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Kimura T, Akazawa T, Mizote Y, Nakamura H, Sakaue M, Maniwa T, Shintani Y, Honma K, Tahara H, Okami J. Progressive changes in the protein expression profile of alveolar septa in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol 2024; 29:771-779. [PMID: 38600426 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-024-02507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenocarcinomas show a stepwise progression from atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) through adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) to invasive adenocarcinoma (IA). Immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat (ISLR) is a marker of tumor-restraining cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are distinct from conventional, strongly α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-positive CAFs. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) has been focused on as a potential therapeutic and diagnostic target of CAFs. METHODS We investigated the changes in protein expression during adenocarcinoma progression in the pre-existing alveolar septa by assessing ISLR, αSMA, and FAP expression in normal lung, AAH, AIS, and IA. Fourteen AAH, seventeen AIS, and twenty IA lesions were identified and randomly sampled. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate cancer-associated changes and FAP expression in the pre-existing alveolar structures. RESULTS Normal alveolar septa expressed ISLR. The ISLR level in the alveolar septa decreased in AAH and AIS tissues when compared with that in normal lung tissue. The αSMA-positive area gradually increased from the adjacent lung tissue (13.3% ± 15%) to AIS (87.7% ± 14%), through AAH (70.2% ± 21%). Moreover, the FAP-positive area gradually increased from AAH (1.69% ± 1.4%) to IA (11.8% ± 7.1%), through AIS (6.11% ± 5.3%). Protein expression changes are a feature of CAFs in the pre-existing alveolar septa that begin in AAH. These changes gradually progressed from AAH to IA through AIS. CONCLUSIONS FAP-positive fibroblasts may contribute to tumor stroma formation in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma, and this could influence the development of therapeutic strategies targeting FAP-positive CAFs for disrupting extracellular matrix formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kimura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan.
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-L5, Yamadaoka, , Suita, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takashi Akazawa
- Department of Cancer Drug Discovery and Development, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Yu Mizote
- Department of Cancer Drug Discovery and Development, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Harumi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genomic Pathology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Miki Sakaue
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Maniwa
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shintani
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-L5, Yamadaoka, , Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Honma
- Department of Pathology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tahara
- Department of Cancer Drug Discovery and Development, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
- Project Division of Cancer Biomolecular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Jiro Okami
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
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2
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Basalova N, Alexandrushkina N, Grigorieva O, Kulebyakina M, Efimenko A. Fibroblast Activation Protein Alpha (FAPα) in Fibrosis: Beyond a Perspective Marker for Activated Stromal Cells? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1718. [PMID: 38136590 PMCID: PMC10742035 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of tissue fibrosis is a complex process involving the interaction of multiple cell types, which makes the search for antifibrotic agents rather challenging. So far, myofibroblasts have been considered the key cell type that mediated the development of fibrosis and thus was the main target for therapy. However, current strategies aimed at inhibiting myofibroblast function or eliminating them fail to demonstrate sufficient effectiveness in clinical practice. Therefore, today, there is an unmet need to search for more reliable cellular targets to contribute to fibrosis resolution or the inhibition of its progression. Activated stromal cells, capable of active proliferation and invasive growth into healthy tissue, appear to be such a target population due to their more accessible localization in the tissue and their high susceptibility to various regulatory signals. This subpopulation is marked by fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAPα). For a long time, FAPα was considered exclusively a marker of cancer-associated fibroblasts. However, accumulating data are emerging on the diverse functions of FAPα, which suggests that this protein is not only a marker but also plays an important role in fibrosis development and progression. This review aims to summarize the current data on the expression, regulation, and function of FAPα regarding fibrosis development and identify promising advances in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Basalova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia (O.G.); (A.E.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalya Alexandrushkina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia (O.G.); (A.E.)
| | - Olga Grigorieva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia (O.G.); (A.E.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria Kulebyakina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasia Efimenko
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia (O.G.); (A.E.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
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3
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Cai J, Yang D, Sun H, Xiao L, Han F, Zhang M, Zhou L, Jiang M, Jiang Q, Li Y, Nie H. A multifactorial analysis of FAP to regulate gastrointestinal cancers progression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183440. [PMID: 37325617 PMCID: PMC10262038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a cell-surface serine protease that has both dipeptidyl peptidase as well as endopeptidase activities and could cleave substrates at post-proline bond. Previous findings showed that FAP was hard to be detected in normal tissues but significantly up-regulated in remodeling sites like fibrosis, atherosclerosis, arthritis and embryonic tissues. Though increasing evidence has demonstrated the importance of FAP in cancer progression, no multifactorial analysis has been developed to investigate its function in gastrointestinal cancers until now. Methods By comprehensive use of datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), scTIME Portal and Human Protein Atlas (HPA), we evaluated the carcinogenesis potential of FAP in gastrointestinal cancers, analyzing the correlation between FAP and poor outcomes, immunology in liver, colon, pancreas as well as stomach cancers. Then liver cancer was selected as example to experimentally validate the pro-tumor and immune regulative role of FAP in gastrointestinal cancers. Results FAP was abundantly expressed in gastrointestinal cancers, such as LIHC, COAD, PAAD and STAD. Functional analysis indicated that the highly-expressed FAP in these cancers could affect extracellular matrix organization process and interacted with genes like COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1 and POSTN. In addition, it was also observed that FAP was positively correlated to M2 macrophages infiltration across these cancers. To verify these findings in vitro, we used LIHC as example and over-expressed FAP in human hepatic stellate LX2 cells, a main cell type that produce FAP in tumor tissues, and then investigate its role on LIHC cells as well as macrophages. Results showed that the medium from FAP-over-expressed LX2 cells could significantly promote the motility of MHCC97H and SK-Hep1 LIHC cells, increase the invasion of THP-1 macrophages and induce them into pro-tumor M2 phenotype. Conclusion In summary, we employed bioinformatic tools and experiments to perform a comprehensive analysis about FAP. Up-regulation of FAP in gastrointestinal cancers was primarily expressed in fibroblasts and contributes to tumor cells motility, macrophages infiltration and M2 polarization, revealing the multifactorial role of FAP in gastrointestinal cancers progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qinghua Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huan Nie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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4
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Yanagawa N, Sugai M, Shikanai S, Sugimoto R, Osakabe M, Uesugi N, Saito H, Maemondo M, Sugai T. High expression of fibroblast-activating protein is a prognostic marker in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Thorac Cancer 2022; 13:2377-2384. [PMID: 35818720 PMCID: PMC9376177 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast‐activating protein (FAP) is expressed in cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in many human carcinomas and in some types of carcinoma cells. Here, we examined the proportion of FAP protein expression in non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and investigated the correlation of FAP expression with clinicopathological background. Methods In total, 344 NSCLC tissues were examined. Tissue microarrays were constructed, and FAP expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The status of FAP expression in tumor cells and CAFs was correlated with clinicopathological background, molecular features, and patient outcomes. Results A total of 280 patients (81.4%) had low FAP expression, and 64 patients (18.6%) had high FAP expression in tumor cells. In CAFs, 230 patients (66.9%) had low FAP expression, and 114 patients (33.1%) had high FAP expression. In multivariate analyses, high FAP expression in tumor cells was an independent predictive factor of both overall survival (OS; hazard ratio [HR] = 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.49–4.42, p < 0.001) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS; HR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.38–3.29, p < 0.001). Based on combinations of FAP expression in tumor cells and CAFs, patients with LowT/LowCAFs had better OS and RFS than did those in the other subgroups. By contrast, patients with HighT/HighCAFs had poor OS and RFS compared with those in the other subgroups. Conclusions Overall, FAP expression in tumor cells and the combination FAP expression in tumor cells and CAFs were strongly associated with patient survival and may be useful predictive biomarkers for patient outcomes in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yanagawa
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Japan
| | - Mayu Sugai
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shikanai
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Japan
| | - Ryo Sugimoto
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Osakabe
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Uesugi
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Japan
| | - Hajime Saito
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Japan
| | - Makoto Maemondo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sugai
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Japan
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5
