Effects of nanosize zinc oxide on zinc retention, eggshell quality, immune response and serum parameters of aged laying hens

Heat stress demands high dietary zinc to combat oxidative stress, and improve cytokine and immune response in rats

Heat stress (HS) adversely impacts livestock production, immune response, and antioxidant status. Zinc (Zn), a key component of metalloenzymes, plays a vital role in maintaining these functions, with increased Zn requirements likely under HS. This study determined the dietary Zn requirement of rats under HS. Seventy-two weaned Wistar rats were allocated into six groups in a 3 × 2 factorial design (3 Zn levels: 14.6 ppm (CON), 32.7 ppm (Zn1), and 48.9 ppm (Zn2); 2 environmental conditions: thermoneutral (TN) and HS. All groups received the same basal purified diet with varying dietary Zn supplied as zinc sulphate (ZnSO4.7H2O). Initially for 28 days all groups were maintained under TN condition, later three groups from each dietary Zn levels were exposed to HS (5 hr/d) for 14 days in a psychrometric chamber. Blood, serum, and organ samples were analyzed for biochemical, hormonal, immune, and mineral profiles. HS elevated stress markers (cortisol, malondialdehyde, cytokines, haptoglobin, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase), while higher dietary Zn (48.9 ppm) significantly reduced these markers under HS. Antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and humoral immune response were lower in control groups but improved with increased dietary Zn in both environments. The mineral concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe in serum were increased with higher dietary Zn levels in HS compared to TN groups. In conclusion, higher dietary Zn level at 48.9 ppm in a purified diet is effective in alleviating HS by lowering stress markers and bolstering antioxidant enzymes and humoral immune responses.

Potential Therapeutic Effect of ZnO/CuO Nanocomposite as an Acaricidal, Immunostimulant, and Antioxidant in Rabbits

The present study aimed to identify a safe and novel approach using zinc oxide/copper oxide nanocomposites (AZ) to enhance growth parameters, immunity, and fight Sarcoptic mange in vitro and in vivo in rabbits. In vitro: the acaricidal activity of AZ was assessed at concentrations of AZ-25: 2.5% w/w AZ/molasses, AZ-125: 12.5% w/w AZ/molasses, and controls (normal saline, molasses, and Ivermectin) every hour for seven hours under a stereoscopic microscope. In vivo: involved 40 rabbits (10 replicates/group). G1 served as the control negative group (normal un-infected rabbits), G2 served as the control negative group (infected rabbits), the animals in the G3 group were given a combination of AZ (40 mg/kg body weight (BW)) and molasses (5 mg/mL), and G4 served as the control to the vehicle; receiving molasses 8 mL/kg BW twice weekly for 6 weeks. Blood, serum, and tissue samples were collected at the middle and the end of the trial. AZ was made using the sonication sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were performed to confirm the crystal structure, purity, particle size, and oxidation states. AZ showed immunostimulant, acaricidal, and antioxidant effects with normal tissue histological structure and low tissue residual levels. Additionally, there were improvements in blood interferon-gamma, immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, globulin, and total protein in the AZ group. The XRD patterns of AZ were coordinated by XRD reference codes Crystallography Open Database (COD): 9016326 for Tenorite (CuO) and by XRD reference COD: 9004179 for Zincite (ZnO). The CuO and ZnO crystal sizes were 21.87 Å and 24.89 Å, respectively. The XPS spectra indicated the presence of Cu as Cu (II) and Zn as ZnO.OH and ZnO. In conclusion, AZ exhibited antioxidant, acaricidal, and immunostimulant effects, with mild residues in the brain, liver, and kidney tissues, while maintaining a normal histological structure of tissues.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles improve lactation and metabolism in dairy goats by modulating the rumen microbiota

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on lactation, rumen microbiota, and metabolomics in dairy goats. Twenty Guanzhong dairy goats, with comparable milk yields and in the mid-lactation stage, were randomly divided into two groups, with 10 goats in each group. The control group was fed a standard diet, while the ZnONP group received the control diet plus 30 mg ZnONPs/kg DM. The pre-trial period lasted for 7 days, followed by a trial period of 30 days. The results showed that the addition of ZnONPs increased the milk yield and milk fat content (p < 0.05). The results of rumen microbial sequencing showed that the Chao1, Observed species, and PD_whole_tree indices of the ZnONP group were higher than those of the control group. The addition of ZnONPs altered the composition of the rumen microbiota, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Prevotella and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group) and decreasing the abundance of the harmful bacterium Sediminispirochaeta. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis identified a total of 261 differential metabolites between the two groups, indicating changes in rumen metabolism. Further correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between beneficial bacteria (Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and Anaeroplasma) and metabolites such as nicotinamide riboside, inosine, and guanosine (p < 0.05). In addition, a positive correlation was observed between milk yield and beneficial bacteria (RF39 and Clostridia vadinBB60 group), as well as between milk fat content and Quinella (p < 0.05). In summary, ZnONP supplementation can improve the structure of the rumen microbiota in dairy goats, positively influencing milk yield, milk composition, and metabolism.

Synergistic interaction of nanoparticles and probiotic delivery: A review

Nanotechnology is an expanding and new technology that prompts production with nanoparticle-based (1-100 nm) organic and inorganic materials. Such a tool has an imperative function in different sectors like bioengineering, pharmaceuticals, electronics, energy, nuclear energy, and fuel, and its applications are helpful for human, animal, plant, and environmental health. In exacting, the nanoparticles are synthesized by top-down and bottom-up approaches through different techniques such as chemical, physical, and biological progress. The characterization is vital and the confirmation of nanoparticle traits is done by various instrumentation analyses like UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, annular dark-field imaging, and intracranial pressure. In addition, probiotics are friendly microbes which while administered in sufficient quantity confer health advantages to the host. Characterization investigation is much more significant to the identification of good probiotics. Similarly, haemolytic activity, acid and bile salt tolerance, autoaggregation, antimicrobial compound production, inhibition of pathogens, enhance the immune system, and more health-beneficial effects on the host. The synergistic effects of nanoparticles and probiotics combined delivery applications are still limited to food, feed, and biomedical applications. However, the mechanisms by which they interact with the immune system and gut microbiota in humans and animals are largely unclear. This review discusses current research advancements to fulfil research gaps and promote the successful improvement of human and animal health.

