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Kim KH, Park S, Park JW, Jeong M, Kim J, Kim H, Lee JH, Lee D. Analysis of Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor Expression in Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) against Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus. Dev Reprod 2023; 27:67-75. [PMID: 37529016 PMCID: PMC10390099 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2023.27.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) mediates the transfer of polymeric immunoglobulin to protect organisms and is one of the most important mucosal effectors. In this study, the developmental stage- and tissue-specific expression of pIgR were observed before virus inoculation in olive flounder. pIgR was gradually expressed until the formation of immune tissue, exhibiting high expression in the late juvenile period; thereafter, pIgR expression gradually decreased and exhibited high expression in the spleen and skin. Moreover, pIgR expression after viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection was high in the kidney and spleen tissues at high density and low at low density. The results of this study can provide a basis for future studies on breeding density, virus expression, and immune system studies in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dain Lee
- Corresponding author Dain Lee,
Fish Genetics and Breeding Research, Center, National Institute of Fisheries
Science, Geoje 53334, Korea Tel: +82-55-639-5813, Fax:
+82-55-639-5809, E-mail:
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2
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Kubagawa H, Honjo K, Ohkura N, Sakaguchi S, Radbruch A, Melchers F, Jani PK. Functional Roles of the IgM Fc Receptor in the Immune System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:945. [PMID: 31130948 PMCID: PMC6509151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now evident from studies of mice unable to secrete IgM that both non-immune “natural” and antigen-induced “immune” IgM are important for protection against pathogens and for regulation of immune responses to self-antigens. Since identification of its Fc receptor (FcμR) by a functional cloning strategy in 2009, the roles of FcμR in these IgM effector functions have begun to be explored. Unlike Fc receptors for switched Ig isotypes (e.g., FcγRs, FcεRs, FcαR, Fcα/μR, pIgR, FcRn), FcμR is selectively expressed by lymphocytes: B, T, and NK cells in humans and only B cells in mice. FcμR may have dual signaling ability: one through a potential as yet unidentified adaptor protein non-covalently associating with the FcμR ligand-binding chain via a His in transmembrane segment and the other through its own Tyr and Ser residues in the cytoplasmic tail. FcμR binds pentameric and hexameric IgM with a high avidity of ~10 nM in solution, but more efficiently binds IgM when it is attached to a membrane component via its Fab region on the same cell surface (cis engagement). Four different laboratories have generated Fcmr-ablated mice and eight different groups of investigators have examined the resultant phenotypes. There have been some clear discrepancies reported that appear to be due to factors including differences in the exons of Fcmr that were targeted to generate the knockouts. One common feature among these different mutant mice, however, is their propensity to produce autoantibodies of both IgM and IgG isotypes. In this review, we briefly describe recent findings concerning the functions of FcμR in both mice and humans and propose a model for how FcμR plays a regulatory role in B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhito Honjo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Peter K Jani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Lowe AD, Bawazeer S, Watson DG, McGill S, Burchmore RJS, Pomeroy PPP, Kennedy MW. Rapid changes in Atlantic grey seal milk from birth to weaning - immune factors and indicators of metabolic strain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16093. [PMID: 29170469 PMCID: PMC5700954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
True seals have the shortest lactation periods of any group of placental mammal. Most are capital breeders that undergo short, intense lactations, during which they fast while transferring substantial proportions of their body reserves to their pups, which they then abruptly wean. Milk was collected from Atlantic grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) periodically from birth until near weaning. Milk protein profiles matured within 24 hours or less, indicating the most rapid transition from colostrum to mature phase lactation yet observed. There was an unexpected persistence of immunoglobulin G almost until weaning, potentially indicating prolonged trans-intestinal transfer of IgG. Among components of innate immune protection were found fucosyllactose and siallylactose that are thought to impede colonisation by pathogens and encourage an appropriate milk-digestive and protective gut microbiome. These oligosaccharides decreased from early lactation to almost undetectable levels by weaning. Taurine levels were initially high, then fell, possibly indicative of taurine dependency in seals, and progressive depletion of maternal reserves. Metabolites that signal changes in the mother’s metabolism of fats, such as nicotinamide and derivatives, rose from virtual absence, and acetylcarnitines fell. It is therefore possible that indicators of maternal metabolic strain exist that signal the imminence of weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Lowe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Sami Bawazeer
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - David G Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Suzanne McGill
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, and Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G12 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Richard J S Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, and Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G12 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - P P Paddy Pomeroy
