1
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Li J, Deng Z, Liu Y, Jin J, Xie C, Gan J. Prognostic and immunological significance of metastasis-associated protein 3 in patients with thymic epithelial tumors. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:216. [PMID: 38852126 PMCID: PMC11162987 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising anticancer activity and have recently been proposed as a therapy for thymic epithelial tumors (TETs); however, this treatment is only effective for a subgroup of TET patients. Thus, this study aims to identify the potential genes implicated in the regulation of cancer immunity in TETs. METHODS The TETs RNA-seq and clinical data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The clinical significance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in TETs was evaluated. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify the immune response-related hub genes. The expression of metastasis-associated protein 3 (MTA3) in TETs was investigated in public datasets and a patient cohort. Kaplan‒Meier curves were generated to analyze the prognostic value of various factors. The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER2.0) was used to estimate the relevance of MTA3 to immune cell infiltration. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and pathway enrichment analysis were applied to explore the MTA3-related pathways. RESULTS The TME was found to be clinically significant in TETs. Moreover, MTA3 was identified as a key gene associated with the immune score, and lower MTA3 expression was linked to poor TME and reduced cytotoxic activity in TETs. Furthermore, MTA3 was found to be deregulated in TETs, predictive of poor prognosis. MTA3 was also significantly associated with the infiltration levels of various immune cell types and highly correlated with their corresponding markers. Notably, MTA3 was positively associated with various immune response pathways. CONCLUSION MTA3 is clinically significant in TETs and correlated with immune cell infiltration. Thus, MTA3 might be a biomarker for predicting the prognosis and immune status of TET patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Zhenyan Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guilin Hospital of the Second Xiangya Hospital CSU, Guilin, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Receptor-Targeted Drug Basic Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jiamin Jin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Receptor-Targeted Drug Basic Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chichu Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Receptor-Targeted Drug Basic Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jinfeng Gan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Receptor-Targeted Drug Basic Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.
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2
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Lam N, Lee Y, Farber DL. A guide to adaptive immune memory. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01040-6. [PMID: 38831162 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Immune memory - comprising T cells, B cells and plasma cells and their secreted antibodies - is crucial for human survival. It enables the rapid and effective clearance of a pathogen after re-exposure, to minimize damage to the host. When antigen-experienced, memory T cells become activated, they proliferate and produce effector molecules at faster rates and in greater magnitudes than antigen-inexperienced, naive cells. Similarly, memory B cells become activated and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells more rapidly than naive B cells, and they undergo processes that increase their affinity for antigen. The ability of T cells and B cells to form memory cells after antigen exposure is the rationale behind vaccination. Understanding immune memory not only is crucial for the design of more-efficacious vaccines but also has important implications for immunotherapies in infectious disease and cancer. This 'guide to' article provides an overview of the current understanding of the phenotype, function, location, and pathways for the generation, maintenance and protective capacity of memory T cells and memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lam
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - YoonSeung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Xiao H, Ulmert I, Bach L, Huber J, Narasimhan H, Kurochkin I, Chang Y, Holst S, Mörbe U, Zhang L, Schlitzer A, Pereira CF, Schraml BU, Baumjohann D, Lahl K. Genomic deletion of Bcl6 differentially affects conventional dendritic cell subsets and compromises Tfh/Tfr/Th17 cell responses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3554. [PMID: 38688934 PMCID: PMC11061177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) play key roles in immune induction, but what drives their heterogeneity and functional specialization is still ill-defined. Here we show that cDC-specific deletion of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6 in mice alters the phenotype and transcriptome of cDC1 and cDC2, while their lineage identity is preserved. Bcl6-deficient cDC1 are diminished in the periphery but maintain their ability to cross-present antigen to CD8+ T cells, confirming general maintenance of this subset. Surprisingly, the absence of Bcl6 in cDC causes a complete loss of Notch2-dependent cDC2 in the spleen and intestinal lamina propria. DC-targeted Bcl6-deficient mice induced fewer T follicular helper cells despite a profound impact on T follicular regulatory cells in response to immunization and mounted diminished Th17 immunity to Citrobacter rodentium in the colon. Our findings establish Bcl6 as an essential transcription factor for subsets of cDC and add to our understanding of the transcriptional landscape underlying cDC heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Xiao
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Isabel Ulmert
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luisa Bach
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johanna Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Hamsa Narasimhan
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilia Kurochkin
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yinshui Chang
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Signe Holst
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Urs Mörbe
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lili Zhang
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carlos-Filipe Pereira
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany.
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, 221 84, Sweden.
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4
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Wright NE, Kennedy DE, Ai J, Veselits ML, Attaway M, Yoon YM, Durkee MS, Veselits J, Maienschein-Cline M, Mandal M, Clark MR. BRWD1 establishes epigenetic states for germinal center initiation, maintenance, and function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.25.591154. [PMID: 38712068 PMCID: PMC11071454 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.25.591154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells segregate into three subsets that compartmentalize the antagonistic molecular programs of selection, proliferation, and somatic hypermutation. In bone marrow, the epigenetic reader BRWD1 orchestrates and insulates the sequential stages of cell proliferation and Igk recombination. We hypothesized BRWD1 might play similar insulative roles in the periphery. In Brwd1 -/- follicular B cells, GC initiation and class switch recombination following immunization were inhibited. In contrast, in Brwd1 -/- GC B cells there was admixing of chromatin accessibility across GC subsets and transcriptional dysregulation including induction of inflammatory pathways. This global molecular GC dysregulation was associated with specific defects in proliferation, affinity maturation, and tolerance. These data suggest that GC subset identity is required for some but not all GC-attributed functions. Furthermore, these data demonstrate a central role for BRWD1 in orchestrating epigenetic transitions at multiple steps along B cell developmental and activation pathways.
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5
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Shehata L, Thouvenel CD, Hondowicz BD, Pew LA, Pritchard GH, Rawlings DJ, Choi J, Pepper M. Interleukin-4 downregulates transcription factor BCL6 to promote memory B cell selection in germinal centers. Immunity 2024; 57:843-858.e5. [PMID: 38513666 PMCID: PMC11104266 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC)-derived memory B cells (MBCs) are critical for humoral immunity as they differentiate into protective antibody-secreting cells during re-infection. GC formation and cellular interactions within the GC have been studied in detail, yet the exact signals that allow for the selection and exit of MBCs are not understood. Here, we showed that IL-4 cytokine signaling in GC B cells directly downregulated the transcription factor BCL6 via negative autoregulation to release cells from the GC program and to promote MBC formation. This selection event required additional survival cues and could therefore result in either GC exit or death. We demonstrate that both increasing IL-4 bioavailability or limiting IL-4 signaling disrupted MBC selection stringency. In this way, IL-4 control of BCL6 expression serves as a tunable switch within the GC to tightly regulate MBC selection and affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Shehata
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Christopher D Thouvenel
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Brian D Hondowicz
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lucia A Pew
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - David J Rawlings
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jinyong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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6
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Syeda MZ, Hong T, Huang C, Huang W, Mu Q. B cell memory: from generation to reactivation: a multipronged defense wall against pathogens. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:117. [PMID: 38453885 PMCID: PMC10920759 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of B cell memory is a conundrum that scientists are still exploring. Studies have been conducted in vitro and using advanced animal models to elucidate the mechanism underlying the generation of memory B cells (MBCs), the precise roles of MBCs against pathogens, and their protective functions against repeated infections throughout life. Lifelong immunity against invading diseases is mainly the result of overcoming a single infection. This protection is largely mediated by the two main components of B cell memory-MBCs and long-lived plasma cells (PCs). The chemical and cellular mechanisms that encourage fat selection for MBCs or long-lived PCs are an area of active research. Despite the fact that nearly all available vaccinations rely on the capacity to elicit B-cell memory, we have yet to develop successful vaccines that can induce broad-scale protective MBCs against some of the deadliest diseases, including malaria and AIDS. A deeper understanding of the specific cellular and molecular pathways that govern the generation, function, and reactivation of MBCs is critical for overcoming the challenges associated with vaccine development. Here, we reviewed literature on the development of MBCs and their reactivation, interaction with other cell types, strategies against invading pathogens, and function throughout life and discussed the recent advances regarding the key signals and transcription factors which regulate B cell memory and their relevance to the quest for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Zahra Syeda
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Guangdong Medical University, Maoming, 525200, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tu Hong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunming Huang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Guangdong Medical University, Maoming, 525200, China.
| | - Wenhua Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Qingchun Mu
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Guangdong Medical University, Maoming, 525200, China.
