Human Monkeypox: Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Prevention

Knowledge about, attitudes toward and acceptance and predictors of intention to receive the mpox vaccine among cancer patients in China: A cross-sectional survey

This study aimed to investigate the knowledge about, attitudes toward, and acceptance and predictors of receiving the mpox vaccine among Chinese cancer patients. Patients were selected using a convenience sampling method. A web-based self-report questionnaire was developed to assess cancer patients' knowledge, attitudes, and acceptance regarding the mpox vaccine. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictors of acceptance of the mpox vaccine. A total of 805 cancer patients were included in this study, with a vaccine hesitancy rate of 27.08%. Approximately 66% of the patients' information about mpox and the vaccine came from the mass media, and there was a significant bias in the hesitant group's knowledge about mpox and the vaccine. Multivariable logistic regression analysis suggested that retirement; chemotherapy; the belief that the mpox vaccine could prevent disease, that vaccination should be compulsory when appropriate and that the mpox vaccine prevents mpox and reduces complications; the willingness to pay for the mpox vaccine; the willingness to recommend that friends and family receive the mpox vaccine; and the belief that the mpox vaccine should be distributed fairly and equitably were factors that promoted vaccination. The belief that mpox worsens tumor prognosis was a driving factor for vaccine hesitancy. This study investigated the knowledge of cancer patients about mpox and the vaccine, evaluated the acceptance and hesitancy rates of the mpox vaccine and examined the predictors of vaccination intention. We suggest that the government scientifically promote the vaccine and develop policies such as free vaccination and personalized vaccination to increase the awareness and acceptance rate of the mpox vaccine.

Evaluation of analytical performance of the STANDARDTM M10 MPX/OPX assay for the simultaneous DNA detection and clade attribution of Monkeypox virus

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection confirmation needs reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays; in addition, viral clade attribution is a key factor in containment measures, considering a more severe syndrome in clade I and the possibility of simultaneous circulation. This study evaluates the performance of all-in-one STANDARD M10 MPX/OPX (SD BIOSENSOR, South Korea - M10). Frozen samples from 205 subjects were selected and stratified according to routine test results (RealStar® Orthopoxvirus PCR Kit 1.0, Altona DIAGNOTICS, Germany - RS; RS-1): in detail, 100 negative skin lesions (SL) and 200 positive samples at the variable stage of infection were analysed. Positive samples were retested with RS (RS-2). Positive and Negative Percent Agreements (PPA, NPA) were calculated. The median (IQR) Ct values of RS and M10 (OPXV target) assays were highly similar. The PPA of M10 compared to RS-1 was 89.5% considering system interpretation, and 96.0% when the operator classified results as positive if any target was detected; NPA was 100%. Comparing the RS-2 run and M10, an overall concordance of 95.3% between assays was found; however, considering operator interpretation, M10 returned more positive results than RS-2. The occurrence of False-Negative results was likely associated with the influence of thawing on low viral concentration; no False-Positive tests were observed. All samples collected at the time of Mpox diagnosis were positive and M10 correctly attributed the clade (West-Africa/II). The M10 MPX/OPX assay demonstrated high reliability in confirming MPXV infection and clade attribution.

Rapid identification of A29L antibodies based on mRNA immunization and high-throughput single B cell sequencing to detect Monkeypox virus

With the large number of atypical cases in the mpox outbreak, which was classified as a global health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 23 July 2022, rapid diagnosis of mpox and diseases with similar symptoms to mpox such as chickenpox and respiratory infectious diseases in the early stages of viral infection is key to controlling the spread of the outbreak. In this study, antibodies against the monkeypox virus A29L protein were efficiently and rapidly identified by combining rapid mRNA immunization with high-throughput sequencing of individual B cells. We obtained eight antibodies with a high affinity for A29L validated by ELISA, which were was used as the basis for developing an ultrasensitive fluorescent immunochromatographic assay based on multilayer quantum dot nanobeads (SiTQD-ICA). The SiTQD-ICA biosensor utilizing M53 and M78 antibodies showed high sensitivity and stability of detection: A29L was detected within 20 min, with a minimum detection limit of 5 pg/mL. A specificity test showed that the method was non-cross-reactive with chickenpox or common respiratory pathogens and can be used for early and rapid diagnosis of monkeypox virus infection by antigen detection. This antibody identification method can also be used for rapid acquisition of monoclonal antibodies in early outbreaks of other infectious diseases for various studies.

Rapid and highly sensitive colorimetric LAMP assay and integrated device for visual detection of monkeypox virus

BACKGROUND

The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a linear double-stranded DNA virus with a large genome that causes tens of thousands of infections and hundreds of deaths in at least 40 countries and regions worldwide. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnostic testing could be an important measure to prevent the ongoing spread of MPXV and widespread epidemics.

RESULTS

Here, we designed multiple sets of primers for the target region of MPXV for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) detection and identified the optimal primer set. Then, the specificity in fluorescent LAMP detection was verified using the plasmids containing the target gene, pseudovirus and other DNA/RNA viruses. We also evaluated the sensitivity of the colorimetric LAMP detection system using the plasmid and pseudovirus samples, respectively. Besides, we used monkeypox pseudovirus to simulate real samples for detection. Subsequent to the establishment and introduction of a magnetic beads (MBs)-based nucleic acid extraction technique, an integrated device was developed, characterized by rapidity, high sensitivity, and remarkable specificity. This portable system demonstrated a visual detection limit of 137 copies/mL, achieving sample-to-answer detection within 1 h.

SIGNIFICANCE

The device has the advantages of integration, simplicity, miniaturization, and visualization, which help promote the realization of accurate, rapid, portable, and low-cost testing. Meanwhile, this platform could facilitate efficient, cost-effective and easy-operable point-of-care testing (POCT) in diverse resource-limited settings in addition to the laboratory.

Update on monkeypox virus infection: Focusing current treatment and prevention approaches

BACKGROUND

While the world is still facing the global pandemic COVID-19, another zoonosis monkeypox (Mpox) has emerged posing a great threat to society. Insight into the pathogenesis, symptoms, and management strategies will aid in the development of potent therapeutics for the treatment of monkeypox virus infection.

OBJECTIVES

To get insight into the current treatment and prevention strategies will aid in effectively coping with the disease.

METHODS

For obtaining information regarding the ongoing treatment and prevention strategies and the drugs under pipeline, we referred to Google Scholar, Pub Med, Pub Chem, and WHO official site.

RESULTS

There are a few drugs that came out to be effective for the treatment of Mpox. Tecovirimat acts by inhibiting viral replication and viral wrapping. Another drug is cidofovir, which hinders the activity of viral DNA polymerase but has the drawback of nephrotoxicity. To overcome this, a conjugate of cidofovir is being used-known as brincidofovir-which has a similar mechanism as cidofovir but lesser toxicity. Ribavirin acts via inhibiting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDPH) thus disrupting viral translation. It also interferes with helicase activity. Tiazofurin, Adenosine N1 oxide, and HPMPA have shown efficacy in in-vitro studies by inhibiting IMPDH, DNA polymerase, and viral mRNA translation respectively. In-silico studies have proven the effect of nilotinib, simeprevir, and dihydroergotamine for Mpox treatment. They have shown binding affinity for proteins required for the growth and release of MPXV. Vaccines have also been employed for the prevention of Mpox, which includes JYNNEOS, ACAM2000, and VIGIV.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights the pathogenesis of the virus, disease manifestations, drugs, and vaccines that are being used and those under pipeline for the treatment and prevention of Mpox.

Two noncompeting human neutralizing antibodies targeting MPXV B6 show protective effects against orthopoxvirus infections

The recent outbreak of mpox epidemic, caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), poses a new threat to global public health. Here, we initially assessed the preexisting antibody level to the MPXV B6 protein in vaccinia vaccinees born before the end of the immunization program and then identified two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), hMB621 and hMB668, targeting distinct epitopes on B6, from one vaccinee. Binding assays demonstrate that both MAbs exhibit broad binding abilities to B6 and its orthologs in vaccinia (VACV), variola (VARV) and cowpox viruses (CPXV). Neutralizing assays reveal that the two MAbs showed potent neutralization against VACV. Animal experiments using a BALB/c female mouse model indicate that the two MAbs showed effective protection against VACV via intraperitoneal injection. Additionally, we determined the complex structure of B6 and hMB668, revealing the structural feature of B6 and the epitope of hMB668. Collectively, our study provides two promising antibody candidates for the treatment of orthopoxvirus infections, including mpox.