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm W Kennedy
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
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Malaisé Y, Menard S, Cartier C, Gaultier E, Lasserre F, Lencina C, Harkat C, Geoffre N, Lakhal L, Castan I, Olier M, Houdeau E, Guzylack-Piriou L. Gut dysbiosis and impairment of immune system homeostasis in perinatally-exposed mice to Bisphenol A precede obese phenotype development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14472. [PMID: 29101397 PMCID: PMC5670173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiology evidenced the Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical found in daily consumer products, as an environmental contributor to obesity and type II diabetes (T2D) in Humans. However, the BPA-mediated effects supporting these metabolic disorders are still unknown. Knowing that obesity and T2D are associated with low-grade inflammation and gut dysbiosis, we performed a longitudinal study in mice to determine the sequential adverse effects of BPA on immune system and intestinal microbiota that could contribute to the development of metabolic disorders. We observed that perinatal exposure to BPA (50 µg/kg body weight/day) induced intestinal and systemic immune imbalances at PND45, through a decrease of Th1/Th17 cell frequencies in the lamina propria concomitant to an increase of splenic Th1/Th17 immune responses. These early effects are associated with an altered glucose sensitivity, a defect of IgA secretion into faeces and a fall of faecal bifidobacteria relative to control mice. Such BPA-mediated events precede infiltration of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in gonadal white adipose tissue appearing with ageing, together with a decreased insulin sensitivity and an increased weight gain. Our findings provide a better understanding of the sequential events provoked by perinatal exposure to BPA that could support metabolic disorder development in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Malaisé
- Intestinal Development, Xenobiotics and ImmunoToxicology team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Menard
- Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Cartier
- Intestinal Development, Xenobiotics and ImmunoToxicology team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Gaultier
- Intestinal Development, Xenobiotics and ImmunoToxicology team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Lasserre
- Integrative Toxicology and Metabolism team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Lencina
- Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cherryl Harkat
- Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nancy Geoffre
- Adipocyte secretions, obesities and related diseases team, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
| | - Laïla Lakhal
- Integrative Toxicology and Metabolism team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Castan
- Adipocyte secretions, obesities and related diseases team, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
| | - Maïwenn Olier
- Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Houdeau
- Intestinal Development, Xenobiotics and ImmunoToxicology team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Laurence Guzylack-Piriou
- Intestinal Development, Xenobiotics and ImmunoToxicology team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Herich
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
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Armitage CW, O'Meara CP, Beagley KW. Chlamydial infection enhances expression of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) and transcytosis of IgA. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 77. [PMID: 27868280 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The pIgR mediates transport of IgA into the lumen of mucosal tissues preventing pathogenic infection. Despite this, the expression of pIgR during chlamydial infections of the male and female reproductive tracts remains poorly understood. METHOD OF STUDY The expression of pIgR in response to hormone cycling or over the course of chlamydial infection was determined in vitro and in vivo by Western blot or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS PIgR was upregulated in response to Chlamydia spp. infection of human epithelia, in both male and female mouse reproductive tracts. PIgR expression was found to be highest during estrus in the cervicovaginal and uterine epithelia and lowest during diestrus or following hormonal synchronization with Depo-Provera. Chlamydial infection of mice mediates upregulation of pIgR and transcytosis of IgA into the lumen. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that chlamydial infection enhances IgA secretion and pIgR expression by epithelia in the lower reproductive tracts of females and males, and hormone synchronization downregulates pIgR expression and transcytosis of IgA prior to challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Armitage
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Connor P O'Meara
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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7
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Impact of tempeh supplementation on mucosal immunoglobulin A in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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8