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7
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Abstract
Recent advances in studies of immune memory in mice and humans have reinforced the concept that memory B cells play a critical role in protection against repeated infections, particularly from variant viruses. Hence, insights into the development of high-quality memory B cells that can generate broadly neutralizing antibodies that bind such variants are key for successful vaccine development. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which memory B cells are generated and how these processes shape the antibody diversity and breadth of memory B cells. Then, we discuss the mechanisms of memory B cell reactivation in the context of established immune memory; the contribution of antibody feedback to this process has now begun to be reappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan.
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8
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Inoue T. Memory B cell differentiation from germinal centers. Int Immunol 2023; 35:565-570. [PMID: 37232558 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of humoral immune memory depends on two layers of defense: pre-existing antibodies secreted by long-lived plasma cells; and the antibodies produced by antigen-reactivated memory B cells. Memory B cells can now be considered as a second layer of defense upon re-infection by variant pathogens that have not been cleared by the long-lived plasma cell-mediated defense. Affinity-matured memory B cells are derived from the germinal center (GC) reaction, but the selection mechanism of GC B cells into the memory compartment is still incompletely understood. Recent studies have revealed the critical determinants of cellular and molecular factors for memory B cell differentiation from the GC reaction. In addition, the contribution of antibody-mediated feedback regulation to B cell selection, as exemplified by the B cell response upon COVID-19 mRNA vaccination, has now garnered considerable attention, which may provide valuable implications for future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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9
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Ding Z, Mulder J, Robinson MJ. The origins and longevity of IgE responses as indicated by serological and cellular studies in mice and humans. Allergy 2023; 78:3103-3117. [PMID: 37417548 PMCID: PMC10952832 DOI: 10.1111/all.15799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The existence of long-lived IgE antibody-secreting cells (ASC) is contentious, with the maintenance of sensitization by the continuous differentiation of short-lived IgE+ ASC a possibility. Here, we review the epidemiological profile of IgE production, and give an overview of recent discoveries made on the mechanisms regulating IgE production from mouse models. Together, these data suggest that for most individuals, in most IgE-associated diseases, IgE+ ASC are largely short-lived cells. A subpopulation of IgE+ ASC in humans is likely to survive for tens of months, although due to autonomous IgE B cell receptor (BCR) signaling and antigen-driven IgE+ ASC apoptosis, in general IgE+ ASC probably do not persist for the decades that other ASC are inferred to do. We also report on recently identified memory B cell transcriptional subtypes that are the likely source of IgE in ongoing responses, highlighting the probable importance of IL-4Rα in their regulation. We suggest the field should look at dupilumab and other drugs that prohibit IgE+ ASC production as being effective treatments for IgE-mediated aspects of disease in most individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujie Ding
- Department of ImmunologyMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jesse Mulder
- Department of ImmunologyMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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10
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Sarott R, Gourisankar S, Karim B, Nettles S, Yang H, Dwyer BG, Simanauskaite JM, Tse J, Abuzaid H, Krokhotin A, Zhang T, Hinshaw SM, Green MR, Crabtree GR, Gray NS. Borrowing Transcriptional Kinases to Activate Apoptosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.23.563687. [PMID: 37961702 PMCID: PMC10634765 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.563687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are disease drivers whose therapeutic targeting traditionally centers on inhibition of enzymatic activity. Here chemically induced proximity is leveraged to convert kinase inhibitors into context-specific activators of therapeutic genes. Bivalent molecules that link ligands of the transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) to ATP-competitive inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) were developed to re-localize CDK to BCL6-bound loci on chromatin and direct phosphorylation of RNA Pol II. The resulting BCL6-target proapoptotic gene expression translated into killing of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells at 72 h with EC50s of 0.9 - 10 nM and highly specific ablation of the BCL6-regulated germinal center response in mice. The molecules exhibited 10,000-fold lower cytotoxicity in normal lymphocytes and are well tolerated in mice. Genomic and proteomic evidence corroborated a gain-of-function mechanism where, instead of global enzyme inhibition, a fraction of total kinase activity is borrowed and re-localized to BCL6-bound loci. The strategy demonstrates how kinase inhibitors can be used to context-specifically activate transcription, accessing new therapeutic space.
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11
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Arroyo-Díaz NM, Bachus H, Papillion A, Randall TD, Akther J, Rosenberg AF, León B, Ballesteros-Tato A. Interferon-γ production by Tfh cells is required for CXCR3 + pre-memory B cell differentiation and subsequent lung-resident memory B cell responses. Immunity 2023; 56:2358-2372.e5. [PMID: 37699392 PMCID: PMC10592015 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Lung-resident memory B cells (lung-BRMs) differentiate into plasma cells after reinfection, providing enhanced pulmonary protection. Here, we investigated the determinants of lung-BRM differentiation upon influenza infection. Kinetic analyses revealed that influenza nucleoprotein (NP)-specific BRMs preferentially differentiated early after infection and required T follicular helper (Tfh) cell help. BRM differentiation temporally coincided with transient interferon (IFN)-γ production by Tfh cells. Depletion of IFN-γ in Tfh cells prevented lung-BRM differentiation and impaired protection against heterosubtypic infection. IFN-γ was required for expression of the transcription factor T-bet by germinal center (GC) B cells, which promoted differentiation of a CXCR3+ GC B cell subset that were precursors of lung-BRMs and CXCR3+ memory B cells in the mediastinal lymph node. Absence of IFN-γ signaling or T-bet in GC B cells prevented CXCR3+ pre-memory precursor development and hampered CXCR3+ memory B cell differentiation and subsequent lung-BRM responses. Thus, Tfh-cell-derived IFN-γ is critical for lung-BRM development and pulmonary immunity, with implications for vaccination strategies targeting BRMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Arroyo-Díaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Holly Bachus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amber Papillion
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Troy D Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jobaida Akther
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Informatics Institute, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - André Ballesteros-Tato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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12
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Gourisankar S, Krokhotin A, Ji W, Liu X, Chang CY, Kim SH, Li Z, Wenderski W, Simanauskaite JM, Yang H, Vogel H, Zhang T, Green MR, Gray NS, Crabtree GR. Rewiring cancer drivers to activate apoptosis. Nature 2023; 620:417-425. [PMID: 37495688 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Genes that drive the proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis of malignant cells have been identified for many human cancers1-4. Independent studies have identified cell death pathways that eliminate cells for the good of the organism5,6. The coexistence of cell death pathways with driver mutations suggests that the cancer driver could be rewired to activate cell death using chemical inducers of proximity (CIPs). Here we describe a new class of molecules called transcriptional/epigenetic CIPs (TCIPs) that recruit the endogenous cancer driver, or a downstream transcription factor, to the promoters of cell death genes, thereby activating their expression. We focused on diffuse large B cell lymphoma, in which the transcription factor B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is deregulated7. BCL6 binds to the promoters of cell death genes and epigenetically suppresses their expression8. We produced TCIPs by covalently linking small molecules that bind BCL6 to those that bind to transcriptional activators that contribute to the oncogenic program, such as BRD4. The most potent molecule, TCIP1, increases binding of BRD4 by 50% over genomic BCL6-binding sites to produce transcriptional elongation at pro-apoptotic target genes within 15 min, while reducing binding of BRD4 over enhancers by only 10%, reflecting a gain-of-function mechanism. TCIP1 kills diffuse large B cell lymphoma cell lines, including chemotherapy-resistant, TP53-mutant lines, at EC50 of 1-10 nM in 72 h and exhibits cell-specific and tissue-specific effects, capturing the combinatorial specificity inherent to transcription. The TCIP concept also has therapeutic applications in regulating the expression of genes for regenerative medicine and developmental disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Carcinogenesis/drug effects