Scars are frequently found as late sequelae in individuals affected by the 2022 mpox outbreak

BACKGROUND

The 2022 mpox outbreak continues, and while progress has been made in prevention strategies and potential treatment options, data on late sequelae following mpox are scarce.

OBJECTIVE

This analysis aimed to assess the incidence of scar formation in individuals affected by the 2022 mpox outbreak.

METHODS

All individuals diagnosed with mpox at the Department of Dermatology at the Medical University of Vienna in 2022 were included in this analysis. Follow-up data were collected throughout November 2023. 'Scar formation' was defined as having at least one scar at the former active mpox lesions.

RESULTS

At our clinic, 28 cases of mpox presented between June 2022 and October 2022 and exclusively occurred in men who have sex with men (100%, 28/28), of whom 46% (13/28) were living with HIV, and 32% (9/28) were using pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Secondary bacterial infection of mpox lesions was suspected in six individuals, and all received systemic antibiotics. Overall, 26 were followed up in November 2023 after a median time of 15 months, and scar formations were found in 43% of cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data provide insights into the late yet cumulating disease burden caused by the 2022 mpox outbreak. Highly effective prevention strategies are warranted to overcome the mpox epidemic and its potential late sequelae.

Insights into the Transmission, Host Range, Genomics, Vaccination, and Current Epidemiology of the Monkeypox Virus

This review delves into the historical context, current epidemiological landscape, genomics, and pathobiology of monkeypox virus (MPXV). Furthermore, it elucidates the present vaccination status and strategies to curb the spread of monkeypox. Monkeypox, caused by the Orthopoxvirus known as MPXV, is a zoonotic ailment. MPXV can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face interactions. While many cases of monkeypox are self-limiting, vulnerable groups such as young children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals may experience severe manifestations. Diagnosis predominantly relies on clinical presentations, complemented by laboratory techniques like RT-PCR. Although treatment is often not required, severe cases necessitate antiviral medications like tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir. Vaccination, particularly using the smallpox vaccine, has proven instrumental in outbreak control, exhibiting an efficacy of at least 85% against mpox as evidenced by data from Africa. Mitigating transmission requires measures like wearing surgical masks, adequately covering skin lesions, and avoiding handling wild animals.

Longitudinal viral shedding and antibody response characteristics of men with acute infection of monkeypox virus: a prospective cohort study

Understanding of infection dynamics is important for public health measures against monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection. Herein, samples from multiple body sites and environmental fomites of 77 acute MPXV infections (HIV co-infection: N = 42) were collected every two to three days and used for detection of MPXV DNA, surface protein specific antibodies and neutralizing titers. Skin lesions show 100% positivity rate of MPXV DNA, followed by rectum (88.16%), saliva (83.78%) and oropharynx (78.95%). Positivity rate of oropharynx decreases rapidly after 7 days post symptom onset (d.p.o), while the rectum and saliva maintain a positivity rate similar to skin lesions. Viral dynamics are similar among skin lesions, saliva and oropharynx, with a peak at about 6 d.p.o. In contrast, viral levels in the rectum peak at the beginning of symptom onset and decrease rapidly thereafter. 52.66% of environmental fomite swabs are positive for MPXV DNA, with highest positivity rate (69.89%) from air-conditioning air outlets. High seropositivity against A29L (100%) and H3L (94.74%) are detected, while a correlation between IgG endpoint titers and neutralizing titers is only found for A29L. Most indexes are similar between HIV and Non-HIV participants, while HIV and rectitis are associated with higher viral loads in rectum.

Mpox-AISM: AI-mediated super monitoring for mpox and like-mpox

Swift and accurate diagnosis for earlier-stage monkeypox (mpox) patients is crucial to avoiding its spread. However, the similarities between common skin disorders and mpox and the need for professional diagnosis unavoidably impaired the diagnosis of earlier-stage mpox patients and contributed to mpox outbreak. To address the challenge, we proposed "Super Monitoring", a real-time visualization technique employing artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet technology to diagnose earlier-stage mpox cheaply, conveniently, and quickly. Concretely, AI-mediated "Super Monitoring" (mpox-AISM) integrates deep learning models, data augmentation, self-supervised learning, and cloud services. According to publicly accessible datasets, mpox-AISM's Precision, Recall, Specificity, and F1-score in diagnosing mpox reach 99.3%, 94.1%, 99.9%, and 96.6%, respectively, and it achieves 94.51% accuracy in diagnosing mpox, six like-mpox skin disorders, and normal skin. With the Internet and communication terminal, mpox-AISM has the potential to perform real-time and accurate diagnosis for earlier-stage mpox in real-world scenarios, thereby preventing mpox outbreak.

A review regarding the article 'The potential relationship between cardiovascular diseases and monkeypox'

Cardiovascular involvement in the context of viral infections is a well-documented phenomenon, for their potential to induce myocarditis, pericarditis, and other cardiac complications. While monkeypox is predominantly known for its predilection for the skin and mucous membranes, manifesting as characteristic skin lesions, emerging research suggests that the monkeypox virus can also infiltrate endothelial cells, thereby disseminating systemically and potentially impacting various organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. This has led to the identification of several inflammatory conditions, such as myocarditis and pericarditis, which can complicate the clinical course of monkeypox virus infection. Notably, an increase in cardiac biomarkers, often associated with symptoms of chest pain, has been observed in case reports detailing monkeypox-induced myocarditis. From a clinical cardiology perspective, it is imperative to deepen our understanding of monkeypox to better recognize and manage its cardiovascular implications. Conditions like myocarditis, viral pericarditis, heart failure, and arrhythmias have been known to arise, significantly impacting patients' health and quality of life. A thorough comprehension of the intricate pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these cardiovascular manifestations is crucial for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and refining management strategies. The social implications of cardiovascular complications from viral infections are multifaceted, extending beyond direct health concerns to include psychological distress, social stigma, and broader public health considerations. The clinical management of these complications is challenging and necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, often requiring specialized care. The resultant strain on healthcare resources underscores the importance of preparedness and strategic resource allocation to effectively address these complex health issues.

Hospitalization determinants in patients with Mpox disease: The CEME-22 Project

Objectives

This sub-analysis seeks to delineate and characterize factors influencing hospitalization in individuals diagnosed with Mpox disease amidst the initial outbreak in Spain in the onset of 2022.

Methods

Employing a non-probabilistic convenience sampling approach, a retrospective multicenter investigation was carried out to examine Monkeypox virus infection within Spanish healthcare facilities.

Results

The median duration of the disease was 16 days, with 4.2 % of cases resulting in hospitalization. There was a single ICU admission leading to fatality. Sequelae were observed in 2.3 % of cases. Multivariate analysis revealed that hospitalization decisions were influenced by immunosuppression and severe symptoms, including gastrointestinal, neurological, ear-nose-throat, and respiratory manifestations. Significant analytical parameter differences were restricted to hemoglobin levels at diagnosis.

Conclusions

This study elucidates factors influencing hospitalization decisions for Monkeypox patients in Spain, emphasizing the importance of immunosuppression and extracutaneous symptoms involving the gastrointestinal, ear-nose-throat, and respiratory pathways. In summary, hospitalization determinations arise from the interplay of these crucial dimensions.

