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Trudel-Ferland M, Levasseur M, Goulet-Beaulieu V, Jubinville E, Hamon F, Jean J. Concentration of foodborne viruses eluted from fresh and frozen produce: Applicability of ultrafiltration. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 416:110687. [PMID: 38554558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses involving raw and minimally processed foods are often caused by human noroviruses (HuNoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Since food is contaminated usually with small numbers of virions, these must be eluted from the food surface and then concentrated for detection. The objective of this study was to optimize an ultrafiltration (UF) concentration method for HAV and HuNoVs present on various fresh and frozen produce. The detection range of the optimized method and its applicability to different food matrices was compared to the reference method ISO 15216-1:2017. Strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, lettuce, and green onion (25 g) were contaminated with HAV, HuNoV GI.7 and HuNoV GII.4 and then recovered therefrom by elution. A commercial benchtop UF device was used for the concentration step. Viral RNA was extracted and detected by RT-qPCR. From fresh strawberries, recovery of HAV loaded at 104 genome copies per sample was 30 ± 13 %, elution time had no significant impact, and UF membrane with an 80-100 kDa cut-off in combination with Tris-glycine elution buffer at pH 9.5 was found optimal. At lower copy numbers on fresh strawberry, at least 1 log lower numbers of HuNoV were detectable by the UF method (103 vs 104 GII.4 copies/sample and 101 vs 103 GI.7 copies/sample), while HAV was detected at 101 genome copies/sample by both methods. Except on raspberry, the UF method was usually equivalent to the ISO method regardless of the virus tested. The UF method makes rapid viral concentration possible, while supporting the filtration of large volume of sample. With fewer steps and shorter analysis time than the ISO method, this method could be suitable for routine analysis of viruses throughout the food production and surveillance chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Trudel-Ferland
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marianne Levasseur
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Goulet-Beaulieu
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Jubinville
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Julie Jean
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Olaimat AN, Taybeh AO, Al-Nabulsi A, Al-Holy M, Hatmal MM, Alzyoud J, Aolymat I, Abughoush MH, Shahbaz H, Alzyoud A, Osaili T, Ayyash M, Coombs KM, Holley R. Common and Potential Emerging Foodborne Viruses: A Comprehensive Review. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:190. [PMID: 38398699 PMCID: PMC10890126 DOI: 10.3390/life14020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human viruses and viruses from animals can cause illnesses in humans after the consumption of contaminated food or water. Contamination may occur during preparation by infected food handlers, during food production because of unsuitably controlled working conditions, or following the consumption of animal-based foods contaminated by a zoonotic virus. This review discussed the recent information available on the general and clinical characteristics of viruses, viral foodborne outbreaks and control strategies to prevent the viral contamination of food products and water. Viruses are responsible for the greatest number of illnesses from outbreaks caused by food, and risk assessment experts regard them as a high food safety priority. This concern is well founded, since a significant increase in viral foodborne outbreaks has occurred over the past 20 years. Norovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and sapovirus are the major common viruses associated with water or foodborne illness outbreaks. It is also suspected that many human viruses including Aichi virus, Nipah virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, H5N1 avian influenza viruses, and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV) also have the potential to be transmitted via food products. It is evident that the adoption of strict hygienic food processing measures from farm to table is required to prevent viruses from contaminating our food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin N. Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (M.A.-H.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Asma’ O. Taybeh
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.O.T.); (A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
| | - Anas Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.O.T.); (A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
| | - Murad Al-Holy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (M.A.-H.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Ma’mon M. Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Jihad Alzyoud
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (J.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Iman Aolymat
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (J.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Mahmoud H. Abughoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (M.A.-H.); (M.H.A.)
- Science of Nutrition and Dietetics Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hafiz Shahbaz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Anas Alzyoud
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Tareq Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.O.T.); (A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain 53000, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Richard Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
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Zhu X, Kim TY, Kim SM, Luo K, Lim MC. Recent Advances in Biosensor Development for the Detection of Viral Particles in Foods: A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15942-15953. [PMID: 37862248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Viral foodborne diseases cause serious harm to human health and the economy. Rapid, accurate, and convenient approaches for detecting foodborne viruses are crucial for preventing diseases. Biosensors integrating electrochemical and optical properties of nanomaterials have emerged as effective tools for the detection of viruses in foods. However, they still face several challenges, including substantial sample preparation and relatively poor sensitivity due to complex food matrices, which limit their field applications. Hence, the purpose of this review is to provide an overview of recent advances in biosensing techniques, including electrochemical, SERS-based, and colorimetric biosensors, for detecting viral particles in food samples, with emerging techniques for extraction/concentration of virus particles from food samples. Moreover, the principle, design, and advantages/disadvantages of each biosensing method are comprehensively described. This review covers the recent development of rapid and sensitive biosensors that can be used as new standards for monitoring food safety and food quality in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Tai-Yong Kim
- Research Group of Food Safety and Distribution, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Min Kim
- Research Group of Food Safety and Distribution, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ke Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Cheol Lim
- Research Group of Food Safety and Distribution, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si 34113, Republic of Korea
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Nemes K, Persson S, Simonsson M. Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus as Food- and Waterborne Pathogens-Transmission Routes and Methods for Detection in Food. Viruses 2023; 15:1725. [PMID: 37632066 PMCID: PMC10457876 DOI: 10.3390/v15081725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne viruses are an important threat to food safety and public health. Globally, there are approximately 5 million cases of acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) every year. HAV is responsible for numerous food-related viral outbreaks worldwide, while HEV is an emerging pathogen with a global health burden. The reported HEV cases in Europe have increased tenfold in the last 20 years due to its zoonotic transmission through the consumption of infected meat or meat products. HEV is considered the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide currently. This review focuses on the latest findings on the foodborne transmission routes of HAV and HEV and the methods for their detection in different food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Nemes
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Viruses, Swedish Food Agency, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 56 A, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.P.); (M.S.)
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Müller I, Althof N, Hoffmann B, Klaus C, Schilling-Loeffler K, Falkenhagen A, Johne R. Comparison of Extraction Methods for the Detection of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus RNA in Goat Raw Milk and Cream Cheese. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:32-42. [PMID: 36127560 PMCID: PMC9488872 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) can cause meningitis, meningoencephalitis and myelitis in humans. TBEV is an enveloped RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, which is mostly transmitted via tick bites. However, transmission by consumption of virus-contaminated goat raw milk and goat raw milk products has also been described. Only a few methods have been reported for the detection of TBEV in food so far. Here, we compare different virus extraction methods for goat raw milk and goat raw milk cream cheese and subsequent detection of TBEV-RNA by RT-qPCR. Langat virus (LGTV), a naturally attenuated TBEV strain, was used for artificial contamination experiments. Mengovirus and the human coronavirus 229E were compared to assess their suitability to serve as internal process controls. Out of three tested extraction protocols for raw milk, sample centrifugation followed by direct RNA extraction from the aqueous interphase yielded the best results, with a recovery rate (RR) of 31.8 ± 4.9% for LGTV and a detection limit of 6.7 × 103 LGTV genome copies/ml. Out of two methods for cream cheese, treatment of the samples with TRI Reagent® and chloroform prior to RNA extraction showed the best RR of 4.7 ± 1.6% for LGTV and a detection limit of 9.4 × 104 LGTV genome copies/g. RRs of Mengovirus and LGTV were similar for both methods; therefore, Mengovirus is suggested as internal process control virus. The developed methods may be useful for screening or surveillance studies, as well as in outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Müller
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Althof
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute for Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Klaus
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Falkenhagen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reimar Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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Identification of Potential Proteinaceous Ligands of GI.1 Norovirus in Pacific Oyster Tissues. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030631. [PMID: 36992340 PMCID: PMC10058639 DOI: 10.3390/v15030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading foodborne pathogen causing nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. The oyster is an important vehicle for HuNoV transmission, especially the GI.1 HuNoV. In our previous study, oyster heat shock protein 70 (oHSP 70) was identified as the first proteinaceous ligand of GII.4 HuNoV in Pacific oysters besides the commonly accepted carbohydrate ligands, a histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs)-like substance. However the mismatch of the distribution pattern between discovered ligands and GI.1 HuNoV suggests that other ligands may exist. In our study, proteinaceous ligands for the specific binding of GI.1 HuNoV were mined from oyster tissues using a bacterial cell surface display system. Fifty-five candidate ligands were identified and selected through mass spectrometry identification and bioinformatics analysis. Among them, the oyster tumor necrosis factor (oTNF) and oyster intraflagellar transport protein (oIFT) showed strong binding abilities with the P protein of GI.1 HuNoV. In addition, the highest mRNA level of these two proteins was found in the digestive glands, which is consistent with GI.1 HuNoV distribution. Overall the findings suggested that oTNF and oIFT may play important roles in the bioaccumulation of GI.1 HuNoV.
