The therapeutic potential of curcumin: A review of clinical trials

Alpha-linolenic acid-mediated epigenetic reprogramming of cervical cancer cell lines

Cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer globally and the second most prevalent cancer among women in India, is primarily caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). The association of diet with cancer etiology and prevention has been well established and nutrition has been shown to regulate cancer through modulation of epigenetic markers. Dietary fatty acids, especially omega-3, reduce the risk of cancer by preventing or reversing the progression through a variety of cellular targets, including epigenetic regulation. In this work, we have evaluated the potential of ALA (α linolenic acid), an ω-3 fatty acid, to regulate cervical cancer through epigenetic mechanisms. The effect of ALA was evaluated on the regulation of histone deacetylases1, DNA methyltransferases 1, and 3b, and global DNA methylation by ELISA. RT-PCR was utilized to assess the expression of tumor regulatory genes (hTERT, DAPK, RARβ, and CDH1) and their promoter methylation in HeLa (HPV18-positive), SiHa (HPV16-positive) and C33a (HPV-negative) cervical cancer cell lines. ALA increased DNA demethylase, HMTs, and HATs while decreasing global DNA methylation, DNMT, HDMs, and HDACs mRNA expression/activity in all cervical cancer cell lines. ALA downregulated hTERT oncogene while upregulating the mRNA expression of TSGs (Tumor Suppressor Genes) CDH1, RARβ, and DAPK in all the cell lines. ALA reduced methylation in the 5' CpG island of CDH1, RARβ, and DAPK1 promoters and reduced global DNA methylation in cervical cancer cell lines. These results suggest that ALA regulates the growth of cervical cancer cells by targeting epigenetic markers, shedding light on its potential therapeutic role in cervical cancer management.

The PI3K/Akt pathway: a target for curcumin's therapeutic effects

Purpose

The purpose of this review study is to investigate the effect of curcumin on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway in various diseases. Curcumin, the main compound found in turmeric, has attracted a lot of attention for its diverse pharmacological properties. These properties have increased the therapeutic potential of curcumin in chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, kidney disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. One of the main mechanisms of the effect of curcumin on health is its ability to modulate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This pathway plays an important role in regulating vital cellular processes such as growth, cell survival, metabolism, and apoptosis. Disruption of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is associated with the incidence of several diseases.

Methods

Electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched with the keywords "phosphoinositide 3-kinase" AND "protein kinase B "AND "curcumin" in the title/abstract. Also, following keywords "non-alcoholic fatty liver disease" AND "diabetes" AND "obesity" AND "kidney disease" and "neurodegenerative diseases" was searched in the whole text.

Results

Research indicates that curcumin offers potential benefits for several health conditions. Studies have shown it can help regulate blood sugar, reduce inflammation, and protect the heart, kidneys, and brain.

Conclusion

This protective effect is partially achieved by regulating the PI3K-Akt survival pathway, which helps improve metabolic disorders and oxidative stress. By examining how curcumin affects this vital cell pathway, researchers can discover new treatment strategies for a range of diseases.

Substituted aryl piperazine ligands as new dual 5-hLOX/COX-2 inhibitors. Synthesis, biological and computational studies

Two series of cyano (1a-l) and amino (2a-l) aryl piperazines were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase (5-hLOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The newly designed derivatives feature diphenyl methyl (a-d), phenyl (e-h), or methoxyphenyl (i-l) groups, respectively, and demonstrated significant inhibition of 5-hLOX. Noteworthy were compounds 1b, 1 g, 1 k, 2f, and 2 g, exhibiting IC50 values ranging from 2.2 to 3.3 μM. The most potent inhibitors (1b, 1 g, 1 k, 2c, and 2f) were characterized by a competitive inhibition mechanism, with Ki values ranging between 1.77 μM and 9.50 μM. Additionally, compounds 2a, 2b, 2 g, and 2 h displayed promising dual inhibition of 5-hLOX and COX-2, with IC50 values below 15 μM. Cytotoxicity assessments against HEK293 cells revealed that the cyano derivatives (1a-l) were non-cytotoxic (CC50 > 200 μM), whereas the amino derivatives (2a-l) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity (CC50 < 50 μM). Notably, the most active derivatives against both targets were non-cytotoxic at their respective inhibitory concentrations. Computational studies, including docking and molecular dynamics simulations, indicated that compound 1 g demonstrated greater stability within the catalytic site of 5-hLOX compared to compound 2f, correlating with the higher affinity observed in kinetic assays. Furthermore, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses revealed strong correlations between theoretical and experimental IC50 values (97 % for 1a-l and 93 % for 2a-l). These findings, combined with absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) predictions, suggest that these derivatives are promising candidates as dual inhibitors of 5-hLOX and COX-2.

Design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles based on zein, hyaluronic acid, and tannic acid

Nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention as colloidal delivery systems. The performance of nanoparticles can be enhanced by assembling multiple structural components with different functional attributes. In this study, a model hydrophobic nutraceutical (curcumin) was encapsulated in nanoparticles assembled from zein, hyaluronic acid, and tannic acid to enhance its functionality. Specifically, curcumin was loaded into zein-hyaluronic acid-tannic acid (Cur-ZHT) nanoparticles prepared using anti-solvent precipitation. The optimized nanoparticle formulation had a relatively high encapsulation efficiency (92.11 ± 0.13 %), small mean particle diameter (307.40 ± 2.40 nm), and low polydispersity index (0.26 ± 0.01). Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding played an important role in the assembly of these nanoparticles. Curcumin in Cur-ZHT nanoparticles was protected against environmental stresses, including heating, light exposure, and storage for 30 days. The presence of tannic acid in the nanoparticles enhanced the chemical stability of the curcumin, which was attributed to its strong antioxidant properties. In vitro digestion studies showed that Cur-ZHT nanoparticles effectively protected curcumin from decomposition in gastric juice. Compared to the bioaccessibility of free curcumin (17.44 ± 0.32 %), that of Cur-ZHT nanoparticles was significantly improved to 50.44 ± 0.87 %. The multicomponent nanoparticles developed in this study are suitable for improving the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of hydrophobic bioactive compounds.

Cancer chemoprevention: signaling pathways and strategic approaches

Although cancer chemopreventive agents have been confirmed to effectively protect high-risk populations from cancer invasion or recurrence, only over ten drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Therefore, screening potent cancer chemopreventive agents is crucial to reduce the constantly increasing incidence and mortality rate of cancer. Considering the lengthy prevention process, an ideal chemopreventive agent should be nontoxic, inexpensive, and oral. Natural compounds have become a natural treasure reservoir for cancer chemoprevention because of their superior ease of availability, cost-effectiveness, and safety. The benefits of natural compounds as chemopreventive agents in cancer prevention have been confirmed in various studies. In light of this, the present review is intended to fully delineate the entire scope of cancer chemoprevention, and primarily focuses on various aspects of cancer chemoprevention based on natural compounds, specifically focusing on the mechanism of action of natural compounds in cancer prevention, and discussing in detail how they exert cancer prevention effects by affecting classical signaling pathways, immune checkpoints, and gut microbiome. We also introduce novel cancer chemoprevention strategies and summarize the role of natural compounds in improving chemotherapy regimens. Furthermore, we describe strategies for discovering anticancer compounds with low abundance and high activity, revealing the broad prospects of natural compounds in drug discovery for cancer chemoprevention. Moreover, we associate cancer chemoprevention with precision medicine, and discuss the challenges encountered in cancer chemoprevention. Finally, we emphasize the transformative potential of natural compounds in advancing the field of cancer chemoprevention and their ability to introduce more effective and less toxic preventive options for oncology.