An immunoinformatic approach for developing a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against Monkeypox virus

An in-silico approach was implemented to develop a multi-epitope subunit vaccine construct against the recent outbreak of the Monkeypox virus. The contribution of 10 different antigenic proteins based on their antigenicity led to the selection of 10 HTL, 9 CTL, and 6 BCL epitopes. The construct was further investigated for its allergenicity, antigenicity, and physio-chemical properties using servers such as AllerTOP and Allergen FP, VaxiJen and ANTIGENPro, and ProtParam respectively. The secondary structure of the vaccine was predicted using the SOPMA server followed by I-TASSER for the 3D structure. After refinement and validation of structural stability of the modelled vaccine, a molecular docking assay was implemented to study the interaction of the known TLR4 receptor with that of the constructed vaccine using the ClusPro server. The docked vaccine and TLR4 receptor were studied using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to validate the stability of the complex. After codon optimization the cDNA was constructed and in-silico cloning of the vaccine construct was carried out. The vaccine was also subjected to computational immune assay which predicted a powerful immune response against the Monkeypox virus validating that the developed multi-epitope vaccine construct can be a potent vaccine candidate.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-024-00220-5.

A rapid and sensitive fluorescent chromatography with cloud system for MPXV point-of-care diagnosis

Monkeypox (mpox) is spreading around the world, and its rapid diagnosis is of great significance. In the present study, a rapid and sensitive fluorescent chromatography assisted with cloud system was developed for point-of-care diagnosis of mpox. To screen high affinity antibodies, nanoparticle antigen AaLS-A29 was generated by conjugating A29 onto scaffold AaLS. Immunization with AaLS-A29 induced significantly higher antibody titers and monoclonal antibodies were generated with the immunized mice. A pair of monoclonal antibodies, MXV 14 and MXV 15, were selected for fluorescence chromatography development. The Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay (TRFIA) was used to develop the chromatography assay. After optimization of the label and concentration of antibodies, a sensitive TRFIA assay with detection limit of 20 pg/mL and good repeatability was developed. The detection of the surrogate Vaccinia virus (VACA) strain Tian Tan showed that the TRFIA assay was more sensitive than the SYBR green I based quantitative PCR. In real samples, the detection result of this assay were highly consistent with the judgement of Quantitative Real-Time PCR (Concordance Rate = 90.48%) as well as the clinical diagnosis (Kappa Value = 0.844, P < 0.001). By combining the portable detection and online cloud system, the detection results could be uploaded and shared, making this detection system an ideal system for point-of-care diagnosis of mpox both in field laboratory and outbreak investigation.

Exploring Viral Genome Profile in Mpox Patients during the 2022 Outbreak, in a North-Eastern Centre of Italy

In 2022, an unprecedented outbreak of mpox raged in several nations. Sequences from the 2022 outbreak reveal a higher nucleotide substitution if compared with the estimated rate for orthopoxviruses. Recently, intra-lesion SNVs (single nucleotide variants) have been described, and these have been suggested as possible sources of genetic variation. Until now, it has not been clear if the presence of several SNVs could represents the result of local mutagenesis or a possible co-infection. We investigated the significance of SNVs through whole-genome sequencing analysis of four unrelated mpox cases. In addition to the known mutations harboured by the circulating strains of virus (MPXV), 7 novel mutations were identified, including SNVs located in genes that are involved in immune evasion mechanisms and/or viral fitness, six of these appeared to be APOBEC3-driven. Interestingly, three patients exhibited the coexistence of mutated and wild-type alleles for five non-synonymous variants. In addition, two patients, apparently unrelated, showed an analogous pattern for two novel mutations, albeit with divergent frequencies. The coexistence of mixed viral populations, harbouring non-synonymous mutations in patients, supports the hypothesis of possible co-infection. Additional investigations of larger clinical cohorts are essential to validating intra-patient viral genome heterogeneity and determining the possibility of co-presence events of slightly divergent MPXV strains.

Mpox outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A translational approach

Mpox is a zoonotic disease historically reported in Africa. Since 2003, limited outbreaks have occurred outside Africa. In 2022, the global spread of cases with sustained interhuman transmission and unusual disease features raised public health concerns. We explore the mpox outbreak in Rio de Janeiro (RJ) state, Brazil, in an observational study of mpox-suspected cases from June to December 2022. Data collection relied on a public healthcare notification form. Diagnosis was determined by MPXV-PCR. In 46 confirmed cases, anti-OPXV IgG was determined by ELISA, and seven MPXV genomes were sequenced. A total of 3095 cases were included, 816 (26.3%) with positive MPXV-PCR results. Most positive cases were men in their 30 s and MSM. A total of 285 (34.9%) MPXV-PCR+ patients live with HIV. Eight were coinfected with varicella-zoster virus. Anogenital lesions and adenomegaly were associated with the diagnosis of mpox. Females and individuals under 18 represented 9.4% and 5.4% of all confirmed cases, respectively, showing higher PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values and fewer anogenital lesions compared to adult men. Anti-OPXV IgG was detected in 29/46 (63.0%) patients. All analyzed sequences belonged to clade IIb. In RJ state, mpox presented a diverse clinical picture, represented mainly by mild cases with low complication rates and prominent genital involvement. The incidence in females and children was higher than usually reported. The observation of a bimodal distribution of Ct values, with few positive results, may suggest the need to review the diagnostic criteria in these groups.

Chemsex among men who have sex with men during the Mpox health crisis in Brazil: A nationwide web survey

OBJECTIVE

To understand the factors associated with the practice of chemsex among MSM in Brazil, especially during the Mpox health crisis, and to design effective prevention and intervention strategies specifically for this population.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional and analytical study using an electronic survey, conducted from September to December 2022, during the peak of the Mpox outbreak in Brazil.

SAMPLE

A total of 1452 MSM aged 18 and older.

MEASUREMENTS

Data were collected via the REDCap platform through a survey with 46 questions. These addressed demographic data, sexual affiliations, practices, experiences with Mpox, healthcare service usage, and stigma or fear related to Mpox.

RESULTS

The prevalence of chemsex was 19.42% (n = 282). Multivariate Poisson modeling indicated a high incidence of chemsex among those diagnosed with Mpox and those involved in high-risk behaviors. The practice of chemsex was six times higher among those diagnosed with Mpox (95% CI: 4.73-9.10). MSM who engage in bugchasing had a prevalence twice that of the main outcome (95% CI: 1.31-3.16).

CONCLUSION

There is a significant need for targeted interventions for MSM in Brazil, especially given the Mpox outbreak. This study highlights the strong relationships between chemsex, experiences with Mpox, and various sexual behaviors, underscoring the importance of effective public health initiatives.

Quantitative detection of mpox antigen using time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography

Recently, concern has been raised about the spread of human mpox virus, and the demand for rapid detection reagents for mpox virus has increased. This study aims to establish a time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography (TRFICO) method for qualitative/quantitative detection of mpox virus. A double-antibody sandwich TRFICO method was optimized and established using mpox recombinant fusion antigen and its paired monoclonal antibody. The test performance of the method was evaluated using mpox fusion antigen and control serum, including sensitivity, linearity range, specificity, precision, and reference interval. We successfully established a TRFICO method for qualitative/quantitative detection of mpox antigen, its linearity range 0-100 ng/mL, analytical sensitivity 0.017 ng/mL, and reference intervals greater than 0.045 ng/mL. No cross-reaction was detected with various poxvirus and clinical negative controls, with good specificity. All average recoveries of the intra- and inter-batch ranged from 81.33% to 97.83%, and all CVs were below 10%. Additionally, the TRFICO strips can be stably stored at 37°C for 7 days without significant changes in the fluorescence intensity. This TRFICO method, with high sensitivity, linearity range, specificity, precision, and stability with 16-min detection time, provides a new option for qualitative/quantitative and convenient testing of mpox virus.

Mpox infection in animals: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Mpox is a zoonotic disease that became epidemic in multiple countries in 2022. There is a lack of published systematic reviews on natural animal infection due to Mpox. We performed a systematic literature review with meta-analysis to assess animal Mpox prevalence. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for prevalence studies. After the screening, 15 reports were selected for full-text assessment and included in qualitative and quantitative analyses. Ten reports assessed Mpox infection by molecular or serological tests (n = 2680), yielding a pooled prevalence of 16.0% (95%CI: 3.0-29.0%) for non-human primates; 8.0% (95%CI: 4.0-12.0%) for rodents and 1.0% (95%CI: 0.0-3.0%) for shrews. Further studies in other animals are required to define the extent and importance of natural infection due to Mpox. These findings have implications for public human and animal health. OneHealth approach is critical for prevention and control.