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Soni A, Dixit Y, Reis MM, Brightwell G. Hyperspectral imaging and machine learning in food microbiology: Developments and challenges in detection of bacterial, fungal, and viral contaminants. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3717-3745. [PMID: 35686478 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a robust and nondestructive method that can detect foreign particles such as microbial, chemical, and physical contamination in food. This review summarizes the work done in the last two decades in this field with a highlight on challenges, risks, and research gaps. Considering the challenges of using HSI on complex matrices like food (e.g., the confounding and masking effects of background signals), application of machine learning and modeling approaches that have been successful in achieving better accuracy as well as increasing the detection limit have also been discussed here. Foodborne microbial contaminants such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, yeast, and protozoa are of interest and concern to food manufacturers due to the potential risk of either food poisoning or food spoilage. Detection of these contaminants using fast and efficient methods would not only prevent outbreaks and recalls but will also increase consumer acceptance and demand for shelf-stable food products. The conventional culture-based methods for microbial detection are time and labor-intensive, whereas hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is robust, nondestructive with minimum sample preparation, and has gained significant attention due to its rapid approach to detection of microbial contaminants. This review is a comprehensive summary of the detection of bacterial, viral, and fungal contaminants in food with detailed emphasis on the specific modeling and datamining approaches used to overcome the specific challenges associated with background and data complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathi Soni
- Food System Integrity, Consumer Food Interface, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yash Dixit
- Food Informatics, Smart Foods, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marlon M Reis
- Food Informatics, Smart Foods, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Gale Brightwell
- Food System Integrity, Consumer Food Interface, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,New Zealand Food Safety Science Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Soares VM, dos Santos EAR, Tadielo LE, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, da Cruz Encide Sampaio AN, Eisen AKA, de Oliveira KG, Padilha MB, de Moraes Guerra ME, Gasparetto R, Brum MCS, Traesel CK, Henzel A, Spilki FR, Pereira JG. Detection of adenovirus, rotavirus, and hepatitis E virus in meat cuts marketed in Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. One Health 2022; 14:100377. [PMID: 35257024 PMCID: PMC8897626 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of adenovirus (AdV), rotavirus (RV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in beef, pork, and chicken meat cuts in retail trade in the city of Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil. A total of 131 meat products were collected (beef, n = 55; chicken, n = 47; pork, n = 29) from 18 commercial establishments (supermarkets, n = 7; butchers, n = 7; markets/grocery stores, n = 4). All samples were evaluated for AdV, RV, and HEV. The genomes of RV and AdV were identified in 29% (n = 38) and 5.34% (n = 7) of the samples, respectively. HEV was not identified in any of the samples. Chicken cuts had a higher frequency of AdV and RV isolates compared to beef and pork (P < 0.05). Among the categories of commercial establishments evaluated, all revealed at least one positive sample for AdV and RV; however, supermarkets showed a higher frequency of RV than others (P < 0.05). The genetic material of AdV and RV was identified simultaneously in 2.29% (n = 3) of samples from supermarkets (n = 2) and grocery stores (n = 1). This is the first report on detection of enteric viruses in meat cuts in the western region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and the presence of AdV and RV in these products may indicate flaws during the process of handling these foods, especially in places where commercialization provides important public health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Mendonça Soares
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 585, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 97501970, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Ereno Tadielo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Rua Prof. Walter Maurício Correa, SN, Botucatu, São Paulo CEP 18618681, Brazil
| | - Camila Koutsodontis Cerqueira-Cézar
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Rua Prof. Walter Maurício Correa, SN, Botucatu, São Paulo CEP 18618681, Brazil
| | - Aryele Nunes da Cruz Encide Sampaio
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Rua Prof. Walter Maurício Correa, SN, Botucatu, São Paulo CEP 18618681, Brazil
| | - Ana Karolina Antunes Eisen
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 93525075, Brazil
| | - Kelen Gras de Oliveira
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 93525075, Brazil
| | - Matheus Beltrame Padilha
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 585, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 97501970, Brazil
| | | | - Raíssa Gasparetto
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 585, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 97501970, Brazil
| | - Mário Celso Sperotto Brum
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 585, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 97501970, Brazil
| | - Carolina Kist Traesel
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 585, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 97501970, Brazil
| | - Andreia Henzel
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 93525075, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 93525075, Brazil
| | - Juliano Gonçalves Pereira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Rua Prof. Walter Maurício Correa, SN, Botucatu, São Paulo CEP 18618681, Brazil
- Corresponding author at: Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, Rua Prof. Walter Maurício Correa, SN, Botucatu, São Paulo CEP 18618681, Brazil.