Network pharmacology, bioinformatics analysis, and experimental validation to reveal the target and pharmacological mechanism of DHDK in treating breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Currently, most treatments involve combinations of multiple therapies. However, existing drug therapies remain limited by side effects and drug resistance. (1E,4E)- 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta- 1,4-dien- 3-one (DHDK) is a safer, potential targeted drug with strong anti-cancer activity, derived from mistletoe. However, few studies have explored its related treatment mechanisms. This study combined network pharmacology, bioinformatics, molecular docking, and experimental verification to elucidate the mechanism of action of DHDK in treating breast cancer. The SwissTargetPrediction database, Therapeutic Target Databases, and Comparative Toxicogenomics Databases were used for drug target identification. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was employed for differential gene screening. The GeneCards, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database, and Therapeutic Target Databases (TTD) were utilized to identify DHDK's breast cancer treatment targets. Nexus genes were identified using Cytoscape software after protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) Resource were conducted to investigateunderlying mechanisms. Target were identified through molecular docking, and the selected signaling pathway was validatedby qPCR. Comprehensive analysis yielded possible targets and mechanisms: DHDK binds to JAK1, inhibiting the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in downstream target proteins, recruiting and phosphorylating the transcription factor STAT, downregulating STAT1, and further inhibiting the downstream effector BCL2, ultimately inhibits the anti-apoptotic effect of tumor cells. Therefore, DHDK is a highly promising targeted anti-cancer drug. Clinical trial number: not applicable.

Plant-Based Inhibitors of Protein Aggregation

The assembly of amyloidogenic proteins and peptides into toxic oligomeric and fibrillar aggregates is closely connected to the onset and progression of more than 50 protein diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, prion disease, and type 2 diabetes, to name only a few. Considerable research efforts at identifying the therapeutic strategies against these maladies are currently focused on preventing and inhibiting pathogenic protein aggregation by various agents. Plant-based extracts and compounds have emerged as promising sources of potential inhibitors due to their dual role as nutraceuticals as part of healthy diets and as specific pharmaceuticals when administered at higher concentrations. In recent decades, several plant extracts and plant-extracted compounds have shown potential to modulate protein aggregation. An ever-growing body of research on plant-based amyloid inhibitors requires a detail analysis of existing data to identify potential knowledge gaps. This review summarizes the recent progress in amyloid inhibition using 17 flavonoids, 11 polyphenolic non-flavonoid compounds, 23 non-phenolic inhibitors, and 59 plant extracts, with the main emphasis on directly modulating the fibrillation of four amyloid proteins, namely amyloid-β peptide, microtubule-associated protein tau, α-synuclein, and human islet amyloid polypeptide.

Curcumin-laden hydrogel coating medical device for periprosthetic joint infection prevention and control

The Periprosthetic Joint Infection (PJI) is one of the most important complications of the joint arthroplasty. This surgical procedure is rising worldwide and is further affecting the public health because of the widespread resistance to antibiotics. New therapeutic strategies and innovative antimicrobial biomaterials development are needed to eradicate pathogens without inducing resistance and accelerating recovery. In this direction, herein Curcumin I- (Cur-) loaded DAC® (Defensive Antibacterial Coating, a hydrogel based on hyaluronic acid conjugated to polylactic acid, hereafter named DAC) has been built on. To incorporate Cur in the DAC, thus obtaining Cur-DAC (Cur ≅ 0.93 mg/g), the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) propylene glycol (PG) was used as cosolvent. The drugs combinations of Cur (≅ 0.93 mg/g) and Vancomycin (Van) (at low dose that is ≅ 0.033 mg/g) within the hydrogel (Cur/Van-DAC) was alsoexperienced . Hydrogels were prepared and characterized by rheological investigations and their erosion together with the drug release profile over the time evaluated in physiological conditions. The nanohydrogels produced upon water dilution were characterized by AFM, DLS, and UV/Vis absorption and emission spectroscopies. Superior Cur stability over pH-, solvent- and photoinduced degradations resulted in the DAC matrix. The photoinduced antimicrobial activity of Cur-DAC against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium was evaluated by spreading loaded DAC-based hydrogel onto titanium disk mimicking prosthesis, thus detecting a good reduction of bacterial load after 30 min of exposure to light and a subsequent decrease of cells number at 24 h in the absence of nutrients. The drug association in Cur/Van-DAC demonstrated the best activity against MRSA, even in the presence of nutrients, with respect to established DAC loaded with high amounts of Van (ranging from 18.7 mg/g to 45.8 mg/g) used during the surgery, due to the photoantibacterial activity of Cur, becoming promising to prevent and control joint infections.

Nanocurcumin-enhanced zein nanofibers: Advancing macrophage polarization and accelerating wound healing

Introduction

Chronic wounds continue to pose a significant global challenge, incurring substantial costs and necessitating extensive research in wound healing. Our previous work involved synthesizing zein nanofibers embedded with 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % nano-curcumin (Zein/nCUR 5, 10, and 15 % NFs), and examining their physicochemical and biological properties. This study aims to explore the potential of these nanofibers in macrophage (MØ) polarization and wound healing.

Methods

We assessed the survival of RAW264.7 cells cultured on Zein/nCUR 5, 10, and 15 % NFs using the MTT assay. To evaluate MØ polarization, we measured the expression of iNOS and Arg-1 genes in MØs cultured on Zein/nCUR 10 % NFs through real-time PCR. Furthermore, we examined the nanofibers' impact on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in MØs via real-time PCR. The wound healing efficacy of Zein/nCUR 10 % NFs was tested on 54 male rats with full-thickness wounds, with assessments conducted on days 3, 7, and 14. Wound closure, re-epithelialization, and collagen secretion were evaluated through photographic analysis and tissue staining. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 6, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results

Zein/nCUR 10 % NFs significantly enhanced the survival of RAW264.7 cells compared to other groups. They also markedly reduced iNOS expression and increased Arg-1 expression, indicating successful polarization of M1 to M2 MØs. Additionally, these nanofibers decreased the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and significantly improved wound closure, re-epithelialization, and collagen deposition compared to control and Zein groups.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that Zein/nCUR 10 % NFs effectively polarize MØs from M1 to M2, significantly enhancing wound healing, thus offering a promising therapeutic approach for improved wound care.

Effect of curcumin on lipid mediators, glycemic index, and oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers in polycystic ovary syndrome: Future directions and current knowledge - A systematic review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common and important polygenic endocrine disorders among women of reproductive-aged. Current treatments are mostly used only to control the signs and symptoms of the disease, while not being able to completely prevent complications. Curcumin is one of the active compounds in turmeric, which is commonly used for a wide range of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, this systematic review was performed to evaluate the effect of curcumin supplementation on PCOS. The current systematic review was performed according to the guidelines of the 2015 PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) statements. We searched ProQuest, PubMed, Google Scholar electronic, Scopus, and Cochrane, Embase, and Science Direct databases and on articles published up until November 2024. All of the animal studies (seven studies) and clinical trials (five studies) included in this systematic review that assessed the effect of curcumin on, reproductive hormones and metabolic risk markers in PCOS were published in English-language journals. Most studies supported the beneficial effects of curcumin on folliculogenesis, ovarian histomorphology, and luteinization processes. The effects of curcumin on decreasing the levels of luteinizing insulin resistance luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)and testosterone, were also reported. Curcumin also improved dyslipidemia, but no significant effect on weight loss has been reported. It is suggested that the effect of curcumin in PCOS is more related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin than to the effects of weight loss. Therefore, this study provides evidence that curcumin can be considered an effective factor in reducing the complications of PCOS. However, due to the low number of human studies in this field, further clinical trials are warranted to verify these outcomes.

The Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin on Oral Disease: A Systematic Review

Introduction

Curcumin is an extract from herbal plants that has been implicated in the treatment of any disease, including oral disease. There are various types of curcumin formulation as the option of the therapy. The aim of this review is to describe the curcumin mechanism in reducing the severity, pain score, and oral lesion size as the therapeutic effects.

Methods

This systematic review used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Databases used for articles include PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus with inclusion criteria published from 2014 to 2024, full text, in English, and randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Results

The present study included 21 RCTs with a total of 1244 individuals. In this study, curcumin was most commonly used for oral submucous fibrosis, with 9 studies demonstrating that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties and inhibits collagenase. All studies demonstrate that curcumin produces significant results in the management of oral disease. The remain studies showed curcumin has antioxidant, inhibit collagenase, antifungal, and wound healing properties for oral leukoplakia, recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), oral lichen planus (OLP), and denture stomatitis.

Conclusion

Curcumin has anti inflammatory, antioxidant, inhibit collagenase, antifungal, and wound healing properties for reducing the severity of lesion, pain score and oral lesion size as the therapeutic effects in the patients with oral disease including OSMF, mucositis, leukoplakia, RAS, OLP, and denture stomatitis.

3D bioprinted poly(lactic acid) scaffolds infused with curcumin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: a promising approach for skin regeneration

Nanotechnology and 3D bioprinted scaffolds are revolutionizing the field of wound healing and skin regeneration. By facilitating proper cellular movement and providing a customizable structure that replicates the extracellular matrix, such technologies not only expedite the healing process but also ensure the seamless integration of new skin layers, enhancing tissue repair and promoting overall cell growth. This study centres on the creation and assessment of a nanostructured lipid carrier containing curcumin (CNLC), which is integrated into a 3D bioprinted PLA scaffold system. The goal is to investigate its potential as a vehicle for delivering poorly soluble curcumin for enhanced wound healing. The developed CNLC exhibited an oval morphology and average particle size of 292 nm. The entrapment efficiency (EE) was 81.37 ± 0.85%, and the drug loading capacity was 6.59 ± 1.61%. CNLC was then integrated into PLA-based 3D bioprinted scaffolds, and physicochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate their properties. Cell viability studies carried out using fibroblast cells demonstrated that the PLA/CNLC scaffolds are non-cytotoxic. In vivo experiments showed that the PLA/CNLC scaffolds exhibited complete wound contraction and closure of full-thickness wounds within a period of 21 days. The findings confirmed the scaffold's capacity as a tool for accelerating wound healing. The research emphasises the need for using biomimetic 3D printed scaffold materials and the promise of nanobiotechnology in enhancing treatment efficacy.

Enhancing the effects of curcumin on oxidative stress injury in brain vascular endothelial cells using lactoferrin peptide nano-micelles: antioxidant activity and mechanism

BACKGROUND

Curcumin is widely known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but its mechanism of action in mitigating oxidative stress injury in brain vascular endothelial cells remains unclear. Due to the poor bioavailability of curcumin, it is challenging to achieve effective concentrations at the target sites. Nano-micelles are known for their ability to improve the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of hydrophobic compounds like curcumin. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of free curcumin and curcumin embedded in nano-micelles (M(Cur)) on oxidative stress-induced injury in bEnd.3 cells.

RESULTS

At a protective concentration of 10 μg mL-1, micellar curcumin was better able to recover the morphology of bEnd.3 cells under oxidative stress while increasing cell viability, restoring mitochondrial membrane electrical potential, and effectively inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation with a positive cell rate of 2.21%. These results indicate that curcumin significantly improves H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage in endothelial cells by maintaining the cellular antioxidant balance.

CONCLUSION

This study adds to knowledge regarding the role of nano-micelles in curcumin intervention for endothelial cell oxidative damage and provides insights for the development of curcumin-based dietary supplements. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Modulation of Pyroptosis Pathways

PURPOSE

Cardiac inflammation is a basic pathological process of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Inflammatory response is closely related to pyroptosis, which is a recently identified programmed cell death type. Curcumin (CUR) is a polyphenol extracted from turmeric and has been reported to be crucial in alleviating pyroptosis in DCM. However, the exact mechanism by which CUR improves pyroptosis remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of CUR on pyroptosis in DCM and explore the potential mechanisms.

METHODS

The molecular docking (MOD) analysis was performed using AutoDock Tools to evaluate the binding patterns and affinities between CUR and tripartite motif containing 21 (TRIM21), as well as between TRIM21 and gasdermin D (GSDMD). Subsequently, DCM models were established in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (in vivo) by administering streptozotocin (STZ) and feeding them a high-fat diet. In addition, H9C2 cells were cultured in a high glucose and palmitate environment to construct in vitro models of DCM. Rats or cells were treated by CUR directly. Subsequently, body weight (BW), heart weight (HW)/BW ratio, fasting blood glucose level, and lipid metabolism were measured. Pathological changes were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson staining. Small interfering RNA (si-RNA) was used to knockdown TRIM21 expression, and the pyroptosis protein expression and cellular activity were evaluated in different groups.

RESULTS

MOD analysis revealed that CUR had a strong binding affinity with TRIM21, and TRIM21 showed a robust interaction with GSDMD. STZ-induced diabetic SD rats showed metabolic abnormalities, structural changes in the ventricle, and the expression of TRIM21 and pyroptosis markers, including nod-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1, and GSDMD, were upregulated. CUR reduced cardiac remodeling and improved cardiac function in vivo. CUR inhibited pyroptosis by regulating TRIM21 through in vivo and in vitro studies.

CONCLUSION

CUR improves DCM by regulating TRIM21 expression to inhibit pyroptosis. Furthermore, this study provides novel approaches and experimental evidence for the research and treatment of DCM and presents new insights into its potential mechanisms.

Enhanced skin penetration of curcumin by a nanoemulsion-embedded oligopeptide hydrogel for psoriasis topical therapy

Topical delivery of therapeutics on the skin can effectively alleviate skin symptoms of psoriasis and reduce systemic toxicity. However, the low delivery efficiency caused by the stratum corneum barrier limits the therapeutic impact. Here, we reported an oligopeptide hydrogel that encapsulates cell-penetrating-peptide (CPP)-decorated curcumin-loaded nanoemulsions (Cur-CNEs) to enhance the skin penetration of curcumin for topical treatment of psoriasis. After being applied to the skin of psoriatic mice, the Cur-CNE embedded oligopeptide hydrogel (Cur-CNEs/Gel) provided a prolonged residue time of Cur-CNEs on the skin lesion. The fluidic and elastic properties of the nanoemulsions enabled them to effectively pass through the interstitial spaces of the stratum corneum, while the CPP decoration further enhanced skin penetration and cellular uptake of Cur-CNEs. The Cur-CNEs/Gel exhibits effective alleviation of the symptoms of psoriasis in mice and provides a promising strategy for topical treatment of psoriasis.

"Bamboo-like" strong and tough sodium alginate/polyacrylate hydrogel fiber with directional controlled release for wound healing promotion

Skin, as the biggest organ and outermost surface of the human body, is prone to injury due to various challenges, especially the expanding potential of accidents, which bring a huge social and economic burden. Hydrogels are emerging as the most promising candidate for wound dressings, which not only fulfill the varied requirements of dressings but also serve as drug carriers. But limited breathability, rapid drug release, and inadequate mechanical properties remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report a strong and tough sodium alginate/polyacrylate hydrogel fibers-based dressing with directional controlled drug release for wound healing promotion. Mimicking the bamboo structure, the drug solution is encapsulated within the fiber, and the rate of drug release can be modulated by controlling the wall thickness of the fiber. A cross-network structure in the hydrogel fiber through hydrogen bond and calcium ion crosslinking resulted in a 38 % increase in tensile strength. By precisely controlling the feeding process during weaving, drug-loaded fibers can be prepared at specific locations to facilitate targeted delivery to skin wound sites. Drug-loaded fabric has the breathability and biocompatibility required for dressings to promote wound healing. The findings highlight the potential of alginate/polyacrylate hydrogel fabrics for effective wound treatment.