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Qin X, Wang S, Liu X, Duan J, Cheng K, Mu Z, Jia J, Wei Y, Yuan S. Diagnostic Value of 18F-NOTA-FAPI PET/CT in a Rat Model of Radiation-Induced Lung Damage. Front Oncol 2022; 12:879281. [PMID: 35719937 PMCID: PMC9201039 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.879281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explore the diagnostic value of a novel PET/CT imaging tracer that specifically targets fibroblast activation protein (FAP), 18F-NOTA-FAPI, in a radiation induced lung damage (RILD) rat model. High focal radiation (40, 60, or 90 Gy) was administered to a 5-mm diameter area of the right lung in Wistar rats for evaluation of RILD induction. Lung tissues exposed to 90 Gy radiation were scanned with 18F-NOTA-FAPI PET/CT and with 18F-FDG. Dynamic 18F-NOTA-FAPI PET/CT scanning was performed on day 42 post-irradiation. After in vivo scanning, lung cryosections were prepared for autoradiography, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. An animal model of RILD was established and validated by histopathological analysis. On 18F-NOTA-FAPI PET/CT, RILD was first observed on days 42, 35 and 7 in the 40, 60 and 90 Gy groups, respectively. After treatment with 90 Gy, 18F-NOTA-FAPI uptake in an area of RILD emerged on day 7 (0.65 ± 0.05%ID/ml) and reappeared on day 28 (0.81 ± 0.09%ID/ml), remaining stable for 4–6 weeks. Autoradiography and HE staining IHC staining revealed that 18F-NOTA-FAPI accumulated mainly in the center of the irradiated area. IHC staining confirmed the presence of FAP+ macrophages in the RILD area, while FAP+ fibroblasts were observed in the peripheral area of irradiated lung tissue. 18F-NOTA-FAPI represents a promising radiotracer for in vivo imaging of RILD in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Noninvasive imaging of FAP may potentially aiding in the clinical management of radiotherapy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Qin
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Shandong Cancer Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinghao Duan
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of PET/CT Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhengshuai Mu
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Shandong Cancer Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuchun Wei
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shuanghu Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Cancer Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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6
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Huang R, Pu Y, Huang S, Yang C, Yang F, Pu Y, Li J, Chen L, Huang Y. FAPI-PET/CT in Cancer Imaging: A Potential Novel Molecule of the Century. Front Oncol 2022; 12:854658. [PMID: 35692767 PMCID: PMC9174525 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.854658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a type II transmembrane serine protease, is highly expressed in more than 90% of epithelial tumors and is closely associated with various tumor invasion, metastasis, and prognosis. Using FAP as a target, various FAP inhibitors (FAPIs) have been developed, most of which have nanomolar levels of FAP affinity and high selectivity and are used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of different tumors. We have conducted a systematic review of the available data; summarized the biological principles of FAPIs for PET imaging, the synthesis model, and metabolic characteristics of the radiotracer; and compared the respective values of FAPIs and the current mainstream tracer 18F-Fludeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) in the clinical management of tumor and non-tumor lesions. Available research evidence indicates that FAPIs are a molecular imaging tool complementary to 18F-FDG and are expected to be the new molecule of the century with better imaging effects than 18F-FDG in a variety of cancers, including gastrointestinal tumors, liver tumors, breast tumors, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Pu
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Shun Huang
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Conghui Yang
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Fake Yang
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yongzhu Pu
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Jindan Li
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of PET/CT Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yunchao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Cancer Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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7
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Zboralski D, Hoehne A, Bredenbeck A, Schumann A, Nguyen M, Schneider E, Ungewiss J, Paschke M, Haase C, von Hacht JL, Kwan T, Lin KK, Lenore J, Harding TC, Xiao J, Simmons AD, Mohan AM, Beindorff N, Reineke U, Smerling C, Osterkamp F. Preclinical evaluation of FAP-2286 for fibroblast activation protein targeted radionuclide imaging and therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3651-3667. [PMID: 35608703 PMCID: PMC9399058 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a membrane-bound protease that has limited expression in normal adult tissues but is highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment of many solid cancers. FAP-2286 is a FAP-binding peptide coupled to a radionuclide chelator that is currently being investigated in patients as an imaging and therapeutic agent. The potency, selectivity, and efficacy of FAP-2286 were evaluated in preclinical studies. METHODS FAP expression analysis was performed by immunohistochemistry and autoradiography on primary human cancer specimens. FAP-2286 was assessed in biochemical and cellular assays and in in vivo imaging and efficacy studies, and was further evaluated against FAPI-46, a small molecule-based FAP-targeting agent. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry confirmed elevated levels of FAP expression in multiple tumor types including pancreatic, breast, and sarcoma, which correlated with FAP binding by FAP-2286 autoradiography. FAP-2286 and its metal complexes demonstrated high affinity to FAP recombinant protein and cell surface FAP expressed on fibroblasts. Biodistribution studies in mice showed rapid and persistent uptake of 68Ga-FAP-2286, 111In-FAP-2286, and 177Lu-FAP-2286 in FAP-positive tumors, with renal clearance and minimal uptake in normal tissues. 177Lu-FAP-2286 exhibited antitumor activity in FAP-expressing HEK293 tumors and sarcoma patient-derived xenografts, with no significant weight loss. In addition, FAP-2286 maintained longer tumor retention and suppression in comparison to FAPI-46. CONCLUSION In preclinical models, radiolabeled FAP-2286 demonstrated high tumor uptake and retention, as well as potent efficacy in FAP-positive tumors. These results support clinical development of 68Ga-FAP-2286 for imaging and 177Lu-FAP-2286 for therapeutic use in a broad spectrum of FAP-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Zboralski
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aileen Hoehne
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Bredenbeck
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Schumann
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Jan Ungewiss
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Paschke
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Haase
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan L von Hacht
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Jim Xiao
- Clovis Oncology, Inc, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Ajay-Mohan Mohan
- Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicola Beindorff
- Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Reineke
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Frank Osterkamp
- 3B Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Magnusstraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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8
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McAndrews KM, Miyake T, Ehsanipour EA, Kelly PJ, Becker LM, McGrail DJ, Sugimoto H, LeBleu VS, Ge Y, Kalluri R. Dermal αSMA + myofibroblasts orchestrate skin wound repair via β1 integrin and independent of type I collagen production. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109470. [PMID: 35212000 PMCID: PMC8982612 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wound repair is essential for organismal survival and failure of which leads to non-healing wounds, a leading health issue worldwide. However, mechanistic understanding of chronic wounds remains a major challenge due to lack of appropriate genetic mouse models. αSMA+ myofibroblasts, a unique class of dermal fibroblasts, are associated with cutaneous wound healing but their precise function remains unknown. We demonstrate that genetic depletion of αSMA+ myofibroblasts leads to pleiotropic wound healing defects, including lack of reepithelialization and granulation, dampened angiogenesis, and heightened hypoxia, hallmarks of chronic non-healing wounds. Other wound-associated FAP+ and FSP1+ fibroblasts do not exhibit such dominant functions. While type I collagen (COL1) expressing cells play a role in the repair process, COL1 produced by αSMA+ myofibroblasts is surprisingly dispensable for wound repair. In contrast, we show that β1 integrin from αSMA+ myofibroblasts, but not TGFβRII, is essential for wound healing, facilitating contractility, reepithelization, and vascularization. Collectively, our study provides evidence for the functions of myofibroblasts in β1 integrin-mediated wound repair with potential implications for treating chronic non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Toru Miyake
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Ehsan A Ehsanipour
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Patience J Kelly
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Lisa M Becker
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Daniel J McGrail
- Department of Systems BiologyUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA,Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoILUSA,Kellogg School of ManagementNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonILUSA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer BiologyMetastasis Research CenterUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA,Department of BioengineeringRice UniversityHoustonTXUSA,Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
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9
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Xin L, Gao J, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Lv S, Zhao Z, Yu C, Yang X, Zhang R. Fibroblast Activation Protein-α as a Target in the Bench-to-Bedside Diagnosis and Treatment of Tumors: A Narrative Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:648187. [PMID: 34490078 PMCID: PMC8416977 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.648187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) is a type II integral serine protease that is specifically expressed by activated fibroblasts. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor stroma have an abundant and stable expression of FAP, which plays an important role in promoting tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression. For example, in females with a high incidence of breast cancer, CAFs account for 50–70% of the cells in the tumor’s microenvironment. CAF overexpression of FAP promotes tumor development and metastasis by influencing extracellular matrix remodeling, intracellular signaling, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and immunosuppression. This review discusses the basic biological characteristics of FAP and its applications in the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. We review the emerging basic and clinical research data regarding the use of nanomaterials that target FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xin
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinfang Gao
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ziliang Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiyou Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shuxin Lv
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhikai Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chunhai Yu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaotang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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10