Repositioning of anti-infective compounds against monkeypox virus core cysteine proteinase: a molecular dynamics study

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) core cysteine proteinase (CCP) is one of the major drug targets used to examine the inhibitory action of chemical moieties. In this study, an in silico technique was applied to screen 1395 anti-infective compounds to find out the potential molecules against the MPXV-CCP. The top five hits were selected after screening and processed for exhaustive docking based on the docked score of ≤ -9.5 kcal/mol. Later, the top three hits based on the exhaustive-docking score and interaction profile were selected to perform MD simulations. The overall RMSD suggested that two compounds, SC75741 and ammonium glycyrrhizinate, showed a highly stable complex with a standard deviation of 0.18 and 0.23 nm, respectively. Later, the MM/GBSA binding free energies of complexes showed significant binding strength with ΔGTOTAL from -21.59 to -15 kcal/mol. This report reported the potential inhibitory activity of SC75741 and ammonium glycyrrhizinate against MPXV-CCP by competitively inhibiting the binding of the native substrate.

Ultrasensitive single-step CRISPR detection of monkeypox virus in minutes with a vest-pocket diagnostic device

The emerging monkeypox virus (MPXV) has raised global health concern, thereby highlighting the need for rapid, sensitive, and easy-to-use diagnostics. Here, we develop a single-step CRISPR-based diagnostic platform, termed SCOPE (Streamlined CRISPR On Pod Evaluation platform), for field-deployable ultrasensitive detection of MPXV in resource-limited settings. The viral nucleic acids are rapidly released from the rash fluid swab, oral swab, saliva, and urine samples in 2 min via a streamlined viral lysis protocol, followed by a 10-min single-step recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-CRISPR/Cas13a reaction. A pod-shaped vest-pocket analysis device achieves the whole process for reaction execution, signal acquisition, and result interpretation. SCOPE can detect as low as 0.5 copies/µL (2.5 copies/reaction) of MPXV within 15 min from the sample input to the answer. We validate the developed assay on 102 clinical samples from male patients / volunteers, and the testing results are 100% concordant with the real-time PCR. SCOPE achieves a single-molecular level sensitivity in minutes with a simplified procedure performed on a miniaturized wireless device, which is expected to spur substantial progress to enable the practice application of CRISPR-based diagnostics techniques in a point-of-care setting.

The global patent landscape of emerging infectious disease monkeypox

BACKGROUND

Monkeypox is an emerging infectious disease with confirmed cases and deaths in several parts of the world. In light of this crisis, this study aims to analyze the global knowledge pattern of monkeypox-related patents and explore current trends and future technical directions in the medical development of monkeypox to inform research and policy.

METHODS

A comprehensive study of 1,791 monkeypox-related patents worldwide was conducted using the Derwent patent database by descriptive statistics, social network method and linear regression analysis.

RESULTS

Since the 21st century, the number of monkeypox-related patents has increased rapidly, accompanied by increases in collaboration between commercial and academic patentees. Enterprises contributed the most in patent quantity, whereas the initial milestone patent was filed by academia. The core developments of technology related to the monkeypox include biological and chemical medicine. The innovations of vaccines and virus testing lack sufficient patent support in portfolios.

CONCLUSIONS

Monkeypox-related therapeutic innovation is geographically limited with strong international intellectual property right barriers though it has increased rapidly in recent years. The transparent licensing of patent knowledge is driven by the merger and acquisition model, and the venture capital, intellectual property and contract research organization model. Currently, the patent thicket phenomenon in the monkeypox field may slow the progress of efforts to combat monkeypox. Enterprises should pay more attention to the sharing of technical knowledge, make full use of drug repurposing strategies, and promote innovation of monkeypox-related technology in hotspots of antivirals (such as tecovirimat, cidofovir, brincidofovir), vaccines (JYNNEOS, ACAM2000), herbal medicine and gene therapy.

Characteristics and Differences in Mpox Patients with and without HIV Infection: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study in Chengdu, China

Purpose

To date, there are few reports about mpox case series in China, and scarce information is available about the in-vivo kinetics of T-cell responses in the early stage of mpox infection. This study aims to investigate the clinical difference among mpox patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

Patients and Methods

A total of 56 patients diagnosed with mpox by Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and hospitalized in Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu were retrospectively included and divided into an HIV-infected group (n=23) and a non-HIV-infected group (n=33). Clinical characteristics and serum chemistry findings of mpox patients were collected in order to analyze the differences between the HIV-infected group and the non-HIV-infected group.

Results

Multiple laboratory abnormalities, including elevated C-reactive protein (69.1%), hypocalcemia (50.9%), elevated CD3+CD8+T counts (47.0%) and inverted ratio of CD3+CD4+T to CD3+CD8+T (64.7%) were common in mpox cases. There were statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05) in age, serum calcium levels, CD3+CD4+T counts, the ratio of CD3+CD4+T to CD3+CD8+T, proportion with >10 rashes, incidence of proctitis anus and time from rash growth to rash scab shedding between HIV-infected group and non-HIV-infected group. In the early stage of mpox infection, the median of CD3+CD8+T counts in the non-HIV-infected group was significantly higher than that in healthy donors (P<0.001), and the median of CD3+CD4+T/CD3+CD8+T ratio was significantly lower (P<0.001). The median of CD3+CD4+T counts in mpox patients co-infected with HIV significantly decreased compared to the pre-infection level (p =0.033).

Conclusion

Our study indicates that mpox co-infected with HIV patients have longer lasting rash lesions and a higher incidence of proctitis anus. T-cell responses may be different between HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected individuals in the early stage of mpox infection.

Prospective screening for monkeypox infection among users of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in Denmark

INTRODUCTION

During the 2022 outbreak of mpox (previously called monkeypox), which primarily affected Gay, Bisexual, and other Men who have Sex with Men (GBMSM), testing was mainly limited to individuals with symptoms of infection. Although sporadic cases of mpox continue to be diagnosed in Denmark, the feasibility of screening asymptomatic high-risk populations, such as those using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), is still unknown.

METHODS

During the autumn of 2022, a rectal swab test for mpox PCR was included in the routine sexually transmitted infections (STI) screening for PrEP users.

RESULTS

The screening included 224 asymptomatic men with a median age of 36.5 years. One patient (0.4%) tested positive for mpox. Ten (4.5%) and nine (4.0%) had chlamydia and gonorrhea, respectively.

DISCUSSION

Our study demonstrates that screening for mpox is feasible in two Danish PrEP clinics.

Human monkeypox virus: Epidemiologic review and research progress in diagnosis and treatment

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is responsible for causing a zoonotic disease called monkeypox (mpox), which sporadically infects humans in West and Central Africa. It first infected humans in 1970 and, along with the variola virus, belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus in the poxvirus family. Since the World Health Organization declared the MPXV outbreak a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" on July 23, 2022, the number of infected patients has increased dramatically. To control this epidemic and address this previously neglected disease, MPXV needs to be better understood and reevaluated. In this review, we cover recent research on MPXV, including its genomic and pathogenic characteristics, transmission, mutations and mechanisms, clinical characteristics, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment measures, as well as prevention of MPXV infection in light of the 2022 and 2023 global outbreaks. The 2022 MPXV outbreak has been primarily associated with close intimate contact, including sexual activity, with most cases diagnosed among men who have sex with men. The incubation period of MPXV infection usually lasts from 6 to 13 days, and symptoms include fever, muscle pains, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and a characteristic painful rash, including several stages, such as macules, papules, blisters, pustules, scabs, and scab shedding involving the genitals and anus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is usually used to detect MPXV in skin lesion material. Treatment includes supportive care, antivirals, and intravenous vaccinia immune globulin. Smallpox vaccines have been designed with four givens emergency approval for use against MPXV infection.

Pathology and Monkeypox virus Localization in Tissues From Immunocompromised Patients With Severe or Fatal Mpox

BACKGROUND

Pathology and Monkeypox virus (MPXV) tissue tropism in severe and fatal human mpox is not thoroughly described but can help elucidate the disease pathogenesis and the role of coinfections in immunocompromised patients.