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Gourisankar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Wenzhi Ji
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Cancer Institute, ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofan Liu
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Cancer Institute, ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Samuel H Kim
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhengnian Li
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Cancer Institute, ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Wenderski
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Haopeng Yang
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Cancer Institute, ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Cancer Institute, ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Gerald R Crabtree
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Guldenpfennig C, Teixeiro E, Daniels M. NF-kB's contribution to B cell fate decisions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1214095. [PMID: 37533858 PMCID: PMC10391175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1214095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB signaling is essential to an effective innate and adaptive immune response. Many immune-specific functional and developmental outcomes depend in large on NF-κB. The formidable task of sorting out the mechanisms behind the regulation and outcome of NF-κB signaling remains an important area of immunology research. Here we briefly discuss the role of NF-κB in regulating cell fate decisions at various times in the path of B cell development, activation, and the generation of long-term humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Guldenpfennig
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Emma Teixeiro
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mark Daniels
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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14
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Pasqualucci L. The germinal center in the pathogenesis of B cell lymphomas. Hematol Oncol 2023; 41 Suppl 1:62-69. [PMID: 37294970 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system has evolved to allow effective responses against a virtually unlimited number of invading pathogens. This process requires the transient formation of germinal centers (GC), a dynamic environment that ensures the generation and selection of B cells capable to produce antibodies with high antigen affinity, or to maintain the memory of that antigen for life. However, this comes at a cost, as the unique events accompanying the GC reaction pose a significant risk to the genome of B cells, which must endure elevated levels of replication stress, while proliferating at high rates and undergoing DNA breaks introduced by somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. Indeed, the genetic/epigenetic disruption of programs implicated in normal GC biology has emerged as a hallmark of most B cell lymphomas. This improved understanding provides a conceptual framework for the identification of cellular pathways that could be exploited for precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Betzler AC, Ushmorov A, Brunner C. The transcriptional program during germinal center reaction - a close view at GC B cells, Tfh cells and Tfr cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125503. [PMID: 36817488 PMCID: PMC9936310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is a key process during an adaptive immune response to T cell specific antigens. GCs are specialized structures within secondary lymphoid organs, in which B cell proliferation, somatic hypermutation and antibody affinity maturation occur. As a result, high affinity antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells are generated. An effective GC response needs interaction between multiple cell types. Besides reticular cells and follicular dendritic cells, particularly B cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells as well as T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a key player during the GC reaction. Whereas Tfh cells provide help to GC B cells in selection processes, Tfr cells, a specialized subset of regulatory T cells (Tregs), are able to suppress the GC reaction maintaining the balance between immune activation and tolerance. The formation and function of GCs is regulated by a complex network of signals and molecules at multiple levels. In this review, we highlight recent developments in GC biology by focusing on the transcriptional program regulating the GC reaction. This review focuses on the transcriptional co-activator BOB.1/OBF.1, whose important role for GC B, Tfh and Tfr cell differentiation became increasingly clear in recent years. Moreover, we outline how deregulation of the GC transcriptional program can drive lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika C. Betzler
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexey Ushmorov
- Ulm University, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany,*Correspondence: Cornelia Brunner,
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16
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Gu H, He J, Li Y, Mi D, Guan T, Guo W, Liu B, Chen Y. B-cell Lymphoma 6 Inhibitors: Current Advances and Prospects of Drug Development for Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphomas. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15559-15583. [PMID: 36441945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a transcriptional repressor that regulates the differentiation of B lymphocytes and mediates the formation of germinal centers (GCs) by recruiting corepressors through the BTB domain of BCL6. Physiological processes regulated by BCL6 involve cell activation, differentiation, DNA damage, and apoptosis. BCL6 is highly expressed when the gene is mutated, leading to the malignant proliferation of cells and drives tumorigenesis. BCL6 overexpression is closely correlated with tumorigenesis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and other lymphomas, and BCL6 inhibitors can effectively inhibit some lymphomas and overcome resistance. Therefore, targeting BCL6 might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating lymphomas. Herein, we comprehensively review the latest development of BCL6 inhibitors in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and discuss the overview of the pharmacophores of BCL6 inhibitors and their efficacies in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the current advances in BCL6 degraders are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Gu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jia He
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuzhan Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dazhao Mi
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tian Guan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weikai Guo
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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17
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Almohaisen FLJ, Heidary S, Sobah ML, Ward AC, Liongue C. B cell lymphoma 6A regulates immune development and function in zebrafish. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:887278. [PMID: 36389136 PMCID: PMC9650189 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.887278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BCL6A is a transcriptional repressor implicated in the development and survival of B and T lymphoctyes, which is also highly expressed in many non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. Roles in other cell types, including macrophages and non-hematopoietic cells, have also been suggested but require further investigation. This study sought to identify and characterize zebrafish BCL6A and investigate its role in immune cell development and function, with a focus on early macrophages. Bioinformatics analysis identified a homologue for BCL6A (bcl6aa), as well as an additional fish-specific duplicate (bcl6ab) and a homologue for the closely-related BCL6B (bcl6b). The human BCL6A and zebrafish Bcl6aa proteins were highly conserved across the constituent BTB/POZ, PEST and zinc finger domains. Expression of bcl6aa during early zebrafish embryogenesis was observed in the lateral plate mesoderm, a site of early myeloid cell development, with later expression seen in the brain, eye and thymus. Homozygous bcl6aa mutants developed normally until around 14 days post fertilization (dpf), after which their subsequent growth and maturation was severely impacted along with their relative survival, with heterozygous bcl6aa mutants showing an intermediate phenotype. Analysis of immune cell development revealed significantly decreased lymphoid and macrophage cells in both homozygous and heterozygous bcl6aa mutants, being exacerbated in homozygous mutants. In contrast, the number of neutrophils was unaffected. Only the homozygous bcl6aa mutants showed decreased macrophage mobility in response to wounding and reduced ability to contain bacterial infection. Collectively, this suggests strong conservation of BCL6A across evolution, including a role in macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq L. J. Almohaisen
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Southern Technical University, Basra, Iraq
| | | | | | - Alister C. Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Clifford Liongue,
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18