Curcumin-loaded gold nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial efficacy and wound healing properties in diabetic rats

Diabetic wounds pose a significant global health challenge. Although curcumin exhibits promising wound healing and antibacterial properties, its clinical potential is limited by low aqueous solubility, and poor tissue penetration. This study aimed to address these challenges and enhance the wound healing efficacy of curcumin by loading it onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The properties of the AuNPs, including particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, percent drug entrapment efficiency (%EE) and UV-Vis spectra were significantly influenced by the curcumin/gold chloride molar ratio used in the synthesis of AuNPs. The optimal formulation (F2) exhibited the smallest particle size (41.77 ± 6.8 nm), reasonable PDI (0.59 ± 0.17), high %EE (94.43 ± 0.25 %), a moderate zeta potential (-8.44 ± 1.69 mV), and a well-defined surface Plasmon resonance peak at 526 nm. Formulation F2 was incorporated into Pluronic® F127 gel to facilitate its application to the skin. Both curcumin AuNPs solution and gel showed sustained drug release and higher skin permeation parameters compared with the free drug solution. AuNPs significantly enhanced curcumin's antibacterial efficacy by lowering the minimum inhibitory concentrations and enhancing antibacterial biofilm activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. In a diabetic wound rat model, AuNPs-loaded curcumin exhibited superior wound healing attributes compared to the free drug. Specifically, it demonstrated improved wound healing percentage, reduced wound oxidative stress, increased wound collagen deposition, heightened anti-inflammatory effects, and enhanced angiogenesis. These findings underscore the potential of AuNPs as efficacious delivery systems of curcumin for improved wound healing applications.

Protective effects of Boswellia and Curcuma extract on oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy via modulation of NF-κB signaling

Oxaliplatin is a third-generation anticancer agent with better efficacy, lower toxicity, and a broad spectrum of antineoplastic activity. Its use is frequently associated with chronic oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy (OIN), a cumulative phenomenon manifesting as loss of sensation, paresthesia, dysesthesia, and irresolvable fluctuations in proprioception that greatly affect the patients' quality of life. The inevitable nature and high incidence of OIN, along with the absence of efficacious preventive agents, necessitate the development of effective and reliable protective options for limiting OIN while maintaining anticancer activity. The pathogenesis of chronic OIN involves neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. This study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effects of Boswellia serrata and Curcuma longa via modulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Behavioral tests were conducted to assess cold allodynia, heat hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia, and slowed nerve conduction velocity associated with chronic oxaliplatin administration. The modulation of NF-κB signaling and the subsequent activation of cytokines were evaluated through quantitative analysis of inflammatory cytokines in sciatic nerve homogenates. Additional assessments included oxidative stress parameters, serum neuronal biomarkers, and examination of sciatic nerve cross-sections. The findings indicate improvements in behavioral and biochemical parameters, as well as nerve histology, with the combined extract of Boswellia serrata and Curcuma longa at doses of 50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg. Thus, this study presents evidence for the protective potential of the combined extract of Boswellia serrata and Curcuma longa in OIN through modulation of NF-κB signaling.

An anti-neoplastic tale of metformin through its transport

Metformin is an attractive candidate drug among all the repurposed drugs for cancer. Extensive preclinical and clinical research has evaluated its efficacy in cancer therapy, revealing a mixed outcome in clinical settings. To fully exploit metformin's therapeutic potential, understanding cellular factors relevant to its transport and accumulation in cancer cells needs to be understood. This review highlights the relevance of metformin transporter status towards its anti-cancer potential. Metformin transporters are regulated at pre-transcriptional, transcriptional, and post-translational levels. Moreover, the tumour microenvironment can also influence metformin accumulation in cancer cells. Also, Metformin treatment can regulate its transporters by altering global DNA methylation, protein acetylation, and transcription factors. Importantly, metformin transporters not only influence chemotherapeutic drug toxicity but are also associated with the prognosis and survival of individuals having cancer. Strategic decisions based on the expression and regulation of metformin transporters holds promise for its therapeutic implications and relevance.

The effect of curcumin-piperine supplementation on lipid profile, glycemic index, inflammation, and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertriglyceridemia

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder associated with insulin resistance and ensuing dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation. Owing to the putative metabolic benefits of curcumin-piperine combination, we explored the efficacy of this combination in improving cardiometabolic indices of patients with T2DM and hypertriglyceridemia. In this double-blind clinical trial, 72 patients with T2DM and hypertriglyceridemia were randomized to receive either a tablet containing 500 mg of curcuminoids plus 5 mg of piperine, or a matched placebo for 12 weeks. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, glycemic indices, lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP), quality of life, and mood were evaluated at baseline and end of the study. After 12 weeks of intervention, the levels of triglycerides (p-value = 0.001) and fasting blood glucose (p-value = 0.004) were significantly reduced in the curcumin-piperine compared with the placebo group. CRP levels were marginally reduced in the curcumin-piperine compared with the placebo group (p-value = 0.081). In addition, energy/fatigue significantly increased in the curcumin-piperine group compared to the control group (p-value = 0.024). However, between-group comparisons showed no significant change in other parameters, including anthropometric indices (waist circumference and body mass index (BMI)), biochemical parameters (low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c), and insulin), HOMA-IR, blood pressure, quality of life, and DASS-21 items between the studied groups (p-value >0.05). The current study showed that curcumin-piperine supplementation can improve serum CRP, triglycerides, and glucose concentrations in patients with T2DM and hypertriglyceridemia.

Monocarbonyl curcuminoids as potential photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy against skin cancer

Two monocarbonyl dimethylamino curcuminoids, one derived from acetone (C3) and the second one from cyclohexane (C6), were synthesized aiming to study their photophysical properties and anticancer photodynamic potential. Compound C6 exhibited lower absorbance and fluorescence than C3. Photobleaching studies showed that C3 and C6 photostability behavior in DMSO differ significantly. C3 was completely photoconverted into a new species absorbing at lower wavelength than the parent compound, whereas, C6, upon a 30 min irradiation at λ = 440 nm with 15 mW/cm2 reached a photostationary phase where a smaller amount of the initial compound coexists with some photoproducts of higher and lower absorbance. Both compounds were able to generate significant amounts of ROS upon irradiation in an aqueous environment and exhibited successful intracellular localization in skin cancer cells (A431 cells). After dark cytotoxicity studies the concentrations of 5 μM and 1 μM for C3 and C6, respectively, were selected for the PDT assessment. C3 presented light dose-dependent photodynamic activity against A431 cells, resulting in 40 % cell viability after 12 min of light irradiation (440 nm, 15 mW/cm2). On the other side, C6 showed a biphasic light dose PDT effect with cell viability gradually decreasing up to 50 % after 5 min of light exposure, and then increasing again after 8 and 12 min of light exposure. The photodynamic performance of C6 may provide a new insight into the development of PSs with reduced prolonged photosensitivity.