METHODS

We analyzed biopsy and autopsy tissues from 22 patients with severe or fatal outcomes to characterize pathology and viral antigen and DNA distribution in tissues by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Tissue-based testing for coinfections was also performed.

RESULTS

Mucocutaneous lesions showed necrotizing and proliferative epithelial changes. Deceased patients with autopsy tissues evaluated had digestive tract lesions, and half had systemic tissue necrosis with thrombotic vasculopathy in lymphoid tissues, lung, or other solid organs. Half also had bronchopneumonia, and one-third had acute lung injury. All cases had MPXV antigen and DNA detected in tissues. Coinfections were identified in 5 of 16 (31%) biopsy and 4 of 6 (67%) autopsy cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Severe mpox in immunocompromised patients is characterized by extensive viral infection of tissues and viremic dissemination that can progress despite available therapeutics. Digestive tract and lung involvement are common and associated with prominent histopathological and clinical manifestations. Coinfections may complicate mpox diagnosis and treatment. Significant viral DNA (likely correlating to infectious virus) in tissues necessitates enhanced biosafety measures in healthcare and autopsy settings.

Wastewater-based surveillance as a tool for public health action: SARS-CoV-2 and beyond

Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has undergone dramatic advancement in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The power and potential of this platform technology were rapidly realized when it became evident that not only did WBS-measured SARS-CoV-2 RNA correlate strongly with COVID-19 clinical disease within monitored populations but also, in fact, it functioned as a leading indicator. Teams from across the globe rapidly innovated novel approaches by which wastewater could be collected from diverse sewersheds ranging from wastewater treatment plants (enabling community-level surveillance) to more granular locations including individual neighborhoods and high-risk buildings such as long-term care facilities (LTCF). Efficient processes enabled SARS-CoV-2 RNA extraction and concentration from the highly dilute wastewater matrix. Molecular and genomic tools to identify, quantify, and characterize SARS-CoV-2 and its various variants were adapted from clinical programs and applied to these mixed environmental systems. Novel data-sharing tools allowed this information to be mobilized and made immediately available to public health and government decision-makers and even the public, enabling evidence-informed decision-making based on local disease dynamics. WBS has since been recognized as a tool of transformative potential, providing near-real-time cost-effective, objective, comprehensive, and inclusive data on the changing prevalence of measured analytes across space and time in populations. However, as a consequence of rapid innovation from hundreds of teams simultaneously, tremendous heterogeneity currently exists in the SARS-CoV-2 WBS literature. This manuscript provides a state-of-the-art review of WBS as established with SARS-CoV-2 and details the current work underway expanding its scope to other infectious disease targets.

Underdetected dispersal and extensive local transmission drove the 2022 mpox epidemic

The World Health Organization declared mpox a public health emergency of international concern in July 2022. To investigate global mpox transmission and population-level changes associated with controlling spread, we built phylogeographic and phylodynamic models to analyze MPXV genomes from five global regions together with air traffic and epidemiological data. Our models reveal community transmission prior to detection, changes in case reporting throughout the epidemic, and a large degree of transmission heterogeneity. We find that viral introductions played a limited role in prolonging spread after initial dissemination, suggesting that travel bans would have had only a minor impact. We find that mpox transmission in North America began declining before more than 10% of high-risk individuals in the USA had vaccine-induced immunity. Our findings highlight the importance of broader routine specimen screening surveillance for emerging infectious diseases and of joint integration of genomic and epidemiological information for early outbreak control.

A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the etiological agent of monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic disease. MPXV is endemic in the forested regions of West and Central Africa, but the virus has recently spread globally, causing outbreaks in multiple non-endemic countries. In this paper, we review the characteristics of the virus, including its ecology, genomics, infection biology, and evolution. We estimate by phylogenomic molecular clock that the B.1 lineage responsible for the 2022 mpox outbreaks has been in circulation since 2016. We interrogate the host-virus interactions that modulate the virus infection biology, signal transduction, pathogenesis, and host immune responses. We highlight the changing pathophysiology and epidemiology of MPXV and summarize recent advances in the prevention and treatment of mpox. In addition, this review identifies knowledge gaps with respect to the virus and the disease, suggests future research directions to address the knowledge gaps, and proposes a One Health approach as an effective strategy to prevent current and future epidemics of mpox.

The effect of HIV and mpox co-infection on clinical outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Co-infection with HIV and mpox is a significant issue for public health because of the potential combined impact on clinical outcomes. However, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive synthesis of the available evidence. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to provide insight into the impact of HIV and mpox co-infection on clinical outcomes.

METHODS

We systematically searched major electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, and Web of Science) for pertinent studies published up to June 2023. Included were studies that described the clinical outcomes of people who had both mpox and HIV. We performed the analysis using OpenMeta and STATA 17 software.

RESULTS

With an overall number of participants of 35 207, 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria were considered. The greatest number of the studies (n = 10) were cohort designs, with three being cross-sectional and eight being case series studies. The meta-analysis found that people who had both HIV and mpox had a higher hospitalization rate than those who only had mpox (odds ratio [OR] 1.848; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.918-3.719, p = 0.085, I2  = 60.19%, p = 0.020). Furthermore, co-infected patients had higher mortality rates than those who did not have HIV co-infection (OR 3.887; 95% CI 2.272-6.650, p < 0.001). Meta-regression analysis showed that CD4 levels can significantly predict the risk of hospitalization (p = 0.016) and death (p = 0.031).

DISCUSSION

HIV causes immunosuppression, making it difficult for the body to mount an effective immune response against pathogens such as mpox. Individuals who are co-infected are at a higher risk of severe disease and death, according to our findings. Although hospitalization rates did not differ significantly between the two groups, it is critical to prioritize interventions and improve management strategies tailored specifically for people living with HIV.

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis provides substantial evidence that HIV and mpox co-infection has a negative impact on clinical outcomes. Co-infected individuals had higher hospitalization and significantly higher mortality rates. These findings highlight the significance of early diagnosis, prompt treatment initiation, and effective management strategies for people living with HIV and mpox.

Breakthrough infection and reinfection in patients with mpox

Recently, patients with Mpox breakthrough infection or reinfection were constantly reported. However, the induction, risk factors, and important clinical symptoms of breakthrough infection and reinfection of Mpox virus (MPXV), as well as the factors affecting the effectiveness of Mpox vaccine are not characterized. Herein, a literature review was preformed to summarize the risk factors and important clinical symptoms of patients with Mpox breakthrough infection or reinfection, as well as the factors affecting the effectiveness of smallpox vaccine against Mpox. Results showed that MSM sexual behavior, condomless sexual behavior, multiple sexual partners, close contact, HIV infection, and the presence of comorbidity are important risk factors for Mpox breakthrough infection and reinfection. Genital ulcers, proctitis, and lymphadenopathy are the important clinical symptoms of Mpox breakthrough infection and reinfection. The effectiveness of emergent vaccination of smallpox vaccine for post-exposure of MPXV is associated with smallpox vaccination history, interval between exposure and vaccination, and history of HIV infection. This review provides a better understanding for the risk factors and important clinical symptoms of Mpox breakthrough infection and reinfection, as well as the formulation of Mpox vaccine vaccination strategies.

Monkeypox and oral lesions associated with its occurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

A zoonotic, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus, the mpox virus (MPXV) is most common in tropical regions of Central and West Africa. The frequency of monkeypox (mpox) cases, however, has sharply climbed globally since May 2022.

Objectives

To establish the threat of mpox in terms of the oral lesions caused in sufferers.

Materials and methods

After a thorough study of the literature identified in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane library databases using the PRISMA framework, 103 papers were found. Using inclusion and exclusion criteria, we chose research that was relevant for our review before shortlisting 14 papers that conformed to the review's guidelines.

Results

In the 14 selected studies, it was found that oral lesions were among the first clinical signs of a mpox affliction, with ulcers on the dorsal surface of tongue lips being the most common areas affected.