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Thirumdas R. Inactivation of viruses related to foodborne infections using cold plasma technology. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Thirumdas
- Department of Food Process Technology College of Food Science & Technology, PJTSAU Hyderabad Telangana India
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10
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Hrdy J, Vasickova P. Virus detection methods for different kinds of food and water samples – The importance of molecular techniques. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Suther C, Stoufer S, Zhou Y, Moore MD. Recent Developments in Isothermal Amplification Methods for the Detection of Foodborne Viruses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:841875. [PMID: 35308332 PMCID: PMC8930189 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.841875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne and enteric viruses continue to impose a significant public health and economic burden globally. As many of these viruses are highly transmissible, the ability to detect them portably, sensitively, and rapidly is critical to reduce their spread. Although still considered a gold standard for detection of these viruses, real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technologies have limitations such as limited portability, need for extensive sample processing/extraction, and long time to result. In particular, the limitations related to the susceptibility of real time PCR methods to potential inhibitory substances present in food and environmental samples is a continuing challenge, as the need for extensive nucleic acid purification prior to their use compromises the portability and rapidity of such methods. Isothermal amplification methods have been the subject of much investigation for these viruses, as these techniques have been found to be comparable to or better than established PCR-based methods in portability, sensitivity, specificity, rapidity, and simplicity of sample processing. The purpose of this review is to survey and compare reports of these isothermal amplification methods developed for foodborne and enteric viruses, with a special focus on the performance of these methods in the presence of complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Suther
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Sloane Stoufer
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Yanjiao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Matthew D. Moore
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
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Pavoni E, Bertasi B, Galuppini E, Mangeri L, Meletti F, Tilola M, Carta V, Todeschi S, Losio MN. Detection of Hepatitis A Virus and Norovirus in Different Food Categories: A 6-Year Survey in Italy. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:69-76. [PMID: 34698989 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To observe the prevalence of contamination by hepatitis A virus (HAV) and norovirus (NoV) in different food types, 9242 samples were analyzed over a 6-year period (January 2014-December 2019). Samples were from routine official activities by Competent Authorities (CAs) and Food Business Operators, according to Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points plans. Analyses were performed in accordance with European and Italian regulations. Food types were obtained from different production areas of Italy, and ranged from mollusks, ready-to-eat (RTE) and packaged vegetables, frozen berries, tap water, fruit and RTE fruit salads, and processed and preserved foods. No risk management plans were set by the authors' laboratory, because they were still adopted by conferring customers. Analyses were conducted according to ISO/TS 15216-2:2013 (ISO in Part 2: Method for Qualitative Detection. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2013). The data showed that 2.25% (95% CI: 2.0-2.6) of samples were contaminated by at least one virus type, and that the most detected pathogen was NoV GII (89.50% of all positives). Mollusks (filter-feeding animals) were the most contaminated category (92.31% of all positives) not only by NoV or HAV individually, but also by multiple HAV/NoV contaminations consisting of 22.59% of all positives. For NoV, there was a significant correlation between shellfish positivity and season, with the autumn-winter period being the most associated with risk. Conversely, berries, drinking water and RTE vegetables, previously linked to several outbreaks, showed a low rate of contamination. These results from data collection have implications for the improvement of sampling plans for HAV and NoV by Italian CAs, and by food-producing and distribution operators. Moreover, these findings obtained by a standardized qualitative method contribute the collection of data aimed at establishing new microbiological criteria not yet foreseen (but advocated) by current European rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pavoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "B. Ubertini", via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
- Food Control Division, Food Safety Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "B. Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Barbara Bertasi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "B. Ubertini", via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Galuppini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "B. Ubertini", via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Mangeri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "B. Ubertini", via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Meletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "B. Ubertini", via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Tilola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "B. Ubertini", via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Carta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "B. Ubertini", via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Todeschi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "B. Ubertini", via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina-Nadia Losio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "B. Ubertini", via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "B. Ubertini", via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
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13
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Do T, Guran R, Adam V, Zitka O. Use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for virus identification: a review. Analyst 2022; 147:3131-3154. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00431c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The possibilities of virus identification, including SARS-CoV-2, by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Do
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Guran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Razafimahefa RM, Ludwig-Begall LF, Diallo MA, Dewals BG, Vanderplasschen A, Nivelles O, Deketelaere C, Mauroy A, Thiry E. Development of a Specific Anti-capsid Antibody- and Magnetic Bead-Based Immunoassay to Detect Human Norovirus Particles in Stool Samples and Spiked Mussels via Flow Cytometry. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:493-506. [PMID: 34363588 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09494-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses impose a considerable health burden globally. Here, a flow cytometry approach designed for their detection in biological waste and food samples was developed using antibody-coated magnetic beads. Antipeptide antibodies against murine norovirus and various human norovirus genotypes were generated for capture and coated onto magnetic beads. A flow cytometry assay was then implemented to detect bead-bound human norovirus GI.3 in patient stool samples and in norovirus-spiked mussel digestive tissues. The detection limit for stool samples was 105 gc/mL, thus bettering detection limits of commercially available norovirus diagnosis quick kits of 100-fold; the detection limit in spiked mussels however was ten-fold higher than in stool samples. Further assays showed a decrease in fluorescence intensity for heat- or UV-inactivated virus particles. Overall, we demonstrate the application of a flow cytometry approach for direct detection of small non-enveloped virus particles such as noroviruses. An adaptation of the technology to routine diagnostics has the potential to contribute a rapid and sensitive tool to norovirus outbreak investigations. Further improvements to the method, notably decreasing the detection limit of the approach, may allow the analysis of naturally contaminated food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravo M Razafimahefa
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mamadou Amadou Diallo
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Nivelles
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Deketelaere
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Axel Mauroy
- Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, Control Policy, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Bld du Jardin Botanique 55, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
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15
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Jubinville E, Girard M, Trudel-Ferland M, Fliss I, Jean J. Inactivation of Murine Norovirus Suspended in Organic Matter Simulating Actual Conditions of Viral Contamination. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:544-552. [PMID: 34328631 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne viral illnesses are frequent worldwide and costly for the society. Human norovirus is one of the most common causal agents. Although some norovirus genotypes can now be cultured, surrogates are still used for inactivation studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different organic loads individually (artificial feces, real fecal matter, ASTM tripartite organic load, fetal bovine serum) on the efficacy of three highly used sanitization treatments (thermal inactivation, peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite treatment) using murine norovirus 3 in solutions and surfaces. Based on plaque-forming units, we show that organic matter protects murine norovirus 3 against thermal inactivation (viral reduction of ~ 1 log compared to 2.67 with PBS). However, there was a low-level but significant protection against peracetic acid (viral reduction of ~ 2 log compared to 2.85 with PBS) and none in the presence of sodium hypochlorite. Our study showed that the tested organic matters do not behave similarly depending on the treatments, especially with heat treatments, which showed a higher protection. Furthermore, Feclone ™ artificial feces mimicked some aspect of real fecal matter and may be used instead. Our results will be helpful to researchers undertaking viral inactivation studies in which an organic matrix is used to simulate actual conditions of human norovirus environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jubinville
- Département Des Sciences Des Aliments, Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Maryline Girard
- Département Des Sciences Des Aliments, Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mathilde Trudel-Ferland
- Département Des Sciences Des Aliments, Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ismail Fliss
- Département Des Sciences Des Aliments, Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Julie Jean
- Département Des Sciences Des Aliments, Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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16
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Efficient capturing and sensitive detection of hepatitis A virus from solid foods (green onion, strawberry, and mussel) using protamine-coated iron oxide (Fe 3O 4) magnetic nanoparticles and real-time RT-PCR. Food Microbiol 2021; 102:103921. [PMID: 34809947 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) continues to be a public health concern and has caused large foodborne outbreaks and economic losses worldwide. Rapid detection of HAV in foods can help to confirm the source of outbreaks in a timely manner and prevent more people getting infected. In order to efficiently detect HAV at low levels of contamination in foods, rapid and easy-to-use techniques are required to separate and concentrate viral particles to a small volume. In the current study, HAV particles were eluted from green onion, strawberry, and mussel using glycine buffer (0.05 M glycine, 0.14 M NaCl, 0.2% (v/v) Tween 20, pH 9.0) and suspended viral particles were captured using protamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles (PMNPs). This process caused a selective concentration of the viral particles, which could be followed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Results showed that pH, NaCl concentration, and PMNP amount used for the capturing had significant effects on the recovery efficiency of HAV (P < 0.05). The highest recovery rate was obtained at pH 9.0, 0.14 M NaCl, and 50 μL of PMNPs. The optimized PMNP capturing method enabled the rapid capture and concentration of HAV. A sensitive real-time RT-PCR test was developed with detection limits of 8.3 × 100 PFU/15 g, 8.3 × 101 PFU/50 g, and 8.3 × 100 PFU/5 g of HAV in green onion, strawberry, and mussel, respectively. In conclusion, the PMNP method is rapid and convenient in capturing HAV from complex solid food samples and can generate concentrated HAV sample solutions suitable for high-sensitivity real time RT-PCR detection of the virus.