Nanometals incorporation into active and biodegradable chitosan films

This study investigates the effects of incorporating ZnO, TiO2, and colloidal Ag nanoparticles on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and physical properties of biodegradable chitosan films. The research focuses on addressing the growing demand for sustainable packaging solutions that offer efficient food preservation while mitigating environmental concerns. In this investigation, the physical properties including thickness, water content, solubility, swelling degree, tensile strength, and elasticity of the chitosan films were examined. Additionally, the samples were analyzed for total polyphenol content, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant capacity. Notably, the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles led to the lowest water content and highest strength values among the tested films. Conversely, the addition of colloidal Ag nanoparticles resulted in films with the highest antioxidant capacities (DPPH: 32.202 ± 1.631 %). Remarkably, antimicrobial tests revealed enhanced activity with the inclusion of colloidal silver nanoparticles, yet the most potent antimicrobial properties were observed in films containing ZnO (E.coli: 2.0 ± 0.0 mm; MRSA: 2.0 ± 0.5 mm). The findings of this study hold significant implications for the advancement of edible biodegradable films, offering potential for more efficient food packaging solutions that address environmental sustainability concerns. By elucidating the effects of nanoparticle incorporation on film properties, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse surrounding sustainable packaging solutions in the food industry.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Significant Role in Poultry and Novel Toxicological Mechanisms

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have involved a lot of consideration owing to their distinctive features. The ZnO NPs can be described as particularly synthesized mineral salts via nanotechnology, varying in size from 1 to 100 nm, while zinc oxide (ZnO), it is an inorganic substrate of zinc (Zn). The Zn is a critical trace element necessary for various biological and physiological processes in the body. Studies have revealed ZnO NPs' efficient immuno-modulatory, growth-promoting, and antimicrobial properties in poultry birds. They offer increased bioavailability as compared to their traditional sources, producing better results in terms of productivity and welfare and consequently reducing ecological harm in the poultry sector. However, they have also been reported for their toxicological effects, which are size, shape, concentration, and exposure route dependent. The investigations done so far have yielded inconsistent results, therefore, a lot of additional studies and research are required to clarify the harmful consequences of ZnO NPs and to bring them to a logical end. This review explores an overview of efficient possible role of ZnO NPs, while comparing them with other nutritional Zn sources, in the poultry industry, primarily as dietary supplements that effect the growth, health, and performance of the birds. In addition to the anti-bacterial mechanisms of ZnO NPs and their promising role as antifungal, and anti-colloidal agent, this paper also covers the toxicological mechanisms of ZnO NPs and their consequent toxicological hazards to vital organs and the reproductive system of poultry birds.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Zinc Nanoparticles Prepared by Different Green Methods on Egg Production, Egg Quality, Bone Mineralization, and Antioxidant Capacity in Caged Layers

The present study was planned to evaluate the effect of dietary zinc-oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized by different plant extracts on egg production, egg quality, bone mineralization, and antioxidant capacity in caged layers. Nanoparticles of ZnO were synthesized by using extracts of Allium sativum (AS), Aloe vera (AV), Curcuma longa (CL), and Zingiber officinale (ZO). Different sources of nano ZnO (AS, AV, CL, and ZO) with varying levels (35, 70, or 105 ppm) were tested on 288 caged LSL layers of 25 weeks of age. Each diet was offered to 4 replicates of 6 birds each level and the duration of trial was 8 weeks. Daily egg production, feed consumption, and fortnightly egg quality parameters were recorded. Egg quality parameters (egg weight, egg mass, shape index, yolk index, albumen index, Haugh unit score, specific gravity, and eggshell thickness) were determined fortnightly by taking 2 eggs from each replicate randomly. Antioxidant capacity and bone mineralization were determined at the end of the trial. Results showed that the nano ZnO preparations were not effective (P < 0.05) on laying performance but additional levels (70 ppm) improved egg production, feed conversion ratio, egg mass, Haugh unit score, and antioxidant capacity of chickens. An interaction was found among nanoparticles prepared by Allium sativum and Zingiber officianale extracts with 70 ppm level regarding total antioxidant capacity and egg production (P > 0.05). Interaction among source and level was not found regarding feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg quality, bone characteristics, and concentration of Zn. Results of the present study suggest that nano ZnO sources may not be a factor that affects performance, but level affects the birds' physiology. Thus, it is concluded that nano ZnO with 70 ppm concentration is sufficient to optimize the laying performance.

Improving Dietary Zinc Bioavailability Using New Food Fortification Approaches: A Promising Tool to Boost Immunity in the Light of COVID-19

Zinc is a powerful immunomodulatory trace element, and its deficiency in the body is closely associated with changes in immune functions and viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. The creation of new forms of zinc delivery to target cells can make it possible to obtain smart chains of food ingredients. Recent evidence supports the idea that the optimal intake of zinc or bioactive compounds in appropriate supplements should be considered as part of a strategy to generate an immune response in the human body. Therefore, controlling the amount of this element in the diet is especially important for populations at risk of zinc deficiency, who are more susceptible to the severe progression of viral infection and disease, such as COVID-19. Convergent approaches such as micro- and nano-encapsulation develop new ways to treat zinc deficiency and make zinc more bioavailable.

Mechanistic Approaches to the Application of Nano-Zinc in the Poultry and Biomedical Industries: A Comprehensive Review of Future Perspectives and Challenges

Bio-fortification is a new, viable, cost-effective, and long-term method of administering crucial minerals to a populace with limited exposure to diversified foods and other nutritional regimens. Nanotechnology entities aid in the improvement of traditional nutraceutical absorption, digestibility, and bio-availability. Nano-applications are employed in poultry systems utilizing readily accessible instruments and processes that have no negative impact on animal health and welfare. Nanotechnology is a sophisticated innovation in the realm of biomedical engineering that is used to diagnose and cure various poultry ailments. In the 21st century, zinc nanoparticles had received a lot of considerable interest due to their unusual features. ZnO NPs exhibit antibacterial properties; however, the qualities of nanoparticles (NPs) vary with their size and structure, rendering them adaptable to diverse uses. ZnO NPs have shown remarkable promise in bio-imaging and drug delivery due to their high bio-compatibility. The green synthesized nanoparticles have robust biological activities and are used in a variety of biological applications across industries. The current review also discusses the formulation and recent advancements of zinc oxide nanoparticles from plant sources (such as leaves, stems, bark, roots, rhizomes, fruits, flowers, and seeds) and their anti-cancerous activities, activities in wound healing, and drug delivery, followed by a detailed discussion of their mechanisms of action.

Meta-analysis of Zinc Supplementation on Laying Performance, Egg Quality Characteristics, and Blood Zinc Concentrations in Laying Hens

There are inconsistent results on the influence of zinc (Zn) supplementation levels on productive indices of laying hens. This study, therefore, uses meta-analysis to synthesis evidence on the effect of inclusion of Zn in chicken diets on performance, egg quality, and blood Zn status of laying hens. Eleven studies were identified and used to analyze the effect of diets with or without Zn supplementation on feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), hen day egg production (HDEP), egg weight (EW), egg mass (EM), Haugh unit (HU) scores, eggshell thickness (EST), eggshell weight (ESW), and blood Zn concentrations in laying hens. Data extracted from the 11 studies included in the meta-analysis were pooled using a random-effects model and expressed as standardized mean differences (SMDs) at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results indicate that dietary Zn supplementation reduced FCR (SMD =  - 0.50 g feed/g egg; 95% CI: - 0.68 to - 0.31) and increased HDEP (SMD = 0.33%; 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.48), EW (SMD = 0.14 g; 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.25) and EM (SMD = 0.58 g/hen/day; 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.95), HU (SMD = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.85), EST (SMD = 0.84 mm; 95% CI: 0.45 to 1.23), and plasma Zn concentration (SMD = 4.20 mg/dl; 95% CI: 2.99 to 5.40) compared with the controls. In contrast, feed intake and ESW were not significantly different from controls. Restricted subgroup analysis indicated that chosen moderators (age of hen, inclusion level, chicken breed/strain, and supplementation duration) influenced the results of this meta-analysis. There was evidence of significant heterogeneity, and meta-regression indicated that moderators explained most of the sources of heterogeneity. We conclude that dietary zinc supplementation had positive effect on feed conversion ratio, laying performance, aspects of egg quality traits, and blood zinc concentrations in laying hens. The findings from this meta-analysis will help in policy advancements and sustainable use of zinc in the egg production industry.