Edge advances in nanodrug therapies for osteoarthritis treatment

As global population and lifestyles change, osteoarthritis (OA) is becoming a major healthcare challenge world. OA, a chronic condition characterized by inflammatory and degeneration, often present with joint pain and can lead to irreversible disability. While there is currently no cure for OA, it is commonly managed using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, and glucosamine. Although these treatments can alleviate symptoms, it is difficult to effectively deliver and sustain therapeutic agents within joints. The emergence of nanotechnology, particularly in form of smart nanomedicine, has introduced innovative therapeutic approaches for OA treatment. Nanotherapeutic strategies offer promising advantages, including more precise targeting of affected areas, prolonged therapeutic effects, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced systemic toxicity compared to traditional treatments. While nanoparticles show potential as a viable delivery system for OA therapies based on encouraging lab-based and clinical trials results, there remails a considerable gap between current research and clinical application. This review highlights recent advances in nanotherapy for OA and explore future pathways to refine and optimize OA treatments strategies.

A Review of Recent Curcumin Analogues and Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities

Curcumin, as the main active component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), has been demonstrated with various bioactivities. However, its potential therapeutic applications are hindered by challenges such as poor solubility and bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and pan-assay interference properties. Recent advancements have aimed to overcome these limitations by developing novel curcumin analogues and modifications. This brief review critically assesses recent studies on synthesising different curcumin analogues, including metal complexes, nano particulates, and other curcumin derivatives, focused on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects of curcumin and its modified analogues. Exploring innovative curcumin derivatives offers promising strategies to address the challenges associated with its bioavailability and efficacy and valuable insights for future research directions.

Calebin A attenuated inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and adipose tissue to improve hepatic glucose metabolism and hyperglycemia in high-fat diet-fed obese mice

The increased incidence of obesity, which become a global health problem, requires more functional food products with minor side and excellent effects. Calebin A (CbA) is a non-curcuminoid compound, which is reported to be an effective treatment for lipid metabolism and thermogenesis. However, its ability and mechanism of action in improving obesity-associated hyperglycemia remain unclear. This study was designed to explore the effect and mechanism of CbA in hyperglycemia via improvement of inflammation and glucose metabolism in the adipose tissue and liver in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. After 10 weeks fed HFD, obese mice supplemented with CbA (25 and 100 mg/kg) for another 10 weeks showed a remarkable reducing adiposity and blood glucose. CbA modulated M1/M2 macrophage polarization, ameliorated inflammatory cytokines, and restored adiponectin as well as Glut 4 expression in the adipose tissue. In the in vitro study, CbA attenuated pro-inflammatory markers while upregulated anti-inflammatory IL-10 in LPS + IFNγ-generated M1 phenotype macrophages. In the liver, CbA attenuated steatosis, inflammatory infiltration, and protein levels of inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, CbA markedly upregulated Adiponectin receptor 1, AMPK, and insulin downstream Akt signaling to improve glycogen content and increase Glut2 protein. These findings indicated that CbA may be a novel therapeutic approach to treat obesity and hyperglycemia phenotype targeting on adipose inflammation and hepatic insulin signaling.

Promising strategies in natural products treatments of psoriasis-update

Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease and has been increasing year by year. It is linked to other serious illnesses, such as psoriatic arthritis, cardiometabolic syndrome, and depression, resulting in a notable decrease in the quality of life for patients. Existing therapies merely alleviate symptoms, rather than providing a cure. An in-depth under-standing of the pathogenesis of psoriasis is helpful to discover new therapeutic targets and develop effective novel therapeutic agents, so it has important clinical significance. This article reviews the new progress in the study of pathogenesis and natural products of psoriasis in recent years. These natural products were summarized, mainly classified as terpenoids, polyphenols and alkaloids. However, the translation of experimental results to the clinic takes a long way to go.

Targeting the Akt signaling pathway: Exploiting curcumin's anticancer potential

Cancer is recognized as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In recent years, advancements in early detection and expanding treatment options have contributed to a decrease in mortality rates. However, the emergence of drug-resistant cancers necessitates the exploration of innovative and more effective drugs. The Akt kinases play a central role in various signaling pathways that regulate crucial cellular processes, including cell growth, proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and glucose metabolism. Due to frequent disruptions of the Akt signaling pathway in numerous human cancers and its broad biological implications, targeting this pathway has become a key focus in combating tumor aggressiveness and a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention. Curcumin, a compound found in turmeric, has been extensively studied for its potential as an anti-cancer agent. It demonstrates inhibitory effects on cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis by influencing various processes involved in tumor growth and development. These effects are achieved through negative regulation of transcription factors, growth factors, cytokines, protein kinases, and other oncogenic molecules. This review aims to explore curcumin's anticancer activity against different types of cancer mediated via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, as well as its practical applications in treatment.

An Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Its Potential Benefit for Individuals with Mental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases-A Narrative Review

This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding anti-inflammatory dietary patterns and their potential benefits for individuals with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the etiology and progression of these conditions. The review examines the evidence for the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of dietary components and food groups, focusing on whole foods rather than specific nutrients or supplements. Key dietary components showing potential benefits include fruits and vegetables (especially berries and leafy greens), whole grains, legumes, fatty fish rich in omega-3, nuts (particularly walnuts), olive oil, and fermented foods. These foods are generally rich in antioxidants, dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds that may help modulate inflammation, support gut health, and promote neuroprotection. Conversely, ultra-processed foods, red meat, and sugary beverages may be harmful. Based on this evidence, we designed the Brain Anti-Inflammatory Nutrition (BrAIN) diet. The mechanisms of this diet include the modulation of the gut microbiota and the gut-brain axis, the regulation of inflammatory pathways, a reduction in oxidative stress, and the promotion of neuroplasticity. The BrAIN diet shows promise as an aid to manage mental and neurodegenerative disorders.

The potential therapeutic role of curcumin in osteoporosis treatment: based on multiple signaling pathways

Osteoporosis is a common chronic metabolic bone disease caused by disturbances in normal bone metabolism and an imbalance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoporosis is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and bone density, leading to increased bone fragility. Osteoporosis is usually treated with medications and surgical methods, but these methods often produce certain side effects. Therefore, the use of traditional herbal ingredients for the treatment of osteoporosis has become a focus of attention and a hot topic in recent years. Curcumin, widely distributed among herbs such as turmeric, tulip, and curcuma longa, contains phenolic, terpenoid, and flavonoid components. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that curcumin has a variety of functions including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, curcumin positively regulates the differentiation and promotes the proliferation of osteoblasts, which play a crucial role in bone formation. Multiple studies have shown that curcumin is effective in the treatment of osteoporosis as it interacts with a variety of signaling pathway targets, thereby interfering with the formation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and regulating the development of osteoporosis. This review summarized the key signaling pathways and their mechanisms of action of curcumin in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and analyzed their characteristics and their relationship with osteoporosis and curcumin. This not only proves the medicinal value of curcumin as a traditional herbal ingredient but also further elucidates the molecular mechanism of curcumin's anti-osteoporosis effect, providing new perspectives for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis through multiple pathways.

New Perspectives about Relevant Natural Compounds for Current Dentistry Research

Natural compounds have been used since the earliest civilizations and remain, to this day, a safer alternative for treating various dental problems. These present antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and antimutagenic effects, making them useful in the prophylactic and curative treatment of various oral diseases such as infections, gingivitis, periodontitis, and even cancer. Due to the high incidence of unpleasant adverse reactions to synthetic compounds, natural products tend to gradually replace conventional treatment, as they can be just as potent and cause fewer, milder adverse effects. Researchers use several methods to measure the effectiveness and safety profile of these compounds, and employing standard techniques also contributes to progress across all medical disciplines.