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17
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Raymond P, Paul S, Perron A, Deschênes L, Hara K. Extraction of human noroviruses from leafy greens and fresh herbs using magnetic silica beads. Food Microbiol 2021; 99:103827. [PMID: 34119112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of leafy greens and to a lesser extent fresh herbs has been associated with several foodborne outbreaks including human norovirus (HuNoV). However, the extraction and detection of viruses from these matrices present multiple challenges such as low recovery yields and relatively high PCR inhibition. A new magnetic silica bead based (MSB) extraction protocol was developed and used to recover norovirus from leafy greens and fresh herbs. The performance results were compared to the ISO 15216-1:2017 standard. The HuNoV GII.4 and GI.5 recovery yields from spiked lettuce using the MSB extraction protocol range from 33 to 82%. There was a good correlation between murine norovirus (MNV) and HuNoV recovery yields from fresh herbs and leafy greens. No reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) inhibition was detected from leafy green extracts using the MSB methodology. The selected commercial RT-qPCR detection kit had a major impact on RT-qPCR inhibition levels detected in the ISO 15216-1:2017 RNA extracts. RNase treatment was used to estimate genome recovery from HuNoV with intact capsids. This treatment resulted in similar HuNoV and MNV recovery yields. Between 2019 and 2020, the MSB protocol was used to conduct a survey of HuNoV in domestic and imported leafy greens and fresh herbs sold at retail in Canada. All of the 280 samples tested were negative. Overall, the use of MSB was shown to be an efficient approach to recover HuNoV from leafy greens and certain types of fresh herbs and to conduct surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Raymond
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), Saint-Hyacinthe Laboratory - Food Virology, St.Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sylvianne Paul
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), Saint-Hyacinthe Laboratory - Food Virology, St.Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - André Perron
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), Saint-Hyacinthe Laboratory - Food Virology, St.Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Louise Deschênes
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, St.Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Kenji Hara
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), Burnaby Laboratory - Microbiology and Virology, Burnaby, British-Columbia, Canada
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18
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Raman spectroscopy for virus detection and the implementation of unorthodox food safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Noroviruses-The State of the Art, Nearly Fifty Years after Their Initial Discovery. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081541. [PMID: 34452406 PMCID: PMC8402810 DOI: 10.3390/v13081541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are recognised as the major global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Here, we provide an overview of notable advances in norovirus research and provide a short recap of the novel model systems to which much of the recent progress is owed. Significant advances include an updated classification system, the description of alternative virus-like protein morphologies and capsid dynamics, and the further elucidation of the functions and roles of various viral proteins. Important milestones include new insights into cell tropism, host and microbial attachment factors and receptors, interactions with the cellular translational apparatus, and viral egress from cells. Noroviruses have been detected in previously unrecognised hosts and detection itself is facilitated by improved analytical techniques. New potential transmission routes and/or viral reservoirs have been proposed. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings have added to the understanding of host immunity in response to norovirus infection, and vaccine development has progressed to preclinical and even clinical trial testing. Ongoing development of therapeutics includes promising direct-acting small molecules and host-factor drugs.
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20
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Raymond P, Paul S, Perron A, Deschênes L. Norovirus Extraction from Frozen Raspberries Using Magnetic Silica Beads. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:248-258. [PMID: 33651330 PMCID: PMC8116234 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are among the main causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Frozen raspberries have been linked to several HuNoV food-related outbreaks. However, the extraction of HuNoV RNA from frozen raspberries remains challenging. Recovery yields are low, and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) inhibitors limit the sensitivity of the detection methodologies. A new approach using fine magnetic silica beads was developed for the extraction of HuNoV spiked on frozen raspberries. Relatively low recovery yields were observed with both the magnetic silica bead and the reference ISO 15216-1:2017 methods. High RT-qPCR inhibition was observed with the ISO 15216-1:2017 recommended amplification kit but could be reduced by using an alternative kit. Reducing RT-qPCR inhibition is important to limit the number of inconclusive HuNoV assays thus increasing the capacity to assess the HuNoV prevalence in frozen raspberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Raymond
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), St. Hyacinthe Laboratory, Food Virology, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
| | - Sylvianne Paul
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), St. Hyacinthe Laboratory, Food Virology, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - André Perron
- Canadian Food Inspection Laboratory (CFIA), St. Hyacinthe Laboratory, Food Virology, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Louise Deschênes
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), St. Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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21
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Jones SL, Gibson KE. Factors impacting microbial release from environmental monitoring tools. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 347:109198. [PMID: 33894462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. FDA Food Safety Modernization Act Preventive Controls for Human Food Rule underlines the importance of an effective environmental monitoring (EM) program. EM is used to determine harborage sites of microorganisms on processing equipment, assess effectiveness of sanitation programs, and prevent transmission of foodborne pathogens. This study characterizes commercially-available polyurethane foam (PUF) and cellulose (CELL) EM tools for their efficacy in the release of foodborne pathogens from their sponge matrices. Specifically, the objectives of this study were to 1) compare the ability of EM tools to release microorganisms into a recovery eluent, 2) characterize EM tool performance at decreasing inoculum concentrations, and 3) assess the impact of various operators during the processing of EM samples. Two bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium) and one human norovirus surrogate (Tulane virus [TV]) were compared at decreasing inoculum levels utilizing two elution techniques (mechanical stomacher, manually by operator), and across six operators. Data indicated that EM tool material composition impacted the release of microorganisms (p = 0.0001), where the PUF EM tool released TV more readily than the CELL EM tool. Conversely, the decreasing inoculum levels did not statistically differ in the release of microorganisms from the EM tool matrices. In addition, no significant difference was found between the machine stomacher and manual elution by human operator or between operators. Overall, the study provides a detailed characterization of two commercially-available EM tools, and the differences identified in this study can be used to improve the effectiveness of EM programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Jones
- University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
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22
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Razafimahefa RM, Ludwig-Begall LF, Le Guyader FS, Farnir F, Mauroy A, Thiry E. Optimisation of a PMAxx™-RT-qPCR Assay and the Preceding Extraction Method to Selectively Detect Infectious Murine Norovirus Particles in Mussels. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:93-106. [PMID: 33389671 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09454-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are a major cause for gastroenteritis outbreaks. Filter-feeding bivalve molluscs, which accumulate noroviruses in their digestive tissues, are a typical vector for human infection. RT-qPCR, the established method for human norovirus detection in food, does not allow discrimination between infectious and non-infectious viruses and can overestimate potentially infectious viral loads. To develop a more accurate method of infectious norovirus load estimation, we combined intercalating agent propidium monoazide (PMAxx™)-pre-treatment with RT-qPCR assay using in vitro-cultivable murine norovirus. Three primer sets targeting different genome regions and diverse amplicon sizes were used to compare one-step amplification of a short genome fragment to three two-step long-range RT-qPCRs (7 kbp, 3.6 kbp and 2.3 kbp amplicons). Following initial assays performed on untreated infectious, heat-, or ultraviolet-inactivated murine noroviruses in PBS suspension, PMAxx™ RT-qPCRs were implemented to detect murine noroviruses subsequent to their extraction from mussel digestive tissues; virus extraction via anionic polymer-coated magnetic beads was compared with the proteinase K-dependent ISO norm. The long-range RT-qPCR process detecting fragments of more than 2.3 kbp allowed accurate estimation of the infectivity of UV-damaged murine noroviruses. While proteinase K extraction limited later estimation of PMAxx™ pre-treatment effects and was found to be unsuited to the assay, magnetic bead-captured murine noroviruses retained their infectivity. Genome copies of heat-inactivated murine noroviruses differed by 2.3 log10 between RT-qPCR and PMAxx™-RT-qPCR analysis in bivalve molluscs, the PMAxx™ pre-treatment allowing a closer approximation of infectious titres. The combination of bead-based virus extraction and PMAxx™ RT-qPCR thus provides a more accurate model for the estimation of noroviral bivalve mollusc contamination than the conjunction of proteinase K extraction and RT-qPCR and has the potential (once validated utilising infectious human norovirus) to provide an added measure of security to food safety authorities in the hazard assessment of potential bivalve mollusc contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravo M Razafimahefa