Nano Zinc Oxide Improves Performance, IGF-I mRNA Expression, Meat Quality, and Humeral Immune Response and Alleviates Oxidative Stress and NF-κB Immunohistochemistry of Broiler Chickens

A 35-day trial was set to explore the effects of different dietary zinc sources on growth, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA expression, meat quality, immune response, antioxidant activity, and immunohistochemistry of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κ7B) of broiler chickens. Ross 308 broiler chicks (n = 156) were randomly assigned into four experimental groups. The G1 received the basal control diet without zinc supplementation; the G2, G3, and G4 were supplemented with zinc oxide, zinc lysine, and nano zinc oxide, respectively, at a level of 40 mg Zn/kg diet. The data revealed that nano zinc oxide linearly improved the overall growth performance parameters. Nano zinc oxide linearly elevated (P < 0.001) mRNA expression of IGF-I followed by G3. The pH value of breast muscle in G4 shows a linearly decreasing value (P < 0.001). Also, the linearly highest expressible release volume percentage and lightness (L*) value with the lowest redness (a*) value (P < 0.05) were recorded in G4 and G3. A numerical increase in the total antibody titer was recorded on the 35^th day in the G3 and G4. A numerical elevation in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a numerical reduction in the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) were recorded in the G4. The section of the liver from G4 revealed significantly very low expression of NF-κB staining. It is concluded that nano zinc oxide is considered the more trending zinc source. It had no negative effects on the health status and can be used in broiler diet premix.

Zinc supplementation improves antioxidant status, and organic zinc is more efficient than inorganic zinc in improving the bone strength of aged laying hens

Background

There have been some reports indicating that supplementation of zinc could alleviate the negative effects of age on egg quality in laying hens. However, information regarding these positive effects on health and zinc deposition in the body is limited.

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic sources of zinc on the antioxidant activity, bone strength, and zinc deposition in the tissues of older laying hens.

Methods

In a completely randomized design, 175 Leghorn laying hens (w36) aged 80 weeks were allocated into seven treatment groups and five replications: control (without zinc supplementation), zinc sulphate treatments (15, 30, and 45 mg/kg), and organic zinc treatments (15, 30, and 45 mg/kg).

Results

There was a significant increase in feed intake in the zinc sulphate and organic zinc treatments compared to the control treatment (p < 0.05). The egg mass in organic and sulphate zinc showed a significant increase. The feed conversion ratio was decreased significantly in the organic zinc treatments (p < 0.05). Both organic and sulphate zinc supplements enhanced serum superoxide dismutase activity as an antioxidant index (p < 0.05). The cortical thickness of the tibia was improved in laying hens receiving 30 mg/kg organic zinc. Supplementation of zinc could lead to an increase in zinc deposition in tissues, and organic zinc boosts bone strength.

Conclusion

Zinc supplementation can improve antioxidant activity, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio and enhance egg mass and optimal absorption of zinc in tissues. The use of 30 mg/kg organic zinc is recommended for improving the cortical thickness of the tibia in aged laying hens.

A perspective review on the effect of different forms of zinc on poultry production of poultry with special reference to the hazardous effects of misuse

Zinc (Zn) is a unique micro-mineral because it is an essential component in many enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, carbonic anhydrase, and alkaline phosphatase, as well as being important for regulation of proteins and lipids metabolism, and sex hormones. This mineral is applied in poultry production in three forms; inorganic, organic, and nanoparticle form. The nano-form of Zn is preferable in application to other conventional forms with regard to absorption, bioavailability, and efficacy. Broilers fed on diets supplemented with Zn showed improvement of growth performance, carcass meat yield, and meat quality. In addition, Zn plays an important role in enhancing of both cellular and humeral immune responses, beside its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In laying hens, dietary addition of Zn improves the eggshell quality and the quantity of eggs. Moreover, Zn has a vital role in breeders in terms of improving the egg production, fertility, hatchability, embryonic development, and availability of the hatched chicks. Therefore, this review article is focused on the effects of using Zn on the performance and immunity of poultry, as well as its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties with special reference to the hazardous effects of the misusing of this mineral.

Effect of chelated source of additional zinc and selenium on performance, yolk fatty acid composition, and oxidative stability in laying hens fed with oxidised oil

1. The following study determined whether the effects of the combined addition of zinc amino acid complex (ZA) and selenomethionine (SM) was superior to their single addition in controlling the oxidative stress induced by dietary oxidised fat in laying hens.2. Two hundred and forty 32-week-old laying hens were divided into the following dietary treatments (each consisting of six replicates of eight birds): 1) a fresh soy oil (FSO) diet; 2) an oxidised soy oil (OSO) diet; 3) an OSO diet plus 20 mg zinc as ZA/kg (OSO+ZA); 4) an OSO diet plus 0.2 mg selenium as SM/kg (OSO+SM); and 5) an OSO diet plus ZA and SM (OSO+ZA+SM).3. After 10 weeks of feeding hens, feed intake, egg production, and egg mass in the OSO+ZA+SM group were similar to the FSO group but better (P<0.05) than those in the OSO group. Shell thickness and shell breaking strength were significantly improved by the OSO+ZA and OSO+ZA+SM treatments.4. Increases in the yolk concentrations of palmitic acid and total saturated fatty acids (SFA), and decreases in yolk linoleic acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), total PUFA, and PUFA/SFA ratio were induced by dietary oxidised fat which were normalised (P<0.05) by OSO+SM and OSO+ZA+SM.5. An increase (P<0.05) in malondialdehyde and a decrease in 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity in the yolk, induced by dietary oxidised fat, was significantly improved by all dietary supplementations, but only birds fed the OSO+ZA+SM diet exhibited similar values to those fed FSO.6. In conclusion, the simultaneous inclusion of organic zinc plus selenium in the oxidised fat diets was beneficial for improving egg-laying performance, yolk fatty acid profile, and oxidative stability, but not for internal egg quality, compared with either zinc or selenium alone in laying hens.

