1
|
Mann LG, Claassen DO. Mesial temporal dopamine: From biology to behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1141-1152. [PMID: 38057945 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
While colloquially recognized for its role in pleasure, reward, and affect, dopamine is also necessary for proficient action control. Many motor studies focus on dopaminergic transmission along the nigrostriatal pathway, using Parkinson's disease as a model of a dorsal striatal lesion. Less attention to the mesolimbic pathway and its role in motor control has led to an important question related to the limbic-motor network. Indeed, secondary targets of the mesolimbic pathway include the hippocampus and amygdala, and these are linked to the motor cortex through the substantia nigra and thalamus. The modulatory impact of dopamine in the hippocampus and amygdala in humans is a focus of current investigations. This review explores dopaminergic activity in the mesial temporal lobe by summarizing dopaminergic networks and transmission in these regions and examining their role in behaviour and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah G Mann
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel O Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McDonald AJ. Functional neuroanatomy of monoaminergic systems in the basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala: Neuronal targets, receptors, and circuits. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1409-1432. [PMID: 37166098 PMCID: PMC10524224 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses neuroanatomical aspects of the three main monoaminergic systems innervating the basolateral nuclear complex (BNC) of the amygdala (serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic systems). It mainly focuses on immunohistochemical (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) studies that have analyzed the relationship of specific monoaminergic inputs and their receptors to specific neuronal subtypes in the BNC in order to better understand the anatomical substrates of the monoaminergic modulation of BNC circuitry. First, light and electron microscopic IHC investigations identifying the main BNC neuronal subpopulations and characterizing their local circuitry, including connections with discrete PN compartments and other INs, are reviewed. Then, the relationships of each of the three monoaminergic systems to distinct PN and IN cell types, are examined in detail. For each system, the neuronal targets and their receptor expression are discussed. In addition, pertinent electrophysiological investigations are discussed. The last section of the review compares and contrasts various aspects of each of the three monoaminergic systems. It is concluded that the large number of different receptors, each with a distinct mode of action, expressed by distinct cell types with different connections and functions, should offer innumerable ways to subtlety regulate the activity of the BNC by therapeutic drugs in psychiatric diseases in which there are alterations of BNC monoaminergic modulatory systems, such as in anxiety disorders, depression, and drug addiction. It is suggested that an important area for future studies is to investigate how the three systems interact in concert at the neuronal and neuronal network levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Joseph McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Canton-Josh JE, Qin J, Salvo J, Kozorovitskiy Y. Dopaminergic regulation of vestibulo-cerebellar circuits through unipolar brush cells. eLife 2022; 11:e76912. [PMID: 35476632 PMCID: PMC9106328 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While multiple monoamines modulate cerebellar output, the mechanistic details of dopaminergic signaling in the cerebellum remain poorly understood. We show that dopamine type 1 receptors (Drd1) are expressed in unipolar brush cells (UBCs) of the mouse cerebellar vermis. Drd1 activation increases UBC firing rate and post-synaptic NMDAR -mediated currents. Using anatomical tracing and in situ hybridization, we test three hypotheses about the source of cerebellar dopamine. We exclude midbrain dopaminergic nuclei and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive Purkinje (Pkj) cells as potential sources, supporting the possibility of dopaminergic co-release from locus coeruleus (LC) axons. Using an optical dopamine sensor GRABDA2h, electrical stimulation, and optogenetic activation of LC fibers in the acute slice, we find evidence for monoamine release onto Drd1-expressing UBCs. Altogether, we propose that the LC regulates cerebellar cortex activity by co-releasing dopamine onto UBCs to modulate their response to cerebellar inputs. Pkj cells directly inhibit these Drd1-positive UBCs, forming a dopamine-sensitive recurrent vestibulo-cerebellar circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Qin
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Joseph Salvo
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kalarani A, Vinodha V, Moses IR. Inter-relations of brain neurosteroids and monoamines towards reproduction in fish. REPRODUCTION AND BREEDING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbre.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
5
|
First identification of dopamine receptors in pikeperch, Sander lucioperca, during the pre-ovulatory period. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 36:100747. [PMID: 32987329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a ubiquitous neurotransmitter exerting a range of pleiotropic actions through two DA receptor families, the D1 and the D2. To date in vertebrates, a maximum of four receptor subtypes have been identified within the D1 family, D1 (former D1A), D5 (former D1B), D6 (former D1C and D1D) and D7 (former D1E), while the D2 family encloses five subtypes, D2, D3, D4, D8 (former D2like or D2l) and D9 (former D4-related sequence or D4-rs). In teleosts, no study has investigated in parallel all the DA receptors to identify and localize the whole receptor repertoire from both families. In pikeperch, Sander lucioperca, a species of interest for aquaculture development, the existence, number and location of the DA receptors are totally unknown. To address these questions, RNA-seq with de novo transcriptome reconstruction, functional annotation and phylogenetic analysis were performed to characterize the transcript repertoire of DA receptors in the brain of female pikeperch at the pre-ovulatory period. Ten different cDNA were identified and showed to belong to the D1 family: two D1, one D5a, one D6a and one D6b and to the D2 family: two spliced variants of D2, one D3, one D8 and one D9. Unlike zebrafish, the subtypes D4 and D7 have not yet been isolated in pikeperch. As expected D1, D3, D8 and D9 are mostly expressed in brain parts except for the cerebellum (D1 and D3). The inter-species differences in the number of DA receptors and the inter-organ differences in the gene expression of all receptors support the complexity of the dopaminergic actions in vertebrate.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dopamine in the hippocampal dentate gyrus modulates spatial learning via D1-like receptors. Brain Res Bull 2019; 144:101-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
7
|
Wang Y, Zhou FM. Striatal But Not Extrastriatal Dopamine Receptors Are Critical to Dopaminergic Motor Stimulation. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:935. [PMID: 29311936 PMCID: PMC5742616 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is required for motor function in vertebrate animals including humans. The striatum, a key motor control center, receives a dense DA innervation and express high levels of DA D1 receptors (D1Rs) and D2 receptors (D2Rs). Other brain areas involved in motor function such as the globus pallidus external segment (GPe) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the motor cortex (MC) also receive DA innervation and express DA receptors. Thus, the relative contribution of the striatal and extrastriatal DA systems to the motor function has been an important question critical for understanding the functional operation of the motor control circuits and also for therapeutic targeting. We have now experimentally addressed this question in the transcription factor Pitx3 null mutant (Pitx3Null) mice that have an autogenic and parkinsonian-like striatal DA denervation and hence supersensitive motor response to DA stimulation. Using DA agonist unilateral microinjection-induced rotation as a reliable readout of motor stimulation, our results show that L-dopa microinjection into the dorsal striatum (DS) induced 5–10 times more rotations than that induced by L-dopa microinjection into GPe and SNr, while L-dopa microinjection into the primary MC induced the least number of rotations. Furthermore, our results show that separate microinjection of the D1R-like agonist SKF81297 and the D2R-like agonist ropinirole into the DS each induced only modest numbers of rotation, whereas concurrent injection of the two agonists triggered more rotations than the sum of the rotations induced by each of these two agonists separately, indicating D1R–D2R synergy. These results suggest that the striatum, not GPe, SNr or MC, is the primary site for D1Rs and D2Rs to synergistically stimulate motor function in L-dopa treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Our results also predict that non-selective, broad spectrum DA agonists activating both D1Rs and D2Rs are more efficacious anti-PD drugs than the current D2R agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Fu-Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kobayashi K, Imoto Y, Yamamoto F, Kawasaki M, Ueno M, Segi-Nishida E, Suzuki H. Rapid and lasting enhancement of dopaminergic modulation at the hippocampal mossy fiber synapse by electroconvulsive treatment. J Neurophysiol 2016; 117:284-289. [PMID: 27784811 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00740.