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Yi SG, Gaber AO, Chen W. B-cell response in solid organ transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895157. [PMID: 36016958 PMCID: PMC9395675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of B-cell response to antigen stimulation is complex and involves an intricate network of dynamic signals from cytokines and transcription factors propagated from T-cell interaction. Long-term alloimmunity, in the setting of organ transplantation, is dependent on this B-cell response, which does not appear to be halted by current immunosuppressive regimens which are targeted at T cells. There is emerging evidence that shows that B cells have a diverse response to solid organ transplantation that extends beyond plasma cell antibody production. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic pathways of B-cell activation and differentiation as they relate to the transcriptional regulation of germinal center B cells, plasma cells, and memory B cells in the setting of solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G. Yi
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephanie G. Yi,
| | - Ahmed Osama Gaber
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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19
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Louwen F, Kreis NN, Ritter A, Friemel A, Solbach C, Yuan J. BCL6, a key oncogene, in the placenta, pre-eclampsia and endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update 2022; 28:890-909. [PMID: 35640966 PMCID: PMC9629482 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The key oncogene B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) drives malignant progression by promoting proliferation, overriding DNA damage checkpoints and blocking cell terminal differentiation. However, its functions in the placenta and the endometrium remain to be defined. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Recent studies provide evidence that BCL6 may play various roles in the human placenta and the endometrium. Deregulated BCL6 might be related to the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia (PE) as well as endometriosis. In this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the pathophysiological role of BCL6 in these two reproductive organs, discuss related molecular mechanisms, and underline associated research perspectives. SEARCH METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed for human, animal and cellular studies published until October 2021 in the following areas: BCL6 in the placenta, in PE and in endometriosis, in combination with its functions in proliferation, fusion, migration, invasion, differentiation, stem/progenitor cell maintenance and lineage commitment. OUTCOMES The data demonstrate that BCL6 is important in cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration and invasion of trophoblastic cells. BCL6 may have critical roles in stem/progenitor cell survival and differentiation in the placenta and the endometrium. BCL6 is aberrantly upregulated in pre-eclamptic placentas and endometriotic lesions through various mechanisms, including changes in gene transcription and mRNA translation as well as post-transcriptional/translational modifications. Importantly, increased endometrial BCL6 is considered to be a non-invasive diagnostic marker for endometriosis and a predictor for poor outcomes of IVF. These data highlight that BCL6 is crucial for placental development and endometrium homeostasis, and its upregulation is associated with the pathogenesis of PE, endometriosis and infertility. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The lesson learned from studies of the key oncogene BCL6 reinforces the notion that numerous signaling pathways and regulators are shared by tumors and reproductive organs. Their alteration may promote the progression of malignancies as well as the development of gestational and reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Louwen
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Ritter
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Friemel
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Solbach
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, J. W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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20
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Inoue T, Shinnakasu R, Kurosaki T. Generation of High Quality Memory B Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:825813. [PMID: 35095929 PMCID: PMC8790150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.825813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protection against pathogen re-infection is mediated, in large part, by two humoral cellular compartments, namely, long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. Recent data have reinforced the importance of memory B cells, particularly in response to re-infection of different viral subtypes or in response with viral escape mutants. In regard to memory B cell generation, considerable advancements have been made in recent years in elucidating its basic mechanism, which seems to well explain why the memory B cells pool can deal with variant viruses. Despite such progress, efforts to develop vaccines that induce broadly protective memory B cells to fight against rapidly mutating pathogens such as influenza virus and HIV have not yet been successful. Here, we discuss recent advances regarding the key signals and factors regulating germinal center-derived memory B cell development and activation and highlight the challenges for successful vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Shinnakasu
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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21
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Zacharchenko T, Kalverda AP, Wright SC. Structural basis of Apt48 inhibition of the BCL6 BTB domain. Structure 2021; 30:396-407.e3. [PMID: 34774129 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a transcriptional repressor that is deregulated in diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and the peptide aptamer, Apt48, inhibits BCL6 by an unknown mechanism. We report the crystal structure of BCL6 in complex with an Apt48 peptide, and show that Apt48 binds to a therapeutically uncharacterized region at the bottom of the BCL6 BTB domain. We show that the corepressor binding site of the BTB domain may be divided conceptually into two low-affinity, peptide-binding regions. An upper region, the lateral groove, binds peptides in robust three-dimensional conformations, whereas a lower binding site is permissive to less-specific interactions. We show that, even with little sequence specificity, the interactions of the lower region are required for the high-affinity binding of the SMRT corepressor and other peptides to the BTB domain. This has relevance for the design of new BCL6 inhibitors and for understanding the evolution of corepressor interactions with the BTB domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zacharchenko
- School of Biology and the Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Arnout P Kalverda
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and the Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephanie C Wright
- School of Biology and the Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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22
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OCT2 pre-positioning facilitates cell fate transition and chromatin architecture changes in humoral immunity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1327-1340. [PMID: 34556886 PMCID: PMC9829245 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01025-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
During the germinal center (GC) reaction, B cells undergo profound transcriptional, epigenetic and genomic architectural changes. How such changes are established remains unknown. Mapping chromatin accessibility during the humoral immune response, we show that OCT2 was the dominant transcription factor linked to differential accessibility of GC regulatory elements. Silent chromatin regions destined to become GC-specific super-enhancers (SEs) contained pre-positioned OCT2-binding sites in naive B cells (NBs). These preloaded SE 'seeds' featured spatial clustering of regulatory elements enriched in OCT2 DNA-binding motifs that became heavily loaded with OCT2 and its GC-specific coactivator OCAB in GC B cells (GCBs). SEs with high abundance of pre-positioned OCT2 binding preferentially formed long-range chromatin contacts in GCs, to support expression of GC-specifying factors. Gain in accessibility and architectural interactivity of these regions were dependent on recruitment of OCAB. Pre-positioning key regulators at SEs may represent a broadly used strategy for facilitating rapid cell fate transitions.
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23
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The unique biology of germinal center B cells. Immunity 2021; 54:1652-1664. [PMID: 34380063 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells are the source of the high-affinity, class-switched antibodies required for protective immunity. The unique biology of GC B cells involves iterative rounds of antibody gene somatic hypermutation coupled to multiple selection and differentiation pathways. Recent advances in areas such as single cell and gene editing technologies have shed new light upon these complex and dynamic processes. We review these findings here and integrate them into the current understanding of GC B cell replication and death, the retention of high-affinity and class-switched B cells in the GC, and differentiation into plasma and memory cell effectors. We also discuss how the biology of GC responses relates to vaccine effectiveness and outline current and future challenges in the field.