Nano-Bio Selenium Synthesized by Bacillus subtilis Modulates Broiler Performance, Intestinal Morphology and Microbiota, and Expression of Tight Junction's Proteins

A green and ecofriendly bio-based synthesis of nano selenium particles was performed using the Bacillus subtilis and the products were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. Dietary treatments included a control diet nonsupplemented with selenium and control diet supplemented with different sources of selenium (sodium selenite, organic Se, and nano-bio Se), resulting in a total of 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 10 chicks. Broilers were assessed for performance measures, ileum morphometry, and microbial population and jejunum tight junction proteins' relative expression. The particle size of the synthesized selenium nanoparticles ranges 40 to 150 nm, with crystalline spherical shape. Inclusion of selenium increased body weight (BW) and improved FCR compared to the control diet (P < 0.05). Among the selenium sources, the highest BW were achieved in chicks fed sodium selenite or nano-bio Se. Selenium supplementation meaningfully (P <  - 0.01) changed ileum morphology and reduced ileum microbiota. Inclusion of selenium increased the relative weight of the carcass, breast, and thigh and reduced the relative weight of the liver and bursa of Fabricius on day 42 (P < 0.01). The relative length of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were increased on day 14 but reduced on day 42 by inclusion of selenium (P < 0.05). Supplementation of selenium increased (P < 0.01) the expression of claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occluden-1 and reduced (P < 0.01) the expression of claudin-5 and zonula occluden-2 on day 28. Inclusion of nano-bio selenium increased (P < 0.05) the expression of occludin, zonula occluden-1, and zonula occluden-2 and reduced (P < 0.05) the expression of claudin-5 compared to the organic selenium and sodium selenite on day 42. In conclusion, this data suggest feasibility of the biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by Bacillus subtilis. Additionally, the data reported herein demonstrate that nano-bio selenium can effectively improve performance and intestinal integrity compared to the common organic and inorganic sources of selenium.

Novel zinc sources as antimicrobial growth promoters for monogastric animals: A review

The essentiality of zinc for animals has been recognized over 80 years. Zinc is an essential trace element that is a component of many enzymes and is associated with the various hormones. Apart from the nutritional function, zinc has antimicrobial property and often be supplemented in diets in the quantities greater than which is required to meet the nutritional requirement, especially for weaning pigs. This review will focus on the application of pharmacological zinc and its mechanisms which may be responsible for the effects of zinc on performance and health of monogastric animals. Various novel sources of zinc in non-ruminant animal production will also be discussed. These should assist in more precisely formulating feed to maximize the production performance and to maintain the health condition of monogastric animals.

Hydroxychloride trace elements improved eggshell quality partly by modulating uterus histological structure and inflammatory cytokines expression in aged laying hens

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of dietary zinc, copper, and manganese hydroxychloride (HC) supplementation on performance, minerals deposition, serum parameters, eggshell ultrastructure, uterus histological structure, and inflammatory cytokines in aged hens. A total of 560 Hyline Brown layers at 62 wk of age were randomly allotted into 3 groups (CON, basal diet without extra minerals supplemented; Sulphate and HC, basal diet with sulphate or hydroxychloride zinc, copper, and manganese supplementation at levels of 80, 15, and 80 mg/kg, respectively). The trial lasted for 16 wk consisting of 4 wk depletion period and 12 wk testing period. The results indicated that dietary hydroxychloride trace elements increased egg weight (P < 0.05) when compared with CON group and improved average Haugh unit and albumen height (P < 0.05) when compared with Sulphate group from 70 to 73 wk. Trace element supplementation significantly increased eggshell strength, ceruloplasmin content in serum, and modified crystallographic structure of eggshell (P < 0.05) that included effective layer height, palisade height, mammillary layer width, and mammillary internal area ratio, but the results did not differ regarding the trace mineral sources used. Furthermore, hens fed with hydroxychloride trace element showed the highest mucosal fold height (P < 0.05) and epithelial height (P = 0.053) in eggshell gland, as well as mRNA expression of TNF-α (P < 0.05) and IL-22 (P = 0.094). It is concluded that supplementation of Zn, Cu, and Mn mixture modified eggshell quality partly through enhancing histological structure and immune responses of uterus. Hydroxychloride source of Zn, Cu, and Mn excelled sulphate in its beneficial effects for birds.

Effect of Dietary Bacillus coagulans and Different Forms of Zinc on Performance, Intestinal Microbiota, Carcass and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens

A total of 288-day-old male broilers were allocated to six dietary treatments to evaluate the effects of zinc source and Bacillus coagulans supplements and their interaction on growth, intestinal microbial population, carcass traits and meat quality in broiler chickens. Three levels of dietary supplemental Zn source (100 mg/kg of DM diet zinc oxide, 25 and 50 mg/kg of diet zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn-nan)) and two levels of B. coagulans (0 and 100 mg/kg of diet) were combined as a completely randomised design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. B. coagulans increased the body weight gain, body weight and feed conversion ratio. The lactic acid producing bactereia of ileal were increased by B. coagulans supplementation, and its coliform count was decreased by Zn-nan in a dose-dependent manner. The B. coagulans increased the relative weights of legs and proventriculus and reduced weights of livers, abdominal fat and meat thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value. Likewise, dietary B. coagulans increased pH, yellowness and lightness values of leg muscles. Birds fed Zn-nan50 had lower liver weight, TBA and cooking loss and higher yellowness values than chicks fed ZnO-100. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation with B. coagulans improved broiler performance, microbial population and meat quality. The Zn-nan in lower dose could be a good substitution in mineral premix instead of zinc oxide. In addition, the Zn-nan improved intestinal microbial population, carcass characteristics and oxidative stability of chicken meat; however, the combination of two levels of Zn-nan with B. coagulans did not vary the measured parameters.

Growth performance, tissue precipitation, metallothionein and cytokine transcript expression and economics in response to different dietary zinc sources in growing rabbits

The impact of different dietary zinc sources on the growth, serum metabolites, tissue zinc content, economics and relative expression of cytokine and metallothionein genes was evaluated in this study. A total of 120 35-day-old male New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were randomly distributed into four dietary experimental groups with 10 replicates per group and 3 animals per replicate. The control group was fed basal diet with a Zn-free vitamin-mineral premix; the other three groups received control basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg level with zinc oxide (ZnO; as inorganic source), Zn-methionine (Zn-Met; as organic source) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnO). The results indicated that Zn-Met and nano-ZnO groups significantly improved body weight, daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and nutrient digestibility, as well as decreased mortality, compared to ZnO and control groups. Zn-Met and nano-ZnO significantly reduced serum total cholesterol but did not affect serum proteins and liver function. Nano-ZnO supplemented group also recorded the highest value of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and lysozymes compared to other groups. Nano-ZnO supplementation had increased hepatic Zn and Cu content and decreased faecal Zn content. Also nano-ZnO group recorded higher expression levels of genes encoding for metallothionein I and metallothionein II, interleukin-2 and interferon-γ in the liver of rabbits. The findings of this study demonstrated zinc nanoparticles, and organic zinc supplementation had improved growth performance and health status of growing rabbits than inorganic zinc oxide.

Combined Supplementation of Nano-Zinc Oxide and Thyme Oil Improves the Nutrient Digestibility and Reproductive Fertility in the Male Californian Rabbits

Simple Summary

The present study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of supplementing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), thyme oil (THO), or their combination on the reproductive parameters, nutrient digestibility coefficients, and some blood metabolites of male Californian rabbits. Results showed an improvement in the nutrients digestibility, liver and kidney functions, testosterone concentration, and semen characteristics (semen volume, sperm motility, vitality, and morphology). ZnO-NPs were more effective in improving the male fertility, while THO showed a marked improvement in nutrient digestibility. Therefore, the inclusion of ZnO-NPs, or THO, or both is recommended for a rabbit feeding regimen to improve the feeding profitability.