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an established effective treatment for medication-resistant depression with the rapid onset of action. However, its cellular mechanism of action has not been revealed. We have previously shown that chronic antidepressant drug treatments enhance dopamine D1-like receptor-dependent synaptic potentiation at the hippocampal mossy fiber (MF)-CA3 excitatory synapse. In this study we show that ECT-like treatments in mice also have marked effects on the dopaminergic synaptic modulation. Repeated electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS), an animal model of ECT, strongly enhanced the dopamine-induced synaptic potentiation at the MF synapse in hippocampal slices. Significant enhancement was detectable after the second ECS, and further repetition of ECS up to 11 times monotonously increased the magnitude of enhancement. After repeated ECS, the dopamine-induced synaptic potentiation remained enhanced for more than 4 wk. These synaptic effects of ECS were accompanied by increased expression of the dopamine D1 receptor gene. Our results demonstrate that robust neuronal activation by ECS induces rapid and long-lasting enhancement of dopamine-induced synaptic potentiation at the MF synapse, likely via increased expression of the D1 receptor, at least in part. This rapid enhancement of dopamine-induced potentiation at the excitatory synapse may be relevant to the fast-acting antidepressant effect of ECT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-like stimulation greatly enhances synaptic potentiation induced by dopamine at the excitatory synapse formed by the hippocampal mossy fiber in mice. The effect of ECT-like stimulation on the dopaminergic modulation was rapidly induced, maintained for more than 4 wk after repeated treatments, and most likely mediated by increased expression of the dopamine D1 receptor. These effects may be relevant to fast-acting strong antidepressant action of ECT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan; .,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuki Imoto
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Kawasaki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Ueno
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Segi-Nishida
- Center for Integrative Education in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Puighermanal E, Cutando L, Boubaker-Vitre J, Honoré E, Longueville S, Hervé D, Valjent E. Anatomical and molecular characterization of dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons of the mouse CA1 dorsal hippocampus. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1897-1911. [PMID: 27678395 PMCID: PMC5406422 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the hippocampus, a functional role of dopamine D1 receptors (D1R) in synaptic plasticity and memory processes has been suggested by electrophysiological and pharmacological studies. However, comprehension of their function remains elusive due to the lack of knowledge on the precise localization of D1R expression among the diversity of interneuron populations. Using BAC transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein under the control of D1R promoter, we examined the molecular identity of D1R-containing neurons within the CA1 subfield of the dorsal hippocampus. In agreement with previous findings, our analysis revealed that these neurons are essentially GABAergic interneurons, which express several neurochemical markers, including calcium-binding proteins, neuropeptides, and receptors among others. Finally, by using different tools comprising cell type-specific isolation of mRNAs bound to tagged-ribosomes, we provide solid data indicating that D1R is present in a large proportion of interneurons expressing dopamine D2 receptors. Altogether, our study indicates that D1Rs are expressed by different classes of interneurons in all layers examined and not by pyramidal cells, suggesting that CA1 D1R mostly acts via modulation of GABAergic interneurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Puighermanal
- CNRS UMR 5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, 34094, France.,Université de Montpellier, UMR 5203, Montpellier, 34094, France
| | - Laura Cutando
- CNRS UMR 5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, 34094, France.,Université de Montpellier, UMR 5203, Montpellier, 34094, France
| | - Jihane Boubaker-Vitre
- CNRS UMR 5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, 34094, France.,Université de Montpellier, UMR 5203, Montpellier, 34094, France
| | - Eve Honoré
- CNRS UMR 5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, 34094, France.,Université de Montpellier, UMR 5203, Montpellier, 34094, France
| | - Sophie Longueville
- Inserm, UMR-S 839, 75005, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Denis Hervé
- Inserm, UMR-S 839, 75005, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Valjent
- CNRS UMR 5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France. .,INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, 34094, France. .,Université de Montpellier, UMR 5203, Montpellier, 34094, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hegeman DJ, Hong ES, Hernández VM, Chan CS. The external globus pallidus: progress and perspectives. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1239-65. [PMID: 26841063 PMCID: PMC4874844 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia is in a unique and powerful position to influence processing of motor information by virtue of its widespread projections to all basal ganglia nuclei. Despite the clinical importance of the GPe in common motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease, there is only limited information about its cellular composition and organizational principles. In this review, recent advances in the understanding of the diversity in the molecular profile, anatomy, physiology and corresponding behaviour during movement of GPe neurons are described. Importantly, this study attempts to build consensus and highlight commonalities of the cellular classification based on existing but contentious literature. Additionally, an analysis of the literature concerning the intricate reciprocal loops formed between the GPe and major synaptic partners, including both the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus, is provided. In conclusion, the GPe has emerged as a crucial node in the basal ganglia macrocircuit. While subtleties in the cellular makeup and synaptic connection of the GPe create new challenges, modern research tools have shown promise in untangling such complexity, and will provide better understanding of the roles of the GPe in encoding movements and their associated pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hegeman
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ellie S Hong
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vivian M Hernández
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rozas C, Carvallo C, Contreras D, Carreño M, Ugarte G, Delgado R, Zeise ML, Morales B. Methylphenidate amplifies long-term potentiation in rat hippocampus CA1 area involving the insertion of AMPA receptors by activation of β-adrenergic and D1/D5 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:15-27. [PMID: 26165920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH, Ritalin©) is widely used in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and recently as a drug of abuse. Although the effect of MPH has been studied in brain regions such as striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC), the hippocampus has received relatively little attention. It is known that MPH increases the TBS-dependent Long Term Potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 area. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this process are still unknown. Using field potential recordings and western blot analysis in rat hippocampal slices of young rats, we found that acute application of MPH enhances LTP in CA3-CA1 synapses in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 of 73.44±6.32 nM. Using specific antagonists and paired-pulse facilitation protocols, we observed that the MPH-dependent increase of LTP involves not only β-adrenergic receptors activation but also post-synaptic D1/D5 dopamine receptors. The inhibition of PKA with PKI, suppressed the facilitation of LTP induced by MPH consistent with an involvement of the adenyl cyclase-cAMP-PKA dependent cascade downstream of the activation of D1/D5 receptors. In addition, samples of CA1 areas taken from slices potentiated with MPH presented an increase in the phosphorylation of the Ser845 residue of the GluA1 subunit of AMPA receptors compared to control slices. This effect was reverted by SCH23390, antagonist of D1/D5 receptors, and PKI. Moreover, we found an increase of surface-associated functional AMPA receptors. We propose that MPH increases TBS-dependent LTP in CA3-CA1 synapses through a polysynaptic mechanism involving activation of β-adrenergic and D1/D5 dopaminergic receptors and promoting the trafficking and insertion of functional AMPA receptors to the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Rozas
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - C Carvallo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - D Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - M Carreño
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - G Ugarte
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - R Delgado
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - M L Zeise
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - B Morales