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Frédéric Farnir
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Applied To Veterinary Science, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Axel Mauroy
- Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, Control Policy, Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Bld du Jardin Botanique 55, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B43b, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, 10, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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23
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Barril PA, Pianciola LA, Mazzeo M, Ousset MJ, Jaureguiberry MV, Alessandrello M, Sánchez G, Oteiza JM. Evaluation of viral concentration methods for SARS-CoV-2 recovery from wastewaters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:144105. [PMID: 33302076 PMCID: PMC7700007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a useful tool that has the potential to act as a complementary approach to monitor the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the community and as an early alarm system for COVID-19 outbreak. Many studies reported low concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage and also revealed the need for methodological validation for enveloped viruses concentration in wastewater. The aim of this study was to evaluate different methodologies for the concentration of viruses in wastewaters and to select and improve an option that maximizes the recovery of SARS-CoV-2. A total of 11 concentration techniques based on different principles were evaluated: adsorption-elution protocols with negatively charged membranes followed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation (Methods 1-2), PEG precipitation (Methods 3-7), aluminum polychloride (PAC) flocculation (Method 8), ultrafiltration (Method 9), skim milk flocculation (Method 10) and adsorption-elution with negatively charged membrane followed by ultrafiltration (Method 11). To evaluate the performance of these concentration techniques, feline calicivirus (FCV) was used as a process control in order to avoid the risk associated with handling SARS-CoV-2. Two protocols, one based on PEG precipitation and the other on PAC flocculation, showed high efficiency for FCV recovery from wastewater (62.2% and 45.0%, respectively). These two methods were then tested for the specific recovery of SARS-CoV-2. Both techniques could recover SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater, PAC flocculation showed a lower limit of detection (4.3 × 102 GC/mL) than PEG precipitation (4.3 × 103 GC/mL). This work provides a critical overview of current methods used for virus concentration in wastewaters and the analysis of sensitivity for the specific recovery of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage. The data obtained here highlights the viability of WBE for the surveillance of COVID-19 infections in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Angélica Barril
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI), Expedicionarios del Desierto 1310, 8309 Centenario, Neuquén, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Luis Alfredo Pianciola
- Laboratorio Central "Mg. Luis Alfredo Pianciola", Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Neuquén, Gregorio Martinez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Melina Mazzeo
- Laboratorio Central "Mg. Luis Alfredo Pianciola", Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Neuquén, Gregorio Martinez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - María Julia Ousset
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicologia Ambiental y Agrobiotecnologia del Comahue (CITAAC), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - María Virginia Jaureguiberry
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI), Expedicionarios del Desierto 1310, 8309 Centenario, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Mauricio Alessandrello
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI), Expedicionarios del Desierto 1310, 8309 Centenario, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Departamento de Tecnologías de Conservación y Seguridad Alimentaria, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Martín Oteiza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI), Expedicionarios del Desierto 1310, 8309 Centenario, Neuquén, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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Di Cola G, Fantilli AC, Pisano MB, Ré VE. Foodborne transmission of hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses: A literature review. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 338:108986. [PMID: 33257099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne viruses have been recognized as a growing concern to the food industry and a serious public health problem. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is responsible for the majority of viral outbreaks of food origin worldwide, while hepatitis E virus (HEV) has also been gaining prominence as a foodborne viral agent in the last years, due to its zoonotic transmission through the consumption of uncooked or undercooked infected meat or derivatives. However, there is a lack of scientific reports that gather all the updated information about HAV and HEV as foodborne viruses. A search of all scientific articles about HAV and HEV in food until March 2020 was carried out, using the keywords "HAV", "HEV", "foodborne", "outbreak" and "detection in food". Foodborne outbreaks due to HAV have been reported since 1956, mainly in the USA, and in Europe in recent years, where the number of outbreaks has been increasing throughout time, and nowadays it has become the continent with the highest foodborne HAV outbreak report. Investigation and detection of HAV in food is more recent, and the first detections were performed in the 1990s decade, most of them carried out on seafood, first, and frozen food, later. On the other hand, HEV has been mainly looked for and detected in food derived from reservoir animals, such as meat, sausages and pate of pigs and wild boars. For this virus, only isolated cases and small outbreaks of foodborne transmission have been recorded, most of them in industrialized countries, due to HEV genotype 3 or 4. Virus detection in food matrices requires special processing of the food matrix, followed by RNA detection by molecular techniques. For HAV, a real-time PCR has been agreed as the standard method for virus detection in food; in the case of HEV, a consensus assay for its detection in food has not been reached yet. Our investigation shows that there is still little data about HAV and HEV prevalence and frequency of contamination in food, prevalent viral strains, and sources of contamination, mainly in developing countries, where there is no research and legislation in this regard. Studies on these issues are needed to get a better understanding of foodborne viruses, their maintenance and their potential to cause diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Di Cola
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Anabella C Fantilli
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Belén Pisano
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Viviana E Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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26
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Detection of E. coli O157:H7 in Food Using Automated Immunomagnetic Separation Combined with Real-Time PCR. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8080908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe the development of an automated immunomagnetic separation device combined with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting foodborne bacteria. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is a well-known method for the separation and concentration of target bacteria from a large volume of food samples. Magnetic beads functionalized with an antibody provide selectivity for target bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7. Moreover, compared to conventional methods, real-time PCR enables high-sensitivity detection of target bacteria. The method proposed in this study involves three steps: (1) pre-enrichment, (2) automated IMS and concentration of target bacteria, and (3) detection of target bacteria by real-time PCR. Using food samples with a working sample volume as large as 250 mL, the whole process only requires 3 h. As a result, target bacteria in the range of 101–102 colony-forming units per mg or g of sample can be detected in food samples, such as milk, ground beef, and cabbage, by using the proposed approach. We anticipate that the automated IMS system combined with real-time PCR will contribute to the development of a fully automated system for detecting foodborne bacteria and serve as a multi-tester for a variety of bacterial strains in the capacity of a sample-to-answer device in the near future.