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Kuklik J, Michelfelder S, Schiele F, Kreuz S, Lamla T, Müller P, Park JE. Development of a Bispecific Antibody-Based Platform for Retargeting of Capsid Modified AAV Vectors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158355. [PMID: 34361120 PMCID: PMC8347852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major limiting factor for systemically delivered gene therapies is the lack of novel tissue specific AAV (Adeno-associated virus) derived vectors. Bispecific antibodies can be used to redirect AAVs to specific target receptors. Here, we demonstrate that the insertion of a short linear epitope “2E3” derived from human proprotein-convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) into different surface loops of the VP capsid proteins can be used for AAV de-targeting from its natural receptor(s), combined with a bispecific antibody-mediated retargeting. We chose to target a set of distinct disease relevant membrane proteins—fibroblast activation protein (FAP), which is upregulated on activated fibroblasts within the tumor stroma and in fibrotic tissues, as well as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is strongly upregulated in many cancers. Upon incubation with a bispecific antibody recognizing the 2E3 epitope and FAP or PD-L1, the bispecific antibody/rAAV complex was able to selectively transduce receptor positive cells. In summary, we developed a novel, rationally designed vector retargeting platform that can target AAVs to a new set of cellular receptors in a modular fashion. This versatile platform may serve as a valuable tool to investigate the role of disease relevant cell types and basis for novel gene therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Kuklik
- Division of Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88387 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Stefan Michelfelder
- Division of Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88387 Biberach an der Riss, Germany; (S.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Felix Schiele
- Division of Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88387 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Kreuz
- Division of Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88387 Biberach an der Riss, Germany; (S.M.); (S.K.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim Venture Fund GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany;
| | - Thorsten Lamla
- Division of Drug Discovery Sciences Biberach, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88387 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Philipp Müller
- Boehringer Ingelheim Venture Fund GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany;
| | - John E. Park
- Division of Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88387 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Hettiarachchi SU, Li YH, Roy J, Zhang F, Puchulu-Campanella E, Lindeman SD, Srinivasarao M, Tsoyi K, Liang X, Ayaub EA, Nickerson-Nutter C, Rosas IO, Low PS. Targeted inhibition of PI3 kinase/mTOR specifically in fibrotic lung fibroblasts suppresses pulmonary fibrosis in experimental models. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/567/eaay3724. [PMID: 33115948 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay3724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal disease with an average life expectancy of 3 to 5 years. IPF is characterized by progressive stiffening of the lung parenchyma due to excessive deposition of collagen, leading to gradual failure of gas exchange. Although two therapeutic agents have been approved from the FDA for IPF, they only slow disease progression with little impact on outcome. To develop a more effective therapy, we have exploited the fact that collagen-producing myofibroblasts express a membrane-spanning protein, fibroblast activation protein (FAP), that exhibits limited if any expression on other cell types. Because collagen-producing myofibroblasts are only found in fibrotic tissues, solid tumors, and healing wounds, FAP constitutes an excellent marker for targeted delivery of drugs to tissues undergoing pathologic fibrosis. We demonstrate here that a low-molecular weight FAP ligand can be used to deliver imaging and therapeutic agents selectively to FAP-expressing cells. Because induction of collagen synthesis is associated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation, we designed a FAP-targeted PI3K inhibitor that selectively targets FAP-expressing human IPF lung fibroblasts and potently inhibited collagen synthesis. Moreover, we showed that administration of the inhibitor in a mouse model of IPF inhibited PI3K activation in fibrotic lungs, suppressed production of hydroxyproline (major building block of collagen), reduced collagen deposition, and increased mouse survival. Collectively, these studies suggest that a FAP-targeted PI3K inhibitor might be promising for treating IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj U Hettiarachchi
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yen-Hsing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jyoti Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Estela Puchulu-Campanella
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Spencer D Lindeman
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Madduri Srinivasarao
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Konstantin Tsoyi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Liang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ehab A Ayaub
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Ivan O Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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12
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Li F, Wu X, Sun Z, Cai P, Wu L, Li D. Fibroblast Activation Protein-α Expressing Fibroblasts Promote Lymph Node Metastasis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:8141-8148. [PMID: 32884296 PMCID: PMC7434567 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s257529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains one of the most common malignancies in China and has a high metastasis rate and poor prognosis. Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP-α) is a serine peptidase the expression of which in cancer-associated fibroblasts has been associated with a higher risk of metastases and poor survival. This study aimed to analyze the correlation of FAP-α expression with the lymph node metastasis and prognostic significance in ESCC. Methods FAP-α expression was examined in 121 resected ESCC specimens and 10 adjacent normal tissue using immunohistochemistry. FAP-α expression was scored in the stromal fibroblasts adjacent to neoplastic nests. A chi-square test was used to analyze the correlation between FAP-α expression in tumors stromal and lymph node metastasis of ESCC. The association between FAP-α expression and prognosis was evaluated using univariable and multivariable statistical modeling. Results FAP-α expression was absent in the benign controls. FAP-α expression was evident in the stromal 37% (45/121) of ESCC. Expression of FAP-α level is significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (p=0.023), but it is not correlated to age, gender, and tumor location in ESCC patients. Stromal FAP-α expression was significantly associated with poor survival in univariable (HR 2.009; 95% CI 1.259–3.205; p=0.003) and multivariable analysis (HR 1.833; 95% CI 1.144–2.937; p=0.012). Conclusion FAP-α may be an important regulator in lymph node metastasis of ESCC and may provide a novel therapeutic target in ESCC. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/MBJOomBEfIE
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cai
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligao Wu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, People's Republic of China
| | - Duojie Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, People's Republic of China
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13
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Lin Y, Ma Z, Li Z, Gao Y, Qin X, Zhang Z, Wang G, Du L, Li M. Bioluminescent Probe for Monitoring Endogenous Fibroblast Activation Protein-Alpha. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14873-14878. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Zhao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuqi Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaojun Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Guankai Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lupei Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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14
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Kimura T, Monslow J, Klampatsa A, Leibowitz M, Sun J, Liousia M, Woodruff P, Moon E, Todd L, Puré E, Albelda SM. Loss of cells expressing fibroblast activation protein has variable effects in models of TGF-β and chronic bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L271-L282. [PMID: 31188013 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00071.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a cell surface serine protease, is upregulated on a subset of activated fibroblasts (often distinct from α-smooth muscle actin-expressing myofibroblasts) associated with matrix remodeling, including fibroblasts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (Acharya PS, Zukas A, Chandan V, Katzenstein AL, Puré E. Hum Pathol 37: 352-360, 2006.). As FAP+ fibroblasts could be pivotal in either breakdown and/or production of collagen and other matrix components, the goal of this study was to define the role of FAP+ cells in pulmonary fibrosis in two established, but different, mouse models of chronic lung fibrosis: repetitive doses of intratracheal bleomycin and a single dose of an adenoviral vector encoding constitutively active TGF-β1 (Ad-TGFβ). To determine their role in fibrotic remodeling, FAP-expressing cells were depleted by injection of T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor specific for murine FAP in mice with established fibrosis. The contribution of FAP to the function of FAP-expressing cells was assessed in FAP knockout mice. Using histological analyses, quantification of soluble collagen content, and flow cytometry, we found that loss of FAP+ cells exacerbated fibrosis in the bleomycin model, a phenotype largely recapitulated by the genetic deletion of FAP, indicating that FAP plays a role in this model. In contrast, depletion of FAP+ cells or genetic deletion of FAP had little effect in the Ad-TGFβ model highlighting the potential for distinct mechanisms driving fibrosis depending on the initiating insult. The role of FAP in human lung fibrosis will need to be well understood to guide the use of FAP-targeted therapeutics that are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kimura
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James Monslow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Astero Klampatsa
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Leibowitz
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jing Sun
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria Liousia
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick Woodruff
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edmund Moon
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Leslie Todd
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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15
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Hu M, Qian C, Hu Z, Fei B, Zhou H. Biomarkers in Tumor Microenvironment? Upregulation of Fibroblast Activation Protein-α Correlates with Gastric Cancer Progression and Poor Prognosis. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 21:38-44. [PMID: 28206814 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Recent evidence points to importance of cross talk between cancer cells and the surrounding stroma on gastric cancer progression. Tumor microenvironment biomarkers thus represent a new opportunity for diagnostics innovation. Reactive stromal fibroblasts selectively express the fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP-α), a homodimeric integral membrane gelatinase that belongs to the serine protease family. We report here that FAP-α expression is significantly elevated in gastric cancer samples by more than fivefold (p < 0.05), using transcriptome data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Notably, the greatest FAP-α upregulation was observed in the poorly differentiated group (p < 0.001). Moreover, elevated FAP-α expression levels correlated with adverse clinical-pathological characteristics, such as diffuse histological subtype (p < 0.001), advanced pathological stage (p < 0.01) and poor survival. Functional annotation analysis demonstrated that FAP-α upregulation was associated with activation of biological processes implicated in tumor progression, including cell migration and angiogenesis pathways. These observations underscore the possible prognostic significance of FAP-α in gastric cancer and its potential as a novel biomarker for personalized medicine. We caution, however, that further multiomics, biochemical, and animal studies are necessary to ascertain the role of FAP-α as a causative and mechanistic biomarker. Based on pathway analyses, we hypothesize that gastric cancer patients exhibiting FAP-α upregulation might presumably benefit from antiangiogenic drugs in addition to standard therapeutic regimens. We call for future research focusing on the tumor microenvironment biomarkers in clinical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmou Hu