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), thyme oil (THO), or their combination on the nutrient digestibility coefficients, reproductive parameters, and some blood metabolites of male Californian rabbits. One hundred rabbits, 29-weeks of age (initial body weight 3.48 ± 0.08 kg) were randomly distributed into four groups, 25 rabbits each. Treatment groups were fed a control diet, a control diet supplemented with ZnO-NPs (100 mg/kg), THO (500 mg/kg), or combination of ZnO-NPs (100 mg/kg) and THO (500 mg/kg). The feeding trial lasted for 35 days. Results showed improvements in dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and crude fiber in ZnO-NPs, THO, and their combination treated groups compared to those of control. Furthermore, semen volume, sperm motility, vitality, and morphology were significantly improved (p < 0.01) in ZnO-NPs and THO groups rather than the control. Both ZnO-NPs and THO, as either individual or combined treatments significantly improved the serum alanine amino-transferase (ALT), aspartate amino-transferase (AST), urea, and creatinine compared to the control. Moreover, serum concentrations of testosterone were significantly increased in rabbits supplemented with ZnO-NPs, THO, or their combination compared to those of control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ZnO-NPs, THO, or their combination improved the digestibility of nutrients, liver/ kidney functions, semen characteristics, and testosterone concentration in male rabbits.

Impact of dietary zinc oxide nanoparticles on selected serum biomarkers, lipid peroxidation and tissue gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and cytokines in Japanese quail

Background

The use of zinc oxide in the form of nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) is of great benefit due to its potent effectiveness and higher bioavailability compared to zinc oxide. This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary inclusion of different doses of ZnO-NPs on selected serum biomarkers, lipid peroxidation and tissue gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and cytokines in Japanese quail. Eighty Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) (45 days old) were randomly divided into four groups (20 birds for each) with 4 replicates (5 birds each). Birds in the first group were fed a basal diet alone and served as a control (C). Birds in groups 2–4 were fed the basal diet supplemented with ZnO-NPs at doses of 15 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg for a period of 60 days. At the end of the experiment, all birds were sacrificed to collect blood in a plain vacutainer, whereas liver and brain tissues were stored frozen at -80 °C. The obtained sera were used for the analysis of selected biochemical parameters, whereas tissue homogenates were used for the estimation of zinc, oxidative stress biomarkers and gene expression of selected antioxidant enzymes and cytokines.

Results

ZnO-NPs (30 and 60 mg/kg) induced a significant decrease in serum triacylglycerol (TAG) compared to the control. ZnO-NPs did not affect the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein, albumin, globulin and tissue zinc concentrations but reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared to the control. The liver retained a higher zinc concentration than that of brain tissue. In a dose-dependent manner, ZnO-NPs upregulated the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase: SOD1; catalase: CAT; glutathione peroxidase-1: GPX 1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon α: IFN-α; interleukin 6: IL-6) in liver and brain tissues.

Conclusion

The current study suggests the inclusion of ZnO-NPs, particularly 60 mg/kg, in the diet of Japanese quails to improve antioxidant and immune status.

Progress and Prospect of Essential Mineral Nanoparticles in Poultry Nutrition and Feeding-a Review

Nanobiotechnology is a growing field in animal and veterinary sciences for various practical applications including diagnostic, therapeutic, and nutritional applications. Recently, nanoforms or nanoparticles (NP) of essential minerals have been explored for growth performance, feed utilization, and health status of animals. Various mineral NP, such as calcium, zinc, copper, selenium, and chromium, have been studied in different farm animals including poultry. Because mineral NP are smaller in size, and show different chemical and physical properties, they are usually absorbed in greater amounts from gastrointestinal tract and exert enhanced biological effects in the target tissues of animals. In various studies, mineral NP have been comparatively studied relating to its larger inorganic and organic particles in poultry. There are contradictory findings among the studies on comparative improvement of production performance and other mineral functions perhaps due to different sizes, shapes, and properties of NP, and interactions of minerals present in basal diets. There are not many studies correlating physical and chemical properties of mineral NP and their biological functions in the body. Nonetheless, it appears that mineral NP have potential for their uses as mineral supplements in preference to inorganic mineral supplements for their better absorption avoiding antagonistic interactions with other minerals, growth performance, and physiological functions, especially at lower doses compared with the doses that are recommended for their larger particles. Supplementation of mineral NP in diets could be a promising option in the future. This review summarizes the studies of different essential mineral NP used as mineral supplements for feed intake, growth performance, egg production and quality, and blood variables in poultry.

Bioavailability of Methionine-Coated Zinc Nanoparticles as a Dietary Supplement Leads to Improved Performance and Bone Strength in Broiler Chicken Production

Recently, nanotechnology has been widely adopted in many fields. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential for amino acid coated nano minerals as a supplement in broiler feed. Zinc was selected as a model mineral for this test and supplementation of nano zinc, both coated and uncoated was compared with organic and inorganic commercial forms of zinc. A total of 48 pens (8 birds each) were assigned to one of the following dietary treatments: Control, methionine-Zinc chelate (M-Zn), nano zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO), and methionine coated nano zinc oxide (M-Nano-ZnO). All experimental diets were formulated with the same total zinc, methionine, protein, and energy content with just the zinc source as a variable. Bird weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratios were recorded weekly, with three birds culled (sacrificed) at day 21 and day 35 for sampling measures. Ileal digestibility of zinc was determined at day 21 and day 35 using titanium dioxide as an inert marker. Blood serum, liver and spleen samples were collected at day 21 and day 35 and analysed for zinc content via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Tibia strength and morphometrics were measured from both legs of three birds per pen at day 21 and day 35. The study was conducted at Nottingham Trent University Poultry Unit, UK. The novel method of producing nano minerals coated with amino acids was successfully tested with zinc and material produced to test in the feeding study. Methionine coated nano zinc oxide supplementation significantly improved bird weight gain and the increased feed intake of broilers compared to an inorganic zinc form. Ileal digestibility was also improved with this methionine-nano zinc. Moreover, this supplementation improved the tibia strength of broilers at the age of 21 days, though this was not observed at day 35. Therefore, M-Nano-ZnO could be used to supplement broilers to improve both performance and digestibility with a limited positive impact on bone strength. The results of the current study suggest that the amino acid coating of nano minerals can improve the digestibility of minerals which may have further implications for the field of mineral nutrition in animal feeds.