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Kratz EM, Ferens-Sieczkowska M, Faundez R, Kątnik-Prastowska I. Changes in fucosylation of human seminal IgG and secretory component of IgA in leukocytospermic patients. Glycoconj J 2013; 31:51-60. [PMID: 24057866 PMCID: PMC3892108 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our study compares the status of human seminal plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA secretory component (SC) fucosylation between infertile leukocytospermic and normal, fertile normozoospermic patients. The seminal IgG and SC are decorated with AAL-reactive core fucose, and antennary UEA- and LTA-reactive fucose of Lewisy and Lewisx structures, respectively. However, a correlation between IgG core fucosylation and IgG concentration (r = −0.52; p < 0.0003) was observed. The IgG present in leukocytospermic samples is characterized by lower expression of core fucose than in the normal group (0.82 ± 0.3 AU and 1.2 ± 0.3 AU, respectively; p < 0.002). In seminal plasma the SC is present in two forms: 78-kDa and 63-kDa. The present study has also shown a higher AAL and LTA specific reactivity of glycans expressed in 63-kDa SC, in comparison to 78-kDa SC, in the normal group. In leukocytospermia, the values of specific lectin reactivity for core fucose, fucose α(1-2)- and α(1-3)- linked, were similar for both SC bands. Moreover, the present study has shown that in leukocytospermic samples the mean concentrations of IgG and S-IgA are twice as high (131.68 ± 102.6 mg/l and 36 ± 27 mg/l, respectively) as in the normal group (67.68 ± 29.2 mg/l; p < 0.02, and 19 ± 18 mg/l, p < 0.019, respectively). The analysis of IgG and SC fucosylation status and the determination of IgG and S-IgA concentrations in seminal plasma might constitute a valuable diagnosis tools for the evaluation of male infertility associated with leukocytospermia with accompanying inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa M Kratz
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Bujwida 44a, 50-345, Wrocław, Poland,
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9
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López MC. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometric analysis of Peyer's patches and intestinal immune cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 18:Unit18.13. [PMID: 23045140 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1813s33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years researchers have become more aware of the importance of the gut-associated immune system since it is in direct interaction with the entry site for virus, bacteria, and all type of food contaminants, including numerous toxins that can alter mucosal immunity. Peyer's patches (PP) are considered the inductive site for protein antigen presentation in the gut as well as the starting point for IgA B-cell differentiation. The IgA found in feces comes from IgA secreted by IgA lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL), and its presence is a sign of normal physiology, in that IgA plays a role in absorption and immune defense against gut-associated pathogens. Methods presented in this unit are intended to analyze PP and intestinal intraepithelial and LPL to determine whether the complexity of the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue and its components have been altered by any form of external damage. The protocols explain how to isolate and culture isolated cells; how to stain and analyze; and also how to cryopreserve the gut.
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Bemark M, Boysen P, Lycke NY. Induction of gut IgA production through T cell-dependent and T cell-independent pathways. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1247:97-116. [PMID: 22260403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut immune system protects against mucosal pathogens, maintains a mutualistic relationship with the microbiota, and establishes tolerance against food antigens. This requires a balance between immune effector responses and induction of tolerance. Disturbances of this strictly regulated balance can lead to infections or the development inflammatory diseases and allergies. Production of secretory IgA is a unique effector function at mucosal surfaces, and basal mechanisms regulating IgA production have been the focus of much recent research. These investigations have aimed at understanding how long-term IgA-mediated mucosal immunity can best be achieved by oral or sublingual vaccination, or at analyzing the relationship between IgA production, the composition of the gut microbiota, and protection from allergies and autoimmunity. This research has lead to a better understanding of the IgA system; but at the same time seemingly conflicting data have been generated. Here, we discuss how gut IgA production is controlled, with special focus on how differences between T cell-dependent and T cell-independent IgA production may explain some of these discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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11
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Caloric restriction modifies both innate and adaptive immunity in the mouse small intestine. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 68:163-73. [PMID: 22086353 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although caloric restriction (CR) apparently has beneficial effects on the immune system, its effects on the immunological function of the intestinal mucosa are little known. The present study explored the effect of CR on the innate and adaptive intestinal immunity of mice. Balb/c mice were either fed ad libitum (control) or on alternate days fed ad libitum and fasted (caloric restriction). After 4 months, an evaluation was made of IgA levels in the ileum, the gene expression for IgA and its receptor (pIgR), as well as the expression of two antimicrobial enzymes (lysozyme and phospholipase A2) and several cytokines of the intestinal mucosa. CR increased the gene expression of lysozyme and phospholipase A2. The levels of IgA were diminished in the ileum, which apparently was a consequence of the reduced transport of IgA by pIgR. In ileum, CR increased the gene expression for most cytokines, both pro- and anti-inflammatory. Hence, CR differentially modified the expression of innate and adaptive immunity mediators in the intestine.
