- 2.80 ng x min(-1) (P < 0.05)), whereas no significant release was observed in the control leg (0.36 +/- 0.14 ng x min(-1)). A significant net IL-6 release was not observed until 2 h in the control leg. 4. This study demonstrates that glycogen availability is associated with alterations in the rate of IL-6 production and release in contracting skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Steensberg
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Shi MQ, Hirzmann J, Dafa'alla TH, Zahner H. In vivo expression profiles of cytokine and iNOS mRNAs in rats infected with Eimeria separata. Vet Parasitol 2001; 97:131-40. [PMID: 11358628 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies on cytokine (IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) and inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) gene transcription in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and the caecum wall were performed 0, 48, and 72h after primary and challenge infections of rats with Eimeria separata using RT-PCR. The amount of IFN-gamma mRNA was elevated in MLN and caeca 72h after primary and 48-72h after challenge infection when compared with uninfected controls. Increased amounts of IL-2 mRNA were only found in MLN of infected rats 72h post-infection (p.i.). In case of IL-10, infections did not affect the amount of mRNA in MLN, but led to markedly increased levels in the caecum wall of both infected groups 48 and 72h p.i. Levels of IL-4 mRNA remained unchanged after infections and IL-5 gene transcripts were undetectable. Amounts of iNOS mRNA (not investigated in MLN) were found strongly enhanced 48 and 72h p.i. in the caecum walls of all infected animals when compared with naive controls. The data are discussed in regard of the cellular source of the cytokines and their immunological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Shi
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 2, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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12
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McCartney-Francis NL, Song X, Mizel DE, Wahl SM. Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase exacerbates erosive joint disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2734-40. [PMID: 11160339 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NO is an essential cytotoxic agent in host defense, yet can be autotoxic if overproduced, as evidenced in inflammatory lesions and tissue destruction in experimental arthritis models. Treatment of streptococcal cell wal1-induced arthritis in rats with N:(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), a competitive nonspecific inhibitor of both constitutive and inducible isoforms of NO synthase (NOS), prevents intraarticular accumulation of leukocytes, joint swelling, and bone erosion. Because increased inducible NOS (iNOS) expression and NO generation are associated with pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, we investigated whether a selective inhibitor of iNOS, N:-iminoethyl-L-lysine (L-NIL), would have more directed anti-arthritic properties. Whereas both L-NMMA and L-NIL inhibited nitrite production by streptococcal cell wall-stimulated rat mononuclear cells in vitro and systemic treatment of arthritic rats with L-NMMA ablated synovitis, surprisingly L-NIL did not mediate resolution of inflammatory joint lesions. On the contrary, daily administration of L-NIL failed to reduce the acute response and exacerbated the chronic inflammatory response, as reflected by profound tissue destruction and loss of bone and cartilage. Although the number of iNOS-positive cells within the synovium decreased after treatment with L-NIL, immunohistochemical analyses revealed a distinct pattern of endothelial and neuronal NOS expression in the arthritic synovium that was unaffected by the isoform-specific L-NIL treatment. These studies uncover a contribution of the constitutive isoforms of NOS to the evolution of acute and chronic inflammation pathology which may be important in the design of therapeutic agents.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/enzymology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Hindlimb
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/enzymology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytosis/enzymology
- Leukocytosis/pathology
- Leukocytosis/prevention & control
- Lysine/administration & dosage
- Lysine/analogs & derivatives
- Lysine/pharmacology
- Neutrophils/enzymology
- Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- omega-N-Methylarginine/administration & dosage
- omega-N-Methylarginine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- N L McCartney-Francis
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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13
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Sonoda KH, Faunce DE, Taniguchi M, Exley M, Balk S, Stein-Streilein J. NK T cell-derived IL-10 is essential for the differentiation of antigen-specific T regulatory cells in systemic tolerance. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:42-50. [PMID: 11123275 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In a model of systemic tolerance called Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID), the differentiation of the T regulatory (Tr) cells depends on NK T cells and occurs in the spleen. We now show that the CD1d-reactive NK T cell subpopulation, required for development of systemic tolerance, expresses the invariant V alpha 14J alpha 281 TCR because J alpha 281 knockout (KO) mice were unable to generate Ag-specific Tr cells and ACAID. The mechanism for NK T cell-dependent differentiation of Ag-specific Tr cells mediating systemic tolerance was studied by defining the cytokine profiles in heterogeneous and enriched NK T spleen cells. In contrast to there being no differences in most regulatory cytokine mRNAs, both mRNA and protein for IL-10 were increased in splenic NK T cells of anterior chamber (a.c.)-inoculated mice. However, IL-10 mRNA was not increased in spleens after i.v. inoculation. Finally, NK T cells from wild-type (WT) mice, but not from IL-10 KO mice, reconstituted the ACAID inducing ability in J alpha 281 KO mice. Thus, NK T cell-derived IL-10 is critical for the generation of the Ag-specific Tr cells and systemic tolerance induced to eye-inoculated Ags.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Anterior Chamber/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Injections