Effect of dietary zinc nanoparticle supplementation on mineral balance, tissue minerals status and immune response in Guinea pigs

The present study was designed to examine the effect of dietary supplementation of zinc nanoparticles on mineral balance, tissue minerals status and immune response in guinea pigs. Depending upon the source of Zn, 30 weaned male guinea pigs were randomly allocated to five different groups having 6 animals in each group in CRD. Animals under group T1 (control) were fed with basal diet with inorganic Zn (ZnSO4), whereas, animals were fed with organic Zn (Zn methionine) in group T2, commercial zinc nanoparticle in group T3 and two other zinc nanoparticles prepared in our laboratory in groups T4 and T5, respectively. They were supplemented with 20 mg Zn/kg feed on dry matter basis for 90 days. Results revealed that intake and balance of nitrogen and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, Zn and Cu) was not affected (P>0.05) by supplementation zinc nanoparticles. The level of Zn in liver and testes was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the zinc supplemented groups, when compared to that of control group, however, the mean values of Cu, Fe and Mn were comparable (P>0.05) among different groups, irrespective of the source of Zn. The mean antibody titre was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the commercial nanoparticle supplemented group as compared to other groups. As evidenced in our study spanning 90 days of trial, zinc nanoparticles can be safely supplemented up to 20 ppm level in the diet of guinea pigs.

Effect of the level and source of supplementary dietary zinc on egg production, quality, and zinc content and on serum antioxidant parameters and zinc concentration in laying hens

Zinc is vital for proper functioning of an animal. Two sources of zinc are commonly supplemented in animal feed, organic and inorganic zinc, and there are reports that the former is absorbed to a greater extent than the latter. We hypothesized that supplementary zinc would increase zinc content in eggs of laying hens and that organic zinc would be more effective than inorganic zinc. To test these hypotheses, we examined the effect of levels and sources of supplemental dietary zinc on average daily feed intake (ADFI), egg production, and zinc content in eggs and on serum antioxidant capacity and zinc concentration in laying hens. A total of 720 Roman laying hens (21-week-old) were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups with 6 replicates, with 24 hens in each replicate. Two sources of zinc, organic (zinc amino acid complex) and inorganic (zinc sulfate), each with 2 levels, low (35 mg/kg) and high (70 mg/kg), comprised 4 treatment groups, and a control group without supplementary zinc was the fifth group. Seven days were allowed for adjustment to the conditions, and then measurements were taken over 42 D. There was no difference in ADFI, average egg weight (EW), ADFI-to-EW ratio, and egg quality (P > 0.05) among the 5 treatment groups; supplemental zinc increased serum concentrations of Zn²⁺ and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and tended to increase superoxide dismutase content (P = 0.065). Zinc content in eggs increased linearly with supplementary organic zinc (N = 18, R² = 0.363, P = 0.008) and with supplementary inorganic zinc (N = 18, R² = 0.366, P = 0.008) treatment, but there was no difference between the source treatments of zinc. Therefore, our first hypothesis was supported, but our second one was not supported. We concluded that zinc supplementation is effective in enhancing zinc content in eggs and in improving antioxidant capacity in laying hens.

Effects of Dietary Zinc on Performance, Zinc Transporters Expression, and Immune Response of Aged Laying Hens

This study was to investigate the effects of dietary zinc (Zn) supplementation on performance, zinc transporter gene expression, and immune function in aged laying hens. In experiment 1, twenty 31-week-old hens (young) and twenty 60-week-old hens (old) with the same genetic background were fed with the same diet for 4 weeks. In experiment 2, a basal diet supplemented with zinc sulfate (ZnS) and zinc glycine chelate (ZnG) at 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg Zn/kg to constitute nine experimental diets. Eight hundred and ten 60-week-old layers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with 9 treatments, 6 replicates of 15 birds each, and birds were fed for 10 weeks. In experiment 1, results showed that zinc and metallothionein (MT) concentration in the shell gland of old hens was significantly lower than young layers (P < 0.05). Zinc transporters ZnT1, 4, 5, 6, and 7 messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance in old layers were significantly lower versus the young (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, results indicated that dietary zinc supplementation did not significantly affect the laying rate, average feed intake, egg weight, feed conversion efficiency, broken egg rate, or mortality (P > 0.05). Supplemental ZnG significantly improved eggshell breaking strength than ZnS, with a higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and more abundant ZnT4 expression in shell gland versus ZnS (P < 0.05). ZnG supplementation at 90 mg Zn/kg affected the duodenal mucus by significantly increasing ZnT1, 6, 7, ZIP13, and MT-4 mRNA level (P < 0.05). Zinc level significantly increased bovine serum albumin (BSA) antibody concentration on 14 day after BSA injection (P < 0.05). Supplementation of ZnG improved eggshell quality of aged layers by upgrading zinc transporter expression in the shell gland and intestine also enhanced humoral immunity.

Toxicological effect of zinc on liver of broiler chicks

Background

The objective of this study is to examine the toxic effects of zinc on the liver of broiler chicks. For this purpose, twenty broiler chicks were taken for the experiment and their weight ranging from 35-45 g. They were divided into four groups: one control and three treated groups. All treated groups were supplemented with 300 mg/kgb.w (low dose, LD), 600 mg/kgb.w (intermediate dose, ID) and 900 mg/kgb.w. (high dose, HD) of Zinc and the control group was fed basal commercial starter diet for 21 days.

Results

Necrosis, liver cell hypertrophy, fuzzy liver cells and lymphocytic inflammation were found in birds exposed to the low and intermediate dose as compared to the controlled group. Broiler chicks exposed to high dose showed pronounced changes in the liver such as congestion of blood vessels, connective tissue hyperplasia, bile duct proliferation, dilation of sinusoids, damaged intercellular contacts between hepatocytes, liver cell hypertrophy and accumulation of inflammatory cells

Conclusion

After the careful analysis of the study, the results have been reported that if one can take zinc in higher amount as supplements or in their foods than it affects the normal structure of the liver and it will alter the functioning of the liver in both human and animals.

Nano-particles of Trace Minerals in Poultry Nutrition: Potential Applications and Future Prospects

Nano-technology is an emerging technology with tremendous potential and diverse applications in human health, agriculture, and animal nutrition. It also offers potential advantages in supporting research in many areas of life sciences. Nano-technology has many vital biological applications as living systems depend on many nano-scale objects like proteins, DNA, and enzymes. Trace minerals are normally used in very minute quantity in animal nutrition but issues like lower bioavailability, antagonism, and higher excretion rates from body limit their efficiency. Nano-technology offers opportunity to mediate these issues as nano-particles possess different physical and chemical properties than other forms of minerals. Nano-particles possess higher physical activity and chemical neutrality. Bioavailability can be enhanced by increasing the surface area of respective minerals by making their nano-particles. Owing to potential advantages of nano-particles, interest in exploring their potential use and efficacy in animal production has increased significantly in this decade. Although limited literature is available regarding potential effects of nano-particles in poultry nutrition, still some convincing evidences have suggested the feeding of trace minerals (zinc, copper, silver, selenium, iron, chromium, and manganese) in the diets of broilers, layers, turkeys, quails, etc. Excellent antimicrobial activities of nano-particles of Ag, Cu, and Zn, against key poultry pathogens like Salmonella and Campylobacter, indicate their potential for effective use in poultry production. Recent studies have also demonstrated modulation of gut health by nano-particle through increasing abundance of beneficial microbes (Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium) and production of short-chain fatty acids. This review aims to provide insights on absorption, metabolism, and distribution of nano-minerals in the body. Moreover, potential applications and various aspects of using nano-trace minerals in different poultry species with potential effects on performance and health of birds are discussed.