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12
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Klimovich VB. IgM and its receptors: structural and functional aspects. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:534-49. [PMID: 21639833 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911050038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review combines the data obtained before the beginning of the 1990s with results published during the last two decades. The predominant form of the IgM molecule is a closed ring composed of five 7S subunits and a J chain. The new model of spatial structure of the pentamer postulates nonplanar mushroom-shaped form of the molecule with the plane formed by a radially-directed Fab regions and central protruding portion consisting of Cµ4 domains. Up to the year 2000 the only known Fc-receptor for IgM was pIgR. Interaction of IgM with pIgR results in secretory IgM formation, whose functions are poorly studied. The receptor designated as Fcα/µR is able to bind IgM and IgA. It is expressed on lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, and macrophages. A receptor binding IgM only named FcµR has also been described. It is expressed on T- and B-lymphocytes. The discovery of new Fc-receptors for IgM requires revision of notions that interactions between humoral reactions involving IgM and the cells of the immune system are mediated exclusively by complement receptors. In the whole organism, apart from IgM induced by immunization, natural antibodies (NA) are present and comprise in adults a considerable part of the circulating IgM. NA are polyreactive, germ-line-encoded, and emerge during embryogenesis without apparent antigenic stimuli. They demonstrate a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and serve as first line of defense against microbial and viral infections. NA may be regarded as a transitional molecular form from invariable receptors of innate immunity to highly diverse receptors of adaptive immunity. By means of interaction with autoantigens, NA participate in maintenance of immunological tolerance and in clearance of dying cells. At the same time, NA may act as a pathogenic factor in atherosclerotic lesion formation and in development of tissue damage due to ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Klimovich
- Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, St. Petersburg.
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13
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Viloria M, Lara-Padilla E, Campos-Rodríguez R, Jarillo-Luna A, Reyna-Garfias H, López-Sánchez P, Rivera-Aguilar V, Salas-Casas A, Berral de la Rosa FJ, García-Latorre E. Effect of moderate exercise on IgA levels and lymphocyte count in mouse intestine. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:640-56. [PMID: 21554181 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.575425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of moderate exercise on the production and secretion of IgA in mouse duodenum, on lymphocyte levels in the lamina propria, and on gene expression encoding for cytokines that regulate the synthesis of α-chain of IgA and the expression of pIgR in the lamina propria. Two groups of young Balb/c mice were fed ad libitum, one sedentary and the other with an exercise program (swimming) for 16 weeks. IgA levels in the duodenum were quantified by ELISA; the number of IgA containing cells as well as B cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the duodenal mucosa was determined by immunohistochemistry; gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR, and the expression of proteins by Western blotting. Because of physical training, in the duodenum there was a decrease in the number of IgA producing cells, but an increase in the levels of IgA. Additionally, exercise increased the expression of the genes encoding for IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and TGF β, cytokines that regulate the synthesis of IgA and pIgR, the inflammatory response, and the immune response in the intestine. Thus, the increased IgA found in the duodenal lumen is probably due to the increased production of IgA in the LP and the increased transport of the pIgA-pIgR complex across epithelial cells. Possibly the increased S-IgA levels in the bile also contribute to the change in IgA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Viloria
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, CP 11340, DF México
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14
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Mestecky J, Wright PF, Lopalco L, Staats HF, Kozlowski PA, Moldoveanu Z, Alexander RC, Kulhavy R, Pastori C, Maboko L, Riedner G, Zhu Y, Wrinn T, Hoelscher M. Scarcity or absence of humoral immune responses in the plasma and cervicovaginal lavage fluids of heavily HIV-1-exposed but persistently seronegative women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:469-86. [PMID: 21091128 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To address an existing controversy concerning the presence of HIV-1-specific antibodies of the IgA isotype in the female genital tract secretions of highly-exposed but persistently seronegative (HEPSN) women, 41 samples of plasma and cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid were distributed to six laboratories for their blinded evaluation using ELISA with 10 different HIV-1 antigens, chemiluminescence-enhanced Western blots (ECL-WB), and virus neutralization. HIV-specific IgG or IgA antibodies in plasma samples from HEPSN women were absent or detectable only at low levels. In CVL, 11/41 samples displayed low levels of reactivity in ELISA against certain antigens. However, only one sample was positive in two of five laboratories. All but one CVL sample yielded negative results when analyzed by ECL-WB. Viral neutralizing activity was either absent or inconsistently detected in plasma and CVL. Plasma and CVL samples from 26 HIV-1-infected women were used as positive controls. Irrespective of the assays and antigens used, the results generated in all laboratories displayed remarkable concordance in the detection of HIV-1-specific antibodies of the IgG isotype. In contrast, IgA antibodies to HIV-1 antigens were not detected with consistency, and where present, IgA antibodies were at markedly lower levels than IgG. Although HIV-neutralizing activity was detected in plasma of all HIV-1-infected women, only a few of their CVL samples displayed such activity. In conclusion, frequent HIV-1 sexual exposure does not stimulate uniformly detectable mucosal or systemic HIV-1-specific responses, as convincingly documented in the present blindly performed study using a broad variety of immunological assays. Although HIV-1-infection leads to vigorous IgG responses in plasma and CVL, it does not stimulate sustained IgA responses in either fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter F. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | | | - Herman F. Staats