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Immunological
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Sonoda
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114, USA
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14
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Tirassa P, Manni L, Stenfors C, Lundeberg T, Aloe L. RT-PCR ELISA method for the analysis of neurotrophin mRNA expression in brain and peripheral tissues. J Biotechnol 2000; 84:259-72. [PMID: 11164267 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(00)00370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain and periphery are susceptible to changes during development and as result of different physiopathological conditions, such as stress and aging and during the onset and progression of neurological and autoimmune diseases. Despite the sensitive methods for measurement of neurotrophin protein levels in different tissues, no easily applicable methods to evaluate changes in the level of NGF and BDNF mRNA expression within physiological range have been described. This study reports the development of a reproducible and simple procedure for measurement of neurotrophin mRNA expression in brain and peripheral tissues based upon an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection system of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products. The major advantages of this RT-PCR ELISA procedure is to allow the co-amplification of diverse mRNAs starting from small amounts of tissues; to contemporaneously test a large number of samples; to be rapid and to use only commercial reagents and widely available equipment. The procedure could also be useful in studies addressed to measure the pattern of expression of molecules involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases, such as neuropeptides and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tirassa
- Institute of Neurobiology (CNR), Viale C. Marx, 15/43, 00137, Rome, Italy
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15
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Jonsdottir IH, Schjerling P, Ostrowski K, Asp S, Richter EA, Pedersen BK. Muscle contractions induce interleukin-6 mRNA production in rat skeletal muscles. J Physiol 2000; 528 Pt 1:157-63. [PMID: 11018114 PMCID: PMC2270126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The present study explored the hypothesis that interleukin-6 (IL-6) might be locally produced in response to skeletal muscle contractions and whether the production might reflect the type of muscle contraction performed. Rats were anaesthetized and the calf muscles of one limb were stimulated electrically for concentric or eccentric contractions (4 x 10 contractions with 1 min of rest between the 4 series, 100 Hz). The contralateral muscles served as unstimulated controls. The mRNA levels for IL-6, the glucose transport protein GLUT-4 and beta-actin in the rat muscles (white and red gastrocnemius and soleus) were quantified by quantitative competitive RT-PCR. 2. The IL-6 mRNA level, measured 30 min after the stimulation, increased after both eccentric and concentric contractions and there were no significant differences in IL-6 mRNA levels between the different muscle fibre types. No significant increase in IL-6 mRNA level was seen in the unstimulated contralateral muscle fibres. 3. No increase in GLUT-4 mRNA level was detected, indicating that the increase in IL-6 mRNA level was not due to general changes in transcription. 4. We conclude that IL-6 is locally produced after muscle contraction, with no significant differences between different muscle fibre types. This local production of IL-6 is not due to general changes in transcription, since no changes in the level of GLUT-4 mRNA were found. The fact that increased IL-6 mRNA levels were seen after both concentric and eccentric contractions indicates that the production of IL-6 is not solely due to muscle damage, seen primarily after eccentric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Jonsdottir
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, The Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, and August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Kim IJ, You SK, Kim H, Yeh HY, Sharma JM. Characteristics of bursal T lymphocytes induced by infectious bursal disease virus. J Virol 2000; 74:8884-92. [PMID: 10982331 PMCID: PMC102083 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.19.8884-8892.