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24
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Wishnie AJ, Chwat-Edelstein T, Attaway M, Vuong BQ. BCR Affinity Influences T-B Interactions and B Cell Development in Secondary Lymphoid Organs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:703918. [PMID: 34381455 PMCID: PMC8350505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells produce high-affinity immunoglobulins (Igs), or antibodies, to eliminate foreign pathogens. Mature, naïve B cells expressing an antigen-specific cell surface Ig, or B cell receptor (BCR), are directed toward either an extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) response upon antigen binding. B cell interactions with CD4+ pre-T follicular helper (pre-Tfh) cells at the T-B border and effector Tfh cells in the B cell follicle and GC control B cell development in response to antigen. Here, we review recent studies demonstrating the role of B cell receptor (BCR) affinity in modulating T-B interactions and the subsequent differentiation of B cells in the EF and GC response. Overall, these studies demonstrate that B cells expressing high affinity BCRs preferentially differentiate into antibody secreting cells (ASCs) while those expressing low affinity BCRs undergo further affinity maturation or differentiate into memory B cells (MBCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec J Wishnie
- Biology PhD Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tzippora Chwat-Edelstein
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Macaulay Honors College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary Attaway
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bao Q Vuong
- Biology PhD Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
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25
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GSK137, a potent small-molecule BCL6 inhibitor with in vivo activity, suppresses antibody responses in mice. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100928. [PMID: 34274316 PMCID: PMC8350397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a zinc finger transcriptional repressor possessing a BTB–POZ (BR-C, ttk, and bab for BTB; pox virus and zinc finger for POZ) domain, which is required for homodimerization and association with corepressors. BCL6 has multiple roles in normal immunity, autoimmunity, and some types of lymphoma. Mice bearing disrupted BCL6 loci demonstrate suppressed high-affinity antibody responses to T-dependent antigens. The corepressor binding groove in the BTB–POZ domain is a potential target for small compound-mediated therapy. Several inhibitors targeting this binding groove have been described, but these compounds have limited or absent in vivo activity. Biophysical studies of a novel compound, GSK137, showed an in vitro pIC50 of 8 and a cellular pIC50 of 7.3 for blocking binding of a peptide derived from the corepressor silencing mediator for retinoid or thyroid hormone receptors to the BCL6 BTB–POZ domain. The compound has good solubility (128 μg/ml) and permeability (86 nM/s). GSK137 caused little change in cell viability or proliferation in four BCL6-expressing B-cell lymphoma lines, although there was modest dose-dependent accumulation of G1 phase cells. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice showed a profile compatible with achieving good levels of target engagement. GSK137, administered orally, suppressed immunoglobulin G responses and reduced numbers of germinal centers and germinal center B cells following immunization of mice with the hapten trinitrophenol. Overall, we report a novel small-molecule BCL6 inhibitor with in vivo activity that inhibits the T-dependent antigen immune response.
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26
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Robinson MJ, Quast I, Tarlinton DM. Complement-in' the germinal center response. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:673-674. [PMID: 34031616 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00946-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus James Robinson
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isaak Quast
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Mathew Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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27
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Biology of Germinal Center B Cells Relating to Lymphomagenesis. Hemasphere 2021; 5:e582. [PMID: 34095765 PMCID: PMC8171379 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is a key feature of adaptive humoral immunity. GCs represent the site where mature B cells refine their B-cell receptor (BCR) and are selected based on the newly acquired affinity for the antigen. In the GC, B cells undergo multiple cycles of proliferation, BCR remodeling by immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation (SHM), and affinity-based selection before emerging as effector memory B cells or antibody-secreting plasma cells. At least 2 histologically and functionally distinct compartments are identified in the GC: the dark zone (DZ) and the light zone (LZ). The proliferative burst and immunoglobulin remodeling by SHM occur prevalently in the DZ compartment. In the LZ, GC B cells undergo an affinity-based selection process that requires the interaction with the antigen and accessory cells. GC B cells are also targeted by class switch recombination, an additional mechanism of immunoglobulin remodeling that ensures the expression of diverse isotype classes. These processes are regulated by a complex network of transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers, and signaling pathways that act in concert with mechanisms of intra-GC B-cell trafficking. The same mechanisms underlying the unique ability of GC B cells to generate high affinity antibodies and ensure immunological memory are hijacked during lymphomagenesis and become powerful weapons for malignant transformation. This review will summarize the main processes and transcriptional networks that drive GC B-cell development and are relevant for human B-cell lymphomagenesis.
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Kennedy DE, Clark MR. Compartments and Connections Within the Germinal Center. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659151. [PMID: 33868306 PMCID: PMC8045557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective high affinity antibody responses emerge through an orchestrated developmental process that occurs in germinal centers (GCs). While GCs have been appreciated since 1930, a wealth of recent progress provides new insights into the molecular and cellular dynamics governing humoral immunity. In this review, we highlight advances that demonstrate that fundamental GC B cell function, selection, proliferation and SHM occur within distinct cell states. The resulting new model provides new opportunities to understand the evolution of immunity in infectious, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus R. Clark
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Robinson MJ, Ding Z, Pitt C, Brodie EJ, Quast I, Tarlinton DM, Zotos D. The Amount of BCL6 in B Cells Shortly after Antigen Engagement Determines Their Representation in Subsequent Germinal Centers. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1530-1541.e4. [PMID: 32023467 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown whether the incremental increases in BCL6 amounts in antigen-activated B cells influence the unfolding differentiation before germinal center (GC) formation. By comparing shortly after immunization the distribution of conventional B cells to those enforced to express BCL6 at the upper quartile of normal and those lacking BCL6 altogether, we determined that B cell representation in the stages before the GC compartment was related to BCL6 amounts. This was not by increased proliferation or suppression of early plasmablast differentiation, but rather by preferential recruitment and progression through these early stages of B cell activation, culminating in preferential transition into GC. Once established, this bias was stable in GC over several weeks; other BCL6-regulated GC B cell behaviors were unaffected. We propose that setting BCL6 amounts very early in activated B cells will be central in determining clonal representation in the GC and thus memory populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus James Robinson
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Zhoujie Ding
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Catherine Pitt
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Erica Janet Brodie
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Isaak Quast
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David Mathew Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Dimitra Zotos
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are critical for the rapid development of protective immunity following re-infection. MBCs capable of neutralizing distinct subclasses of pathogens, such as influenza and HIV, have been identified in humans. However, efforts to develop vaccines that induce broadly protective MBCs to rapidly mutating pathogens have not yet been successful. Better understanding of the signals regulating MBC development and function are essential to overcome current challenges hindering successful vaccine development. Here, we discuss recent advancements regarding the signals and transcription factors regulating germinal centre-derived MBC development and function.
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Gioulbasani M, Galaras A, Grammenoudi S, Moulos P, Dent AL, Sigvardsson M, Hatzis P, Kee BL, Verykokakis M. The transcription factor BCL-6 controls early development of innate-like T cells. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1058-1069. [PMID: 32719520 PMCID: PMC7442690 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0737-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Innate T cells, including invariant natural killer T (iNKT) and mucosal-associated innate T (MAIT) cells, are a heterogeneous T lymphocyte population with effector properties pre-programmed during their thymic differentiation. How this program is initiated is currently unclear. Here, we show that the transcription factor BCL-6 was transiently expressed in iNKT cells upon exit from positive selection and was required for their proper development beyond stage 0. Notably, development of MAIT cells was also impaired in the absence of Bcl6. BCL-6–deficient iNKT cells had reduced expression of genes that were associated with the innate T cell lineage, including Zbtb16, which encodes PLZF, and PLZF-targeted genes. BCL-6 contributed to a chromatin accessibility landscape that was permissive for the expression of development-related genes and inhibitory for genes associated with naïve T cell programs. Our results revealed novel functions for BCL-6 and illuminated how this transcription factor controls early iNKT cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandros Galaras
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, BSRC Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Greece
| | - Sofia Grammenoudi
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, BSRC Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Moulos
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, BSRC Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty for Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pantelis Hatzis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, BSRC Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - Barbara L Kee
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Mihalis Verykokakis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, BSRC Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece.