Effect of zinc nanoaquacitrate on the biochemical and productive parameters of the organism of rabbits

Zinc is an essential microelement for the organism of animals, and its deficiency reduces the synthesis and degradation of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, and also decreases the metabolism of vital microelements. The objective of the study was determining the effect of various amounts of zinc nanoaquacitrate on the biochemical parameters of blood and productivity of the organism of rabbits after weaning on 50th to 86th days of life. Compared with the control group, intake of zinc nanoaquacitrate by the animals of the experimental groups exhibited dose-dependent effect on separate biochemical parameters which characterize the processes of lipid and mineral metabolisms, which manifested in the increase in their content in the blood on the 12th, 24th and 36th days of the experiment. Watering rabbits with zinc citrate in the dose of Zn 0.25 mg/kg after weaning determined its physiological effect on the biochemical parameters of their organism, expressed in the most statistically reliable changes compared with other tested amounts, particularly a higher level of the total protein, increase in the activities of glutathione reductase, alanine aminotransferase, catalase and alkaline phosphatase and decrease in the levels of cholesterol, lipid hydroperoxides, compared with the control, which may indicate the positive effect of the applied additives on certain biochemical parameters of the rabbits’ organism. Additional use of zinc citrate in the dose of 0.50 mg/kg of body weight was manifested in their blood by significant increase in the activities of catalase and glutathione reductase, lower level of lipid hydroperoxides and increase in the organism’s growth parameter by 3.1% in the final period of the study. Watering zinc citrate in the amount of 0.75 mg/kg of body weight provoked probable decrease in the level of cholesterol and triacylglycerols and increases in catalase and glutathione reductase, increase in activity of alanine aminotrasferase and decrease in lipid hydroperoxides, which determined the stimulating effect on the growth of the organism with 8.4% higher total gain of body weight after 36 days of the experiment. From a general perspective, the research indicates that intake of lowest amount of zinc citrate was characterized by the greatest effect on the biochemical blood parameters, whereas the use of greater amounts of organic compound of zinc showed positive effect on the processes of growth and development of the organism of rabbits after weaning. Of practical importance is the study of the effect of watering zinc nanoaquacitrate in the physiologically substantiated amounts on biochemical blood parameters and growth and survivability of the offspring and organism of the mother rabbit in the period of lactation.

Effects of dietary vitamins supplementation level on the production performance and intestinal microbiota of aged laying hens

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of higher vitamins supplementation level on the performance, immunity, and intestinal microbiota of old laying hens. Twelve birds were randomly chosen from 312 healthy, 65-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers for sampling after a 7-wk acclimation period. The remaining 300 hens were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments for a 13-wk feeding trial: basal diet (CON), basal diet with 2-fold supplementation level of lipid-soluble vitamins (LV), 2-fold supplementation level of water-soluble vitamins (WV), or 2-fold supplementation level of both lipid-soluble and water-soluble vitamins (BV), respectively. Compared with 72-wk-old laying hens, the 85-wk-old laying hens showed declined egg quality, which implied by inferior eggshell strength and yolk color (P < 0.05). However, after 13 wks feeding trial, the birds in WV group had higher yellowness of yolk color, and LV group had increased laying rate (P < 0.05) compared with CON. Meanwhile, WV and/or BV groups showed improved GSH/GSSG levels in liver and increased secretory immunoglobulin A concentrations in jejunum compared with CON (P < 0.05). In addition, higher dietary vitamin supplementation levels significantly altered the composition of intestinal microbiota, as evidenced by increased abundance of ileal Lactobacillus, whereas reduced richness of ileal Romboutsia, Turicibacter, and cecal Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) in WV group and increased cecal Megasphaera and Phascolarctobacterium (P < 0.05) in LV group compared with CON group. In conclusion, higher vitamin supplementation levels in the diet could improve laying performance and egg quality of aged hens, which was closely correlated with the increased abundance of beneficial microbiota in the intestine.

Dietary zinc and growth, carcass characteristics, immune responses, and serum biochemistry of broilers

Context Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element, and plays an important role in growth, bone formation, feathering and appetite of broilers. Accurate supplementation of this mineral is the aim of the animal husbandry. Thus, it is crucial to optimise the Zn concentration in the diet of broilers. Aims The present study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Zn on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, immune responses and serum biochemistry of broilers. Methods A total of 180 1-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly allotted by bodyweight to one of five treatments with six replicates of six birds each. The birds were fed a Zn-unsupplemented corn–soybean meal basal diet (27.75 or 26.88 mg/kg Zn by analysis) or one of the four Zn-supplemented diets, which were the basal diet supplemented with 40, 80, 120, or 160 mg Zn /kg as Zn sulfate (reagent grade ZnSO4•7H2O), for 42 days. Key results No differences were detected on growth performance or carcass characteristics among treatment groups. However, the total protein concentration and albumin concentration tended (P = 0.09) to increase with an increasing concentration of dietary Zn. The antibody titer of Newcastle disease (ND), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum on Day 21 were significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) as the Zn supplementation increased in broiler diets. Conclusions These results indicated that dietary Zn supplementation improves the serum antibody titer of ND and ALP activity of broilers, and 86 mg Zn/kg was appropriate for broilers when fed a corn–soybean meal diet in the early stage. Implications The present results have provided scientific basis for broiler production, and accurate supplementation of Zn would effectively improve the growth performance and reduce production costs.

Effects of Dietary Different Levels of Nano, Organic and Inorganic Zinc Sources on Performance, Eggshell Quality, Bone Mechanical Parameters and Mineral Contents of the Tibia, Liver, Serum and Excreta in Laying Hens

This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary zinc (Zn) sources and their levels on the performance, egg quality, tissue mineral concentrations and bone mechanical traits of laying hens. Two hundred seventy, 44-week-old, Super Nick white laying hens were randomly distributed to 15 experimental groups in a 3 (sources of Zn) × 5 (levels of Zn) factorial arrangement, using groups of 18 birds with 6 replicates. The 15 experimental diets consisted of three sources of Zn (zinc-oxide as an inorganic form, zinc-proteinate as an organic form and nano zinc-oxide powder as a nano form) and five different levels of Zn (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg Zn/kg diet). The experiment lasted 12 weeks. Dietary Zn sources, Zn levels and their interactions had no significant effect on the performance parameters between the treatment groups, nor a significant effect on eggshell weight and eggshell breaking strength. Eggshell thickness and eggshell Ca and P contents were significantly affected by the different dietary Zn sources. Dietary Zn sources, Zn levels and their interactions had no significant effect on tibia Ca and P contents, and also had no significant effect on tibia Zn content. Liver Zn content was significantly affected by the dietary Zn sources. Serum Zn content was not affected by the dietary treatments. Dietary Zn sources, Zn levels and their interactions had no significant effect on tibia weight, tibia stress and tibia breaking strength, as tibia mechanical parameters. Excreta Zn content decreased linearly when hens were fed nano Zn compared to organic and inorganic Zn, and excreta Zn content also linearly increased with increasing dietary Zn levels. In conclusion, 20 mg/kg of supplemental Zn is optimal for sustaining performance, good eggshell quality and bone status, while also reducing Zn excretion and soil pollution, with organic (Zn-proteinate) and nano (ZnO) Zn as the preferred forms in laying hen diets.