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nguyen CL, Tran AH, Matsumoto J, Hori E, Uwano T, Ono T, Nishijo H. Hippocampal place cell responses to distal and proximal cue manipulations in dopamine D2 receptor-knockout mice. Brain Res 2014; 1567:13-27. [PMID: 24747614 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The human hippocampus is critical for learning and memory. In rodents, hippocampal pyramidal neurons fire in a location-specific manner and form relational representations of environmental cues. The important roles of dopaminergic D1 receptors in learning and in hippocampal neural synaptic plasticity in novel environments have been previously shown. However, the roles of D2 receptors in hippocampal neural plasticity in response to novel and familiar spatial stimuli remain unclear. In order to clarify this issue, we recorded from hippocampal neurons in dopamine D2 receptor-knockout (D2R-KO) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates during manipulations of distinct spatial cues in familiar and novel environments. Here, we report that D2R-KO mice showed substantial deficits in place-cell properties (number of place cells, intra-field firing rates, spatial tuning, and spatial coherence). Furthermore, although place cells in D2R-KO mice responded to manipulations of distal and proximal cues in both familiar and novel environments in a manner that was similar to place cells in WT mice, place fields were less stable in the D . The axes represent the differences between the peak and the valley of each waveform of EL2 and EL3.2R-KO mice in the familiar environment, but not in the novel environment. The present results suggested that D2 receptors in the hippocampus are important for place response stability. The place-cell properties of D2R-KO mice were similar to aged animals, suggesting that the alterations of place-cell properties in aged animals might be ascribed partly to alterations in the D2R in the HF of aged animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien Le Nguyen
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Anh Hai Tran
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hori
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Teruko Uwano
- Integrative Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- Integrative Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Animals evaluate and respond to their social environment with adaptive decisions. Revealing the neural mechanisms of such decisions is a major goal in biology. We analyzed expression profiles for 10 neurochemical genes across 12 brain regions important for decision-making in 88 species representing five vertebrate lineages. We found that behaviorally relevant brain regions are remarkably conserved over 450 million years of evolution. We also find evidence that different brain regions have experienced different selection pressures, because spatial distribution of neuroendocrine ligands are more flexible than their receptors across vertebrates. Our analysis suggests that the diversity of social behavior in vertebrates can be explained, in part, by variations on a theme of conserved neural and gene expression networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A O'Connell
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gangarossa G, Valjent E. Regulation of the ERK pathway in the dentate gyrus by in vivo dopamine D1 receptor stimulation requires glutamatergic transmission. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1107-17. [PMID: 22796106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute systemic administration of the dopamine D1/D5 receptors (D1Rs) agonist, SKF81297, activates the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK) pathway selectively in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. In this study, we examined the mechanisms involved in this regulation and investigated the molecular components that could promote ERK-dependent transcription and translation. SKF81297 induced phosphorylation of ERK and histone H3 required intact glutamatergic transmission. Blockade of glutamate release achieved by the mGluR2/3 agonist, LY354740 or the selective adenosine A1R agonist, CCPA as well as neurotoxic lesions of lateral entorhinal cortex reduced the ability of SKF81297 to induce ERK activation in the dentate gyrus. This activation required the combined stimulation of NR2B-containing NMDARs, mGluR1 and mGluR5. SKF81297 evoked phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) selectively at the Ser235/236 site while the Ser240/244 site remains unchanged. The SKF81297 induced increased phosphorylation of rpS6 was dependent on PKC and ERK/p90RSK activation. Surprisingly, administration of D1Rs agonist suppressed mTORC1/p70S6K pathway suggesting an mTOR-independent regulation of rpS6 phosphorylation. Taken together, our results show that intact glutamatergic transmission plays a major role in the regulation of ERK-dependent phosphorylation of histone H3 and rpS6 observed in the mouse dentate gyrus after systemic administration of SKF81297.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gangarossa G, Longueville S, De Bundel D, Perroy J, Hervé D, Girault JA, Valjent E. Characterization of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-expressing neurons in the mouse hippocampus. Hippocampus 2012; 22:2199-207. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
16
|
Liu J, Perez SM, Zhang W, Lodge DJ, Lu XY. Selective deletion of the leptin receptor in dopamine neurons produces anxiogenic-like behavior and increases dopaminergic activity in amygdala. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:1024-38. [PMID: 21483433 PMCID: PMC3432580 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The leptin receptor (Lepr) is expressed on midbrain dopamine neurons. However, the specific role of Lepr signaling in dopamine neurons remains to be clarified. In the present study, we generated a line of conditional knockout mice lacking functional Lepr selectively on dopamine neurons (Lepr(DAT-Cre)). These mice exhibit normal body weight and feeding. Behaviorally, Lepr(DAT-Cre) mice display an anxiogenic-like phenotype in the elevated plus-maze, light-dark box, social interaction and novelty-suppressed feeding tests. Depression-related behaviors, as assessed by chronic stress-induced anhedonia, forced swim and tail-suspension tests, were not affected by deletion of Lepr in dopamine neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area revealed an increase in burst firing in Lepr(DAT-Cre) mice. Moreover, blockade of D1-dependent dopamine transmission in the central amygdala by local microinjection of the D1 antagonist SCH23390 attenuated the anxiogenic phenotype of Lepr(DAT-Cre) mice. These findings suggest that Lepr signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons has a crucial role for the expression of anxiety and for the dopamine modulation of amygdala function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Stephanie M. Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Daniel J. Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Xin-Yun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stouffer MA, Ali S, Reith MEA, Patel JC, Sarti F, Carr KD, Rice ME. SKF-83566, a D1-dopamine receptor antagonist, inhibits the dopamine transporter. J Neurochem 2011; 118:714-20. [PMID: 21689106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is an important transmitter in both motor and limbic pathways. We sought to investigate the role of D(1)-receptor activation in axonal DA release regulation in dorsal striatum using a D(1)-receptor antagonist, SKF-83566. Evoked DA release was monitored in rat striatal slices using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. SKF-83566 caused a concentration-dependent increase in peak single-pulse evoked extracellular DA concentration, with a maximum increase of ∼ 65% in 5 μM SKF-83566. This was accompanied by a concentration-dependent increase in extracellular DA concentration clearance time. Both effects were occluded by nomifensine (1 μM), a dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor, suggesting that SKF-83566 acted via the DAT. We tested this by examining [(3)H]DA uptake into LLc-PK cells expressing rat DAT, and confirmed that SKF-83566 is a competitive DAT inhibitor with an IC(50) of 5.7 μM. Binding studies with [(3)H]CFT, a cocaine analog, showed even more potent action of SKF-83566 at the DAT cocaine binding site (IC(50) = 0.51 μM). Thus, data obtained using SKF-83566 as a D(1) DA-receptor antagonist may be confounded by concurrent DAT inhibition. More positively, however, SKF-83566 might be a candidate to attenuate cocaine effects in vivo because of the greater potency of this drug at the cocaine versus DA binding site of the DAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Stouffer
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
O'Connell LA, Fontenot MR, Hofmann HA. Characterization of the dopaminergic system in the brain of an African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni. J Comp Neurol 2010; 519:75-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
19
|
O'Connell LA, Matthews BJ, Ryan MJ, Hofmann HA. Characterization of the dopamine system in the brain of the túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2010; 76:211-25. [PMID: 21099197 DOI: 10.1159/000321715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is an evolutionarily ancient neurotransmitter that plays an essential role in mediating behavior. In vertebrates, dopamine is central to the mesolimbic reward system, a neural network concerned with the valuation of stimulus salience, and to the nigrostriatal motor system and hypothalamic nuclei involved in the regulation of locomotion and social behavior. In amphibians, dopaminergic neurons have been mapped out in several species, yet the distribution of dopaminoreceptive cells is unknown. The túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus, is an excellent model system for the study of neural mechanisms by which valuations of stimuli salience and social decisions are made, especially in the context of mate choice. In order to better understand where dopamine acts to regulate social decisions in this species, we have determined the distribution of putative dopaminergic cells (using tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry) and cells receptive to dopaminergic signaling (using DARPP-32 immunohistochemistry) throughout the brain of P. pustulosus. The distribution of dopaminergic cells was comparable to other anurans. DARPP-32 immunoreactivity was identified in key brain regions known to modulate social behavior in other vertebrates including the proposed anuran homologues of the mammalian amygdalar complex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, striatum, preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, and ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra pars compacta. Due to its widespread distribution, DARPP-32 likely also plays many roles in non-limbic brain regions that mediate non-social information processing. These results significantly extend our understanding of the distribution of the dopaminergic system in the anuran brain and beyond.