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Abstract
Water is an essential component of food structures and biological materials. The importance of water as a parameter affecting virion stability and inactivation has been recognized across disciplinary areas. The large number of virus species, differences in spreading, likelihood of foodborne infections, unknown infective doses, and difficulties of infective virus quantification are often limiting experimental approaches to establish accurate data required for detailed understanding of virions’ stability and inactivation kinetics in various foods. Furthermore, non-foodborne viruses, as shown by the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) pandemic, may spread within the food chain. Traditional food engineering benefits from kinetic data on effects of relative humidity (RH) and temperature on virion inactivation. The stability of enteric viruses, human norovirus (HuNoV), and hepatitis A (HAV) virions in food materials and their resistance against inactivation in traditional food processing and preservation is well recognized. It appears that temperature-dependence of virus inactivation is less affected by virus strains than differences in temperature and RH sensitivity of individual virus species. Pathogenic viruses are stable at low temperatures typical of food storage conditions. A significant change in activation energy above typical protein denaturation temperatures suggests a rapid inactivation of virions. Furthermore, virus inactivation mechanisms seem to vary according to temperature. Although little is known on the effects of water on virions’ resistance during food processing and storage, dehydration, low RH conditions, and freezing stabilize virions. Enveloped virions tend to have a high stability at low RH, but low temperature and high RH may also stabilize such virions on metal and other surfaces for several days. Food engineering has contributed to significant developments in stabilization of nutrients, flavors, and sensitive components in food materials which provides a knowledge base for development of technologies to inactivate virions in foods and environment. Novel food processing, particularly high pressure processing (HPP) and cold plasma technologies, seem to provide efficient means for virion inactivation and food quality retention prior to packaging or food preservation by traditional technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yrjö H. Roos
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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28
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Ceylan Z, Meral R, Cetinkaya T. Relevance of SARS-CoV-2 in food safety and food hygiene: potential preventive measures, suggestions and nanotechnological approaches. Virusdisease 2020; 31:154-160. [PMID: 32656309 PMCID: PMC7289231 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic. Governments in different countries have taken drastic actions such as complete lockdown. However, little attention has been paid to food safety and its potential linkage with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 spread from staff to food products or food surfaces is conceivable. At least, instead of consuming unpackaged or uncovered foods, consumption of boiled or canned foods processed at high temperatures should be preferred. Before consumption, consumers should clean the surface of canned foods. In addition to recommending or enforcing simple precautions, such as using masks, governments must conduct mandatory SARS-CoV-2 tests regularly and intermittently for personnel who handle food materials or supporting materials (e.g., plastic pouches). Local markets, such as those in Wuhan, which sell live animals and exotic foods for consumption, are a concern. Trade of exotic or wild animals, unhygienic marketplace conditions, and not cooking at high temperatures ought to be prohibited. The consumption of vitamins, minerals, and other food-derived compounds such as omega fatty acids is a prudent way to improve the performance of the immune system. In addition, nano-encapsulated materials with controlled release properties may be useful in protecting food products and packaging from SARS-CoV-2 contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Ceylan
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Raciye Meral
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Turgay Cetinkaya
- Food Processing Department, Armutlu Vocational School, Yalova University, 77500 Yalova, Turkey
- Department of Food Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, 34467 Istanbul, Turkey
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29
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Battistini R, Rossini I, Listorti V, Ercolini C, Maurella C, Serracca L. HAV detection from milk-based products containing soft fruits: Comparison between four different extraction methods. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 328:108661. [PMID: 32454367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Virus detection in food requires appropriate elution and concentration techniques which need to be adapted for different food matrices. ISO/TS-15216-1:2017 and ISO/TS-15216-2:2019 describe standard methods for hepatitis A virus (HAV) research in some food only. Milk-based products containing one or more types of fruit are not covered by ISO procedures, even though they can be contaminated by fruit added to these products or by the food handlers. The aim of this work was to identify an efficient method for the detection of HAV in milk-based products. Four methods were tested to recover HAV from artificially contaminated milk, yoghurt and ice cream containing soft fruits. Results showed that the efficiency of the tested methods depends on the analyzed matrix. In milk we obtained a mean recovery from 13.4% to 1.9%; method based on high speed centrifuge gave the best values. The average recovery in yoghurt was between 3.3% and 114.4%, the latter value achieved by method with beef extract at 3% as eluent. Finally, two methods gave the best results in ice cream with similar recoveries: 29.1% and 27.7% respectively. The first method used glycine as eluent while the other one was based on high speed centrifugation. The ISO method has never proved to be the most efficient in the matrices studied. Therefore, based on the results obtained, a complete rethinking of the ISO method may be necessary to improve its recovery for some products such as milk, while only small changes would be sufficient for other products, such as yoghurt and ice cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Battistini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy.
| | - Irene Rossini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Listorti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Ercolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristiana Maurella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Serracca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
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Makinde OM, Ayeni KI, Sulyok M, Krska R, Adeleke RA, Ezekiel CN. Microbiological safety of ready‐to‐eat foods in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A comprehensive 10‐year (2009 to 2018) review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:703-732. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln)Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln)Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological SciencesQueen's University Belfast Belfast United Kingdom
| | - Rasheed A. Adeleke
- Department of MicrobiologyNorth‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of MicrobiologyBabcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln)Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
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31
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Viral metagenomic analysis of the cheese surface: A comparative study of rapid procedures for extracting viral particles. Food Microbiol 2020; 85:103278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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32
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Wu R, Xing X, Corredig M, Meng B, Griffiths MW. Concentration of hepatitis A virus in milk using protamine-coated iron oxide (Fe 3O 4) magnetic nanoparticles. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103236. [PMID: 31421754 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) continues to be the leading cause of viral hepatitis. HAV outbreaks have been linked to the consumption of milk, but methods for HAV detection in milk are very limited. We developed a method to concentrate HAV in milk using protamine-coated iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles (PMNPs). In this study, protamine was covalently coated on the surface of the MNPs (20-30 nm) by a three-step chemical reaction. The successful linkage of protamine to the MNPs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). When used for concentrating HAV from 40 mL of milk, 50 μL of PMNPs were added to the sample and mixed for 20 min by gentle rotation, followed by a magnet capture for 30 min. The captured PMNPs were washed with glycine buffer (0.05 M glycine, 0.14 M NaCl, 0.2% (v/v) Tween 20, pH 9.0) and HAV RNA was extracted using the QIAamp MinElute Virus Spin Kit and quantified by real-time RT-PCR. The method showed a detection limit of 8.3 × 100 PFU of HAV in milk. The whole concentration procedure could be completed in approximately 50 min. The developed method was simple, inexpensive, and easy-to-perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Wu
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, 43 McGilvray Street, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Milena Corredig
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Baozhong Meng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mansel W Griffiths