- 1 Center of Laboratory Medicine, Danyang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University , Danyang, 212300, China
| | - Chengjia Qian
- 2 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuxi Fourth People's Hospital , Wuxi, China
| | - Ziwei Hu
- 3 Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Bojian Fei
- 2 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuxi Fourth People's Hospital , Wuxi, China
| | - Haibo Zhou
- 3 Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou, China
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16
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Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Tafelmeyer P, Golshayan D. Fibroblast activation protein-α in fibrogenic disorders and cancer: more than a prolyl-specific peptidase? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:977-991. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1370455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- CHUV and UNIL, University Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Tafelmeyer
- Hybrigenics Services, Laboratories and Headquarters, Paris, France
- Hybrigenics Corporation, Cambridge Innovation Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dela Golshayan
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Tan SY, Chowdhury S, Polak N, Gorrell MD, Weninger W. Fibroblast activation protein is dispensable in the anti-influenza immune response in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171194. [PMID: 28158223 PMCID: PMC5291439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) is a unique dual peptidase of the S9B serine protease family, being capable of both dipeptidyl peptidase and endopeptidase activities. FAP is expressed at low level in healthy adult organs including the pancreas, cervix, uterus, submaxillary gland and the skin, and highly upregulated in embryogenesis, chronic inflammation and tissue remodelling. It is also expressed by cancer-associated stromal fibroblasts in more than 90% of epithelial tumours. FAP has enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions in the growth, immunosuppression, invasion and cell signalling of tumour cells. FAP deficient mice are fertile and viable with no gross abnormality, but little data exist on the role of FAP in the immune system. FAP is upregulated in association with microbial stimulation and chronic inflammation, but its function in infection remains unknown. We showed that major populations of immune cells including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and neutrophils are generated and maintained normally in FAP knockout mice. Upon intranasal challenge with influenza virus, FAP mRNA was increased in the lungs and lung-draining lymph nodes. Nonetheless, FAP deficient mice showed similar pathologic kinetics to wildtype controls, and were capable of supporting normal anti-influenza T and B cell responses. There was no evidence of compensatory upregulation of other DPP4 family members in influenza-infected FAP-deficient mice. FAP appears to be dispensable in anti-influenza adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sioh-Yang Tan
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sumaiya Chowdhury
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natasa Polak
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D. Gorrell
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Puré E, Lo A. Can Targeting Stroma Pave the Way to Enhanced Antitumor Immunity and Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors? Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:269-78. [PMID: 27036971 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors are complex organ-like structures. The potential of normal neighboring cells to contribute to the initiation, progression, and metastasis of epithelial-derived carcinomas has long been appreciated. However, the role of host cells has proven complex. Through multiple local and systemic mechanisms, nontransformed host cells can promote transition from a tumor-resistant to tumor-permissive environment, drive neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells, promote tumor growth, progression, and metastasis, but also constrain tumorigenesis. This complexity reflects the spatially and temporally dynamic involvement of multiple cell types and processes, including the development and recruitment of inflammatory, immune, endothelial, and mesenchymal stromal cells, and the remodeling of extracellular matrix. Our mechanistic understanding, as well as our ability to translate advances in our understanding of these mechanisms for therapeutic benefit, is rapidly advancing. Further insights will depend on delineating pathways that mediate the communication networks between inflammatory and immune cells with tumor and mesenchymal stromal cells and extracellular matrix. Here, we discuss the diversity of mesenchymal stromal cell populations and how context can dictate either their promotion or constraint of tumorigenesis. We review evidence for plasticity that allows for reprogramming of stromal cells and how tumor immunogenicity and desmoplasia influence the balance of immune-independent and immune-dependent regulation of tumor growth. The pivotal roles of matrix and mesenchymal stromal cells in modulating inflammation, antitumor immunity, and the efficacy of immune-based therapies are discussed. These concepts have emerged from data obtained from tumors of multiple organs, but we focus mostly on studies of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Puré
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Albert Lo
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
The engineered expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on the surface of T cells enables the redirection of T-cell specificity. Early clinical trials using CAR T cells for the treatment of patients with cancer showed modest results, but the impressive outcomes of several trials of CD19-targeted CAR T cells in the treatment of patients with B-cell malignancies have generated an increased enthusiasm for this approach. Important lessons have been derived from clinical trials of CD19-specific CAR T cells, and ongoing clinical trials are testing CAR designs directed at novel targets involved in haematological and solid malignancies. In this Review, we discuss these trials and present strategies that can increase the antitumour efficacy and safety of CAR T-cell therapy. Given the fast-moving nature of this field, we only discuss studies with direct translational application currently or soon-to-be tested in the clinical setting.
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20
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Fan MH, Zhu Q, Li HH, Ra HJ, Majumdar S, Gulick DL, Jerome JA, Madsen DH, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Speicher DW, Bachovchin WW, Feghali-Bostwick C, Puré E. Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) Accelerates Collagen Degradation and Clearance from Lungs in Mice. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:8070-89. [PMID: 26663085 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.701433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a disease characterized by progressive, unrelenting lung scarring, with death from respiratory failure within 2-4 years unless lung transplantation is performed. New effective therapies are clearly needed. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a cell surface-associated serine protease up-regulated in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as well as in wound healing and cancer. We postulate that FAP is not only a marker of disease but influences the development of pulmonary fibrosis after lung injury. In two different models of pulmonary fibrosis, intratracheal bleomycin instillation and thoracic irradiation, we find increased mortality and increased lung fibrosis in FAP-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Lung extracellular matrix analysis reveals accumulation of intermediate-sized collagen fragments in FAP-deficient mouse lungs, consistent within vitrostudies showing that FAP mediates ordered proteolytic processing of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-derived collagen cleavage products. FAP-mediated collagen processing leads to increased collagen internalization without altering expression of the endocytic collagen receptor, Endo180. Pharmacologic FAP inhibition decreases collagen internalization as expected. Conversely, restoration of FAP expression in the lungs of FAP-deficient mice decreases lung hydroxyproline content after intratracheal bleomycin to levels comparable with that of wild-type controls. Our findings indicate that FAP participates directly, in concert with MMPs, in collagen catabolism and clearance and is an important factor in resolving scar after injury and restoring lung homeostasis. Our study identifies FAP as a novel endogenous regulator of fibrosis and is the first to show FAP's protective effects in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Fan
- From the Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213,
| | - Qiang Zhu
- the Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- From the Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | | | | | - Dexter L Gulick
- From the Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Jacob A Jerome
- From the Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Daniel H Madsen
- the Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIDCR, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | - William W Bachovchin
- the Sackler School of Biomedical Graduate Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, and
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Ellen Puré
- the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Kawase T, Yasui Y, Nishina S, Hara Y, Yanatori I, Tomiyama Y, Nakashima Y, Yoshida K, Kishi F, Nakamura M, Hino K. Fibroblast activation protein-α-expressing fibroblasts promote the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:109. [PMID: 26330349 PMCID: PMC4556412 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an extensive desmoplastic stromal response. Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) is best known for its presence in stromal cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Our aim was to assess whether FAP expression was associated with the prognosis of patients with PDAC and to investigate how FAP expressing CAFs contribute to the progression of PDAC. METHODS FAP expression was immunohistochemically assessed in 48 PDAC specimens. We also generated a fibroblastic cell line stably expressing FAP, and examined the effect of FAP-expressing fibroblasts on invasiveness and the cell cycle in MiaPaCa-2 cells (a pancreatic cancer cell line). RESULTS Stromal FAP expression was detected in 98% (47/48) of the specimens of PDAC, with the intensity being weak in 16, moderate in 19, and strong in 12 specimens, but was not detected in the 3 control noncancerous pancreatic specimens. Patients with moderate or strong FAP expression had significantly lower cumulative survival rates than those with negative or weak FAP expression (mean survival time; 352 vs. 497 days, P = 0.006). Multivariate analysis identified moderate to strong expression of FAP as one of the factors associated with the prognosis in patients with PDAC. The intensity of stromal FAP expression was also positively correlated to the histological differentiation of PDAC (P < 0.05). FAP-expressing fibroblasts promoted the invasiveness of MiaPaCa-2 cells more intensively than fibroblasts not expressing FAP. Coculture with FAP-expressing fibroblasts significantly activated cell cycle shift in MiaPaCa-2 cells compared to coculture with fibroblasts not expressing FAP. Furthermore, coculture with FAP expressing fibroblasts inactivated retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, an inhibitor of cell cycle progression, in MiaPaCa-2 cells by promoting phosphorylation of Rb. CONCLUSIONS The present in vitro results and the association of FAP expression with clinical outcomes provide us with a better understanding of the effect of FAP-expressing CAFs on the progression of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kawase
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Yasui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan.