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Mondello P, Tadros S, Teater M, Fontan L, Chang AY, Jain N, Yang H, Singh S, Ying HY, Chu CS, Ma MCJ, Toska E, Alig S, Durant M, de Stanchina E, Ghosh S, Mottok A, Nastoupil L, Neelapu SS, Weigert O, Inghirami G, Baselga J, Younes A, Yee C, Dogan A, Scheinberg DA, Roeder RG, Melnick AM, Green MR. Selective Inhibition of HDAC3 Targets Synthetic Vulnerabilities and Activates Immune Surveillance in Lymphoma. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:440-459. [PMID: 31915197 PMCID: PMC7275250 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CREBBP mutations are highly recurrent in B-cell lymphomas and either inactivate its histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain or truncate the protein. Herein, we show that these two classes of mutations yield different degrees of disruption of the epigenome, with HAT mutations being more severe and associated with inferior clinical outcome. Genes perturbed by CREBBP mutation are direct targets of the BCL6-HDAC3 onco-repressor complex. Accordingly, we show that HDAC3-selective inhibitors reverse CREBBP-mutant aberrant epigenetic programming, resulting in: (i) growth inhibition of lymphoma cells through induction of BCL6 target genes such as CDKN1A and (ii) restoration of immune surveillance due to induction of BCL6-repressed IFN pathway and antigen-presenting genes. By reactivating these genes, exposure to HDAC3 inhibitors restored the ability of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to kill DLBCL cells in an MHC class I and II-dependent manner, and synergized with PD-L1 blockade in a syngeneic model in vivo. Hence, HDAC3 inhibition represents a novel mechanism-based immune epigenetic therapy for CREBBP-mutant lymphomas. SIGNIFICANCE: We have leveraged the molecular characterization of different types of CREBBP mutations to define a rational approach for targeting these mutations through selective inhibition of HDAC3. This represents an attractive therapeutic avenue for targeting synthetic vulnerabilities in CREBBP-mutant cells in tandem with promoting antitumor immunity.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 327.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Mondello
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Saber Tadros
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Matt Teater
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Lorena Fontan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Aaron Y Chang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neeraj Jain
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Haopeng Yang
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shailbala Singh
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hsia-Yuan Ying
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Chi-Shuen Chu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Man Chun John Ma
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eneda Toska
- Department of Human Oncology and Pathogenesis, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Stefan Alig
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew Durant
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sreejoyee Ghosh
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anja Mottok
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Loretta Nastoupil
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sattva S Neelapu
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Oliver Weigert
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - José Baselga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Anas Younes
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cassian Yee
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ahmet Dogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David A Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Robert G Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Eckert N, Permanyer M, Yu K, Werth K, Förster R. Chemokines and other mediators in the development and functional organization of lymph nodes. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:62-83. [PMID: 30977201 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes (LNs) are the main inductive sites for adaptive immune responses. Lymphocytes are constantly entering LNs, scanning the environment for their cognate antigen and get replenished by incoming cells after a certain period of time. As only a minor percentage of lymphocytes recognizes cognate antigen, this mechanism of permanent recirculation ensures fast and effective immune responses when necessary. Thus, homing, positioning, and activation as well as egress require precise regulation within LNs. In this review we discuss the mediators, including chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and others that are involved in the formation of the LN anlage and subsequent functional organization of LNs. We highlight very recent findings in the fields of LN development, steady-state migration in LNs, and the intranodal processes during an adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Eckert
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Werth
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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34
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Wang P, Wang Z, Liu J. Role of HDACs in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:5. [PMID: 31910827 PMCID: PMC6945581 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal hematopoiesis requires the accurate orchestration of lineage-specific patterns of gene expression at each stage of development, and epigenetic regulators play a vital role. Disordered epigenetic regulation has emerged as a key mechanism contributing to hematological malignancies. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a series of key transcriptional cofactors that regulate gene expression by deacetylation of lysine residues on histone and nonhistone proteins. In normal hematopoiesis, HDACs are widely involved in the development of various lineages. Their functions involve stemness maintenance, lineage commitment determination, cell differentiation and proliferation, etc. Deregulation of HDACs by abnormal expression or activity and oncogenic HDAC-containing transcriptional complexes are involved in hematological malignancies. Currently, HDAC family members are attractive targets for drug design, and a variety of HDAC-based combination strategies have been developed for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Drug resistance and limited therapeutic efficacy are key issues that hinder the clinical applications of HDAC inhibitors (HDACis). In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of how HDACs and HDAC-containing complexes function in normal hematopoiesis and highlight the etiology of HDACs in hematological malignancies. Moreover, the implication and drug resistance of HDACis are also discussed. This review presents an overview of the physiology and pathology of HDACs in the blood system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China.,Molecular Biology Research Center and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Zi Wang
- The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China. .,Molecular Biology Research Center and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
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35
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36
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Wu WR, Lin JT, Pan CT, Chan TC, Liu CL, Wu WJ, Sheu JJC, Yeh BW, Huang SK, Jhung JY, Hsiao MS, Li CF, Shiue YL. Amplification-driven BCL6-suppressed cytostasis is mediated by transrepression of FOXO3 and post-translational modifications of FOXO3 in urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:707-724. [PMID: 31903146 PMCID: PMC6929993 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle-invasive urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma (UBUC) is a lethal disease for which effective prognostic markers and potential therapy targets are still lacking. Previous array comparative genomic hybridization identified that 3q27 is frequently amplified in muscle-invasive UBUCs, one candidate proto-oncogene, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (BCL6), mapped to this region. We therefore aimed to explore its downstream targets and physiological roles in UBUC progression. Methods: Specimens from UBUC patients, NOD/SCID mice and several UBUC-derived cell lines were used to perform quantitative RT-PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization immunohistochemistry, xenograft, gene stable overexpression/knockdown and a series of in vitro experiments. Results: Amplification of the BCL6 gene lead to upregulation of BCL6 mRNA and protein levels in a substantial set of advanced UBUCs. High BCL6 protein level significantly predicted poor disease-specific and metastasis-free survivals. Knockdown of the BCL6 gene in J82 cells inhibited tumor growth and enhanced apoptosis in the NOD/SCID xenograft model. In vitro experiments demonstrated that BCL6 inhibited cytostasis, induced cell migration, invasion along with alteration of the expression levels of several related regulators. At molecular level, BCL6 inhibited forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) transcription, subsequent translation and upregulation of phosphorylated/inactive FOXO3 through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT serine/threonine kinase (AKT) and/or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 (MAP2K1/2) signaling pathway(s). Two BCL6 binding sites on the proximal promoter region of the FOXO3 gene were confirmed. Conclusion: Overexpression of BCL6 served a poor prognostic factor in UBUC patients. In vivo and in vitro studies suggested that BCL6 functions as an oncogene through direct transrepression of the FOXO3 gene, downregulation and phosphorylation of the FOXO3 protein.