Collapse
|
20
|
Miller JS, Tallarida RJ, Unterwald EM. Inhibition of GSK3 attenuates dopamine D1 receptor agonist-induced hyperactivity in mice. Brain Res Bull 2010; 82:184-7. [PMID: 20347018 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a critical role for the intracellular signaling protein glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) in hyperactivity associated with dopaminergic transmission. Here, we investigated whether activation of GSK3 is necessary for the expression of behaviors specifically produced by dopamine D1 receptor activation. To assess the role of GSK3 in dopamine D1 receptor-induced hyperactivity, mice were pretreated with the selective GSK3 inhibitor SB 216763 (0.25-7.5mg/kg, i.p.) or its vehicle prior to administration of the dopamine D1 receptor full-agonist SKF-82958 (1.0mg/kg, i.p.) or saline control. Inhibition of GSK3 via SB 216763 dose-dependently reduced ambulatory and stereotypic activity produced by SKF-82958. These data implicate a role for GSK3 in the behavioral manifestations associated with dopamine D1 receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mundiñano IC, Martínez-Millán L. Somatosensory cross-modal plasticity in the superior colliculus of visually deafferented rats. Neuroscience 2009; 165:1457-70. [PMID: 19932888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of neonatal visual deafferentation on the final adult pattern of cortico-collicular connections from the rat primary somatosensory cortex barrel field were studied by injecting an anterograde tracer (BDA) into different locations of the barrel cortex. Collicular afferents originating in the barrel cortex normally end in the intermediate collicular strata (SGI and SAI). However, neonatal visual deafferentation caused an invasion of abundant somatosensory cortical afferents into the lateral portions of the superficial collicular strata (SGS and SO). Moreover, anterograde-labelled fibers in the intermediate strata were more densely packed in visually deafferented animals. In order to study the activity of the altered somatosensory cortico-collicular connection, the effects of two different types of whisker stimuli on c-fos expression in the SC were analyzed (apomorphine treatment and enriched environment exploration). In stimulated control animals, c-fos expression was clearly evident in neurons of the intermediate layers 2 h after whisker stimulation. Similar stimulation in adult animals that underwent neonatal visual deafferentation triggered higher levels of c-fos expression in the superficial collicular layers that were invaded by cortico-collicular axonal branches. In exploration experiments, increased levels of c-fos expression were also detected in lateral parts of the intermediate layers of visually deafferented animals. These results suggest that the ascending fibers of somatosensory cortical origin can recruit deafferented superficial collicular neurons that enabling them to participate in extravisual behavioural responses mediated by collicular circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I C Mundiñano
- Laboratory of Regenerative Therapy, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Division, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Muly EC, Senyuz M, Khan ZU, Guo JD, Hazra R, Rainnie DG. Distribution of D1 and D5 dopamine receptors in the primate and rat basolateral amygdala. Brain Struct Funct 2009; 213:375-93. [PMID: 19669160 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-009-0214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine, acting at the D1 family receptors (D1R) is critical for the functioning of the amygdala, including fear conditioning and cue-induced reinstatement of drug self administration. However, little is known about the different contributions of the two D1R subtypes, D(1) and D(5). We identified D(1)-immunoreactive patches in the primate that appear similar to the intercalated cell masses reported in the rodent; however, both receptors were present across the subdivisions of the primate amygdala including the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Using immunoelectron microscopy, we established that both receptors have widespread distributions in BLA. The D1R subtypes colocalize in dendritic spines and terminals, with D(1) predominant in spines and D(5) in terminals. Single-cell RT-PCR confirmed that individual BLA projection neurons express both D(1) and D(5) mRNA. The responses of primate BLA neurons to dopamine and D1R drugs were studied using in vitro slices. We found that responses were similar to those previously reported in rat BLA neurons and included a mixture of postsynaptic and presynaptic actions. We investigated the distribution of D1R in the rat BLA and found that there were similarities between the species, such as more prominent D(5) localization to presynaptic structures. The higher affinity of D(5) for dopamine suggests that presynaptic actions may predominate in the BLA at low levels of dopamine, while postsynaptic effects increase and dominate as dopaminergic drive increases. The results presented here suggest a complex action of dopamine on BLA circuitry that may evolve with different degrees of dopaminergic stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Chris Muly
- Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pharmacological characterization and anatomical distribution of the dopamine transporter in the mouse cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 7:242-51. [PMID: 18418665 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-008-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the binding parameters, the pharmacological profile and the anatomical distribution of the dopamine transporter in the mouse cerebellum by using the specific dopamine uptake antagonist [(3)H]GBR12935 and an antidopamine transporter monoclonal antibody. Competition experiments in cerebellar and striatal membrane preparations showed that [(3)H]GBR12935 binds to a specific binding site, sensitive to dopamine and low concentrations of mazindol. The affinity of dopamine for the cerebellar binding site was one order of magnitude lower than the affinity for the striatal binding site. Saturation experiments in cerebellar membrane preparations and thin frozen sections showed that the affinity of [(3)H]GBR12935 for this binding site is similar to its affinity for the striatal dopamine transporter. Saturable binding was lobule specific and in general was higher in the molecular layer compared to the granule cell layer. The immunohistochemical signal was mostly concentrated in the Purkinje cell layer and the cerebellar nuclei. The results suggest that the cerebellar dopamine transporter is similar but not identical to the striatal dopamine transporter and that it is present in the mouse cerebellum in a lobule and lamina specific pattern.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kaewsuk S, Tannenberg RK, Kuo SW, Björkman ST, Govitrapong P, Stadlin A, Dodd PR. Regional expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor proteins in the cerebral cortex of asphyxic newborn infants. J Child Neurol 2009; 24:183-93. [PMID: 19182156 DOI: 10.1177/0883073808322669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptor protein expression was examined by Western blotting in newborn infants dying from cerebral asphyxia between 31 and 42 weeks' gestation, and matched controls. Frontal, occipital, temporal, and motor cortex tissue samples were obtained at autopsy (median postmortem interval 35 hours) and frozen for storage at -80 degrees C. A total of 2 immunoreactive bands were detected with each primary antibody in infant brain, whereas a single band was present in adult human and rat tissue. Immunoreactivity varied between cortical areas for both receptors, but their regional patterns differed significantly. D(1) protein levels were higher in motor and temporal cortex than in frontal or occipital cortex. D(2) protein showed graded expression frontal > motor > occipital > temporal cortex. Asphyxia cases showed lower expression of the upper D(2) immunoreactive band, but no difference in regional pattern. Lower D(2) receptor expression may attenuate stress responses and underlie increased vulnerability to hypoxia at birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukit Kaewsuk
- Neuro-Behavioural Biology Center, Institute of Science and Technology for Research and Development, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Briand LA, Flagel SB, Garcia-Fuster MJ, Watson SJ, Akil H, Sarter M, Robinson TE. Persistent alterations in cognitive function and prefrontal dopamine D2 receptors following extended, but not limited, access to self-administered cocaine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:2969-80. [PMID: 18305460 PMCID: PMC3092154 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Drug addicts have deficits in frontocortical function and cognition even long after the discontinuation of drug use. It is not clear, however, whether the cognitive deficits are a consequence of drug use, or are present prior to drug use, and thus are a potential predisposing factor for addiction. To determine if self-administration of cocaine is capable of producing long-lasting alterations in cognition, rats were allowed access to cocaine for either 1 h/day (short access, ShA) or 6 h/day (long access, LgA) for 3 weeks. Between 1 and 30 days after the last self-administration session, we examined performance on a cognitively demanding test of sustained attention that requires an intact medial prefrontal cortex. The expression levels of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor mRNA and D2 protein in the prefrontal cortex were also examined. Early after discontinuation of drug use, LgA (but not ShA) animals were markedly impaired on the sustained attention task. Although the LgA animals improved over time, they continued to show a persistent pattern of performance deficits indicative of a disruption of cognitive flexibility up to 30 days after the discontinuation of drug use. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in DA D2 (but not D1) mRNA in the medial and orbital prefrontal cortex, and D2 receptor protein in the medial prefrontal cortex of LgA (but not ShA) animals. These findings establish that repeated cocaine use is capable of producing persistent alterations in the prefrontal cortex and in cognitive function, and illustrate the usefulness of extended access self-administration procedures for studying the neurobiology of addiction.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/metabolism
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Cognition Disorders/chemically induced
- Cognition Disorders/metabolism
- Cognition Disorders/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neural Pathways/drug effects
- Neural Pathways/metabolism
- Neural Pathways/physiopathology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Self Administration
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelly B. Flagel
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan
| | | | - Stanley J. Watson
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Michigan
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan
| | - Huda Akil
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Michigan
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan
| | - Martin Sarter
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Michigan
- Department of Psychology, The University of Michigan
| | - Terry E. Robinson
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Michigan