| | - Sohji Nishina
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Hara
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Izumi Yanatori
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Tomiyama
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Nakashima
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Koji Yoshida
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Fumio Kishi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan. .,Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Hino
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
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Koczorowska MM, Tholen S, Bucher F, Lutz L, Kizhakkedathu JN, De Wever O, Wellner UF, Biniossek ML, Stahl A, Lassmann S, Schilling O. Fibroblast activation protein-α, a stromal cell surface protease, shapes key features of cancer associated fibroblasts through proteome and degradome alterations. Mol Oncol 2015; 10:40-58. [PMID: 26304112 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) constitute an abundant stromal component of most solid tumors. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) α is a cell surface protease that is expressed by CAFs. We corroborate this expression profile by immunohistochemical analysis of colorectal cancer specimens. To better understand the tumor-contextual role of FAPα, we investigate how FAPα shapes functional and proteomic features of CAFs using loss- and gain-of function cellular model systems. FAPα activity has a strong impact on the secreted CAF proteome ("secretome"), including reduced levels of anti-angiogenic factors, elevated levels of transforming growth factor (TGF) β, and an impact on matrix processing enzymes. Functionally, FAPα mildly induces sprout formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Moreover, loss of FAPα leads to a more epithelial cellular phenotype and this effect was rescued by exogenous application of TGFβ. In collagen contraction assays, FAPα induced a more contractile cellular phenotype. To characterize the proteolytic profile of FAPα, we investigated its specificity with proteome-derived peptide libraries and corroborated its preference for cleavage carboxy-terminal to proline residues. By "terminal amine labeling of substrates" (TAILS) we explored FAPα-dependent cleavage events. Although FAPα acts predominantly as an amino-dipeptidase, putative FAPα cleavage sites in collagens are present throughout the entire protein length. In contrast, putative FAPα cleavage sites in non-collagenous proteins cluster at the amino-terminus. The degradomic study highlights cell-contextual proteolysis by FAPα with distinct positional profiles. Generally, our findings link FAPα to key aspects of CAF biology and attribute an important role in tumor-stroma interaction to FAPα.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Koczorowska
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Tholen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - F Bucher
- University Eye Hospital Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - L Lutz
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J N Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - O De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, 1P7, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - U F Wellner
- Clinic for Surgery, UKSH Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - M L Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Stahl
- University Eye Hospital Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Lassmann
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - O Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Schuster L, Seifert O, Vollmer S, Kontermann RE, Schlosshauer B, Hartmann H. Immunoliposomes for Targeted Delivery of an Antifibrotic Drug. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3146-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liane Schuster
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefanie Vollmer
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Roland E. Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schlosshauer
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Hanna Hartmann
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
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Huang T, Wang H, Chen NG, Frentzen A, Minev B, Szalay AA. Expression of anti-VEGF antibody together with anti-EGFR or anti-FAP enhances tumor regression as a result of vaccinia virotherapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 2:15003. [PMID: 27119102 PMCID: PMC4782963 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in tumor growth and progression. Here we demonstrate that vaccinia virus-mediated, constitutively expressed intratumoral antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) significantly improved tumor regression and oncolytic virotherapy through suppression of angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and stromagenesis in virus-colonized tumors. In contrast to the tumor growth inhibition by the three tumor growth-inhibiting antibodies individually, when two of the three antibodies were expressed simultaneously by single vaccinia virus strains tumor regression was further enhanced. These findings strongly indicate that interference with the two tumor growth-stimulating mechanisms did in fact result in enhanced therapeutic efficacy in tumor xenograft models and may lead to an effective therapy in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Rudolph Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Huiqiang Wang
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center , San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nanhai G Chen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alexa Frentzen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center , San Diego, California, USA
| | - Boris Minev
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA; Division of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aladar A Szalay
- Department of Biochemistry, Rudolph Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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25
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Isella C, Terrasi A, Bellomo SE, Petti C, Galatola G, Muratore A, Mellano A, Senetta R, Cassenti A, Sonetto C, Inghirami G, Trusolino L, Fekete Z, De Ridder M, Cassoni P, Storme G, Bertotti A, Medico E. Stromal contribution to the colorectal cancer transcriptome. Nat Genet 2015; 47:312-9. [PMID: 25706627 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies identified a poor-prognosis stem/serrated/mesenchymal (SSM) transcriptional subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC). We noted that genes upregulated in this subtype are also prominently expressed by stromal cells, suggesting that SSM transcripts could derive from stromal rather than epithelial cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed CRC expression data from patient-derived xenografts, where mouse stroma supports human cancer cells. Species-specific expression analysis showed that the mRNA levels of SSM genes were mostly due to stromal expression. Transcriptional signatures built to specifically report the abundance of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), leukocytes or endothelial cells all had significantly higher expression in human CRC samples of the SSM subtype. High expression of the CAF signature was associated with poor prognosis in untreated CRC, and joint high expression of the stromal signatures predicted resistance to radiotherapy in rectal cancer. These data show that the distinctive transcriptional and clinical features of the SSM subtype can be ascribed to its particularly abundant stromal component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Isella
- 1] Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia'Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (FRO-IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy. [2] Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Andrea Terrasi
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Sara Erika Bellomo
- 1] Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia'Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (FRO-IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy. [2] Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Consalvo Petti
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia'Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (FRO-IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galatola
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia'Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (FRO-IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Andrea Muratore
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia'Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (FRO-IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Alfredo Mellano
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia'Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (FRO-IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Rebecca Senetta
- Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Adele Cassenti
- Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Livio Trusolino
- 1] Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia'Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (FRO-IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy. [2] Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Zsolt Fekete
- Institute of Oncology Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, Cluj, Romania
| | - Mark De Ridder
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Guy Storme
- Department of Radiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrea Bertotti
- 1] Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia'Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (FRO-IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy. [2] Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Enzo Medico
- 1] Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia'Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (FRO-IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy. [2] Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
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26
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Scharl M, Huber N, Lang S, Fürst A, Jehle E, Rogler G. Hallmarks of epithelial to mesenchymal transition are detectable in Crohn's disease associated intestinal fibrosis. Clin Transl Med 2015; 4:1. [PMID: 25852817 PMCID: PMC4384762 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-015-0046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis and subsequent stricture formation represent frequent complications of Crohn's disease (CD). In many organs, fibrosis develops as a result of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recent studies suggested that EMT could be involved in intestinal fibrosis as a result of chronic inflammation. Here, we investigated whether EMT might be involved in stricture formation in CD patients. METHODS Human colonic tissue specimens from fibrotic areas of 18 CD and 10 non-IBD control patients were studied. Immunohistochemical staining of CD68 (marker for monocytes/macrophages), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1), β-catenin, SLUG, E-.cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) were performed using standard techniques. RESULTS In fibrotic areas in the intestine of CD patients, a large number of CD68-positive mononuclear cells was detectable suggesting an inflammatory character of the fibrosis. We found stronger expression of TGFβ1, the most powerful driving force for EMT, in and around the fibrotic lesions of CD patients than in non-IBD control patients. In CD patients membrane staining of β-catenin was generally weaker than in control patients and more cells featured nuclear staining indicating transcriptionally active β-catenin, in fibrotic areas. In these regions we also detected nuclear localisation of the transcription factor, SLUG, which has also been implicated in EMT pathogenesis. Adjacent to the fibrotic tissue regions, we observed high levels of FAP, a marker of reactive fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the presence of EMT-associated molecules in fibrotic lesions of CD patients. These findings support the hypothesis that EMT might play a role for the development of CD-associated intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Scharl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland ,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Huber
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alois Fürst
- Department of Surgery, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Jehle
- Department of Surgery, Oberschwaben-Klinik, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland ,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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Zi F, He J, He D, Li Y, Yang L, Cai Z. Fibroblast activation protein α in tumor microenvironment: recent progression and implications (review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3203-11. [PMID: 25593080 PMCID: PMC4368076 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that the microenvironment of a given tumor is important in determining its drug resistance, tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis. These microenvironments, like tumor cells, are vital targets for cancer therapy. The cross-talk between tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs, alternatively termed activated fibroblasts) is crucial in regulating the drug resistance, tumorigenesis, neoplastic progression, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis of a tumor. Fibroblast activation protein α (FAPα) is a transmembrane serine protease and is highly expressed on CAFs present in >90% of human epithelial neoplasms. FAPα activity, alongside that of gelatinase and type I collagenase, has become increasingly important in cancer therapy due to its effectiveness in modulating tumor behavior. In this review, recent progression in the knowledge of the role of FAPα in tumor microenvironments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Zi
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jingsong He
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Donghua He
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Department of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Increased expression of CCN2, epithelial membrane antigen, and fibroblast activation protein in hepatocellular carcinoma with fibrous stroma showing aggressive behavior. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105094. [PMID: 25126747 PMCID: PMC4134271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor behavior is affected by the tumor microenvironment, composed of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Meanwhile, hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) with fibrous stroma reportedly exhibit aggressive behavior suggestive of tumor-stroma interaction. However, evidence of the crosstalk remains unclear. In this study, CCN2, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), fibroblast activation protein (FAP), and keratin 19 (K19) expression was studied in 314 HCCs (cohort 1), 42 scirrhous HCCs (cohort 2), and 36 chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis specimens by immunohistochemistry. Clinicopathological parameters were analyzed according to the expressions of these markers. In tumor epithelial cells from cohort 1, CCN2 and EMA were expressed in 15.3% and 17.2%, respectively, and their expressions were more frequent in HCCs with fibrous stroma (≥5% of tumor area) than those without (P<0.05 for all); CCN2 expression was well correlated with K19 and EMA expression. In tumor stromal cells, FAP expression was found in 6.7%. In cohort 2, CCN2, EMA, and FAP expression was noted in 40.5%, 40.5%, and 66.7%, respectively, which was more frequent than that in cohort 1 (P<0.05 for all). Additionally, EMA expression was associated with the expression of K19, CCN2, and FAP (P<0.05 for all); EMA expressing tumor epithelial cells showed a topographic closeness to FAP-expressing CAFs. Analysis of disease-free survival revealed CCN2 expression to be a worse prognostic factor in both cohort 1 (P = 0.005) and cohort 2 (P = 0.023), as well as EMA as a worse prognostic factor in cohort 2 (P = 0.048). In conclusion, expression of CCN2, EMA, and FAP may be involved in the activation of CAFs in HCC, giving rise to aggressive behavior. Significant correlation between EMA-expressing tumor cells and FAP-expressing CAFs and their topographic closeness suggests possible cross-talk between tumor epithelial cells and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment of HCC.