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an avian lymphotropic virus that causes immunosuppression. When specific-pathogen-free chickens were exposed to a pathogenic strain of IBDV (IM), the virus rapidly destroyed B cells in the bursa of Fabricius. Extensive viral replication was accompanied by an infiltration of T cells in the bursa. We studied the characteristics of intrabursal T lymphocytes in IBDV-infected chickens and examined whether T cells were involved in virus clearance. Flow cytometric analysis of single-cell suspensions of the bursal tissue revealed that T cells were first detectable at 4 days postinoculation (p.i.). At 7 days p.i., 65% of bursal cells were T cells and 7% were B cells. After virus infection, the numbers of bursal T cells expressing activation markers Ia and CD25 were significantly increased (P<0.03). In addition, IBDV-induced bursal T cells produced elevated levels of interleukin-6-like factor and nitric oxide-inducing factor in vitro. Spleen and bursal cells of IBDV-infected chickens had upregulated gamma interferon gene expression in comparison with virus-free chickens. In IBDV-infected chickens, bursal T cells proliferated in vitro upon stimulation with purified IBDV in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.02), whereas virus-specific T-cell expansion was not detected in the spleen. Cyclosporin A treatment, which reduced the number of circulating T cells and compromised T-cell mitogenesis, increased viral burden in the bursae of IBDV-infected chickens. The results suggest that intrabursal T cells and T-cell-mediated responses may be important in viral clearance and promoting recovery from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Kim
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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17
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Giusti AF, Hinman VF, Degnan SM, Degnan BM, Morse DE. Expression of a Scr/Hox5 gene in the larval central nervous system of the gastropod Haliotis, a non-segmented spiralian lophotrochozoan. Evol Dev 2000; 2:294-302. [PMID: 11252558 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hox genes encode a set of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that regulate anteroposterior patterning mechanisms in insects and vertebrates and are expressed along this axis in a range of bilaterians. Here we present the developmental expression of a Scr/Hox5 gene in the gastropod mollusc Haliotis. In Haliotis, embryogenesis yields a non-feeding trochophore larva that subsequently develops into the veliger larva, which possesses many of the characteristics of the adult body plan. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis reveals that this gene, which is called Hru-Hox5, is first expressed in the trochophore larva. Hru-Hox5 transcript prevalence increases continually through larval development until metamorphic competence develops in the veliger and then again over the first four days of metamorphosis. In situ hybridization reveals that larval expression of Hru-Hox5 is restricted primarily to the primordial and newly formed branchial ganglia, located between the anterior cerebral-pleuropedal ganglionic complex and the posterior visceral ganglia. The expression of Hru-Hox5 in the central region of the abalone CNS is similar to that observed for its orthologue (Lox20) in the leech, suggesting that Hox5 genes were used, along with other Hox genes, to pattern the CNS of the ancestral spiralian lophotrochozoan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Giusti
- Marine Biotechnology Center and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA
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18
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Cho JK, Kwon HS, Joo KH, Lee JS, Cho SW. Changes of splenocyte IFN-gamma mRNA synthesis in rats infected with Paragonimus westermani. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1999; 37:285-7. [PMID: 10634046 PMCID: PMC2733207 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the expression level of splenocyte IFN-gamma mRNA of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats infected with Paragonimus westermani were analyzed by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by southern blot. The template RNA was extracted from the splenocytes of rats infected with 20 metacercariae of P. westermani. The products of competitive RT-PCR were subjected to southern blot and enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL), and analyzed with a densitometer. In comparison with that of uninfected control rat splenocytes (value of 1), the levels of mRNA expression of IFN-gamma had changed to 0.747 at 1 week post infection (PI), 0.00175 at 2 week PI, 0.0217 at 3 week PI, 0.194 at 4 week PI and then to 0.537 at 5 week PI. The level at 7 week PI had returned to 1.25, comparable with that of uninfected rats. These results show that, when infected with P. westermani, the levels of IFN-gamma mRNA of SD rat splenocytes were remarkably reduced by more than 500 times at 2 week PI and restored to normal level at 7 week PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Cho
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Tomikawa M, Wang H, Jones MK, Sugimachi K, Sarfeh IJ, Tarnawski AS. Reduced adrenomedullin expression in gastric mucosa of portal hypertensive rats after ethanol-induced injury. Ann Surg 1999; 230:38-44. [PMID: 10400034 PMCID: PMC1420842 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199907000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the expression and localization of adrenomedullin (AM) and its receptor (AM-R) in portal hypertensive (PHT) gastric mucosa after intragastric ethanol administration. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA The repair of gastric mucosal injury requires reestablishment of the microvascular network. The authors previously demonstrated impaired angiogenesis of PHT gastric mucosa after ethanol-induced injury. Because AM, a potent vasodilatory peptide, is also a novel growth and angiogenic factor, the authors hypothesized that AM is involved in the impaired repair of PHT gastric mucosa and its microvasculature after damage. METHODS Either PHT or sham-operated rats received intragastrically 100% ethanol, and the stomachs were excised at 1, 6, and 24 hours later. Expression and localization of AM and AM-R mRNA were examined by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. AM protein expression was examined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS One hour after ethanol administration, AM mRNA expression in PHT gastric mucosa was significantly decreased by 81%, especially in the superficial mucosa, compared with the gastric mucosa in sham-operated rats. The significant decrease lasted for 24 hours. AM protein expression was significantly decreased by 43% compared with the sham-operated gastric mucosa. Although AM-R mRNA expression in both groups was significantly increased 1 hour after ethanol administration and lasted for 24 hours compared with baseline, there were no differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The expression of AM in PHT gastric mucosa after ethanol-induced injury is significantly decreased compared with controls. This finding could explain one mechanism for the impaired angiogenesis after injury of PHT gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tomikawa
- Department of Surgery, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California 90822, USA
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20
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Chen Z, Smithberger J, Sun B, Eggerman TL. Prevention of heteroduplex formation in mRNA quantitation by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Anal Biochem 1999; 266:230-2. [PMID: 9888980 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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21
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Yang CH, Ji YY, Yeh M. The kinetics of IL-4 and IFN-gamma gene expression in mice after Trichosansin immunization. Cell Res 1998; 8:295-302. [PMID: 9934537 DOI: 10.1038/cr.1998.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is a potent allergen to mice. According to our previous experiments, it could bring out the IgE response to ovabumin (OVA) if TCS was given one day before OVA immunization, while OVA alone could not induce IgE to it. In this work, the kinetics of interleukin 4(IL-4) and interferon gamma(IFN-gamma) gene expression in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) of TCS-immunized mice was investigated using a semi-quantitative RT-PCR method. It indicated that TCS induced significant IL-4 gene expression and the peaks of IL4 gene expression were on day one after TCS immunization in both primary and secondary response. In contrast, the IFN-gamma gene expression was suppressed. Furthermore, the IL-4 gene expression in the secondary response was lower than that in the primary response. Thus the presence of IgE memory B cells were studied. Results showed that the amount of mature IgE mRNA arose significantly and rapidly one day after TCS restimulation, while in the MLN of the mice primed 30 days before and without boost, it was almost as the same amount of the unimmunized control. These findings suggest the existence of the IgE memory B cells in the mice after the primary TCS immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, China
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22
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Silver PB, Rizzo LV, Sun B, Chan CC, Wiggert B, Nussenblatt RB, Caspi RR. Heterologous epitopes of IRBP protect against autoimmune uveitis induced by the autologous epitope. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 88:128-36. [PMID: 9688334 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptide 161-180 of human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) contains a major uveitogenic epitope for mice of the H-2r haplotype. The human and bovine homologs differ from the autologous murine homolog by three and four amino acid residues, respectively. We compare the immunogenicity and pathogenicity of the three homologs, and investigate their ability to induce oral tolerance to experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) induced by the autologous peptide. All three 161-180 homologs were pathogenic, with a hierarchy: human > murine > bovine. All crossreacted with each other and with IRBP. Feeding any of the three homologs (6 x 200 microg over 2 weeks) lowered antigen-specific responses and protected from EAU induced by the autologous homolog, and reduced EAU induced with whole IRBP. Peptide-fed mice had a reduced frequency of peptide-reactive T cells, suggesting a mechanism involving anergy and/or deletion. The results indicate that non-identical, but crossreactive, heterologous epitopes can protect against EAU induced by the corresponding autologous epitope, and even by the whole multi-epitope protein. These findings may impact on clinical trials in which uveitis patients are undergoing oral immunotherapy with bovine retinal antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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23
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Thøgersen VB, Bross P, Gregersen N, Nexø E. Quantitative Analysis of the Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Messenger RNA Using Reverse Transcription-PCR: A Methodological Study of Imprecision. Clin Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/44.6.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Bech Thøgersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, KH, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Research Unit of Molecular Medicine, SKS, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Peter Bross