Multifaceted physiological and therapeutical impact of curcumin on hormone-related endocrine dysfunctions: A comprehensive review

Over the past five decades, Curcumin (Cur), derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa), has gained considerable attention for its potential therapeutic applications. Synthesizing insights from clinical trials conducted over the last 25 years, this review delves into diseases where Cur has demonstrated promise, offering a nuanced understanding of its pharmacokinetics, safety, and effectiveness. Focusing on specific examples, the impact of Cur on various human diseases is explored. Endocrine glands and associated signaling pathways are highlighted, elucidating how Cur influences cellular signaling. The article underscores molecular mechanisms such as hormone level alteration, receptor interaction, cytokine and adipokine expression inhibition, antioxidant enzyme activity, and modulation of transcription factors. Cur showcases diverse protective mechanisms against inflammation and oxidative damage by suppressing antiapoptotic genes and impeding tumor promotion. This comprehensive overview emphasizes the potential of Cur as a natural agent for countering aging and degenerative diseases, calling for further dedicated research in this realm.

Dietary Curcumin Intake and Its Effects on the Transcriptome and Metabolome of Drosophila melanogaster

Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa, used as a dietary spice, has garnered attention for its therapeutic potential, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Despite its known benefits, the precise mechanisms underlying curcumin's effects on consumers remain unclear. To address this gap, we employed the genetic model Drosophila melanogaster and leveraged two omics tools-transcriptomics and metabolomics. Our investigation revealed alterations in 1043 genes and 73 metabolites upon supplementing curcumin into the diet. Notably, we observed genetic modulation in pathways related to antioxidants, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as genes associated with gustatory perception and reproductive processes. Metabolites implicated in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and biomarkers linked to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, and aging were also identified. The study highlighted a strong correlation between the curcumin diet, antioxidant mechanisms, and amino acid metabolism. Conversely, a lower correlation was observed between carbohydrate metabolism and cholesterol biosynthesis. This research highlights the impact of curcumin on the diet, influencing perception, fertility, and molecular wellness. Furthermore, it directs future studies toward a more focused exploration of the specific effects of curcumin consumption.

Secondary metabolite fingerprinting, anti-pathogenic activity, elite chemotype selection and conservation of Curcuma caesia- an ethnomedicinally underutilized species

Curcuma caesia Roxb. is an ethnomedicinally important, essential oil (EO) yielding aromatic plant. A total of twelve accessions of this plant rhizome were collected from six different agro-climatic zones of West Bengal, India and evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against eight disease-causing, multi-drug-resistant pathogenic strains of urinary-tract infection and respiratory-tract infection. The EO and extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity, with the highest inhibition zone of 18.00 ± 0.08 and 17.50 ± 0.14 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae by accession 06, even where all the broad-spectrum antibiotics failed to respond. In this study, we employed high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) to quantify curcumin, the primary secondary metabolite of C. caesia, and the highest 0.228 mg/gm of curcumin resulted from accession 06. Hence, on the basis of all aspects, accession 06 was identified as the elite chemotype among all twelve accessions. The chemical profiling of EO from accession 06 was done using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Conceivably, about 13 medicinally significant compounds were detected. As this plant species is seasonal and has difficulties in conventional breeding due to dormancy, it must be conserved through in vitro tissue culture for a steady supply throughout the year in massive amounts for agricultural demand. A maximum number of 19.28 ± 0.37 shoots has been obtained in MS medium fortified with 6-Benzylaminopurine, Kinetin, and Naphthalene acetic acid. The genetic uniformity of the plants has been studied through Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism. Therefore, this study must help meet the need for essential phytoactive compounds through a simple, validated, and reproducible plant tissue culture protocol throughout the year.

Review: bioavailability and efficacy of 'free' curcuminoids from curcumagalactomannoside (CGM) curcumin formulation

The golden spice turmeric with its main bioactive component curcumin is one of the most popular and extensively studied nutraceuticals. Despite numerous pre-clinical studies reporting positive pharmacodynamics of turmeric extracts and curcumin, the main issues in translating the pharmacological effects to clinical efficacy have been to overcome its poor pharmacokinetics and to deliver significant amounts of the biologically relevant forms of the actives to various tissues. This review is aimed at providing a first critical evaluation of the current published literature with the novel curcumagalactomannoside (CGM) formulation of curcumin using fenugreek galactomannan dietary fibre, specifically designed to address curcumin poor pharmacokinetics. We describe CGM and its technology as a food-grade formulation to deliver 'free' unconjugated curcuminoids with enhanced bioavailability and improved pharmacokinetic properties. The therapeutic relevance of improving bioavailability of 'free' curcuminoids and some of the technical challenges in the measurement of the 'free' form of curcuminoids in plasma and tissues are also discussed. A total of twenty-six manuscripts are reviewed here, including fourteen pre-clinical and twelve clinical studies that have investigated CGM pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy in various animal models and human conditions. Overall current scientific evidence suggests CGM formulation has improved bioavailability and tissue distribution of the biologically relevant unconjugated forms of turmeric actives called 'free' curcuminoids that may be responsible for the superior clinical outcomes reported with CGM treatments in comparison with unformulated standard curcumin across multiple studies.

Concentration-Dependent Effects of Curcumin on Membrane Permeability and Structure

Growing evidence suggests that many bioactive molecules can nonspecifically modulate the physicochemical properties of membranes and influence the action of embedded membrane proteins. This study investigates the interactions of curcumin with protein-free model membranes consisting of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and DOPC with cholesterol (4/1 mol ratio). The focus is on the capability of curcumin to modify membrane barrier properties such as water permeability assayed through the droplet interface bilayer (DIB) model membrane. For pure DOPC, our findings show a concentration-dependent biphasic effect: a reduction in water permeability is observed at low concentrations (up to 2 mol %), whereas at high concentrations of curcumin, water permeability increases. In the presence of cholesterol, we observed an overall reduction in water permeability. A combination of complementary experimental methods, including phase transition parameters studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and structural properties measured by attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-FTIR, provides a deeper understanding of concentration-dependent interactions of curcumin with DOPC bilayers in the absence and presence of cholesterol. Our experimental findings align with a molecular mechanism of curcumin's interaction with model membranes, wherein its effect is contingent on its concentration. At low concentrations, curcumin binds to the lipid-water interface through hydrogen bonding with the phosphate headgroup, thereby obstructing the transport of water molecules. Conversely, at high concentrations, curcumin permeates the acyl chain region, inducing packing disorders and demonstrating evidence of phase separation. Enhanced knowledge of the impact of curcumin on membranes, which, in turn, can affect protein function, is likely to be beneficial for the successful translation of curcumin into effective medicine.

Ru(II)-Arene Complexes of Curcumin and Bisdesmethoxycurcumin Metabolites

Curcuminoids and their complexes continue to attract attention in medicinal chemistry, but little attention has been given to their metabolic derivatives. Here, the first examples of (arene)Ru(II) complexes with curcuminoid metabolites, tetrahydrocurcumin (THcurcH), and tetrahydrobisdesmethoxycurcumin (THbdcurcH) were prepared and characterized. The neutral complexes [Ru(arene)(THcurc)Cl] and [Ru(arene)(THbdcurc)Cl] (arene = cymene, benzene, or hexamethylbenzene) were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry, and the crystal structures of the three complexes were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Compared to curcuminoids, these metabolites lose their conjugated double bond system responsible for their planarity, showing unique closed conformation structures. Both closed and open conformations have been analyzed and rationalized by using density functional theory (DFT). The cytotoxicity of the complexes was evaluated in vitro against human ovarian carcinoma cells (A2780 and A2780cisR), human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7 and MCF-7CR), as well as against non-tumorigenic human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) and human breast (MCF-10A) cells and compared to the free ligands, cisplatin, and RAPTA-C. There is a correlation between cellular uptake and the cytotoxicity of the compounds, suggesting that cellular uptake and binding to nuclear DNA may be the major pathway for cytotoxicity. However, the levels of complex binding to DNA do not strictly correlate with the cytotoxic potency, indicating that other mechanisms are also involved. In addition, treatment of MCF-7 cells with [Ru(cym)(THcurc)Cl] showed a significant decrease in p62 protein levels, which is generally assumed as a noncisplatin-like mechanism of action involving autophagy. Hence, a cisplatin- and a noncisplatin-like concerted mechanism of action, involving both apoptosis and autophagy, is possible.