Conclusion

The rarely observed oral lesions of mpox infection may help in the diagnosis and management of this condition. It is critical to keep in mind that recognising and detecting oral lesions in mpox patients opens the door to more research and efficient patient management.

Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of the 2022 Mpox Outbreak in Spain (CEME-22 Study)

Background

We conducted a multicentric national study (SEIMC-CEME-22), to describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of the mpox outbreak in Spain, including the management of the disease.

Methods

This was a retrospective national observational study conducted by Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC) and Foundation SEIMC-GESIDA. We included patients with a confirmed mpox diagnosis before 13 July 2022, and attended at the Spanish health network (the early phase of the outbreak). Epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic data were collected.

Results

Of a total of 1472 patients from 52 centers included, 99% of them were cisgender men, mostly middle-aged, and 98.6% were residents in Spain. The main suspected route of transmission was sexual exposure, primarily among MSM. Occupational exposure was reported in 6 patients. Immunosuppression was present in 40% of patients, mainly due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Only 6.5% of patients had been vaccinated against orthopoxvirus. Virus sequencing was performed in 147 patients (all B.1 lineage). Rash was the most frequent symptom (95.7%), followed by fever (48.2%), adenopathies (44.4%) myalgias (20.7%), proctitis (17%), and headache (14.7%). Simultaneously diagnosed sexually transmitted infections included syphilis (n = 129), gonococcal infection (n = 91), HIV (n = 67), chlamydia (n = 56), hepatitis B (n = 14), and hepatitis C (n = 11). No therapy was used in 479 patients (33%). Symptomatic therapies and antibiotics were used in 50% of cases. The most used therapy regimens were systemic corticoids (90 patients), tecovirimat (6 patients), and cidofovir (13 patients). Smallpox immunoglobulins were used in 1 patient. Fifty-eight patients were hospitalized, and 1 patient died.

Conclusions

Mpox outbreak in Spain affected primarily middle-aged men who were sexually active and showed a high rate of HIV infection. A range of heterogeneous therapeutics options was performed.

Long or complicated mpox in patients with uncontrolled HIV infection

To date, former research about the impact of HIV infection on mpox poor outcomes is still limited and controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of HIV on the clinical course of mpox, in a large population of patients from Spain. Nationwide case-series study. Patients from 18 Spanish hospitals, with PCR-confirmed mpox from April 27, 2022 to June 30, 2023 were included in this study. The main outcome was the development of long or complicated (LC) mpox, defined as: (i) duration of the clinical course ≥ 28 days, or; (ii) disseminated disease, or: (iii) emergence of severe complications. One thousand eight hundred twenty-three individuals were included. Seven hundred eighty-six (43%) were people living with HIV (PLWH), of whom 11 (1%) had a CD4 cell count < 200 cells/mm3 and 33 (3%) <350 cells/mm3 . HIV viral load ≥ 1000 cp/mL was found in 27 (3%) PLWH, none of them were on effective ART. Fifteen (60%) PLWH with HIV-RNA ≥ 1000 cp/mL showed LC versus 182 (29%) PLWH with plasma HIV-RNA load < 1000 copies/mL and 192 (24%) individuals without HIV infection (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, adjusted by age, sex, CD4 cell counts and HIV viral load at the time of mpox, only plasma HIV-RNA ≥ 1000 cp/mL was associated with a greater risk of developing LC mpox [adjusted OR = 4.06 (95% confidence interval 1.57-10.51), p = 0.004]. PLWH with uncontrolled HIV infection, due to lack of ART, are at a greater risk of developing LC mpox. Efforts should be made to ensure HIV testing is carried out in patients with mpox and to start ART without delay in those tested positive.

Elucidating the evolution of monkeypox virus genomes through phylo-geo-network and haplogroup analysis

BACKGROUND

As the world settles down from the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries are faced with an unexpected outbreak of monkeypox infection. Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is an enveloped, double stranded DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family. Presently, we construct and analyze the phylo-geo-network and the corresponding haplogroups. Presently, we performed the haplogroup analysis with their defining mutations and phylogenetic lineage study along with geographical distributions with the aim to understand the evolutionary path of the MPXV across the world.

RESULTS

Information about 719 full length genomes of MPXV were collected from GISAID repository and the sequences extracted from NCBI. The alignment of 719 MPXV genomes and their subsequent analysis revealed a total of 1530 segregating sites of which 330 were parsimony informative (PI) sites. The variations had a positive value of Tajima's D statistic indicating some mutations being prevalent and hence balancing selection. A total of 39 haplogroups were observed in the phylo-geo-network and their defining mutations along with the evolutionary path has been discussed. The phylo-geo-network revealed the nodal haplogroup is represented by GISAID ID 13889450, haplogroup A1, an isolate from Germany, having a total of 296 identical sequences in the study incident across 22 countries. The localized evolution is highlighted by country specific sequences and haplogroups. USA had a total of 58 genomes and 13 haplogroups as compared to Peru (89 genomes, 7 haplogroups) and Germany (26 genomes, 6 haplogroups).

CONCLUSIONS

The evolution of MPXV can be happening in a localized manner and hence accumulation of variations in the MPXV genomes needs to be monitored in order to be prepared for any possible threats.

Monkeypox virus: insights into pathogenesis and laboratory testing methods

The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic pathogen that transmits between monkeys and humans, exhibiting clinical similarities with the smallpox virus. Studies on the immunopathogenesis of MPXV revealed that an initial strong innate immune response is elicited on viral infection that subsequently helps in circumventing the host defense. Once the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a global public health emergency in July 2022, it became essential to clearly demarcate the MPXV-induced symptoms from other viral infections. We have exhaustively searched the various databases involving Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline to extract the information comprehensively compiled in this review. The primary focus of this review is to describe the diagnostic methods for MPXV such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serological assays, along with developments in viral isolation, imaging techniques, and next-generation sequencing. These innovative technologies have the potential to greatly enhance the accuracy of diagnostic procedures. Significant discoveries involving MPXV immunopathogenesis have also been highlighted. Overall, this will be a knowledge repertoire that will be crucial for the development of efficient monitoring and control strategies in response to the MPXV infection helping clinicians and researchers in formulating healthcare strategies.

Integrated Network Analysis of Symptom Clusters Across Monkeypox Epidemics From 1970 to 2023: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

The worldwide spread of monkeypox (mpox) has witnessed a significant increase, particularly in nonendemic countries.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the changing clinical symptoms associated with mpox from 1970 to 2023 and explore their interrelations.

METHODS

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, 3 electronic databases were searched for English peer-reviewed studies conducted from January 1970 to April 2023 that reported any symptoms among confirmed mpox cases. We categorized the mpox epidemics into 3 periods: 1970-2002 (period 1, within the African region), 2003-2021(period 2, epidemics outside Africa), and 2022-2023 (period 3, worldwide outbreak). Following PRISMA guidelines, a meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled prevalence for each symptom. The correlation among symptoms was analyzed and visualized using network analysis.

RESULTS

The meta-analysis included 61 studies that reported 21 symptoms in 720 patients from period 1, 39 symptoms in 1756 patients from period 2, and 37 symptoms in 12,277 patients from period 3. The most common symptom among patients from all 3 periods was rash (period 1: 92.6%, 95% CI 78.2%-100%; period 2: 100%, 95% CI 99.9%-100%; and period 3: 94.8%, 95% CI 90.9%-98.8%), followed by lymphadenopathy (period 1: 59.8%, 95% CI 50.3%-69.2%; period 2: 74.1%, 95% CI 64.2%-84.1%; and period 3: 61.1%, 95% CI 54.2%-68.1%). Fever (99%, 95% CI 97%-100%), enlarged lymph nodes (80.5%, 95% CI 75.4%-85.0%), and headache (69.1%, 95% CI 4%-100%) were the main symptoms in period 1, with a significant decrease in period 3: 37.9%, 31.2%, and 28.7%, respectively. Chills/rigors (73.3%, 95% CI 60.9%-85.7%), fatigue (68.2%, 95% CI 51.6%-84.8%), and dysphagia/swallowing difficulty (61.2%, 95% CI 10.5%-100%) emerged as primary new symptoms in period 2 and decreased significantly in period 3. Most other symptoms remained unchanged or decreased in period 3 compared to the former 2 periods. Nausea/vomiting had the highest degree of correlation (with 13 symptoms) and was highly positively correlated with lymphadenopathy (r=0.908) and conjunctivitis (r=0.900) in period 2. In contrast, rash and headache were 2 symptoms with the highest degree of correlation (with 21 and 21 symptoms, respectively) in period 3 and were highly positively correlated with fever (r=0.918 and 0.789, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

The manifestation of symptoms in patients with mpox has become more diverse, leading to an increase in their correlation. Although the prevalence of rash remains steady, other symptoms have decreased. It is necessary to surveil the evolving nature of mpox and the consequential changes in clinical characteristics. Epidemic countries may shift their focus on the potential association among symptoms and the high synergy risk.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO Registration: CRD42023403282; http://tinyurl.com/yruuas5n.