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, 43 McGilvray Street, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Razafimahefa RM, Ludwig-Begall LF, Thiry E. Cockles and mussels, alive, alive, oh-The role of bivalve molluscs as transmission vehicles for human norovirus infections. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:9-25. [PMID: 31232515 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are recognized as the leading worldwide cause of sporadic and epidemic viral gastroenteritis, causing morbidity and mortality in impoverished developing countries and engendering enormous economic losses in developed countries. Transmitted faecal-orally, either via person-to-person contact, or by consumption of contaminated foods or water, norovirus outbreaks are often reported in institutional settings or in the context of communal dining. Bivalve molluscs, which accumulate noroviruses via filter feeding and are often eaten raw or insufficiently cooked, are a common food vehicle implicated in gastroenteritis outbreaks. The involvement of bivalve molluscs in norovirus outbreaks and epidemiology over the past two decades are reviewed. The authors describe how their physiology of filter feeding can render them concentrated vehicles of norovirus contamination in polluted environments and how high viral loads persist in molluscs even after application of depuration practices and typical food preparation steps. The global prevalence of noroviruses in bivalve molluscs as detected by different monitoring efforts is determined and the various methods currently utilized for norovirus extraction and detection from bivalve matrices described. An overview of gastroenteritis outbreaks affirmatively associated with norovirus-contaminated bivalve molluscs as reported in the past 18 years is also provided. Strategies for risk reduction in shellfish contamination and subsequent human infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravo M Razafimahefa
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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35
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Ko SM, Cho SY, Oh MJ, Kwon J, Vaidya B, Kim D. Application of Concanavalin A-Linked Magnetic Beads for the Detection of Hepatitis A Virus. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1997-2002. [PMID: 30476442 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prompt and inexpensive detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) is essential to control acute hepatitis outbreaks associated with the consumption of contaminated raw or minimally processed food. In this study, various carbohydrate-binding lectins, including concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin, and soybean agglutinin, were compared for their binding affinity to HAV. Con A, which showed significantly higher binding affinity than other lectins, was used to develop an alternative and affordable method to conventional antibody-linked immunomagnetic separation prior to detection of HAV using reverse transcriptase PCR. This method, Con A-linked immunomagnetic separation combined with reverse transcriptase PCR, can detect HAV at a dilution concentration of 10-4 of the virus stock (titer: 104 median tissue culture infective dose per mL), indicating that Con A could be a promising candidate for concentrating HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Mu Ko
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Se-Young Cho
- 2 Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, South Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- 3 Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea
| | - Joseph Kwon
- 2 Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, South Korea
| | - Bipin Vaidya
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Duwoon Kim
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
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36
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Melgaço FG, Corrêa AA, Ganime AC, Brandão MLL, Medeiros VDM, Rosas CDO, Lopes SMDR, Miagostovich MP. Evaluation of skimmed milk flocculation method for virus recovery from tomatoes. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49 Suppl 1:34-39. [PMID: 30166268 PMCID: PMC6328929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the elution-concentration methodology based on skimmed milk flocculation from three varieties of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L. [globe], Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme [cherry] and hybrid cocktail [grape tomato]) for further monitoring of field samples. Spiking experiments were performed to determine the success rate and efficiency recovery of human norovirus (NoV) genogroup II, norovirus murine-1 (MNV-1) used as sample process control virus and human adenovirus (HAdV). Mean values of 18.8%, 2.8% and 44.0% were observed for NoV GII, MNV-1 and HAdV, respectively with differences according to the types of tomatoes, with lower efficiency for cherry tomatoes. Analysis of 90 samples, obtained at commercial establishments in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro State, revealed 4.5% positivity for HAdV. Bacterial analysis was also performed with no detection of Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes and fecal coliforms. Data demonstrated that the skimmed milk flocculation method is suitable for recovering HAdV from tomatoes and highlights the need for considering investigation in order to improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Gil Melgaço
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparativa e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Carolina Ganime
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparativa e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luiz Lima Brandão
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Imunologia, Laboratório de Vacinas Virais, Biofarmacêuticos e Cultura Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Mello Medeiros
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Setor de Alimentos, Laboratório de Alimentos e Saneantes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carla de Oliveira Rosas
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Setor de Alimentos, Laboratório de Alimentos e Saneantes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia Maria Dos Reis Lopes
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Setor de Alimentos, Laboratório de Alimentos e Saneantes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparativa e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Moor D, Liniger M, Baumgartner A, Felleisen R. Screening of Ready-to-Eat Meat Products for Hepatitis E Virus in Switzerland. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:263-271. [PMID: 29492902 PMCID: PMC6096950 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Seroprevalence data for pig herds suggested that there must be a relevant reservoir for hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Switzerland. To know more about the viral presence in ready-to-eat meat products, we screened pork liver sausages and raw meat sausages from the Swiss retail market for the presence of HEV. Testing was performed with a detection method where the virus extraction step was optimized. As for the performance of the improved method, the mean recovery rate for the mengovirus process control was 24.4%, whereas for HEV-inoculated sample matrices between 10.4 and 100% were achieved. The limit of detection was about 1.56 × 103 and 1.56 × 102 genome copies per gram for liver sausages and raw meat sausages, respectively. In the screening programme, HEV-RNA was detected in 10 of total 90 (11.1%) meat products, 7 of 37 (18.9%) liver sausages, and 3 of 53 (5.7%) raw meat sausages. Virus loads of up to 5.54 log10 HEV genome copies per gram were measured. All sequences retrieved from positive samples belonged to HEV genotype 3. The significance of the presented work was a current overview of the HEV prevalence in ready-to-eat meat products on the Swiss retail marked and an improvement of the extraction efficiency of the HEV detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Moor
- Risk Assessment Division, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, Bern, 3003, Switzerland.
| | - Marianne Liniger
- Risk Assessment Division, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Baumgartner
- Risk Assessment Division, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
| | - Richard Felleisen
- Risk Assessment Division, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
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38
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Langlet J, Kaas L, Croucher D, Hewitt J. Effect of the Shellfish Proteinase K Digestion Method on Norovirus Capsid Integrity. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:151-158. [PMID: 29417429 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus outbreaks are associated with the consumption of contaminated shellfish, and so efficient methods to recover and detect infectious norovirus in shellfish are important. The Proteinase K digestion method used to recover norovirus from shellfish, as described in the ISO 15216, would be a good candidate but its impact on the virus capsid integrity and thus infectivity was never examined. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the Proteinase K digestion method, and of the heat treatment component of the method alone, on norovirus (genogroups I and II) and MS2 bacteriophage capsid integrity. A slightly modified version of the ISO method was used. RT-qPCR was used for virus detection following digestion of accessible viral RNA using RNases. MS2 phage infectivity was measured using a plaque assay. The effect of shellfish digestive glands (DG) on recovery was evaluated. In the presence of shellfish DG, a reduction in MS2 phage infectivity of about 1 log10 was observed after the Proteinase K digestion method and after heat treatment component alone. For norovirus GII and MS2 phage, there was no significant loss of genome following the Proteinase K digestion method but there was a significant 0.24 log10 loss of norovirus GI. In the absence of shellfish DG, the reduction in MS2 phage infectivity was about 2 log10, with the addition of RNases resulting in a significant loss of genome for all tested viruses following complete Proteinase K digestion method and the heat treatment alone. While some protective effect from the shellfish DG on viruses was observed, the impact on capsid integrity and infectivity suggests that this method, while suitable for norovirus genome detection, may not completely preserve virus infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Langlet
- Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO BOX 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand.