- Department of Pathology and the Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rashada C. Alexander
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rose Kulhavy
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Leonard Maboko
- National Institute for Medical Research–Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Gabriele Riedner
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Terri Wrinn
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Clinic of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Lewis MJ, Wagner B, Irvine RM, Woof JM. IgA in the horse: cloning of equine polymeric Ig receptor and J chain and characterization of recombinant forms of equine IgA. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:610-21. [PMID: 20631692 PMCID: PMC3125105 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As in other mammals, immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the horse has a key role in immune defense. To better dissect equine IgA function, we isolated complementary DNA (cDNA) clones for equine J chain and polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR). When coexpressed with equine IgA, equine J chain promoted efficient IgA polymerization. A truncated version of equine pIgR, equivalent to secretory component, bound with nanomolar affinity to recombinant equine and human dimeric IgA but not with monomeric IgA from either species. Searches of the equine genome localized equine J chain and pIgR to chromosomes 3 and 5, respectively, with J chain and pIgR coding sequence distributed across 4 and 11 exons, respectively. Comparisons of transcriptional regulatory sequences suggest that horse and human pIgR expression is controlled through common regulatory mechanisms that are less conserved in rodents. These studies pave the way for full dissection of equine IgA function and open up possibilities for immune-based treatment of equine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lewis
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - B Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - R M Irvine
- Veterinary Pathological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J M Woof
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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16
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Bruno MEC, Rogier EW, Frantz AL, Stefka AT, Thompson SN, Kaetzel CS. Regulation of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in intestinal epithelial cells by Enterobacteriaceae: implications for mucosal homeostasis. Immunol Invest 2010; 39:356-82. [PMID: 20450283 DOI: 10.3109/08820131003622809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The commensal microbiota of the human colon profoundly impacts host gene expression and mucosal homeostasis. Secretory IgA antibodies, which influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota and provide immunity against pathogens, are transported across intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). To compare the effects of different colonic bacteria on pIgR expression, the human IEC line HT-29 was stimulated with various species representing the 4 major phyla of colonic bacteria. Only bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae (phylum Proteobacteria) induced expression of pIgR and other target genes of bacterial pattern recognition receptors. HT-29 cells responded to purified ligands for Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 but not TLR2. Expression of pIgR and transport of IgA were significantly reduced in colons of mice deficient in the TLR adaptor MyD88, consistent with a role for TLR signaling in the regulation of pIgR by colonic bacteria. Induction of pIgR expression in HT-29 cells required NF-kappaB signaling but not MAPK signaling, in contrast to the requirement for both NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling for induction of pro-inflammatory genes. These results suggest that commensal Enterobacteriaceae may promote intestinal homeostasis by enhancing pIgR expression in IEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E C Bruno
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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17
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Jerdeva GV, Tesar DB, Huey-Tubman KE, Ladinsky MS, Fraser SE, Bjorkman PJ. Comparison of FcRn- and pIgR-mediated transport in MDCK cells by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Traffic 2010; 11:1205-20. [PMID: 20525015 PMCID: PMC2975666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein delivery across polarized epithelia is controlled by receptor-mediated transcytosis. Many studies have examined basolateral-to-apical trafficking of polymeric IgA (pIgA) by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). Less is known about apical-to-basolateral transcytosis, the direction the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transports maternal IgGs across intestinal epithelia. To compare apical-to-basolateral and basolateral-to-apical transcytosis, we co-expressed FcRn and pIgR in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and used pulse-chase experiments with confocal microscopy to examine transport of apically