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29
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Zi FM, He JS, Li Y, Wu C, Wu WJ, Yang Y, Wang LJ, He DH, Yang L, Zhao Y, Zheng GF, Han XY, Huang H, Yi Q, Cai Z. Fibroblast activation protein protects bortezomib-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells through β-catenin signaling pathway. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1413-22. [PMID: 25046247 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cells proliferative disease. The intricate cross-talk of myeloma cells with bone marrow microenvironment plays an important role in facilitating growth and survival of myeloma cells. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are important cells in MM microenvironment. In solid tumors, BMMSCs can be educated by tumor cells to become cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) with high expression of fibroblast activation protein (FAP). FAP was reported to be involved in drug resistance, tumorigenesis, neoplastic progression, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells. However, the expression and the role of FAP in MM bone marrow microenvironment are still less known. The present study is aimed to investigate the expression of FAP, the role of FAP, and its relevant signaling pathway in regulating apoptosis induced by bortezomib in MM cells. In this study, our data illustrated that the expression levels of FAP were not different between the cultured BMMSCs isolated from MM patients and normal donors. The expression levels of FAP can be increased by tumor cells conditioned medium (TCCM) stimulation or coculture with RPMI8226 cells. FAP has important role in BMMSCs mediated protecting MM cell lines from apoptosis induced by bortezomib. Further study showed that this process may likely through β-catenin signaling pathway in vitro. The activation of β-catenin in MM cell lines was dependent on direct contact with BMMSCs other than separated by transwell or additional condition medium from BMMSCs and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ming Zi
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jing-Song He
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Cai Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Dong-Hua He
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Gao-Feng Zheng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Han
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Qing Yi
- Department of Cancer Biology; Lerner Research Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Zhen Cai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
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Tulley S, Chen WT. Transcriptional regulation of seprase in invasive melanoma cells by transforming growth factor-β signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15280-96. [PMID: 24727589 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.568501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor invasive phenotype driven by seprase expression/activity has been widely examined in an array of malignant tumor cell types; however, very little is known about the transcriptional regulation of this critical protease. Seprase (also named fibroblast activation protein-α, antiplasmin-cleaving enzyme, and dipeptidyl prolyl peptidase 5) is expressed at high levels by stromal fibroblast, endothelial, and tumor cells in a variety of invasive tumors but is undetectable in the majority of normal adult tissues. To examine the transcriptional regulation of the gene, we cloned the human seprase promoter and demonstrated that endogenous seprase expression and exogenous seprase promoter activity are high in invasive melanoma cells but not in non-invasive melanoma cells/primary melanocytes. In addition, we identified a crucial TGF-β-responsive cis-regulatory element in the proximal seprase promoter region that enabled robust transcriptional activation of the gene. Treatment of metastatic but not normal/non-invasive cells with TGF-β1 caused a rapid and profound up-regulation of endogenous seprase mRNA, which coincided with an abolishment of the negative regulator c-Ski, and an increase in binding of Smad3/4 to the seprase promoter in vivo. Blocking TGF-β signaling in invasive melanoma cells through overexpression of c-Ski, chemically using SB-431542, or with a neutralizing antibody against TGF-β significantly reduced seprase mRNA levels. Strikingly, RNAi of seprase in invasive cells greatly diminished their invasive potential in vitro as did blocking TGF-β signaling using SB-431542. Altogether, we found that seprase is transcriptionally up-regulated in invasive melanoma cells via the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway, supporting the roles of both TGF-β and seprase in tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Tulley
- From the Metastasis Research Laboratory, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Wen-Tien Chen
- From the Metastasis Research Laboratory, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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Wang LCS, Lo A, Scholler J, Sun J, Majumdar RS, Kapoor V, Antzis M, Cotner CE, Johnson LA, Durham AC, Solomides CC, June CH, Puré E, Albelda SM. Targeting fibroblast activation protein in tumor stroma with chimeric antigen receptor T cells can inhibit tumor growth and augment host immunity without severe toxicity. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:154-66. [PMID: 24778279 PMCID: PMC4007316 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The majority of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell research has focused on attacking cancer cells. Here, we show that targeting the tumor-promoting, nontransformed stromal cells using CAR T cells may offer several advantages. We developed a retroviral CAR construct specific for the mouse fibroblast activation protein (FAP), comprising a single-chain Fv FAP [monoclonal antibody (mAb) 73.3] with the CD8α hinge and transmembrane regions, and the human CD3ζ and 4-1BB activation domains. The transduced muFAP-CAR mouse T cells secreted IFN-γ and killed FAP-expressing 3T3 target cells specifically. Adoptively transferred 73.3-FAP-CAR mouse T cells selectively reduced FAP(hi) stromal cells and inhibited the growth of multiple types of subcutaneously transplanted tumors in wild-type, but not FAP-null immune-competent syngeneic mice. The antitumor effects could be augmented by multiple injections of the CAR T cells, by using CAR T cells with a deficiency in diacylglycerol kinase, or by combination with a vaccine. A major mechanism of action of the muFAP-CAR T cells was the augmentation of the endogenous CD8(+) T-cell antitumor responses. Off-tumor toxicity in our models was minimal following muFAP-CAR T-cell therapy. In summary, inhibiting tumor growth by targeting tumor stroma with adoptively transferred CAR T cells directed to FAP can be safe and effective, suggesting that further clinical development of anti-human FAP-CAR is warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/adverse effects
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Endopeptidases
- Gelatinases/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Protein Transport
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Serine Endopeptidases/immunology
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chuan S Wang
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Albert Lo
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Scholler
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Jing Sun
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Rajrupa S Majumdar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Veena Kapoor
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Michael Antzis
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Cody E. Cotner
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Laura A Johnson
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Amy C Durham
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Carl H June
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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Lee TH, McKleroy W, Khalifeh-Soltani A, Sakuma S, Lazarev S, Riento K, Nishimura SL, Nichols BJ, Atabai K. Functional genomic screen identifies novel mediators of collagen uptake. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:583-93. [PMID: 24403604 PMCID: PMC3937085 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-07-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis occurs when matrix production outpaces matrix degradation. Degradation of collagen, the main component of fibrotic tissue, is mediated through an extracellular proteolytic pathway and intracellular pathway of cellular uptake and lysosomal digestion. Recent studies demonstrate that disruption of the intracellular pathways can exacerbate fibrosis. These pathways are poorly characterized. Here we identify novel mediators of the intracellular pathway of collagen turnover through a genome-wide RNA interference screen in Drosophila S2 cells. Screening of 7505 Drosophila genes conserved among metazoans identified 22 genes that were required for efficient internalization of type I collagen. These included proteins involved in vesicle transport, the actin cytoskeleton, and signal transduction. We show further that the flotillin genes have a conserved and central role in collagen uptake in Drosophila and human cells. Short hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of flotillins in human monocyte and fibroblasts impaired collagen uptake by promoting lysosomal degradation of the endocytic collagen receptors uPARAP/Endo180 and mannose receptor. These data provide an initial characterization of intracellular pathways of collagen turnover and identify the flotillin genes as critical regulators of this process. A better understanding of these pathways may lead to novel therapies that reduce fibrosis by increasing collagen turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hein Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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Draganov A, Wang D, Wang B. The Future of Boron in Medicinal Chemistry: Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Shi M, Yu DH, Chen Y, Zhao CY, Zhang J, Liu QH, Ni CR, Zhu MH. Expression of fibroblast activation protein in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma and its clinicopathological significance. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:840-6. [PMID: 22371645 PMCID: PMC3286148 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i8.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine fibroblast activation protein (FAP) expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and to analyze its relationship with the clinicopathology of PDAC.
METHODS: FAP expression was examined in 134 PDAC specimens by immunohistochemistry, and in four pancreatic cancer cell lines (SW1990, Miapaca-2, AsPC-1 and BxPC-3) by Western blotting assay. We also analyzed the association between FAP expression in PDAC cells and the clinicopathology of PDAC patients.
RESULTS: The results showed that the FAP was ex-pressed in both stromal fibroblast cells (98/134, 73.1%) and carcinoma cells (102/134, 76.1%). All 4 pancreatic cancer cell lines expressed FAP protein at different levels. Protein bands corresponding to the proteolytically active 170-kDa seprase dimer and its 88-kDa seprase subunit were identified. Higher FAP expression in carcinoma cells was associated with tumor size (P < 0.001), fibrotic focus (P = 0.003), perineural invasion (P = 0.009) and worse clinical outcome (P = 0.0085).
CONCLUSION: FAP is highly expressed in carcinoma cells and fibroblasts in PDAC tissues, and its expression is associated with desmoplasia and worse prognosis.