Organic trace minerals on productive performance, egg quality and immune response in Bovans White laying hens

This study was performed in 360 laying Bovans White hens and aimed to evaluate the effect of Carbo-Amino-Phosphate-Chelates (CAFQ) as a mineral premix and its 30% reduction by compared to inorganic trace minerals (ITM) concerning its performance, egg quality, tibia breaking strength and immunity. Sixty-week-old hens were assigned into three treatments with 10 replicates of 12 birds each. Treatments were as follows: (a) (100% ITM), (b) (100% CAFQ) and (c) (70% CAFQ). Based on the results obtained during 12 weeks, under the current test conditions, improved yolk colour (p < 0.05); shell breaking strength (p < 0.05); and storage time (p < 0.05) were observed in hens fed with a diet reduced by 70% in CAFQ inclusion showed similar performance behaviour and better egg breaking strength regarding with ITM, suggesting the possibility of minimizing the inclusion of trace minerals in laying hen diets improving environmental impact, in contrast to the use of inorganic sources of minerals.

Microbial synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their potential application as an antimicrobial agent and a feed supplement in animal industry: a review

In recent years, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have gained tremendous attention attributed to their unique properties. Notably, evidence has shown that zinc is an important nutrient in living organisms. As such, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes including bacteria, fungi and yeast are exploited for the synthesis of ZnO NPs by using microbial cells or enzyme, protein and other biomolecules compounds in either an intracellular or extracellular route. ZnO NPs exhibit antimicrobial properties, however, the properties of nanoparticles (NPs) are depended upon on their size and shape, which make them specific for various applications. Nevertheless, the desired size and shape of NPs can be obtained through the optimization process of microbes mediated synthesis by manipulating their reaction conditions. It should be noted that ZnO NPs are synthesized by various chemical and physical methods. Nonetheless, these methods are expensive and not environmentally friendly. On that account, the microbes mediated synthesis of ZnO NPs have rapidly evolved recently where the microbes are cleaner, eco-friendly, non-toxic and biocompatible as the alternatives to chemical and physical practices. Moreover, zinc in the form of NPs is more effective than their bulk counterparts and thus, they have been explored for many potential applications including in animals industry. Notably, with the advent of multi-drug resistant strains, ZnO NPs have emerged as the potential antimicrobial agents. This is mainly due to their superior properties in combating a broad spectrum of pathogens. Moreover, zinc is known as an essential trace element for most of the biological function in the animal's body. As such, the applications of ZnO NPs have been reported to significantly enhance the health and production of the farm animals. Thus, this paper reviews the biological synthesis of ZnO NPs by the microbes, the mechanisms of the biological synthesis, parameters for the optimization process and their potential application as an antimicrobial agent and feed supplement in the animal industry as well as their toxicological hazards on animals.

Zinc requirements of broiler breeder hens

One hundred and twenty Cobb 500 hens, 20 wk of age, were randomly allocated into individual cages with the objective of estimating their Zn requirements. The study was composed of 3 phases: adaptation to cages (basal diet), depletion (deficient diet containing 18.7 ± 0.47 ppm Zn) for 7 wk, and experimental phases. Hens were fed diets with graded increments of Zn sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O), totaling 18.7 ± 0.47, 50.3 ± 10.6, 77.3.0 ± 11.0, 110.2 ± 12.8, 140 ± 12.2, and 170.6 ± 13.2 ppm analyzed Zn in feeds for 12 wk (experimental phase). Requirements of Zn were done using quadratic polynomial (QP), broken line quadratic (BLQ), and exponential asymptotic (EA) models. In general, the non-linear statistical models were the ones that best fit the results in this study. Requirements obtained for hen day egg production and settable egg production were 83.3, 78.6 ppm and 61.4, 65.4 ppm for period of 33 to 36 wk, and 63.3, 53.1 and 60.4, 46.1 ppm for period of 37 to 40 wk, and 62.8, 52.8, and 67.7, 62.1 ppm for period of 41 to 44 wk, respectively, using BLQ and EA models. Total eggs and total settable eggs produced per hen had Zn requirements estimated as 75.7, 64.7 ppm, and 56.5, 41.5 ppm, respectively, for BLQ and EA models, whereas for alkaline phosphatase and eggshell percentage were 161.8, 124.9 ppm and 126.1, 122.4 ppm, using QP and BLQ models. Maximum responses for Zn in yolk for periods of 37 to 40 and 41 to 44 wk were 71.0, 78.1 and 64.5, 59.6 ppm, respectively, using BLQ and EA models. Breaking strength had Zn requirements estimated at 68.0 and 96.7 ppm, whereas eggshell palisade layer and eggshell thickness were maximized with 67.9, 67.9 ppm, and 67.7, 64.4 ppm, respectively, for BLQ and EA models. The average of all Zn requirement estimates obtained by EA and BLQ models in the present study was 72.28 ppm or 11.1 mg/hen/d.

Potential of Nanomaterial Applications in Dietary Supplements and Foods for Special Medical Purposes

Dietary supplements and foods for special medical purposes are special medical products classified according to the legal basis. They are regulated, for example, by the European Food Safety Authority and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, as well as by various national regulations issued most frequently by the Ministry of Health and/or the Ministry of Agriculture of particular countries around the world. They constitute a concentrated source of vitamins, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants or other compounds with a nutritional or physiological effect contained in the food/feed, alone or in combination, intended for direct consumption in small measured amounts. As nanotechnology provides "a new dimension" accompanied with new or modified properties conferred to many current materials, it is widely used for the production of a new generation of drug formulations, and it is also used in the food industry and even in various types of nutritional supplements. These nanoformulations of supplements are being prepared especially with the purpose to improve bioavailability, protect active ingredients against degradation, or reduce side effects. This contribution comprehensively summarizes the current state of the research focused on nanoformulated human and veterinary dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods for special medical purposes, their particular applications in various food products and drinks as well as the most important related guidelines, regulations and directives.

The Use of Nanominerals in Animal Nutrition as a Way to Improve the Composition and Quality of Animal Products

The demand for protein of animal origin and consumer awareness has been systematically increasing over recent years. This fact obliges breeders to provide animals with the best possible breeding conditions, which will condition the productivity of animals and the quality of products obtained from them. Nowadays, this is especially important because consumers are looking for food that is characterized by prohealth properties, a longer shelf life, and high sensory quality. Good results in improving the composition and quality of products of animal origin bring the use of nanominerals in animal nutrition. The purpose of this work was to collect and systematize knowledge related to the possibility of improving the composition and quality of animal products using minerals in the form of nanoparticles in animal nutrition.