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37
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Pasqualucci L. Molecular pathogenesis of germinal center-derived B cell lymphomas. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:240-261. [PMID: 30874347 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B cell lymphomas comprise a heterogeneous group of genetically, biologically, and clinically distinct neoplasms that, in most cases, originate from the clonal expansion of B cells in the germinal center (GC). In recent years, the advent of novel genomics technologies has revolutionized our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies as a multistep process that requires the progressive accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. A common theme that emerged from these studies is the ability of lymphoma cells to co-opt the same biological programs and signal transduction networks that operate during the normal GC reaction, and misuse them for their own survival advantage. This review summarizes recent progress in the understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that drive the malignant transformation of GC B cells. These insights provide a conceptual framework for the identification of cellular pathways that may be explored for precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York City, New York
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38
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Haberman AM, Gonzalez DG, Wong P, Zhang TT, Kerfoot SM. Germinal center B cell initiation, GC maturation, and the coevolution of its stromal cell niches. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:10-27. [PMID: 30874342 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the developing GC response, B cell survival and fate choices made at the single cell level are dependent on signals received largely through interactions with other cells, often with cognate T cells. The type of signals that a given B cell can encounter is dictated by its location within tissue microarchitecture. The focus of this review is on the initiation and evolution of the GC response at the earliest time points. Here, we review the key factors influencing the progression of GC B cell differentiation that are both stage and context dependent. Finally, we describe the coevolution of niches within and surrounding the GC that influence the outcome of the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Haberman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David G Gonzalez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven M Kerfoot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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39
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Yang H, Green MR. Epigenetic Programing of B-Cell Lymphoma by BCL6 and Its Genetic Deregulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:272. [PMID: 31788471 PMCID: PMC6853842 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell lymphoma is a clinically heterogeneous and pathologically diverse group of diseases with a strong epigenetic component. The B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) gene encodes a transcription factor that is critical for normal germinal center reaction B cell development by maintaining an epigenetic and transcriptional state that is permissive for cellular proliferation and DNA damage. The activity of BCL6 can be deregulated by a variety of mechanisms and contributes to the development of B-cell lymphoma. Here we review the direct and indirect mechanisms BCL6 dysregulation in B cell lymphoma, including transcriptional and post-translational regulation of BCL6 expression and activity, and the perturbation of BCL6-regulated epigenetic programs by cooperating chromatin modifying gene mutations. We underscore the critical importance of BCL6 and its associated epigenetic programs in the development of B-cell lymphoma, and discuss avenues for the therapeutic targeting of BCL6 in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Yang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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40
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Sommars MA, Ramachandran K, Senagolage MD, Futtner CR, Germain DM, Allred AL, Omura Y, Bederman IR, Barish GD. Dynamic repression by BCL6 controls the genome-wide liver response to fasting and steatosis. eLife 2019; 8:e43922. [PMID: 30983568 PMCID: PMC6464608 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription is tightly regulated to maintain energy homeostasis during periods of feeding or fasting, but the molecular factors that control these alternating gene programs are incompletely understood. Here, we find that the B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) repressor is enriched in the fed state and converges genome-wide with PPARα to potently suppress the induction of fasting transcription. Deletion of hepatocyte Bcl6 enhances lipid catabolism and ameliorates high-fat-diet-induced steatosis. In Ppara-null mice, hepatocyte Bcl6 ablation restores enhancer activity at PPARα-dependent genes and overcomes defective fasting-induced fatty acid oxidation and lipid accumulation. Together, these findings identify BCL6 as a negative regulator of oxidative metabolism and reveal that alternating recruitment of repressive and activating transcription factors to shared cis-regulatory regions dictates hepatic lipid handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Sommars
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Krithika Ramachandran
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Madhavi D Senagolage
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Christopher R Futtner
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Derrik M Germain
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Amanda L Allred
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Yasuhiro Omura
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Ilya R Bederman
- Department of PediatricsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Grant D Barish
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer CenterNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
- Jesse Brown VA Medical CenterChicagoUnited States
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41
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Fernando TM, Marullo R, Pera Gresely B, Phillip JM, Yang SN, Lundell-Smith G, Torregroza I, Ahn H, Evans T, Győrffy B, Privé GG, Hirano M, Melnick AM, Cerchietti L. BCL6 Evolved to Enable Stress Tolerance in Vertebrates and Is Broadly Required by Cancer Cells to Adapt to Stress. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:662-679. [PMID: 30777872 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence link the canonical oncogene BCL6 to stress response. Here we demonstrate that BCL6 evolved in vertebrates as a component of the HSF1-driven stress response, which has been co-opted by the immune system to support germinal center formation and may have been decisive in the convergent evolution of humoral immunity in jawless and jawed vertebrates. We find that the highly conserved BTB corepressor binding site of BCL6 mediates stress adaptation across vertebrates. We demonstrate that pan-cancer cells hijack this stress tolerance mechanism to aberrantly express BCL6. Targeting the BCL6 BTB domain in cancer cells induces apoptosis and increases susceptibility to repeated doses of cytotoxic therapy. The chemosensitization effect upon BCL6 BTB inhibition is dependent on the derepression of TOX, implicating modulation of DNA repair as a downstream mechanism. Collectively, these data suggest a form of adaptive nononcogene addiction rooted in the natural selection of BCL6 during vertebrate evolution. SIGNIFICANCE: We demonstrate that HSF1 drives BCL6 expression to enable stress tolerance in vertebrates. We identify an HSF1-BCL6-TOX stress axis that is required by cancer cells to tolerate exposure to cytotoxic agents and points toward BCL6-targeted therapy as a way to more effectively kill a wide variety of solid tumors.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 565.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharu M Fernando
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Rossella Marullo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Benet Pera Gresely
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jude M Phillip
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Shao Ning Yang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Haelee Ahn
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary.,Semmelweis University 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gilbert G Privé
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masayuki Hirano
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. .,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Leandro Cerchietti
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
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42
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Hatzi K, Geng H, Doane AS, Meydan C, LaRiviere R, Cardenas M, Duy C, Shen H, Vidal MNC, Baslan T, Mohammad HP, Kruger RG, Shaknovich R, Haberman AM, Inghirami G, Lowe SW, Melnick AM. Histone demethylase LSD1 is required for germinal center formation and BCL6-driven lymphomagenesis. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:86-96. [PMID: 30538335 PMCID: PMC6294324 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cells feature repression of many gene enhancers to establish their characteristic transcriptome. Here we show that conditional deletion of Lsd1 in GCs significantly impaired GC formation, associated with failure to repress immune synapse genes linked to GC exit, which are also direct targets of the transcriptional repressor BCL6. We found that BCL6 directly binds LSD1 and recruits it primarily to intergenic and intronic enhancers. Conditional deletion of Lsd1 suppressed GC hyperplasia caused by constitutive expression of BCL6 and significantly delayed BCL6-driven lymphomagenesis. Administration of catalytic inhibitors of LSD1 had little effect on GC formation or GC-derived lymphoma cells. Using a CRISPR-Cas9 domain screen, we found instead that the LSD1 Tower domain was critical for dependence on LSD1 in GC-derived B cells. These results indicate an essential role for LSD1 in the humoral immune response, where it modulates enhancer function by forming repression complexes with BCL6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Hatzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huimin Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashley S Doane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reed LaRiviere
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariano Cardenas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- High Throughput and Spectroscopy Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cihangir Duy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Nieves Calvo Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timour Baslan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helai P Mohammad
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Ryan G Kruger
- Cancer Epigenetics Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Rita Shaknovich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Cancer Genetics Incorporated, Rutherford, NJ, USA
| | - Ann M Haberman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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43