The Importance and Essentiality of Natural and Synthetic Chelators in Medicine: Increased Prospects for the Effective Treatment of Iron Overload and Iron Deficiency

The supply and control of iron is essential for all cells and vital for many physiological processes. All functions and activities of iron are expressed in conjunction with iron-binding molecules. For example, natural chelators such as transferrin and chelator-iron complexes such as haem play major roles in iron metabolism and human physiology. Similarly, the mainstay treatments of the most common diseases of iron metabolism, namely iron deficiency anaemia and iron overload, involve many iron-chelator complexes and the iron-chelating drugs deferiprone (L1), deferoxamine (DF) and deferasirox. Endogenous chelators such as citric acid and glutathione and exogenous chelators such as ascorbic acid also play important roles in iron metabolism and iron homeostasis. Recent advances in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia with effective iron complexes such as the ferric iron tri-maltol complex (feraccru or accrufer) and the effective treatment of transfusional iron overload using L1 and L1/DF combinations have decreased associated mortality and morbidity and also improved the quality of life of millions of patients. Many other chelating drugs such as ciclopirox, dexrazoxane and EDTA are used daily by millions of patients in other diseases. Similarly, many other drugs or their metabolites with iron-chelation capacity such as hydroxyurea, tetracyclines, anthracyclines and aspirin, as well as dietary molecules such as gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, ellagic acid, maltol and many other phytochelators, are known to interact with iron and affect iron metabolism and related diseases. Different interactions are also observed in the presence of essential, xenobiotic, diagnostic and theranostic metal ions competing with iron. Clinical trials using L1 in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, as well as HIV and other infections, cancer, diabetic nephropathy and anaemia of inflammation, highlight the importance of chelation therapy in many other clinical conditions. The proposed use of iron chelators for modulating ferroptosis signifies a new era in the design of new therapeutic chelation strategies in many other diseases. The introduction of artificial intelligence guidance for optimal chelation therapeutic outcomes in personalised medicine is expected to increase further the impact of chelation in medicine, as well as the survival and quality of life of millions of patients with iron metabolic disorders and also other diseases.

Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Biomedical Applications, Current Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano to-micrometer-sized sacs that are released by almost all animal and plant cells and act as intercellular communicators by transferring their cargos between the source and target cells. As a safe and scalable alternative to conditioned medium-derived EVs, milk-derived EVs (miEVs) have recently gained a great deal of popularity. Numerous studies have shown that miEVs have intrinsic therapeutic actions that can treat diseases and enhance human health. Additionally, they can be used as natural drug carriers and novel classes of biomarkers. However, due to the complexity of the milk, the successful translation of miEVs from benchtop to bedside still faces several unfilled gaps, especially a lack of standardized protocols for the isolation of high-purity miEVs. In this work, by comprehensively reviewing the bovine miEVs studies, we provide an overview of current knowledge and research on miEVs while highlighting their challenges and enormous promise as a novel class of theranostics. It is hoped that this study will pave the way for clinical applications of miEVs by addressing their challenges and opportunities.

Preparation and application of curcumin loaded with citric acid crosslinked chitosan-gelatin hydrogels

While oral administration offers safety benefits, its therapeutic efficacy is hindered by various physiological factors within the body. In this study, a novel approach was explored using a matrix consisting of 2 % chitosan and 2 % gelatin, with citric acid (CA) serving as a green cross-linking agent (ranging from 0.4 % to 1.0 %), and curcumin (Cur) as the model drug to formulate hydrogel carriers. The results showed that a 0.4 % CA concentration, the hydrogel (CGA0.4) reached swelling equilibrium in deionized water within 40 min, exhibiting a maximum swelling index was 539 g/g. The addition of Cur to the CGA hydrogel (CGACur) notably enhanced release efficiency, particularly in simulated intestinal fluid, where Cur release rates exceeded 40 % within 100 min compared to below 8 % in other solutions. Among these hydrogels, CGA0.4Cur exhibited the fastest degradation rate in the combined solution, reaching >90 % degradation after 7 days. Additionally, Cur and CA demonstrated positive effects on the tensile strength, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of hydrogels. Compare to the bioaccessibility of CGC (27 %), those of CGACur had increased to over 34 %. These findings offer provide theoretical support for CA-crosslinked chitosan/gelatin gels in delivering hydrophobic bioactive molecules and their application in intestinal drug delivery system.

Improvement of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Phenotype with a Nanocomplex Treatment in Two Transgenic Models of CMT1A

Curcumin has been shown to exert beneficial effects in peripheral neuropathies. Despite its known biological activities, curcumin has unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Its instability has been linked to its failure in clinical trials of curcumin for the treatment of human pathologies. For this reason, we developed curcumin-loaded cyclodextrin/cellulose nanocrystals (NanoCur) to improve its pharmacokinetics. The present study aims to assess the potency of a low dose of NanoCur in 2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) rodent models at different stages of the disease. The efficiency of NanoCur is also compared to that of Theracurmin (Thera), a commercially available curcumin formulation. The toxicity of a short-term and chronic exposure to the treatment is investigated both in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Furthermore, the entry route, the mechanism of action and the effect on the nerve phenotype are dissected in this study. Overall, the data support an improvement in sensorimotor functions, associated with amelioration in peripheral myelination in NanoCur-treated animals; an effect that was not evident in the Thera-treated group. That was combined with a high margin of safety both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, NanoCur appears to inhibit inflammatory pathways that normally include macrophage recruitment to the diseased nerve. This study shows that NanoCur shows therapeutic benefits with minimal systemic toxicity, suggesting that it is a potential therapeutic candidate for CMT1A and, possibly, for other neuropathies.

Potential of Curcumin in the Management of Skin Diseases

Curcumin is a polyphenolic molecule derived from the rhizoma of Curcuma longa L. This compound has been used for centuries due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. These make it ideal for preventing and treating skin inflammation, premature skin ageing, psoriasis, and acne. Additionally, it exhibits antiviral, antimutagenic, and antifungal effects. Curcumin provides protection against skin damage caused by prolonged exposure to UVB radiation. It reduces wound healing times and improves collagen deposition. Moreover, it increases fibroblast and vascular density in wounds. This review summarizes the available information on the therapeutic effect of curcumin in treating skin diseases. The results suggest that curcumin may be an inexpensive, well-tolerated, and effective agent for treating skin diseases. However, larger clinical trials are needed to confirm these observations due to limitations in its in vivo use, such as low bioavailability after oral administration and metabolism.

How Does Radiation Affect Curcumin Raw Material?

Turmeric, known for its curcuminoid-rich rhizome, particularly curcumin, exhibits notable antioxidant and antiviral properties. The likelihood of microbial contamination necessitates finding reliable techniques for subjecting the sample to radiation from this plant-based raw material. One alternative is to expose curcumin to radiation (e-beam), which was carried out as part of this research. Confirmation of the lack of curcumin decomposition was carried out using HPLC-DAD/MS techniques. Additionally, using the EPR technique, the generated free radicals were defined as radiation effects. Using a number of methods to assess the ability to scavenge free radicals (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP), a slight decrease in the activity of curcumin raw material was determined. The analysis of the characteristic bands in the FT-IR spectra allowed us to indicate changes in the phenolic OH groups as an effect of the presence of radicals formed.