Willingness to accept monkeypox vaccine and its correlates among men who have sex with men in Southern China: a web-based online cross-sectional study

Background

The May 2022 global outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) poses a threat to the health of men who have sex with men. However, there is limited data on the willingness of MSM to receive monkeypox vaccination in Southern China. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of MPX, concerns regarding MPX, and willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination, as well as their correlates, among MSM in China.

Methods

We conducted a Web-based online survey of MSM in Southern China from August to September 2022. Data were collected on the socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, worries, concerns regarding MPX and willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to explore the factors associated with willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination.

Results

A total of 1903 participants completed the survey. Among them, approximately 69.9% reported being aware of MPX awareness, 94.1% of the participants supported the promotion of monkeypox vaccination. The majority of participants (91.4%) expressed their willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination. Participants who considered monkeypox vaccination safe [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 4.82, 95% CI: 1.35-17.18], agreed on the necessity of government promotion of monkeypox vaccination in China (aOR = 6.03, 95% CI: 1.07-33.93), believed in prioritizing monkeypox vaccination for MSM (aOR = 5.01, 95% CI: 1.10-22.71), and had friends or sexual partners who had already received the monkeypox or smallpox vaccination (aOR = 10.37, 95% CI: 2.11-50.99) are more likely to be vaccinated. Conversely, married individuals (aOR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03-0.47), those engaging in anal sex 4-6 times per week in the past 3 months (aOR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.09-0.77) expressed hesitancy toward monkeypox vaccination.

Conclusion

There was a high willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination among MSM in China. The hesitancy toward the monkeypox vaccine can be effectively mitigated by addressing concerns about its safety and potential adverse reactions. Moreover, increasing acceptance of the monkeypox vaccination among MSM and their peers is crucial, as social influence significantly impacts vaccine attitudes and behaviors.

Human mpox: global trends, molecular epidemiology and options for vaccination

The eradication of smallpox and the cessation of vaccination have led to the growth of the susceptible human population to poxviruses. This has led to the increasing detection of zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Among those viruses, monkeypox virus (MPV) is the most commonly detected in Western and Central African regions. Since 2022, MPV is causing local transmission in newly affected countries all over the world. While the virus causing the current outbreak remains part of clade II (historically referred to as West African clade), it has a significant number of mutations as compared to other clade II sequences and is therefore referred to as clade IIb. It remains unclear whether those mutations may have caused a change in the virus phenotype. Vaccine effectiveness data show evidence of a high cross-protection of vaccines designed to prevent smallpox against mpox. These vaccines therefore represent a great opportunity to control human-to-human transmission, provided that their availability has short time-frames and that mistakes from the recent past (vaccine inequity) will not be reiterated.

Utilizing non-human primate models to combat recent COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 and viral infectious disease outbreaks

In recent times, global viral outbreaks and diseases, such as COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), Zika (ZIKV), monkeypox (MPOX), Ebola (EBOV), and Marburg (MARV), have been extensively documented. Swiftly deciphering the mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis and devising vaccines or therapeutic interventions to curtail these outbreaks stand as paramount imperatives. Amidst these endeavors, animal models emerge as pivotal tools. Among these models, non-human primates (NHPs) hold a position of particular importance. Their proximity in evolutionary lineage and physiological resemblances to humans render them a primary model for comprehending human viral infections. This review encapsulates the pivotal role of various NHP species-such as rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), african green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus/aethiops), pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina/Macaca leonina), baboons (Papio hamadryas/Papio anubis), and common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)-in investigations pertaining to the abovementioned viral outbreaks. These NHP models play a pivotal role in illuminating key aspects of disease dynamics, facilitating the development of effective countermeasures, and contributing significantly to our overall understanding of viral pathogenesis.

Monkeypox: An outbreak of a rare viral disease

Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease rarely found outside Africa. Monkeypox can be spread from person to person through close contact with an infected person, and the rate of transmission is not very high. In addition, monkeypox and variola virus are both pox viruses, and the spread of monkeypox virus was also controlled to some extent by the smallpox campaign, so monkeypox was not widely paid attention to. However, as smallpox vaccination is phased out in various countries or regions, people's resistance to orthopoxviruses is decreasing, especially among people who have not been vaccinated against smallpox. This has led to a significant increase in the frequency and geographical distribution of human monkeypox cases in recent years, and the monkeypox virus has become the orthopoxvirus that poses the greatest threat to public health. Since the last large-scale monkeypox infection was detected in 2022, the number of countries or territories affected has exceeded 100. Many confirmed and suspected cases of monkeypox have been found in individuals who have not travelled to affected areas, and the route of infection is not obvious, making this outbreak of monkeypox a cause for concern globally. The purpose of this systematic review is to further understand the pathophysiological and epidemiological characteristics of monkeypox, as well as existing prevention and treatment methods, with a view to providing evidence for the control of monkeypox.

The re-emergence and transmission of Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: the role of one health

The Monkeypox virus, commonly abbreviated as mpox, is a viral zoonosis that is experiencing a resurgence in prevalence. It is endemic to regions of West and Central Africa that are characterized by dense forested areas. Various measures pertaining to animals, humans, and the environment have been recognized as potential factors and catalysts for the spread of the disease throughout the impacted regions of Africa. This study examines the various factors contributing to the transmission of the virus in Nigeria, with a particular focus on the animal-human and inter-human modes of transmission in rural communities and healthcare facilities. The One Health approach was emphasized as crucial in the prevention and management of this issue. Literature suggests that preventing repeated zoonotic introductions could potentially halt the transmission of the mpox virus from animal to human hosts, leading to a potential decrease in human infections.

Bioprospecting of Meliaceae family phytomolecules for the treatment of monkeypox virus infection: a QSAR modeling and MD simulation approach

Recent monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections show the risk of MPXV transmission that persists today and the significance of surveillance and quick response methods to stop the virus's spread. Currently, the monkeypox virus infection is not specifically treated. In this study, QSAR models were designed using known inhibitors of cysteine proteinase from the vaccinia virus, where the Random Forest model and Ridge model had showed the best correlation between predicted and observed EC50. These models were used to screen Maliaceae family phytochemicals against MPXV cysteine proteinase. The compound, IMPHY010637 was detected in top 5 from both the QSAR screening models and showed best docked score (-8.6 kcal/mol) and thus selected for further investigation. Further, the IMPHY010637 showed interaction with the catalytic residue His241 of the protein as reported in earlier studies. The ADMET analysis of the compound showed the acceptable drug-like properties of IMPHY010637. However, these properties could be improved after experimental validation of protein-ligand binding. Both docked complex and poses created in 100 ns MD simulation of the protein-ligand complex showed the presence of multiple hydrogen bonds. RMSD and conformation analysis showed stable binding of IMPHY010637 with the cysteine proteinase of MPXV at its active site. Compared to the known inhibitor, IMPHY010637 showed better binding with the protein as observed by the PCA and MM/GBSA analysis. This study concluded IMPHY010637 as a potential inhibitor for the cysteine proteinase of MPXV using computational methods that could be tested in in-vitro experiments.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Time series analysis and short-term forecasting of monkeypox outbreak trends in the 10 major affected countries

BACKGROUND

Considering the rapidly spreading monkeypox outbreak, WHO has declared a global health emergency. Still in the category of being endemic, the monkeypox disease shares numerous clinical characters with smallpox. This study focuses on determining the most effective combination of autoregressive integrated moving average model to encapsulate time dependent flow behaviour of the virus with short run prediction.