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Liu R, Li H, Liu L, Yu J, Ren X. Fibroblast activation protein: A potential therapeutic target in cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:123-9. [PMID: 22236832 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.13.3.18696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of targeting antigens selectively expressed on the surface of tumor capillary endothelial cells or in tumor stroma has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer therapeutics. Identification of stromal targets for anticancer therapy and development of selective inhibitors of these targets are of great clinical interest. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a member of the serine protease family, selectively expressed in the stromal fibroblasts associated with epithelial cancers, whereas with low or undetectable expression in the resting fibroblasts of normal adult tissues. The proteolytic activity of FAP has been shown to support tumor growth and proliferation, making it a potential target for novel anticancer therapies, such as those by immune-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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36
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Balaziova E, Busek P, Stremenova J, Sromova L, Krepela E, Lizcova L, Sedo A. Coupled expression of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV and fibroblast activation protein-α in transformed astrocytic cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 354:283-9. [PMID: 21526345 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) are speculated to participate in the regulation of multiple biological processes, because of their unique enzymatic activity, as well as by non-hydrolytic molecular interactions. At present, the role of DPP-IV and FAP in the development and progression of various types of tumors, including glioblastoma, is intensively studied, and their functional crosstalk is hypothesized. In this article, we describe the correlative expression of DPP-IV and FAP mRNA in primary cell cultures derived from human glioblastoma and associated expression dynamics of both molecules in astrocytoma cell lines depending on culture conditions. Although the molecular mechanisms of DPP-IV and FAP co-regulations remain unclear, uncoupled expression of transgenic DPP-IV and the endogenous FAP suggests that it occurs rather at the transcriptional than at the posttranscriptional level. Understanding of the expressional and functional coordinations of DPP-IV and FAP may help clarify the mechanisms of biological roles of both molecules in transformed astrocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Balaziova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology of the 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, Prague 2, 12853, Czech Republic
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Abstract
CD26 is a 110-kDa surface glycoprotein with intrinsic dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) activity that is expressed on various cell types and has many biological functions. An important aspect of CD26 biology is its peptidase activity and its functional and physical association with molecules with key roles in human immunological programs. CD26 role in immune regulation has been extensively characterized, with recent findings elucidating its link age with signaling pathways and structures involved in T cell activation a well as antigen-presenting cell-T cell interaction, being a marker of diseas behavior clinically as well as playing an important role in autoimmune pathogenesis and development. Through the use of various experimental approaches and agents to influence CD26/DPPIV expression and activity, such as anti-CD26 antibodies, CD26/DPPIV chemical inhibitors, siRNAs to inhibit CD26 expression, overexpressing CD26 transfectants, soluble CD26 molecules and proteomic approach, we have shown that CD26 interacts with structures with essential cellular functions in T cell responses. We will review emerging data that suggest CD26 may be an appropriate therapeutic target for the treatment of selected immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohnuma
- Division of Rheumatology and Allergy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Räsänen K, Vaheri A. Activation of fibroblasts in cancer stroma. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2713-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Zhang J, Valianou M, Cheng JD. Identification and characterization of the promoter of fibroblast activation protein. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2010; 2:1154-63. [PMID: 20515787 DOI: 10.2741/e175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a type II integral membrane glycoprotein belonging to the serine protease family. It is selectively expressed by tumor stromal fibroblasts and transiently in the fibroblasts of healing wounds. FAP has been shown to modulate growth, differentiation, adhesion, and metastasis of tumor cells. Despite the importance of FAP in cancer, the mechanisms that govern its expression have not been defined. In this study, we determined the transcription start site of the FAP gene and identified a 2-kb segment with promoter activity in cells expressing FAP. Truncation of this fragment revealed that the core promoter activity resided in a 245-bp fragment surrounding the transcription start site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that EGR1 binds to the FAP promoter. Mutation of the EGR1 site within this fragment significantly decreased the promoter activity of FAP and eliminated EGR1 binding. Down-regulation of EGR1 resulted in a significant reduction in endogenous FAP mRNA expression. These findings identify the basal transcriptional requirements of FAP gene expression and show EGR1 is an important regulator of FAP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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40
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Puré E. The road to integrative cancer therapies: emergence of a tumor-associated fibroblast protease as a potential therapeutic target in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 13:967-73. [PMID: 19606930 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903103841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Great inroads have been made in defining the oncogenic pathways intrinsic to neoplastic cells and the mechanisms by which they are activated in tumors. Knowledge of these pathways provides numerous opportunities that are actively being pursued to develop targeted therapies for cancer. Complementary studies, focused on the non-transformed components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), have revealed that the extrinsic cues provided by the TME are also essential for tumor cells to manifest a fully transformed phenotype, angiogenesis and metastasis. Delineation of these cues and their underlying cellular and molecular pathways will thus lead to a new era of integrative cancer therapy based on combinatorial drug regimens that act synergistically to destroy the neoplastic cells by targeting both the intrinsic and extrinsic pro-oncogenic pathways. Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) and proteases are two of the key regulators of epithelial-derived tumors that represent potential targets of such integrative therapies. Herein, we consider the potential therapeutic benefit of inhibiting the function of fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a cell surface serine protease with dipeptidyl peptidase and endopeptidase activity that is expressed on TAFs and pericytes, in an integrative approach to treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Puré
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4268, USA.
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41
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Santos AM, Jung J, Aziz N, Kissil JL, Puré E. Targeting fibroblast activation protein inhibits tumor stromagenesis and growth in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:3613-25. [PMID: 19920354 DOI: 10.1172/jci38988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound proteases have recently emerged as critical mediators of tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. However, the mechanisms by which they regulate these processes remain unknown. As the cell surface serine protease fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is selectively expressed on tumor-associated fibroblasts and pericytes in epithelial tumors, we set out to investigate the role of FAP in mouse models of epithelial-derived solid tumors. In this study, we demonstrate that genetic deletion and pharmacologic inhibition of FAP inhibited tumor growth in both an endogenous mouse model of lung cancer driven by the K-rasG12D mutant and a mouse model of colon cancer, in which CT26 mouse colon cancer cells were transplanted into immune competent syngeneic mice. Interestingly, growth of only the K-rasG12D-driven lung tumors was also attenuated by inhibition of the closely related protease dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). Our results indicate that FAP depletion inhibits tumor cell proliferation indirectly, increases accumulation of collagen, decreases myofibroblast content, and decreases blood vessel density in tumors. These data provide proof of principle that targeting stromal cell-mediated modifications of the tumor microenvironment may be an effective approach to treating epithelial-derived solid tumors.
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O'Brien P, O'Connor BF. Seprase: an overview of an important matrix serine protease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1130-45. [PMID: 18262497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Seprase or Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) is an integral membrane serine peptidase, which has been shown to have gelatinase activity. Seprase has a dual function in tumour progression. The proteolytic activity of Seprase has been shown to promote cell invasiveness towards the ECM and also to support tumour growth and proliferation. Seprase appears to act as a proteolytically active 170-kDa dimer, consisting of two 97-kDa subunits. It is a member of the group type II integral serine proteases, which includes dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV/CD26) and related type II transmembrane prolyl serine peptidases, which exert their mechanisms of action on the cell surface. DPPIV and Seprase exhibit multiple functions due to their abilities to form complexes with each other and to interact with other membrane-associated molecules. Localisation of these protease complexes at cell surface protrusions, called invadopodia, may have a prominent role in processing soluble factors and in the degradation of extracellular matrix components that are essential to the cellular migration and matrix invasion that occur during tumour invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela O'Brien
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Abstract
Cytokines are pleiotropic substances that are known to participate in inflammatory and immune responses as well as cell differentiation and proliferation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key cytokine with pro-inflammatory function. Wound healing is a complex cascade of physiologic events comprising inflammation, proliferation and remodeling, and proceeds with the integrated actions of different cells, cytokines, and the extracellular matrix. Aberrant wound healing results in keloid formation which causes disfigured appearance, discomfort, psychological stress, and patient frustration. In this review, the role of IL-6 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of keloid is assessed and its potential as a therapeutic target is addressed. The existing data suggest that IL-6 mediated inflammation is a key player and may be considered as a common causative factor for development of keloid. Furthermore, in a recent comprehensive study, we confirmed the functional role of IL-6 signaling in keloid pathogenesis. Accordingly, inhibitory strategies of IL-6 signaling pathway by targeting the IL-6 receptors, its downstream effecters, or other molecules influencing this pathway appear to have considerable potential as new therapeutic or preventive challenges for keloid. Hopefully, several IL-6 blocking agents including a humanized antibody to IL-6 receptor have been developed and successfully used in clinical trials of inflammatory diseases. It is likely that these agents may prove worthy in the treatment or prevention of keloid as well. Future in-depth exploration of such challenges will shed light on their efficacy and safety for clinical application in keloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghazizadeh
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Gerontology, Postgraduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School.