- Department of Psychology, The University of Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Santana N, Mengod G, Artigas F. Quantitative analysis of the expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in pyramidal and GABAergic neurons of the rat prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:849-60. [PMID: 18689859 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesocortical dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter in cognitive processes and is involved in schizophrenia and antipsychotic drug action. DA exerts a highly complex modulation of network activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC), possibly due to the recruitment of multiple signaling pathways and to specialized cellular localizations of DA receptors in cortical microcircuits. Using double in situ hybridization, we quantitatively assessed the expression of D(1) and D(2) receptor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in pyramidal and gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurons of rat PFC. The proportion of pyramidal and GABA cells expressing these transcripts shows great regional variability in PFC, with little overlap (layer V). More pyramidal and GABA cells express D(1) than D(2) receptors. D(1) receptors are expressed by a greater proportion of GABA than pyramidal neurons, yet the number of D(1)-positive pyramidal cells outnumbers D(1)-positive interneurons due to the greater abundance of pyramidal neurons. Occasional PFC cells show high levels of mRNA, similar to those in striatal neurons. Finally, pyramidal and GABAergic cells expressing the same transcript were almost never found in close apposition, yet D(2)-containing pyramidal neurons were often found close to non-D(2) GABA neurons. Thus, cellular and network DA actions in PFC are region and layer specific and may depend on precise cellular interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Santana
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Martelle JL, Nader MA. A review of the discovery, pharmacological characterization, and behavioral effects of the dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist eticlopride. CNS Neurosci Ther 2008; 14:248-62. [PMID: 18801115 PMCID: PMC2753830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eticlopride is a substituted benzamide analog with high affinity and selectivity for dopamine (DA) D2-like receptors that was initially developed as a potential antipsychotic agent. A great deal of research has utilized this drug to better understand central DA receptor function, the role of D2-like receptors in behavior, and the influence of blockade of these receptors on several preclinical animal models. This review highlights research utilizing this drug and compares it to typical and atypical antipsychotics used clinically. First, we describe structure-activity relationships as it relates to binding at DA receptors and the consequences on behavior. This is followed by a discussion of several imaging strategies including the use of eticlopride for in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo examination of DA D2-like receptor densities and function. Finally, we discuss the use of eticlopride in several behavioral models predictive of antipsychotic activity, extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), and learning and memory. While eticlopride is not used clinically, it remains a viable research tool for understanding DA receptor function and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Martelle
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston‐Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael A. Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston‐Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xiao C, Zhou C, Li K, Ye JH. Presynaptic GABAA receptors facilitate GABAergic transmission to dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of young rats. J Physiol 2007; 580:731-43. [PMID: 17303643 PMCID: PMC2075446 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.124099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABA(A)R)-mediated postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) were recorded from dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area of young rats in acute brain slices and from mechanically dissociated neurons. Low concentrations (0.1-0.3 microm) of muscimol, a selective GABA(A)R agonist, increased the amplitude, and reduced the paired pulse ratio of evoked IPSCs. Moreover, muscimol increased the frequency but not the amplitude of spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs). These data point to a presynaptic locus of muscimol action. It is interesting that 1 microm muscimol caused an inhibition of sIPSCs, which was reversed to potentiation by the GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP52432. Isoguvacine, a selective GABA(A)R agonist that belongs to a different class, mimicked the effects of muscimol on sIPSCs: it increased them at low (
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Misgeld U, Drew G, Yanovsky Y. Presynaptic modulation of GABA release in the basal ganglia. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2007; 160:245-59. [PMID: 17499118 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)60014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Presynaptic receptors provide plasticity to GABAergic synapses in the basal ganglia network, in which GABA neurons outnumber all other neurons. Presynaptic receptors, mostly of the metabotropic type, enhance or reduce the strength of synaptic inhibition and are activated by ligands being released from the GABA terminals themselves (autoreceptors) or by ligands coming from other sources (heteroreceptors), including the target neurons innervated by the GABA terminals. The latter mechanism, termed retrograde signaling, is given particular emphasis as far as it occurs in substantia nigra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Misgeld
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology and Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Guitart-Masip M, Johansson B, Fernández-Teruel A, Cañete T, Tobeña A, Terenius L, Giménez-Llort L. Divergent anatomical pattern of D1 and D3 binding and dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa mRNA expression in the Roman rat strains: Implications for drug addiction. Neuroscience 2006; 142:1231-43. [PMID: 17008016 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoradiography analysis of D1, D2 and D3 dopamine receptors and in situ hybridization analysis of mRNA for dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) were performed in brains of naïve Roman high avoidance (RHA) and Roman low avoidance (RLA) inbred rats. These strains, genetically selected for high (RHA) or extremely low (RLA) active avoidance acquisition in the two-way shuttle box, differ in indices of dopaminergic activity along with sensation/novelty and substance-seeking behavioral profiles. The present study shows no differences in D2 receptor binding between the two strains. In contrast, the D1 and D3 receptor binding in the nucleus accumbens was higher in RHA-I rats, whereas RLA-I rats show higher D3 binding in the Calleja islands. Together with previous evidence showing behavioral and presynaptic differences related to the dopamine system, the present results suggest a higher dopaminergic tone at the nucleus accumbens shell in RHA-I rats. Besides, the comparison of the expression pattern of DARPP-32 mRNA with that of dopamine receptor binding revealed a mismatch in some amygdala nuclei. In some cortical structures (prelimbic and cingulate cortices, the dentate gyrus) as well as in the central amygdala, RHA-I rats showed higher DARPP-32 mRNA expression than RLA-I rats. Hence, RHA-I and RLA-I rats may be a useful tool to identify dopamine-related mechanisms that predispose to drug and alcohol dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Guitart-Masip
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pickel VM, Colago EE, Mania I, Molosh AI, Rainnie DG. Dopamine D1 receptors co-distribute with N-methyl-D-aspartic acid type-1 subunits and modulate synaptically-evoked N-methyl-D-aspartic acid currents in rat basolateral amygdala. Neuroscience 2006; 142:671-90. [PMID: 16905271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of dopamine D1 or glutamate, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) can potently influence affective behaviors and associative learning. Physical protein-protein interactions also can occur between C-terminal peptides of D1 receptors and the NMDA-receptor subunit-1 (NR1), suggesting intracellular associations of direct relevance to dopaminergic modulation of NMDA currents. We examined this possibility by combining electron microscopic immunolabeling of the D1 and NR1 C-terminal peptides with in vitro patch-clamp recording in the rat BLA. In the in vivo preparations, D1 and NR1 were localized to the surface or endomembranes of many of the same somata and dendrites as well as a few axon terminals, including those forming asymmetric, excitatory-type synapses. In vitro analysis of physiologically characterized projection neurons revealed an excitatory response to bath application of either dopamine or the preferential D1 receptor agonist, dihydrexidine. In these neurons, dopamine also selectively reduced stimulation-evoked isolated NMDA receptor-mediated currents, but not isolated non-NMDA receptor-mediated currents or the response to exogenous NMDA application. The selective reduction of the NMDA receptor-mediated currents suggests that this effect occurs at a postsynaptic locus. Moreover, both D1 and NR1 were localized to postsynaptic surfaces of biocytin-filled and physiologically characterized projection neurons. Our results provide ultrastructural evidence for D1/NR1 endomembrane associations that may dynamically contribute to the attenuation of NMDA receptor-mediated currents following prior activation of D1 receptors in BLA projection neurons. The potential for postsynaptic cross-talk between D1 and NMDA receptors in BLA projection neurons as well as a similar interaction in presynaptic terminals could have important implications for the formation and extinction of affective memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Pickel
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 411 East 69th Street, Room KB-410, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Olson VG, Zabetian CP, Bolanos CA, Edwards S, Barrot M, Eisch AJ, Hughes T, Self DW, Neve RL, Nestler EJ. Regulation of drug reward by cAMP response element-binding protein: evidence for two functionally distinct subregions of the ventral tegmental area. J Neurosci 2006; 25:5553-62. [PMID: 15944383 PMCID: PMC6724971 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0345-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) is implicated in the actions of drugs of abuse in several brain areas, but little information is available about a role for CREB in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), one of the key reward regions of the brain. Here, we demonstrate that chronic exposure to drugs of abuse induces CREB activity throughout the VTA. Using viral-mediated gene transfer, we expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged CREB or mCREB (a dominant-negative form of CREB) in the VTA and, using a conditioned place-preference paradigm, found that CREB activation within the rostral versus caudal subregions of the VTA produces opposite effects on drug reward. We identified VTA subregion-specific differences in the proportion of dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons and in the dopaminergic projections to the nucleus accumbens, another brain region implicated in drug reward, and suggest that this may contribute to behavioral differences in this study. We also measured expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and the AMPA glutamate receptor subunit GluR1, both of which are known to contribute to drug reward in the VTA, and found that both of these genes are upregulated following the expression of CREB-GFP and downregulated following expression of mCREB-GFP, raising the possibility that CREB may exert its effects on drug reward, in part, via regulation of these genes. These results suggest a novel role for CREB in mediating drug-induced plasticity in the VTA and establish two functionally distinct subregions of the VTA in which CREB differentially regulates drug reward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie G Olson