applied IgG Fcgamma and basolaterally applied pIgA. Fcgamma and pIgA trafficking routes were initially separate but intermixed at later chase times. Fcgamma was first localized near the apical surface, but became more equally distributed across the cell, consistent with concomitant transcytosis and recycling. By contrast, pIgA transport was strongly unidirectional: pIgA shifted from near the basolateral surface to an apical location with increasing time. Some Fcgamma and pIgA fluorescence colocalized in early (EEA1-positive), recycling (Rab11a-positive), and transferrin (Tf)-positive common/basolateral recycling endosomes. Fcgamma became more enriched in Tf-positive endosomes with time, whereas pIgA was sorted from these compartments. Live-cell imaging revealed that vesicles containing Fcgamma or pIgA shared similar mobility characteristics and were equivalently affected by depolymerizing microtubules, indicating that both trafficking routes depended to roughly the same extent on intact microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Jerdeva
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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18
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Takahashi I, Nochi T, Kunisawa J, Yuki Y, Kiyono H. The mucosal immune system for secretory IgA responses and mucosal vaccine development. Inflamm Regen 2010. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.30.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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19
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Hermsen JL, Sano Y, Kudsk KA. Food fight! Parenteral nutrition, enteral stimulation and gut-derived mucosal immunity. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2009; 394:17-30. [PMID: 18521625 PMCID: PMC2739933 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-008-0339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nutrition support is an integral component of modern patient care. Type and route of nutritional support impacts clinical infectious outcomes in critically injured patients. DISCUSSION This article reviews the relationships between type and route of nutrition and gut-derived mucosal immunity in both the clinical and laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hermsen
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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20
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Mestecky J, Russell MW, Elson CO. Perspectives on mucosal vaccines: is mucosal tolerance a barrier? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5633-8. [PMID: 17947632 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.5633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal administration of Ags induces specific Abs in external secretions and systemic unresponsiveness termed oral or mucosal tolerance. The dominant response depends on the species studied, the nature, dose, frequency, route of Ag application, and the use of adjuvants. The temporal sequence of Ag exposure determines the quality of the ensuing immune response; although initial mucosal Ag exposure results in systemic T cell hyporesponsiveness, pre-existing systemic responses are refractory to the tolerizing effects of mucosal Ag encounter. Mucosal and systemic humoral responses may be induced concomitantly with diminished systemic T cell responses, thereby permitting Ab-mediated containment of mucosal Ags without stimulation of the systemic immune compartment. B cell Ig isotype switching and differentiation toward IgA production share common regulatory mechanisms with the suppression of T cells. Optimization of mucosal vaccination strategies has the potential for enhancing protective immune responses and suppressing systemic responses to autoantigens desirable for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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21
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Lewis MJ, Pleass RJ, Batten MR, Atkin JD, Woof JM. Structural Requirements for the Interaction of Human IgA with the Human Polymeric Ig Receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:6694-701. [PMID: 16272325 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transport of polymeric IgA onto mucosal surfaces to become secretory IgA is mediated by the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR). To study the interaction of human dimeric IgA (dIgA) (the predominant form of IgA polymer) with the human pIgR (hpIgR), we generated recombinant wild-type dIgA1 and dIgA2m(1) and various mutant dIgA1 and analyzed their interaction with a recombinant human secretory component and membrane-expressed hpIgR. We found that wild-type dIgA1 and dIgA2m(1) bound to recombinant human secretory component with similar affinity and were transcytosed by the hpIgR to the same extent. Mutation of the IgA Calpha2 domain residue Cys311 to Ser reduced binding to hpIgR, possibly through disruption of noncovalent interactions between the Calpha2 domain and domain 5 of the receptor. Within the Calpha3 domain of IgA1, we found that combined mutation of residues Phe411, Val413, and Thr414, which lie close to residues previously implicated in hpIgR binding, abolished interaction with the receptor. Mutation of residue Lys377, located very close to this same region, perturbed receptor interaction. In addition, 4 aa (Pro440-Phe443), which lie on a loop at the domain interface and form part of the binding site for human FcalphaRI, appear to contribute to hpIgR binding. Lastly, use of a monomeric IgA1 mutant lacking the tailpiece revealed that the tailpiece does not occlude hpIgR-binding residues in IgA1 monomers. This directed mutagenesis approach has thus identified motifs lying principally across the upper surface of the Calpha3 domain (i.e., that closest to Calpha2) critical for human pIgR binding and transcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Lewis
- Division of Pathology and Neurosciences, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
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22