Curcumin-rich curry consumption and life expectancy: Singapore longitudinal ageing study

The therapeutic potential of curcumin for many diseases are intensively investigated. However, real-world observational data documenting health and longevity effects associated with dietary curcumin in turmeric from consuming curry in food is lacking. A prospective cohort study of 4551 adults aged 55 + assessed curry consumption (never or < once/year, ≥ once/year to < once/month, ≥ once/month to < once/week, ≥ once/week to < daily, ≥ once daily), prevalent health conditions, blood biomarker indexes of atherogenicity, insulin resistance, and inflammation at baseline, and mean (SD) 11.6 (3.8) year follow up of all-cause, CVS and cancer mortality. There were linear positive associations of increasing curry consumption with waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, TyG, AIP, CRI-1, CRI-2, central obesity and diabetes prevalence, and inverse association with eGFR. There were non-linear associations with FEV1/height2 and COPD prevalence, GDS score and depression, MMSE score and cognitive impairment, comorbidity count, serum albumin and haemoglobin, being most favourable with moderate consumption. The levels of NLR, PLR and SII indices of systemic and immune inflammation decreased linearly with curry consumption. Total mortality HR adjusted for baseline co-variables, decreased across curry consumption, 0.68 (95%CI 0.56-0.82), 0.54 (95%CI 0.43-0.69), 0.70 (0.52-0.93), and 0.62 (0.41-0.95), being lowest in the middle categories. Among participants with cardio-metabolic and vascular diseases (CMVD), at least occasional curry consumption was associated with decreased mortality risk by 39%, and increased life expectancy by 1.0 years. Among those without CMVD, the associated life expectancy increase was 1.9 years. Moderate curry consumption may confer meaningful longevity benefits.

Effect of Selected Antioxidants on the In Vitro Aging of Human Fibroblasts

The modification of the replicative lifespan (RLS) of fibroblasts is of interest both from a knowledge point of view and for the attenuation of skin aging. The effect of six antioxidants at a concentration of 1 μM on the replicative lifespan of human dermal fibroblasts was studied. The nitroxide 4-hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL), ergothioneine, and Trolox extended the replicative lifespan (RLS) (40 ± 1 population doublings (PD)) by 7 ± 2, 4 ± 1, and 3 ± 1 PD and lowered the expression of p21 at late passages. Coumaric acid, curcumin and resveratrol did not affect the RLS . The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was decreased or not affected by the antioxidants although TEMPOL and coumaric acid decreased the level of glutathione. Only ergothioneine and resveratrol decreased the level of protein carbonylation. The antioxidants that could prolong the RLS elevated the mitochondrial membrane potential. Protecting the activity of mitochondria seems to be important for maintaining the replicative capacity of fibroblasts.

Aconitine and its derivatives: bioactivities, structure-activity relationships and preliminary molecular mechanisms

Aconitine (AC), which is the primary bioactive diterpene alkaloid derived from Aconitum L plants, have attracted considerable interest due to its unique structural feature. Additionally, AC demonstrates a range of biological activities, such as its ability to enhance cardiac function, inhibit tumor growth, reduce inflammation, and provide analgesic effects. However, the structure-activity relationships of AC are remain unclear. A clear understanding of these relationships is indeed critical in developing effective biomedical applications with AC. In line with these challenges, this paper summarized the structural characteristics of AC and relevant functional and bioactive properties and the structure-activity relationships presented in biomedical applications. The primary temporal scope of this review was established as the period spanning from 2010 to 2023. Subsequently, the objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive understanding of the specific action mechanism of AC, while also exploring potential novel applications of AC derivatives in the biomedical field, drawing upon their structural characteristics. In conclusion, this review has provided a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and prospects associated with AC in the elucidation of structure-bioactivity relationships. Furthermore, the importance of exploring modern biotechnology approaches to enhance the potential biomedical applications of AC has been emphasized.

Use of curcumin and its nanopreparations in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a nonspecific inflammatory disease of the intestine that includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Because IBD is difficult to heal and easily relapses, it could worsen patient quality of life and increase economic burdens. Curcumin (CUR) is a bioactive component derived from the rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma longa). Many basic and clinical studies have shown that CUR can efficiently treat IBD by decreasing the activity of proinflammatory cytokines by communicating with transcription factors and signaling molecules. However, due to the limitations of being almost insoluble in aqueous solutions and having low oral bioavailability, it is important to select appropriate pharmaceutical preparations.

Anticancer Drug Discovery Based on Natural Products: From Computational Approaches to Clinical Studies

Globally, malignancies cause one out of six mortalities, which is a serious health problem. Cancer therapy has always been challenging, apart from major advances in immunotherapies, stem cell transplantation, targeted therapies, hormonal therapies, precision medicine, and palliative care, and traditional therapies such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Natural products are integral to the development of innovative anticancer drugs in cancer research, offering the scientific community the possibility of exploring novel natural compounds against cancers. The role of natural products like Vincristine and Vinblastine has been thoroughly implicated in the management of leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. The computational method is the initial key approach in drug discovery, among various approaches. This review investigates the synergy between natural products and computational techniques, and highlights their significance in the drug discovery process. The transition from computational to experimental validation has been highlighted through in vitro and in vivo studies, with examples such as betulinic acid and withaferin A. The path toward therapeutic applications have been demonstrated through clinical studies of compounds such as silvestrol and artemisinin, from preclinical investigations to clinical trials. This article also addresses the challenges and limitations in the development of natural products as potential anti-cancer drugs. Moreover, the integration of deep learning and artificial intelligence with traditional computational drug discovery methods may be useful for enhancing the anticancer potential of natural products.

The entrancing role of dietary polyphenols against the most frequent aging-associated diseases

Aging, a fundamental physiological process influenced by innumerable biological and genetic pathways, is an important driving factor for several aging-associated disorders like diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In the modern era, the several mechanisms associated with aging have been deeply studied. Treatment and therapeutics for age-related diseases have also made considerable advances; however, for the effective and long-lasting treatment, nutritional therapy particularly including dietary polyphenols from the natural origin are endorsed. These dietary polyphenols (e.g., apigenin, baicalin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, kaempferol, quercetin, resveratrol, and theaflavin), and many other phytochemicals target certain molecular, genetic mechanisms. The most common pathways of age-associated diseases are mitogen-activated protein kinase, reactive oxygen species production, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathways, metal chelation, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and inflammation. Polyphenols slow down the course of aging and help in combatting age-linked disorders. This exemplified in the form of clinical trials on specific dietary polyphenols in various aging-associated diseases. With this context in mind, this review reveals the new insights to slow down the aging process, and consequently reduce some classic diseases associated with age such as aforementioned, and targeting age-associated diseases by the activities of dietary polyphenols of natural origin.

Regulation of the Notch signaling pathway by natural products for cancer therapy

The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that modulates normal biological processes involved in cellular differentiation, apoptosis, and stem cell self-renewal in a context-dependent fashion. Attributed to its pleiotropic physiological roles, both overexpression and silencing of the pathway are associated with the emergence, progression, and poorer prognosis in various types of cancer. To decrease disease incidence and promote survival, targeting Notch may have chemopreventive and anti-cancer effects. Natural products with profound historical origins have distinguished themselves from other therapies due to their easy access, high biological compatibility, low toxicity, and reliable effects at specific physiological sites in vivo. This review describes the Notch signaling pathway, particularly its normal activation process, and some main illnesses related to Notch signaling pathway dysregulation. Emphasis is placed on the effects and mechanisms of natural products targeting the Notch signaling pathway in diverse cancer types, including curcumin, ellagic acid (EA), resveratrol, genistein, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), quercetin, and xanthohumol and so on. Existing evidence indicates that natural products are feasible solution to fight against cancer by targeting Notch signaling, either alone or in combination with current therapeutic agents.