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Peng C, Hu Q, Yang F, Zhang H, Li F, Huang C. BCL6-Mediated Silencing of PD-1 Ligands in Germinal Center B Cells Maintains Follicular T Cell Population. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:704-713. [PMID: 30567732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 on germinal center (GC) B cells deliver coinhibitory signals to follicular T cells. The PD-L1/L2-PD-1 axis modulates the quality and quantity of follicular T cells and has been shown to influence the GC responses. However, the transcriptional control of PD-1 ligands on GC B cells remains largely unknown. In this study, we report that the transcription factor BCL6 is a key negative regulator of the PD-1 ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 in GC B cells. Acute deletion of Bcl6 in mature GC B cells resulted in marked upregulation of mRNA and protein abundance of PD-1 ligands. Moreover, the expression levels of BCL6 and PD-1 ligands were inversely correlated during GC B cell development and in human GC-derived lymphoma specimens. Mechanically, BCL6 directly bound to the promoter region of PD-L1 and intron 2 of PD-L2 to suppress their transcription. In addition, BCL6 indirectly inhibited the transcription of PD-1 ligands by repressing the expression of STAT1/STAT3 and IRF1. Moreover, BCL6 exerted these effects via its BTB domain. Finally, PD-1 blockade promoted cell survival to sustain the follicular T cell pool in the presence of Bcl6-deficinet GC B cells. In summary, B cell-specific expression of BCL6 dampens the PD-L1/L2-PD-1 signaling to maintain the size of follicular T cells during GC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Fubin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
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44
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Gonzalez DG, Cote CM, Patel JR, Smith CB, Zhang Y, Nickerson KM, Zhang T, Kerfoot SM, Haberman AM. Nonredundant Roles of IL-21 and IL-4 in the Phased Initiation of Germinal Center B Cells and Subsequent Self-Renewal Transitions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3569-3579. [PMID: 30446568 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the unique contributions of the cytokines IL-21 and IL-4 on germinal center (GC) B cell initiation and subsequent maturation in a murine model system. Similar to other reports, we found T follicular helper cell expression of IL-21 begins prior to T follicular helper cell migration into the B cell follicle and precedes that of IL-4. Consistent with this timing, IL-21 signaling has a greater influence on the perifollicular pre-GC B cell transition to the intrafollicular stage. Notably, Bcl6hi B cells can form in the combined absence of IL-21R- and STAT6-derived signals; however, these nascent GC B cells cease to proliferate and are more prone to apoptosis. When B cells lack either IL-21R or STAT6, aberrant GCs form atypical centroblasts and centrocytes that differ in their phenotypic maturation and costimulatory molecule expression. Thus, IL-4 and IL-21 play nonredundant roles in the phased progression of GC B cell development that can initiate in the combined absence of these cytokine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Gonzalez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519.,Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Christine M Cote
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Jaymin R Patel
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Colin B Smith
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Kevin M Nickerson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Steven M Kerfoot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; and
| | - Ann M Haberman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519; .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
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45
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PRMT5 interacts with the BCL6 oncoprotein and is required for germinal center formation and lymphoma cell survival. Blood 2018; 132:2026-2039. [PMID: 30082494 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-831438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction plays an important role in generating humoral immunity and is believed to give rise to most B-cell lymphomas. GC entry and exit are tightly regulated processes, controlled by the actions of transcription factors such as BCL6. Herein, we demonstrate that protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), a symmetric dimethyl arginine methyltransferase, is also necessary for GC formation and affinity maturation. PRMT5 contributes to GC formation and affinity maturation at least in part through its direct interaction with and methylation of BCL6 at arginine 305 (R305), a modification necessary for the full transcriptional repressive effects of BCL6. Inhibition of PRMT5 in B-cell lymphoma lines led to significant upregulation of BCL6 target genes, and the concomitant inhibition of both BCL6 and PRMT5 exhibited synergistic killing of BCL6-expressing lymphoma cells. Our studies identify PRMT5 as a novel regulator of the GC reaction and highlight the mechanistic rationale of cotargeting PRMT5 and BCL6 in lymphoma.
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46
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Kerres N, Steurer S, Schlager S, Bader G, Berger H, Caligiuri M, Dank C, Engen JR, Ettmayer P, Fischerauer B, Flotzinger G, Gerlach D, Gerstberger T, Gmaschitz T, Greb P, Han B, Heyes E, Iacob RE, Kessler D, Kölle H, Lamarre L, Lancia DR, Lucas S, Mayer M, Mayr K, Mischerikow N, Mück K, Peinsipp C, Petermann O, Reiser U, Rudolph D, Rumpel K, Salomon C, Scharn D, Schnitzer R, Schrenk A, Schweifer N, Thompson D, Traxler E, Varecka R, Voss T, Weiss-Puxbaum A, Winkler S, Zheng X, Zoephel A, Kraut N, McConnell D, Pearson M, Koegl M. Chemically Induced Degradation of the Oncogenic Transcription Factor BCL6. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2860-2875. [PMID: 28930682 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor BCL6 is a known driver of oncogenesis in lymphoid malignancies, including diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Disruption of its interaction with transcriptional repressors interferes with the oncogenic effects of BCL6. We used a structure-based drug design to develop highly potent compounds that block this interaction. A subset of these inhibitors also causes rapid ubiquitylation and degradation of BCL6 in cells. These compounds display significantly stronger induction of expression of BCL6-repressed genes and anti-proliferative effects than compounds that merely inhibit co-repressor interactions. This work establishes the BTB domain as a highly druggable structure, paving the way for the use of other members of this protein family as drug targets. The magnitude of effects elicited by this class of BCL6-degrading compounds exceeds that of our equipotent non-degrading inhibitors, suggesting opportunities for the development of BCL6-based lymphoma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kerres
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Gerd Bader
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Berger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christian Dank
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Ettmayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Daniel Gerlach
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Peter Greb
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Roxana E Iacob
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dirk Kessler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heike Kölle
- Boehringer Ingelheim, MedChem, Structural Research, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Lyne Lamarre
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Simon Lucas
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Moriz Mayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Mayr
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Katja Mück
- Boehringer Ingelheim, MedChem, Structural Research, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | | | | | - Ulrich Reiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Klaus Rumpel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Salomon
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Scharn
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Diane Thompson
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Roland Varecka
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tilman Voss
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sandra Winkler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Norbert Kraut
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mark Pearson
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Koegl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1221 Vienna, Austria.
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47
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T Follicular Helper Cell-Germinal Center B Cell Interaction Strength Regulates Entry into Plasma Cell or Recycling Germinal Center Cell Fate. Immunity 2018; 48:702-715.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Zhu C, Chen G, Zhao Y, Gao XM, Wang J. Regulation of the Development and Function of B Cells by ZBTB Transcription Factors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:580. [PMID: 29616049 PMCID: PMC5869932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The large ZBTB family comprises a diverse group of transcriptional factors. Several ZBTB proteins have emerged as critical factors that regulate the lineage commitment, differentiation, and function of lymphoid cells as well as many other developmental events. For instance, dysfunctions of ZBTB20 or ZBTB24 have been linked to multisystem failures in humans. Within the B-cell lineage, BCL6, ZBTB7A, ZBTB17, and ZBTB1 regulate the development/differentiation of B cells in both bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid organs, while ZBTB20 and ZBTB32 seem to mainly impact the maintenance of terminal plasma cells. Given the importance of B cells in the prevention and treatment of infectious or autoimmune disorders, we herein summarize the roles of seven ZBTB family members (BCL6, ZBTB7A, ZBTB17, ZBTB20, ZBTB32, ZBTB1, and ZBTB24) in the development, differentiation, and function of B cells as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ge Chen
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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49
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Abstract
Maintenance of immunological self-tolerance requires lymphocytes carrying self-reactive antigen receptors to be selectively prevented from mounting destructive or inflammatory effector responses. Classically, self-tolerance is viewed in terms of the removal, editing, or silencing of B and T cells that have formed self-reactive antigen receptors during their early development. However, B cells activated by foreign antigen can enter germinal centers (GCs), where they further modify their antigen receptor by somatic hypermutation (SHM) of their immunoglobulin genes. The inevitable emergence of activated, self-reactive GC B cells presents a unique challenge to the maintenance of self-tolerance that must be rapidly countered to avoid autoantibody production. Here we discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms that enforce B cell self-tolerance, with particular focus on the control of self-reactive GC B cells. We also consider how self-reactive GC B cells can escape self-tolerance to initiate autoantibody production or instead be redeemed via SHM and used in productive antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; , .,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; , .,Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Leeman-Neill
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
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