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Kaetzel CS. The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor: bridging innate and adaptive immune responses at mucosal surfaces. Immunol Rev 2005; 206:83-99. [PMID: 16048543 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Secretory antibodies of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) class form the first line of antigen-specific immune protection against inhaled, ingested, and sexually transmitted pathogens and antigens at mucosal surfaces. Epithelial transcytosis of polymeric IgA (pIgA) is mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). At the apical surface, the extracellular ligand-binding region of pIgR, known as secretory component (SC), is cleaved and released in free form or as a component of secretory IgA (SIgA). SC has innate anti-microbial properties, and it protects SIgA from proteolytic degradation. Expression of pIgR is regulated by microbial products through Toll-like receptor signaling and by host factors such as cytokines and hormones. Recent studies of the structure of the extracellular ligand-binding domain of pIgR have revealed mechanisms by which it binds pIgA and other ligands. During transcytosis, pIgA has been shown to neutralize pathogens and antigens within intracellular vesicular compartments. The recent identification of disease-associated polymorphisms in human pIgR near the cleavage site may help to unravel the mystery of how pIgR is cleaved to SC. The identification of novel functions for SC and SIgA has expanded our view of the immunobiology of pIgR, a key component of the mucosal immune system that bridges innate and adaptive immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte S Kaetzel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Due to their vast surface area, the mucosal surfaces of the body represent a major site of potential attack by invading pathogens. The secretions that bathe mucosal surfaces contain significant levels of immunoglobulins (Igs), which play key roles in immune defense of these surfaces. IgA is the predominant antibody class in many external secretions and has many functional attributes, both direct and indirect, that serve to prevent infective agents such as bacteria and viruses from breaching the mucosal barrier. This review details current understanding of the structural and functional characteristics of IgA, including interaction with specific receptors (such as Fc(alpha)RI, Fc(alpha)/microR, and CD71) and presents examples of the means by which certain pathogens circumvent the protective properties of this important Ig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Woof
- Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK.
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24
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Moldoveanu Z, Huang WQ, Kulhavy R, Pate MS, Mestecky J. Human Male Genital Tract Secretions: Both Mucosal and Systemic Immune Compartments Contribute to the Humoral Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4127-36. [PMID: 16148163 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.4127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to numerous studies of female genital tract secretions, the molecular properties of Abs and the magnitude of humoral responses in human male genital tract secretions to naturally occurring Ags and to mucosal and systemic immunizations have not been extensively investigated. Therefore, seminal plasma (SP) collected from healthy individuals was analyzed with respect to Ig levels, their isotypes, molecular forms of IgA, and for the presence of Abs to naturally occurring Ags, or induced by systemic or mucosal immunizations with viral and bacterial vaccines. The results indicated that in SP, IgG and not IgA, is the dominant Ig isotype, and that IgM is present at low levels. IgA is represented by secretory IgA, polymeric IgA, and monomeric IgA. In contrast to the female genital tract secretions in which IgA2 occurs in slight excess, the distribution of IgA subclasses in SP resembles that in plasma with a pronounced preponderance of IgA1. The IgG subclass profiles in SP are also similar to those in serum. Thus, SP is an external secretion that shares common features with both typical external secretions and plasma. Specifically, SP contains naturally occurring secretory IgA Abs to environmental Ags of microbial origin and to an orally administered bacterial vaccine, and plasma-derived IgG Abs to systemically injected vaccines. Therefore, both mucosal and systemic immunization with various types of Ags can induce humoral responses in SP. These findings should be considered in immunization strategies to induce humoral responses against sexually transmitted infections, including HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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25
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Schneeman TA, Bruno MEC, Schjerven H, Johansen FE, Chady L, Kaetzel CS. Regulation of the polymeric Ig receptor by signaling through TLRs 3 and 4: linking innate and adaptive immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:376-84. [PMID: 15972671 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IgA Abs help to maintain homeostasis at mucosal surfaces by promoting defense mechanisms that protect against pathogens while suppressing inflammatory responses to commensal organisms and food Ags. The polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) mediates transport of IgA across mucosal epithelial cells. We hypothesized that signaling through TLRs may up-regulate pIgR expression by intestinal epithelial cells and thus enhance IgA-mediated homeostasis. To test this hypothesis we treated the HT29 human intestinal epithelial cell line with dsRNA, a ligand for TLR3, or LPS, a ligand for TLR4. Both dsRNA and LPS up-regulated levels of pIgR mRNA and cell surface pIgR protein. By contrast, dsRNA but not LPS up-regulated expression of TLR3 and TLR4 mRNA. However, cell surface expression of both TLR3 and TLR4 was enhanced by treatment of HT29 cells with their respective ligands. Transfection of HT29 cells with wild-type and mutated promoter/enhancer plasmids suggested that TLR3 and TLR4 signal primarily through NF-kappaB to enhance transcription of pIgR mRNA. TLR3 signaling resulted in a more pronounced inflammatory response than did TLR4, as evidenced by up-regulation of the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor-1, chemokines IL-8 and RANTES, and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF. Signaling through LPS/TLR4 appears to up-regulate pIgR expression while minimizing proinflammatory responses, a mechanism that could promote IgA-mediated homeostasis in the presence of commensal Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Schneeman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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26