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Roy S, Khanna S, Kuhn DE, Rink C, Williams WT, Zweier JL, Sen CK. Transcriptome analysis of the ischemia-reperfused remodeling myocardium: temporal changes in inflammation and extracellular matrix. Physiol Genomics 2006; 25:364-74. [PMID: 16554547 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00013.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
cDNA microarray analysis was performed to screen 15,000 genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) to identify changes in the ischemia-reperfused (I-R) rat myocardial transcriptome in the early ( day 2) and late ( day 7) inflammatory phases of acute myocardial infarction. Lists of candidate genes that were affected by I-R transiently (2 or 7 days only) or on a more sustained basis (2 and 7 days) were derived. The candidate genes represented three major functional categories: extracellular matrix, apoptosis, and inflammation. To expand on the findings from microarray studies that dealt with the two above-mentioned time points, tissues collected from days 0, 0.25, 2, 3, 5, and 7 after reperfusion were examined. Acute myocardial infarction resulted in upregulation of IL-6 and IL-18. Genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins such as types I and III collagen were upregulated in day 2, and that response progressively grew stronger until day 7 after I-R. Comparable response kinetics was exhibited by the candidate genes of the apoptosis category. Caspases-2, -3, and -8 were induced in response to acute infarction. Compared with the myocardial tissue from the sham-operated rats, tissue collected from the infarct region stained heavily positive for the presence of active caspase-3. Laser microdissection and pressure catapulting technology was applied to harvest infarct and adjacent noninfarct control tissue from a microscopically defined region in the rat myocardium. Taken together, this work presents the first evidence gained from the use of DNA microarrays to understand the molecular mechanisms implicated in the early and late inflammatory phases of the I-R heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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45
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Kessler-Becker D, Krieg T, Eckes B. Expression of pro-inflammatory markers by human dermal fibroblasts in a three-dimensional culture model is mediated by an autocrine interleukin-1 loop. Biochem J 2004; 379:351-8. [PMID: 14686880 PMCID: PMC1224070 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Revised: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, fibroblasts reside in connective tissues, with which they communicate in a reciprocal way. Such cell--extracellular matrix interactions can be studied in vitro by seeding fibroblasts in collagen lattices. Depending upon the mechanical properties of the system, fibroblasts are activated to assume defined phenotypes. In the present study, we examined a transcriptional profile of primary human dermal fibroblasts cultured in a relaxed collagen environment and found relative induction (>2-fold) of 393 out of approx. 7100 transcripts when compared with the same system under mechanical tension. Despite down-regulated proliferation and matrix synthesis, cells did not become generally quiescent, since they induced transcription of numerous other genes including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and growth factors/cytokines. Of particular interest was the induction of gene transcripts encoding pro-inflammatory mediators, e.g. cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukins (ILs)-1 and -6. These are apparently regulated in a hierarchical fashion, since the addition of IL-1 receptor antagonist prevented induction of COX-2, IL-1 and IL-6, but not that of MMP-1 or keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). Our results suggest strongly that skin fibroblasts are versatile cells, which adapt to their extracellular environment by displaying specific phenotypes. One such phenotype, induced by a mechanically relaxed collagen environment, is the 'pro-inflammatory' fibroblast. We propose that fibroblasts that are embedded in a matrix environment can actively participate in the regulation of inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kessler-Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
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Wesley UV, Tiwari S, Houghton AN. Role for dipeptidyl peptidase IV in tumor suppression of human non small cell lung carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2004; 109:855-66. [PMID: 15027119 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death. Lung cancers produce a variety of mitogenic growth factors that stimulate tumor cell proliferation and migration. The cell surface protease, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), is involved in diverse biologic functions, including peptide-mediated cellular growth and differentiation. DPPIV is expressed in various normal tissues, including lung tissue, and its expression is lost in many types of human cancers. DPPIV expression and its enzymatic activity are detected in normal bronchial and alveolar epithelium but different histologic subtypes of lung carcinomas lose DPPIV expression. To investigate the role of DPPIV in lung carcinoma, we examined the expression of DPPIV at both mRNA and protein levels in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and normal human bronchial epithelial cells. DPPIV expression was detectable in normal lung epithelial cells, but was absent or markedly reduced in all NSCLC cell lines at both mRNA and protein levels. Restoration of DPPIV expression in NSCLC cells resulted in profound morphologic changes, inhibition of cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, in vitro cell migration and tumorigenicity in nude mice. DPPIV reexpression also correlated with increased p21 expression, leading to induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in G1 stage. These effects were accompanied by increased expression of cell surface proteins, fibroblast-activating protein (Fapalpha) and CD44 that are associated with suppression of tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, DPPIV functions as a tumor suppressor, and its downregulation may contribute to the loss of growth control in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umadevi V Wesley
- Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Qi SY, Riviere PJ, Trojnar J, Junien JL, Akinsanya KO. Cloning and characterization of dipeptidyl peptidase 10, a new member of an emerging subgroup of serine proteases. Biochem J 2003; 373:179-89. [PMID: 12662155 PMCID: PMC1223468 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2002] [Revised: 03/19/2003] [Accepted: 03/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV, DPP4)-related proteins, DPP8 and DPP9, have been identified recently [Abbott, Yu, Woollatt, Sutherland, McCaughan, and Gorrell (2000) Eur. J. Biochem. 267, 6140-6150; Olsen and Wagtmann (2002) Gene 299, 185-193; Qi, Akinsanya, Riviere, and Junien (2002) Patent application WO0231134]. In the present study, we describe the cloning of DPP10, a novel 796-amino-acid protein, with significant sequence identity to DPP4 (32%) and DPP6 (51%) respectively. We propose that DPP10 is a new member of the S9B serine proteases subfamily. The DPP10 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 2 (2q12.3-2q14.2), close to the DPP4 (2q24.3) and FAP (2q23) genes. The active-site serine residue is replaced by a glycine residue in DPP10, resulting in the loss of DPP activity. The serine residue is also replaced in DPP6, which lacks peptidase activity. DPP8 and DPP9 share an identical active site with DPP4 (Gly-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly). In contrast with the previous results suggesting that DPP9 is inactive, we show that DPP9 is a DPP, hydrolysing Ala-Pro-(7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin) with similar pH-specificity and protease-inhibitor-sensitivity to those of DPP4 and DPP8. Northern-blot analysis shows that whereas DPP8 and DPP9 are widely expressed, DPP10 is expressed mainly in the brain and pancreas. DPP6, which has the highest amino acid identity with DPP10, has been shown previously [Nadal, Ozaita, Amarillo, de Miera, Ma, Mo, Goldberg, Misumi, Ikehara, Neubert et al. (2003) Neuron 37, 449-461] to associate with A-type K(+) channel subunits, modulating their transport and function in somatodendritic compartments of neurons. It is possible that DPP10 is involved in similar functions in the brain. Elucidation of the physiological or pathophysiological role of DPP8, DPP9 and DPP10 and characterization of their structure-function relationships will add impetus to the development of inhibitor molecules for pharmacological or therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Y Qi
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Ferring Research Institute, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121-1122, USA
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Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV from bench to bedside: an update on structural properties, functions, and clinical aspects of the enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003; 40:209-94. [PMID: 12892317 DOI: 10.1080/713609354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 685] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV/CD26 (DPP IV) is a cell-surface protease belonging to the prolyloligopeptidase family. It selectively removes the N-terminal dipeptide from peptides with proline or alanine in the second position. Apart from its catalytic activity, it interacts with several proteins, for instance, adenosine deaminase, the HIV gp120 protein, fibronectin, collagen, the chemokine receptor CXCR4, and the tyrosine phosphatase CD45. DPP IV is expressed on a specific set of T lymphocytes, where it is up-regulated after activation. It is also expressed in a variety of tissues, primarily on endothelial and epithelial cells. A soluble form is present in plasma and other body fluids. DPP IV has been proposed as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for various tumors, hematological malignancies, immunological, inflammatory, psychoneuroendocrine disorders, and viral infections. DPP IV truncates many bioactive peptides of medical importance. It plays a role in glucose homeostasis through proteolytic inactivation of the incretins. DPP IV inhibitors improve glucose tolerance and pancreatic islet cell function in animal models of type 2 diabetes and in diabetic patients. The role of DPP IV/ CD26 within the immune system is a combination of its exopeptidase activity and its interactions with different molecules. This enables DPP IV/CD26 to serve as a co-stimulatory molecule to influence T cell activity and to modulate chemotaxis. DPP IV is also implicated in HIV-1 entry, malignant transformation, and tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV from Bench to Bedside: An Update on Structural Properties, Functions, and Clinical Aspects of the Enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/713609354/?{alert(1)}] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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Zheng X, Ravatn R, Lin Y, Shih WC, Rabson A, Strair R, Huberman E, Conney A, Chin KV. Gene expression of TPA induced differentiation in HL-60 cells by DNA microarray analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:4489-99. [PMID: 12384596 PMCID: PMC137144 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkf580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is a potent inducer of differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Recently, TPA has been successfully administered to patients with myelocytic leukemia and has produced therapeutic effects that led to temporary remission. These studies demonstrated the potential efficacy of TPA in cancer chemotherapy. We now seek to understand the biological effects and molecular mechanisms of differentiation in response to TPA treatment in leukemia cells by expression profiling using DNA microarray. Our results show distinct temporal and coordinated gene changes that are consistent with differentiation and activation of multiple biochemical pathways in HL-60 cells exposed to TPA. Alterations of gene expression in HL-60 cells include various transcription factors, cytokines and protein markers that are consistent with the induction of differentiation elicited by TPA. These temporal patterns of gene expression were abolished or greatly diminished in an HL-60 derived TPA- resistant variant cell line (HL-525), thus revealing transcriptional and consequential biochemical changes that may be required for TPA-induced differentiation. In addition, certain genes were upregulated by TPA in TPA-resistant HL-525 cells but not in TPA-sensitive HL-60 cells suggesting that these genes may play a role in the resistant phenotype. These patterns of gene expression may be important for predicting response to TPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zheng
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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