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9070, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
RØNNEKLEIV OLINEK, FANG YUAN, CHOI WANS, CHAI LIN. Changes in the Midbrain-Rostral Forebrain Dopamine Circuitry in the Cocaine-Exposed Primate Fetal Braina. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 846:165-181. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
34
|
Furuta T, Kaneko T. Third pathway in the cortico-basal ganglia loop: Neurokinin B-producing striatal neurons modulate cortical activity via striato-innominato-cortical projection. Neurosci Res 2006; 54:1-10. [PMID: 16290238 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the cortico-basal ganglia loop, striatal regions serve as 'entrances' to the basal ganglia, receiving massive inputs from the cerebral cortex and sending 'direct' and 'indirect' pathways to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. However, we have recently identified a new striatofugal subgroup which produces neurokinin B (NKB). Although NKB-producing neurons constitute a minority of striatal neurons, this subgroup is distinguished by the unique distribution and chemical characteristics. NKB-producing striatal neurons are distributed in association with mu-opioid receptor localization, and rarely express DARPP32, which is produced by the major striatofugal neurons and coupled with dopaminergic signaling. Further interestingly NKB-producing striatal neurons send axons to basal forebrain regions, but not to the main target regions of striatal outflow, pallidal or mesencephalic regions. In the basal forebrain, some GABAergic inhibitory neurons express NK3 receptor, selective receptor for NKB, and directly send axons to the cerebral cortex. The NK3-expressing neurons show different electrical properties from cholinergic basal forebrain neurons, and display facilitatory responses to stimulation of NK3 receptor. These findings strongly suggest that NKB-producing striatal neurons and NK3-expressing basal forebrain neurons constitute a third pathway which bypasses the common output nuclei of the basal ganglia, and more directly control or modulate cortical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Furuta
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
In the central nervous system, dopamine is known to play a critical role in motor and cognitive functions. Although the cerebellum plays a role in the control of movement and posture and in cognitive functions, it has not been considered to be a dopaminergic region and the dopamine present was thought to represent a precursor of noradrenaline. However, recent evidence suggests that in the cerebellum there is a small dopaminergic element, whose properties are similar to the well characterized system of striatum. In order to better understand the functional role of this system and to delineate its specific interactions within the cerebellum, the distribution and properties of dopamine transporter (DAT) in the cerebellum of reeler and Purkinje cell degeneration (Nna1pcd) mutant mice, which are characterized by severe loss of different cell populations and abnormalities in synapse formation, have been studied. Kinetic studies revealed that [3H]dopamine is transported into cerebellar synaptosomes prepared from normal mice with affinities similar to that into striatal synaptosomes but with much lower maximal velocities. In reeler cerebellar synaptosomes the number of transport sites is significantly reduced. In Nna1pcd cerebellar synaptosomes the kinetic properties of transport of [3H]dopamine are similar to the normal. However, in vitro quantitative DAT autoradiography revealed a significantly increased binding in cerebellar nuclei, a decreased binding in molecular layer and an unaltered binding in the granule cell layer. These observations confirm a dopaminergic innervation of the cerebellum and contribute to our understanding of the intracerebellar distribution of the dopaminergic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Giompres
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rion, Greece.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bubser M, Fadel JR, Jackson LL, Meador-Woodruff JH, Jing D, Deutch AY. Dopaminergic regulation of orexin neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:2993-3001. [PMID: 15978010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Orexin/hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and adjacent perifornical area (LH/PFA) innervate midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons that project to corticolimbic sites and subserve psychostimulant-induced locomotor activity. However, it is not known whether dopamine neurons in turn regulate the activity of orexin cells. We examined the ability of dopamine agonists to activate orexin neurons in the rat, as reflected by induction of Fos. The mixed dopamine agonist apomorphine increased Fos expression in orexin cells, with a greater effect on orexin neurons located medial to the fornix. Both the selective D1-like agonist, A-77636, and the D2-like agonist, quinpirole, also induced Fos in orexin cells, suggesting that stimulation of either receptor subtype is sufficient to activate orexin neurons. Consistent with this finding, combined SCH 23390 (D1 antagonist)-haloperidol (D2 antagonist) pretreatment blocked apomorphine-induced activation of medial as well as lateral orexin neurons; in contrast, pretreatment with either the D1-like or D2-like antagonists alone did not attenuate apomorphine-induced activation of medial orexin cells. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that LH/PFA cells rarely express mRNAs encoding dopamine receptors, suggesting that orexin cells are transsynaptically activated by apomorphine. We therefore lesioned the nucleus accumbens, a site known to regulate orexin cells, but this treatment did not alter apomorphine-elicited activation of medial or lateral orexin neurons. Interestingly, apomorphine failed to activate orexin cells in isoflurane-anaesthetized animals. These data suggest that apomorphine-induced arousal but not accumbens-mediated hyperactivity is required for dopamine to transsynaptically activate orexin neurons.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Afferent Pathways/anatomy & histology
- Afferent Pathways/drug effects
- Afferent Pathways/metabolism
- Animals
- Arousal/drug effects
- Arousal/physiology
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Hyperkinesis/chemically induced
- Hyperkinesis/metabolism
- Hyperkinesis/physiopathology
- Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/anatomy & histology
- Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/drug effects
- Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/drug effects
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/drug effects
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- Orexin Receptors
- Orexins
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Dopamine/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Neuropeptide
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bubser
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bari AA, Pierce RC. D1-like and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists administered into the shell subregion of the rat nucleus accumbens decrease cocaine, but not food, reinforcement. Neuroscience 2005; 135:959-68. [PMID: 16111825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine self-administration experiments were designed to assess the respective roles of D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors in the ventral forebrain in cocaine reinforcement. D1-like or D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists were microinjected into the nucleus accumbens core, nucleus accumbens shell, neostriatum or lateral septum prior to sessions in which cocaine was self-administered under a progressive ratio schedule by rats. The results indicated that administration of a D1/5 (SCH-23390) or a D2/D3/D4 (eticlopride), but not a D3 (U99194A) or D4 (L-750,667), dopamine receptor antagonist into the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens decreased the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine. However, in control experiments intra-accumbal core administration of SCH-23390 or eticlopride decreased food self-administration, whereas administration of these drugs into the accumbens shell had no effect on food reinforcement. Neither SCH-23390 nor eticlopride influenced cocaine reinforcement when administered into the neostriatum or lateral septum. Collectively, these results indicate that D1-like and D2 dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell selectively modulate the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine, whereas D1-like and D2 dopamine receptors in the accumbens core have a more general influence on reinforced behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Bari
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, L-603, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Valjent E, Pagès C, Hervé D, Girault JA, Caboche J. Addictive and non-addictive drugs induce distinct and specific patterns of ERK activation in mouse brain. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:1826-36. [PMID: 15078556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of research on addiction is to identify the molecular mechanisms of long-lasting behavioural alterations induced by drugs of abuse. Cocaine and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the striatum and blockade of the ERK pathway prevents establishment of conditioned place preference to these drugs. However, it is not known whether activation of ERK in the striatum is specific for these two drugs and/or this brain region. We studied the appearance of phospho-ERK immunoreactive neurons in CD-1 mouse brain following acute administration of drugs commonly abused by humans, cocaine, morphine, nicotine and THC, or of other psychoactive compounds including caffeine, scopolamine, antidepressants and antipsychotics. Each drug generated a distinct regional pattern of ERK activation. All drugs of abuse increased ERK phosphorylation in nucleus accumbens, lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central amygdala and deep layers of prefrontal cortex, through a dopamine D1 receptor-dependent mechanism. Although some non-addictive drugs moderately activated ERK in a few of these areas, they never induced this combined pattern of strong activation. Antidepressants and caffeine activated ERK in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Typical antipsychotics mildly activated ERK in dorsal striatum and superficial prefrontal cortex, whereas clozapine had no effect in the striatum, but more widespread effects in cortex and amygdala. Our results outline a subset of structures in which ERK activation might specifically contribute to the long-term effects of drugs of abuse, and suggest mapping ERK activation in brain as a way to identify potential sites of action of psychoactive drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Valjent
- Signal Transduction and Plasticity in the Nervous System, INSERM/UPMC U536, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mathon DS, Kamal A, Smidt MP, Ramakers GMJ. Modulation of cellular activity and synaptic transmission in the ventral tegmental area. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 480:97-115. [PMID: 14623354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mesolimbic dopamine system, of which the cell bodies are located in the ventral tegmental area, has been implicated in the physiology of reward and the related pathophysiology of drug abuse. This area has been a site of significant interest to study the effects of drugs of abuse and neurotransmitter systems implicated in the rewarding effects of these compounds. One important aspect of synaptic transmission is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken their connection as a consequence of synaptic activity. Recently, it has become apparent that this phenomenon is also present in the ventral tegmental area and that this may bear important functional consequences for the ways in which drugs of abuse assert their effect. Here, we will review the effects of neurotransmitter systems and drugs of abuse on cellular activity and synaptic transmission in the ventral tegmental area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Mathon
- Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Spangler R, Goddard NL, Avena NM, Hoebel BG, Leibowitz SF. Elevated D3 dopamine receptor mRNA in dopaminergic and dopaminoceptive regions of the rat brain in response to morphine. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 111:74-83. [PMID: 12654507 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As opiates increase dopamine transmission, we measured the effects of morphine on dopamine-related genes using a real-time optic PCR assay that reliably detects small differences in mRNA in discrete brain regions. Tissue from dopaminoceptive and dopaminergic brain regions was collected from rats injected twice daily for 7 days with saline or increasing doses of morphine. Tissues were assayed for D1, D2 and D3 dopamine receptor mRNAs (D1R, D2R and D3R), as well as for mRNAs for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the dopamine transporter (DAT). The neuron-associated mRNAs for SNAP-25 and synaptophysin, as well as the glial-associated mRNA for S100-beta and three 'housekeeping' mRNAs, were also measured. As reported previously by others, there was no alteration in D1R mRNA and a 25% decrease in D2R mRNA in the caudate-putamen, 2 h after the final morphine injection. Importantly, in the same RNA extracts, D3R mRNA showed significant increases of 85% in the caudate-putamen and 165% in the ventral midbrain, including the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. There were no other significant morphine effects. Mapping of brain regions in saline control rats agreed with previous studies, including showing the presence of low abundance TH mRNA and the absence of DAT mRNA in the caudate-putamen. The finding that chronic, intermittent injections of morphine caused an increase in D3R mRNA extends our understanding of the ability of D3R agonists to reduce the effects of morphine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolph Spangler
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, Box 278, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Furuta T, Zhou L, Kaneko T. Preprodynorphin-, preproenkephalin-, preprotachykinin A- and preprotachykinin B-immunoreactive neurons in the accumbens nucleus and olfactory tubercle: double-immunofluorescence analysis. Neuroscience 2002; 114:611-27. [PMID: 12220564 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Preprodynorphin (PPD), preproenkephalin (PPE) and preprotachykinins A (PPTA) and B (PPTB) are known to be expressed by neostriatal projection neurons. In the present study, we investigated the distributions and colocalizations of immunoreactivities for those prepropeptides in the ventral striatum, such as the accumbens nucleus (Acb) and olfactory tubercle (OT). Antibodies raised against C-terminal portions of the prepropeptides labeled cell bodies of neurons with diameters of 8-15 microm. PPD-, PPE- and PPTA-immunoreactive neurons were distributed throughout the Acb and concentrated in the dense cell layer of the OT. PPTB-immunoreactive neurons were observed to form cell clusters, which were localized in mu-opioid receptor-immunoreactive patchy regions in the Acb, but were very rarely found in the dense cell layer of the OT. Double-immunofluorescence analysis revealed that PPD, PPE and PPTB immunoreactivities were shown in 69%, 19% and 14% of PPTA-immunoreactive neurons, respectively, in the Acb core region, and in 92%, 7% and 25% of PPTA-immunoreactive neurons, respectively, in the Acb shell region. In the olfactory bulb, 51%, 19% and 3% of PPTA-immunoreactive neurons showed PPD, PPE and PPTB immunoreactivities, respectively. PPD and PPE immunoreactivities were rarely coexpressed in single neurons of all striatal regions. The present results indicated that, although PPTA and PPE were occasionally coexpressed in single neurons of the ventral striatum, the segregated expression of PPD and PPE in the ventral striatum was similar to that in the dorsal striatum. The clustered localization of PPTB-expressing neurons in the Acb and near absence of PPTB-expressing neurons in the dense cell layer of the OT suggests that neurokinin B is a key substance in differentiating between the ventral and dorsal striatal regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Furuta
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhu Z, Bartol M, Shen K, Johnson SW. Excitatory effects of dopamine on subthalamic nucleus neurons: in vitro study of rats pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine and levodopa. Brain Res 2002; 945:31-40. [PMID: 12113949 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased output from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) following chronic dopamine depletion has been linked to the rigidity and tremor seen in Parkinson's disease (PD). We used extracellular microelectrode recordings from rat brain slices to investigate effects of dopamine on STN neurons. In brain slices prepared from rats that received unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatment, the spontaneous firing rate of STN neurons was reduced by 63%, and the firing pattern was more irregular, compared to STN neurons from normal rats. However, treatment with levodopa (50 mg/kg, i.p., daily) for 4 weeks normalized the firing rate and pattern of STN neurons in the 6-OHDA-treated rats. Dopamine (3-300 microM), added to the superfusate, significantly increased the firing rates of STN neurons in a concentration-dependent fashion, and also produced a more regular firing pattern in 6-OHDA-lesioned tissue. This excitatory effect of dopamine was mimicked by a D2 receptor agonist (quinpirole), and was reduced by the D2 antagonists haloperidol, clozapine and sulpiride. Antagonists of the D1 receptor (SCH-23390) and ionotropic glutamatergic receptors (CNQX and AP5) could not block the effect of dopamine on firing rate. These results suggest that dopamine exerts a direct excitatory influence on STN neurons via the activation of D2-like receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zitao Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L-334, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lu W, Marinelli M, Xu D, Worley PF, Wolf ME. Amphetamine and cocaine do not increase Narp expression in rat ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens or prefrontal cortex, but Narp may contribute to individual differences in responding to a novel environment. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 15:2027-36. [PMID: 12099908 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Narp is an immediate early gene product that acts extracellularly to cluster AMPA receptors at excitatory synapses. The present study tested the hypothesis that drugs of abuse alter Narp expression and thereby influence AMPA receptor transmission in addiction-related circuits. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the existence of Narp-positive cells in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), with lower levels of staining in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). To study the effects of psychomotor stimulants, Narp levels were quantified by Western blotting and normalized to actin. There were no differences in Narp levels in any brain region between rats treated with repeated saline injections, a single amphetamine injection (5 mg/kg), repeated amphetamine injections (5 mg/kg x 5 days), or repeated cocaine injections (20 mg/kg twice daily x 7 days). We also examined the possible role of Narp in individual differences in responding to a novel environment, a predictor of behavioural responses to psychomotor stimulant drugs including the propensity to acquire drug self-administration. Narp levels in the PFC, but not other regions, were significantly correlated with locomotor activity in a novel environment. These findings suggest that differential Narp expression in the PFC may be involved in determining individual vulnerability to drugs of abuse, perhaps by influencing the activity of its excitatory projections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Lu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhu ZT, Shen KZ, Johnson SW. Pharmacological identification of inward current evoked by dopamine in rat subthalamic neurons in vitro. Neuropharmacology 2002; 42:772-81. [PMID: 12015203 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic mechanisms in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) are implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Here, electrophysiological responses of STN neurons to dopamine (DA) were investigated by using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in the rat brain slice preparation. Under current-clamp, DA depolarized membrane potential and increased the frequency of spontaneous action potentials of STN neurons. Under voltage-clamp, DA (3-300 microM) produced a reversible concentration-dependent inward current (I(DA); 6-40 pA) with an EC(50) of 13 microM. This DA-induced current had a negative slope conductance which reversed at -102 mV. It was partially reduced by barium and by superfusion with an elevated concentration of extracellular K(+). Moreover, TTX and glutamate receptor antagonists (CNQX and AP5) did not significantly affect the DA responses, indicating that I(DA) is not dependent upon afferent synaptic activity in the STN. Quinpirole, a D(2) receptor agonist, mimicked the DA action more effectively than did the D(1) agonist SKF-38393. The D(2) antagonist sulpiride, but not the D(1) antagonist SCH-23390, blocked responses induced by DA. Intracellular application of G-protein inhibitor GDP-beta-S also suppressed I(DA). GTP-gamma-S, added to the pipette solution, evoked a sustained inward shift in the absence of DA. These results suggest that DA increases the activity of STN neurons via activation of G-protein-coupled D(2)-like receptors which reduce a K(+) conductance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Tao Zhu
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zelenin S, Aperia A, Diaz Heijtz R. Calcyon in the rat brain: cloning of cDNA and expression of mRNA. J Comp Neurol 2002; 446:37-45. [PMID: 11920718 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Calcyon is a 24 kD protein recently cloned from a human brain cDNA library and shown to interact with the dopamine receptor 1 (D1R) of D1-like receptors. This interaction shifts the effector coupling of D1R to stimulate a calcium signaling pathway, without influencing the D1R-adenylyl-cAMP pathway. To obtain more knowledge about the potential role of calcyon in the brain, we cloned rat calcyon cDNA and studied its distribution in the brain. Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR revealed that rat calcyon mRNA was expressed only in the brain. With the use of the in situ hybridization technique, we studied rat calcyon mRNA distribution in the brain and related it to the distribution of D1R and dopamine receptor 5 (D5R) mRNAs. Prominent calcyon mRNA signals were found in several brain regions, including hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and medial prefrontal cortex. Less abundant calcyon mRNA expression was observed in the dorsal striatum region, where D1R mRNA is highly expressed and where D1R/cAMP-DARPP-32 signaling pathway is of great functional importance. The strongest expression of D5R mRNA was found in the hippocampus and cerebellum, where D1R mRNA expression was relatively low. In conclusion, rat calcyon appears to be a brain specific protein. There is a certain overlap between calcyon mRNA distribution and that of the D1R and D5 mRNAs, indicating that calcyon might be associated not only with D1R but also with D5R.