METHODS

This study includes the data of confirmed reported cases and cumulative cases from eight most burdened countries across the globe, over the span of May 18, 2022, to December 31, 2022. The data was assembled from the website of Our World in Data and it involves countries such as United States, Brazil, Spain, France, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, United Kingdom, Germany and Canada. The job of modelling and short-term forecasting is facilitated by the employment of autoregressive integrated moving average. The legitimacy of the estimated models is argued by offering numerous model performance indices such as, root mean square error, mean absolute error and mean absolute prediction error.

RESULTS

The best fit models were deduced for each country by using the data of confirmed reported cases of monkeypox infections. Based on diverse set of performance evaluation criteria, the best fit models were then employed to provide forecasting of next twenty days. Our results indicate that the USA is expected to be the hardest-hit country, with an average of 58 cases per day with 95% confidence interval of (00-400). The second most burdened country remained Brazil with expected average cases of 23 (00-130). The outlook is not much better for Spain and France, with average forecasts of 52 (00-241) and 24 (00-121), respectively.

CONCLUSION

This research provides profile of ten most severely hit countries by monkeypox transmission around the world and thus assists in epidemiological management. The prediction trends indicate that the confirmed cases in the USA may exceed than other contemporaries. Based on the findings of this study, it remains plausible to recommend that more robust health surveillance strategy is required to control the transmission flow of the virus especially in USA.

Mpox vaccine acceptance among healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Mpox is a zoonotic viral disease that emerged in May 2022 and has since shown a high prevalence in non-mpox-endemic areas, resulting in an outbreak that caused more than 84,000 cases in 110 countries around the globe. Several vaccines are available to prevent the disease, and multiple studies have been conducted to assess the attitudes of different populations toward receiving the mpox vaccine. This study systematically reviews all the studies conducted on mpox vaccine acceptance/hesitancy among healthcare workers.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted through four electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, up to March 2023. Studies that described mpox vaccine acceptance/hesitancy among healthcare workers were included, and the data were extracted using a uniform extraction sheet. Following the extraction, the meta-analysis included ten studies with 7322 healthcare workers. Three researchers independently assessed the risk of bias in the included study using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).

RESULTS

Ten studies were included in the review. This review indicates that the prevalence of mpox vaccine acceptance was 58.5%, and the prevalence of mpox vaccine hesitancy was 41.5%. There was a higher prevalence of acceptance in countries located in Asian and African areas compared to those in North America and Europe, estimated at 68% and 44.3%, respectively. Among the studies conducted solely among physicians, there was a high prevalence of mpox vaccine acceptance, at 77.1%, compared to 49% in studies that included all healthcare workers.

CONCLUSION

There is a significant variation in the prevalence of mpox vaccine acceptance among different populations. Further research is needed to identify the factors that contribute to this variation and to develop interventions to increase vaccine acceptance. In addition, it is important to promote research on mpox vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among healthcare workers in countries where data is limited. This research will help policymakers develop effective policies to increase acceptance and reduce the disease burden.

Modeling the Antiviral Activity of Ginkgo biloba Polyphenols against Variola: In Silico Exploration of Inhibitory Candidates for VarTMPK and HssTMPK Enzymes

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study is to use modeling methods to estimate the antiviral activity of natural molecules extracted from Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of variola which is a zoonotic disease posing a growing threat to human survival. The recent spread of variola in nonendemic countries and the possibility of its use as a bioterrorism weapon have made it a global threat once again. Therefore, the search for new antiviral therapies with reduced side effects is necessary.

METHODS

In this study, we examined the interactions between polyphenolic compounds from Ginkgo biloba, a plant known for its antiviral activity, and two enzymes involved in variola treatment, VarTMPK and HssTMPK, using molecular docking.

RESULTS

The obtained docking scores showed that among the 152 selected polyphenolic compounds; many ligands had high inhibitory potential according to the energy affinity. By considering Lipinski's rules, we found that Liquiritin and Olivil molecules are the best candidates to be developed into drugs that inhibit VarTMPK because of their high obtained scores compared to reference ligands, and zero violations of Lipinski's rules. We also found that ginkgolic acids have good affinities with HssTMPK and acceptable physicochemical properties to be developed into drugs administered orally.

CONCLUSION

Based on the obtained scores and Lipinski's rules, Liquiritin, Olivil, and ginkgolic acids molecules showed interesting results for both studied enzymes, indicating the existence of promising and moderate activity of these polyphenols for the treatment of variola and for possible multi-targeting. Liquiritin has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on various inflammation- related diseases such as skin injury, hepatic inflammatory injury, and rheumatoid arthritis. Olivil has been shown to have antioxidant activity. Olivil derivatives have also been studied for their potential use as anticancer agents. Ginkgolic acids have been shown to have antimicrobial and antifungal properties. However, ginkgolic acids are also known to cause allergic reactions in some people. Therefore, future studies should consider these results and explore the potential of these compounds as antiviral agents. Further experimental studies in-vitro and in-vivo are required to validate and scale up these findings.

Estimation of Incubation Period of Mpox during 2022 Outbreak in Pereira, Colombia

We estimated the incubation period for mpox during an outbreak in Pereira, Colombia, using data from 11 confirmed cases. Mean incubation period was 7.1 (95% CI 4.9-9.9) days, consistent with previous outbreaks. Accurately estimating the incubation period provides insights into transmission dynamics, informing public health interventions and surveillance strategies.

Rizk J, Makkar D, Roozbeh N, Ghelichpour S, Zarei A. Managing Monkeypox Virus Infections: A Contemporary Review

Monkeypox is an infectious and contagious zoonotic disease caused by the Orthopoxvirus species and was first identified in Africa. Recently, this infectious disease has spread widely in many parts of the world. Fever, fatigue, headache, and rash are common symptoms of monkeypox. The presence of lymphadenopathy is another prominent and key symptom of monkeypox, which distinguishes this disease from other diseases and is useful for diagnosing the disease. This disease is transmitted to humans through contact with or eating infected animals as well as objects infected with the virus. One of the ways to diagnose this disease is through PCR testing of lesions and secretions. To prevent the disease, vaccines such as JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 are available, but they are not accessible to all people in the world, and their effectiveness and safety need further investigation. However, preventive measures such as avoiding contact with people infected with the virus and using appropriate personal protective equipment are mandatory. The disease therapy is based on medicines such as brincidofovir, cidofovir, and Vaccinia Immune Globulin Intravenous. The injectable format of tecovirimat was approved recently, in May 2022. Considering the importance of clinical care in this disease, awareness about the side effects of medicines, nutrition, care for conjunctivitis, skin rash, washing and bathing at home, and so on can be useful in controlling and managing the disease.

Pharyngo-tonsillar involvement of Mpox in a cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM): A serious risk of missing diagnosis

During the 2022-outbreak, peculiar clinical presentations of Mpox have been described, some of which can make the diagnosis of the disease extremely challenging. Here we report a case series of fourteen patients with Mpox pharynogotonsillar involvement (PTI) seen at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, "Lazzaro Spallanzani", in Rome, Italy from May to September 2022. All included patients were men who have sex with men (median age 38 years) reporting unprotected sex within three weeks from symptoms onset. Seven out of fourteen patients needed hospitalization due to uncontrolled pain, reduced airspace and difficulty swallowing, of whom five were effectively treated with tecovirimat or cidofovir. The remaining two patients were treated with symptomatic drugs. The typical Mpox muco-cutaneous manifestations were not observed simultaneously with PTI in three patients, two of whom developed the lesions after several days, while one never manifested them. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Mpox virus was positive in oropharyngeal swab, saliva and serum. Although PTI occurs in only a small percentage of Mpox cases, its diagnosis is of utmost importance. In fact, this localization, if not identified, could lead to serious complications in the absence of early antiviral treatment and to missed diagnosis with an increased risk of disease transmission.