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Bruno MEC, Kaetzel CS. Long-Term Exposure of the HT-29 Human Intestinal Epithelial Cell Line to TNF Causes Sustained Up-Regulation of the Polymeric Ig Receptor and Proinflammatory Genes through Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7278-84. [PMID: 15905574 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transport of IgA Abs across intestinal epithelial cells into gut secretions is mediated by the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR). The cytokine TNF plays a central role in initiating and amplifying inflammatory reactions, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Acute exposure of intestinal epithelial cell lines to TNF has been shown to up-regulate transcription of genes encoding pIgR and a number of proinflammatory factors, but the effects of chronic exposure to TNF have not been studied. We found that exposure of HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells to TNF for up to 20 days reduced the rate of cell proliferation, but did not cause gross morphological changes. Expression of mRNA encoding pIgR and several proinflammatory genes increased acutely, and then diminished but remained elevated above control levels throughout the experiment. Changes in gene expression were paralleled by increased expression of the transcription factors IFN regulatory factor-1 and the RelB subunit of NF-kappaB. HT-29 cells activated the endogenous TNF gene in response to TNF treatment, but the level of TNF production was insufficient to maintain pIgR and proinflammatory gene expression after withdrawal of exogenous TNF. Chronic exposure to TNF caused a marked increase in pIgR mRNA stability and a small but significant decrease in TNF mRNA stability, but no change in the half-lives of IL-8, c-Myc, and GAPDH. In summary, we observed different effects of acute vs chronic exposure to TNF on gene expression, and found evidence for transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of expression of the pIgR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E C Bruno
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536, USA
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27
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Bruno MEC, West RB, Schneeman TA, Bresnick EH, Kaetzel CS. Upstream stimulatory factor but not c-Myc enhances transcription of the human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor gene. Mol Immunol 2004; 40:695-708. [PMID: 14644095 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Secretory antibodies protect mucosal surfaces from ingested, inhaled and sexually transmitted pathogens. The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) transports antibodies across mucosal epithelia into external secretions. We and others have identified a region of the human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor gene (locus PIGR) that is sufficient for basal transcriptional activity. An E-Box motif, which binds transcription factors of the basic helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper (bHLH/zip) family, was identified as a major regulatory element in the PIGR gene promoter. Transient transfection of PIGR promoter reporter plasmids in intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines suggested that the transcription factors upstream stimulatory factor (USF) and c-Myc may exert opposing effects on PIGR promoter activity. Mutations within and flanking the E-Box that favored USF binding enhanced promoter activity, while mutations that favored c-Myc binding reduced promoter activity. Ectopic expression of USF1 or USF2 enhanced PIGR promoter activity, while exogenous c-Myc did not. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated that USF1 and USF2 bound to the E-Box motif as homo- and heterodimers. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) demonstrated that USF proteins bind the PIGR promoter in vivo, which is enriched in acetylated histones. E-Box motifs are commonly observed in promoters of genes that are highly expressed in the human colon. Genes that are down-regulated in colorectal cancer, including PIGR, frequently have non-canonical E-Boxes, while genes that are up-regulated in colorectal cancer generally have canonical E-Boxes. The results of our experiments may shed light on the mechanisms of dysregulated expression of pIgR in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, diseases associated with aberrant expression of c-Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E C Bruno
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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28
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Abstract
Many pathogens must surmount an epithelial cell barrier in order to establish an infection. While much has been learned about the interaction of bacterial pathogens with cultured epithelial cells, the influence of cell polarity on these events has only recently been appreciated. This review outlines bacterial-host epithelial cell interactions in the context of the distinct apical and basolateral surfaces of the polarized epithelium that lines the lumens of our organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Kazmierczak
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0654, USA.
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