Collapse
|
46
|
Hermann H, Marsicano G, Lutz B. Coexpression of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 with dopamine and serotonin receptors in distinct neuronal subpopulations of the adult mouse forebrain. Neuroscience 2002; 109:451-60. [PMID: 11823058 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) displays unusual properties, including the dual capacity to inhibit or stimulate adenylate cyclase and a brain density considerably higher than the majority of G protein-coupled receptors. Together with overlapping expression patterns of dopamine and serotonin receptors this suggests a potential of CB1 to modulate the function of the dopamine and serotonin system. Indeed, pharmacological studies provide evidence for cross-talks between CB1 and receptors of these neurotransmitter systems. In trying to obtain further insights into possible functional and/or structural interactions between CB1 and the dopamine receptors and the serotonin receptors, we performed double-label in situ hybridization at the cellular level on mouse forebrain sections by combining a digoxigenin-labelled riboprobe for CB1 with 35S-labelled riboprobes for dopamine receptors D1 and D2, and for serotonin receptors 5-HT1B and 5-HT3, respectively. As a general rule, we found that CB1 colocalizes with D1, D2 and 5-HT1B only in low-CB1-expressing cells which are principal projecting neurons, whereas CB1 coexpression with 5-HT3 was also observed in high-CB1-expressing cells which are considered to be mostly GABAergic. In striatum and olfactory tubercle, CB1 is coexpressed to a high extent with D1, D2 and 5-HT1B. Throughout the hippocampal formation, CB1 is coexpressed with D2, 5-HT1B and 5-HT3. In the neocortex, coexpression was detected only with 5-HT1B and 5-HT3. In summary a distinct pattern is emerging for the cannabinoid system with regard to its colocalization with dopamine and serotonin receptors and, therefore, it is likely that different mechanisms underlie its cross-talk with these neurotransmitter systems.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cannabinoids/metabolism
- Cannabinoids/pharmacology
- Dopamine/metabolism
- In Situ Hybridization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Prosencephalon/cytology
- Prosencephalon/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B
- Receptors, Cannabinoid
- Receptors, Dopamine/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Drug/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Hermann
- Group Molecular Genetics of Behavior, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, D-80804, Munich, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Novelty-seeking personality traits have been implicated in substance abuse and psychiatric disorders in humans. Novelty-seeking behaviors are also observed in rats, and individual rats exhibit substantial differences in expression of these behaviors. Thus, some rats exhibit low reactivity to novelty and high anxiety-like behavior and are termed low responders, while others are hyperresponsive to novelty and exhibit low anxiety-like behavior and are termed high responders. While we and others had shown differences in patterns of gene expression in high and low responding animals at rest, no studies have described their brain activation following an anxiety test. We report here that a 5-min exposure to an anxiogenic stressor induced distinct patterns of c-fos expression in the brains of high and low responding rats. When compared to low responders, high responding rats showed low expression of c-fos mRNA in the CA1 area of the hippocampus, but high c-fos mRNA levels in the olfactory area, the orbital cortex, the cingulate cortex, the dorsal striatum and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Given that c-fos is a trans-acting factor, we suggest that the short- and long-term consequences of the exposure to the anxiogenic stressor may also be quantitatively and anatomically different in these two groups of animals. Thus, these c-fos results demonstrate how experience may further exaggerate individual differences. Animals that differ in emotional reactivity not only exhibit basal differences in gene expression, but also react to novelty with different molecular responses, further increasing the neuronal differences between them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kabbaj
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0720, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hurley MJ, Mash DC, Jenner P. Dopamine D(1) receptor expression in human basal ganglia and changes in Parkinson's disease. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 87:271-9. [PMID: 11245931 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the human dopamine D(1) receptor was examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and radioligand binding using [(3)H]-SCH23390 in post-mortem brain tissue that was obtained from normal subjects and patients dying with Parkinson's disease who were receiving treatment with dopaminergic drugs. D(1) receptor mRNA and specific [(3)H]-SCH23390 binding sites were found in both striatal (nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus and putamen) and extrastriatal (globus pallidus and substantia nigra) brain regions. In parkinsonian brain, D(1) receptor mRNA was increased in the nucleus accumbens, while a decrease was detected in the substantia nigra pars compacta. No change in D(1) mRNA levels was found in the other brain areas examined. An increase in the density of specific [(3)H]-SCH23390 binding sites was found in the anterior putamen and a decrease in the external segment of the globus pallidus, no changes were detected elsewhere. This study demonstrates that regulation of D(1) receptor expression in the brain of patients dying with Parkinson's disease that were treated with L-DOPA is confined to small alterations in restricted brain regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Hurley
- Neurology Department, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 31336, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has long been known to be involved in the mediation of complex behavioral responses. Considerable research efforts are directed towards refining the knowledge about the function of this brain area and the role it plays in cognitive performance and behavioral output. In the first part, this review provides, from a pharmacological perspective, an overview of anatomical, electrophysiological and neurochemical aspects of the function of the PFC, with an emphasis on the mesocortical dopamine system. Anatomy of the mesocortical system, basic physiological and pharmacological properties of neurotransmission within the PFC, and interactions between dopamine and glutamate as well as other transmitters within the mesocorticolimbic circuit are included. The coverage of these data is largely restricted to what is relevant for the second part of the review which focuses on behavioral studies that have examined the role of the PFC in a variety of phenomena, behaviors and paradigms. These include reward and addiction, locomotor activity and sensitization, learning, cognition, and schizophrenia. Although the focus of this review is on the mesocortical dopamine system, given the intricate interactions of dopamine with other transmitter systems within the PFC and the importance of the PFC as a source of glutamate in subcortical areas, these aspects are also covered in some detail where appropriate. Naturally, a topic as complex as this cannot be covered comprehensively in its entirety. Therefore this review is largely limited to data derived from studies using rats, and it is also specifically restricted to data concerning the medial PFC (mPFC). Since in several fields of research the findings concerning the function or role of the mPFC are relatively inconsistent, the question is addressed whether these inconsistencies might, at least in part, be related to the anatomical and functional heterogeneity of this brain area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Tzschentke
- Grünenthal GmbH, Research and Development, Department of Pharmacology, Postfach 500444, 52088, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Campbell BM, Walker PD. Striatal preprotachykinin mRNA levels are regulated by stimulatory agents and dopamine D1 receptor manipulation in rodent organotypic slice cultures. Brain Res 2001; 888:26-33. [PMID: 11146049 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have utilized an organotypic slice culture system to determine factors which directly influence the expression of striatal preprotachykinin (PPT) mRNA. Striatal slices were generated from 3-day-old male rat pups and cultured on Millicell-CM inserts in serum-containing media. Under these conditions, striatal PPT mRNA levels fell significantly (-55.7+/-6.2%) in slices cultured for 2 days in vitro (2DIV) as compared to slices placed in culture for 3 h (0DIV). However, striatal PPT mRNA expression did not decline further in 4DIV cultured slices (-59.6+/-7.1%). When 2DIV slices were exposed to combined high potassium (K(+), 10 mM) and forskolin (10 microM) stimulation for 3 h, PPT mRNA levels were increased within areas of the brain normally associated with tachykinin production. Application of the dopamine (DA) D1 receptor agonist SKF-38393 (10 microM) at 2DIV for 3 h also increased (+162.9+/-28.9%) PPT mRNA expression, but increases were localized within the striatum. SKF-38393-stimulated increases were completely blocked by the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 (10 microM), which alone had no effect on mRNA levels. However, a 3-h incubation with SKF-38393 on 0DIV slice cultures did not affect PPT mRNA expression whereas SCH-23390 decreased PPT message levels (-24.5+/-5.4%). These findings indicate that tachykinin gene expression is inducible within slice culture preparations and that the maintenance of normal striatal PPT mRNA levels depends on DA D1 receptor tone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Campbell
- Cellular and Clinical Neurobiology Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|