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, KH, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Research Unit of Molecular Medicine, SKS, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Gregersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, KH, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Research Unit of Molecular Medicine, SKS, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ebba Nexø
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, KH, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Research Unit of Molecular Medicine, SKS, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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24
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Chan CC, Li Y, Sun B, Li Q, Matteson DM, Shen DF, Nussenblatt RB, Zhai Y. Recombinant adenovirus encoding gp100 modulates experimental melanin-protein induced uveitis (EMIU). J Autoimmun 1998; 11:111-8. [PMID: 9650089 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.1997.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental melanin-protein induced uveitis (EMIU) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune uveitis induced by immunization with bovine uveal melanin protein. Gp100, a melanocyte lineage-specific protein, is identified as a human melanoma antigen. A recombinant adenovirus construct encoding gp100 (Ad2CMV-gp100) has been used as a vaccine for cancer therapy. This study examines the effect of Ad2CMV-gp100 on EMIU. To induce EMIU, rats were injected intraperitoneally on day 7 before immunization with ad2CMV-gp100, control adenovirus encoding LacZ (Ad2CMV-LacZ), or no virus. On day 21 after immunization, the right eye was processed for histology and the left eye was analysed for cytokines by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Western blot analysis showed that uveal melanin-protein contains gp100. In three independent experiments, ocular inflammation was significantly suppressed, and expression of ocular IL-12p40 mRNA was much lower in the rats which received Ad2CMV-gp100 before immunization than in those that received Ad2CMV-LacZ or no virus. No abnormalities developed in rats which received Ad2CMV-gp100 or Ad2CMV-LacZ alone. Therefore, Ad2CMV-gp100 injection prevents the development of EMIU, at least in part, through cytokine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1858, USA.
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25
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Caspi RR, Sun B, Agarwal RK, Silver PB, Rizzo LV, Chan CC, Wiggert B, Wilder RL. T cell mechanisms in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis: susceptibility is a function of the cytokine response profile. Eye (Lond) 1998; 11 ( Pt 2):209-12. [PMID: 9349414 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1997.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the question whether susceptibility versus resistance to experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) is connected to a Th1-type (interferon-gamma high, interleukin-4 low), versus a Th2-type (IFN-gamma low, IL-4 high) response. Primed lymph node cells of susceptible Lewis rats produced IFN-gamma in response to antigen in culture and transferred EAU to syngeneic recipients, whereas lymph node cells of resistant F344 rats made no IFN-gamma and did not transfer disease. Reversal of the disease pattern, by treatment of F344 rats with B. pertussis toxin and immunisation of Lewis rats with antigen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, resulted in a parallel reversal of these response patterns. Neither strain produced significant IL-4 responses. A study of the response patterns in mice confirmed that high Th1 responders were susceptible, whereas low Th1 responders and Th2 responders were resistant. We conclude that susceptibility to EAU is connected with a Th1-dominant response, but resistance can involve either a 'null', F344-like response (Th1-low/Th2-low) or a Th2-dominant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1858, USA
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26
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Kotake S, Schumacher HR, Wilder RL. A simple nested RT-PCR method for quantitation of the relative amounts of multiple cytokine mRNAs in small tissue samples. J Immunol Methods 1996; 199:193-203. [PMID: 8982362 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(96)00184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to quantitate cytokine mRNA profiles in small human tissue specimens obtained by a needle biopsy, even using standard RT-PCR methods, because the amount of mRNA in the specimens is very small. To address this problem, we developed highly sensitive, quantitative, nested RT-PCR techniques to evaluate the expression of multiple cytokine mRNAs in synovial specimens obtained by needle biopsy. To reduce effects of variation of initial RNA concentrations, cDNA from each target RNA sample was normalized, using a simplified competitive PCR method, to the levels of beta-actin cDNA. The first and the second (nested) PCR were performed in the same tube to prevent contamination. The number of PCR-product bands, evident on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was used to quantitate the relative amounts of target cDNA. Using our methods, it was possible to evaluate, in a single synovial tissue specimen obtained by needle biopsy, the relative amounts of mRNAs for 10 cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40, IL-13, IL-15, IFN-gamma) and CD3 delta chain. Our methods are particularly valuable if there are multiple target mRNAs, numerous samples, or if the amounts of mRNAs are limited. The methods are applicable to a wide variety of tissues and target mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kotake
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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