| | - Laetitia Kaas
- Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO BOX 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Dawn Croucher
- Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO BOX 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO BOX 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
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Randazzo W, D'Souza DH, Sanchez G. Norovirus: The Burden of the Unknown. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 86:13-53. [PMID: 30077220 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HNoVs) are primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route, either by person-to-person contact, or by ingestion of contaminated food or water as well as by aerosolization. Moreover, HNoVs significantly contribute to foodborne diseases being the causative agent of one-fifth of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. As a consequence of globalization, transnational outbreaks of foodborne infections are reported with increasing frequency. Therefore, in this review, state-of-the-art information regarding molecular procedures for human norovirus detection in food as well common food processing technologies have been summarized. Besides, the purpose of this chapter is to consolidate basic information on various aspects of HNoVs and to summarize food processing technologies that can potentially be applied in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Randazzo
- IATA-CSIC, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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40
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Summa M, Maunula L. Rapid Detection of Human Norovirus in Frozen Raspberries. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:51-60. [PMID: 29019092 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Raspberries have lately caused several human norovirus (HuNoV) outbreaks in Europe. In this study, we developed and evaluated for HuNoV reverse transcription (RT)-PCR detection in frozen raspberries extraction methods that have equal sensitivity but are less time-consuming than widely used methods based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and chloroform-butanol purification. One method was applied to stored frozen raspberries linked to previous HuNoV outbreaks and berries on sale. In the virus elution-based Method 1, sparkling water eluted viruses most efficiently from the berries. Method 2, based on direct nucleic acid extraction with minor PEG supplement, yielded the highest number of positive findings (4 out of 9) at low virus concentration level of 100 genome copies HuNoV genogroup II per 25 g raspberries. Both methods showed approximately equal sensitivity to a method including PEG precipitation and chloroform-butanol purification. Two naturally contaminated berry samples linked to HuNoV outbreaks in 2006 and 2009 were still positive for HuNoV genogroup I, but all berry products purchased from a local store remained negative for HuNoV. In conclusion, this study presents two efficient and rapid methods which can be used in urgent HuNoV outbreak investigations, since the results of the virus analysis are available in a few hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Summa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Leena Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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41
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Cheng D, Zou S, Liao N, Shi X, Chen J, Zhang Y, Sun L, Zhang R. Evaluation of an Extraction Method for the Detection of GI and GII Noroviruses in Fruit and Vegetable Salads. J Food Sci 2017; 83:393-400. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Cheng
- Coll. of Medical Technology; Zhejiang Chinese Medical Univ.; Hangzhou 310053 China
| | - Songyan Zou
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Safety; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou 310006 China
- Coll. of Medical Technology; Zhejiang Chinese Medical Univ.; Hangzhou 310053 China
| | - Ningbo Liao
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Safety; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou 310006 China
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- Coll. of Medical Technology; Zhejiang Chinese Medical Univ.; Hangzhou 310053 China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Safety; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou 310006 China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Safety; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou 310006 China
| | - Liang Sun
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Safety; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou 310006 China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Safety; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou 310006 China
- Coll. of Medical Technology; Zhejiang Chinese Medical Univ.; Hangzhou 310053 China
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42
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Zheng Y, Hu Y. Development of a fast and efficient method for hepatitis A virus concentration from green onion. J Virol Methods 2017; 249:161-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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43
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Martín-Díaz J, Lucena F. Extraction and RT-qPCR detection of enteroviruses from solid environmental matrixes: Method decision tree for different sample types and viral concentrations. J Virol Methods 2017; 251:145-150. [PMID: 29029976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative RT-PCR methods (RT-qPCR) are becoming increasingly desirable for the detection of enteric viruses in solid environmental matrixes such as sediments, soils and sewage sludge. However, effective methodologies that allow the extraction of high quality RNA ready for molecular quantification continue to be evaluated. In the present study, four different methods for enterovirus extraction from solid environmental matrixes were compared in terms of viral recovery and inhibitor removal. Three indirect methods based on glycine elution and concentration by ultracentrifugation were tested. The main differences between indirect methods were the sample to glycine buffer ratio, and the ultracentrifugation protocol applied. One commercial direct method was also tested. The indirect methods produced better results than the direct method. The ultracentrifugation led to viral losses in samples with high titers; however, as the virus concentration reduced, the ultracentrifugation became increasingly important for viral recovery. Two commercial RNA extraction kits were also evaluated and it was selected the most effective in removing RT-qPCR inhibitors. The results obtained allowed the development of a method decision tree with three versions that are suitable for different samples and viral concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martín-Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, C/Montalegre 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Lucena
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, C/Montalegre 6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
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44
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King T, Cole M, Farber JM, Eisenbrand G, Zabaras D, Fox EM, Hill JP. Food safety for food security: Relationship between global megatrends and developments in food safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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45
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Thermal inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage as a surrogate of enteric viruses in cow milk. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-017-1119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Neethirajan S, Ahmed SR, Chand R, Buozis J, Nagy É. Recent Advances in Biosensor Development for Foodborne Virus Detection. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:272-295. [PMID: 29071193 PMCID: PMC5646734 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of foodborne diseases related to fresh produce have been increasing in North America and Europe. Viral foodborne pathogens are poorly understood, suffering from insufficient awareness and surveillance due to the limits on knowledge, availability, and costs of related technologies and devices. Current foodborne viruses are emphasized and newly emerging foodborne viruses are beginning to attract interest. To face current challenges regarding foodborne pathogens, a point-of-care (POC) concept has been introduced to food testing technology and device. POC device development involves technologies such as microfluidics, nanomaterials, biosensors and other advanced techniques. These advanced technologies, together with the challenges in developing foodborne virus detection assays and devices, are described and analysed in this critical review. Advanced technologies provide a path forward for foodborne virus detection, but more research and development will be needed to provide the level of manufacturing capacity required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Neethirajan
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Syed Rahin Ahmed
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rohit Chand
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John Buozis
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Kim D, Lee HM, Oh KS, Ki AY, Protzman RA, Kim D, Choi JS, Kim MJ, Kim SH, Vaidya B, Lee SJ, Kwon J. Exploration of the metal coordination region of concanavalin A for its interaction with human norovirus. Biomaterials 2017; 128:33-43. [PMID: 28288347 PMCID: PMC7112440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid methods for the detection and clinical treatment of human norovirus (HuNoV) are needed to control foodborne disease outbreaks, but reliable techniques that are fast and sensitive enough to detect small amounts of HuNoV in food and aquatic environments are not yet available. We explore the interactions between HuNoV and concanavalin A (Con A), which could facilitate the development of a sensitive detection tool for HuNoV. Biophysical studies including hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed that when the metal coordinated region of Con A, which spans Asp16 to His24, is converted to nine alanine residues (mCon AMCR), the affinity for HuNoV (GII.4) diminishes, demonstrating that this Ca2+ and Mn2+ coordinated region is responsible for the observed virus-protein interaction. The mutated carbohydrate binding region of Con A (mCon ACBR) does not affect binding affinity significantly, indicating that MCR of Con A is a major region of interaction to HuNoV (GII.4). The results further contribute to the development of a HuNoV concentration tool, Con A-immobilized polyacrylate beads (Con A-PAB), for rapid detection of genotypes from genogroups I and II (GI and GII). This method offers many advantages over currently available methods, including a short concentration time. HuNov (GI and GII) can be detected in just 15 min with 90% recovery through Con A-PAB application. In addition, this method can be used over a wide range of pH values (pH 3.0 – 10.0). Overall, this rapid and sensitive detection of HuNoV (GI and GII) will aid in the prevention of virus transmission pathways, and the method developed here may have applicability for other foodborne viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duwoon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Hee-Min Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seo Oh
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Young Ki
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Rachael A Protzman
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkyun Kim
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Microbiology Division, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 61986, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Bipin Vaidya
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Physics and Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joseph Kwon
- Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea.
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48
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Yazdi M, Yavarmanesh M, Bahreini M, Mohebbi M. Preliminary Source Tracking of Male-Specific (F +) RNA Coliphage on Lettuce as a Surrogate of Enteric Viruses Using Reverse Transcription-PCR. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:103-113. [PMID: 27815782 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to preliminary track fecal source male-specific F+RNA coliphages including human and animals in lettuce. At first, two published virus extraction procedures of ultracentrifugation and PEG precipitation were compared using DAL assay for determining the recovery efficiency in lettuce spiked artificially with three concentrations (102, 104, 106 pfu/100 ml) of MS2 coliphage. The results showed that PEG precipitation had the highest recovery in which the recovery efficiency at the spiked level of 106 pfu/100 ml was 16.63 %. Aqueous phase obtained from the final step of PEG method was applied for enumeration of coliphage and viral RNA extraction in naturally contaminated lettuce samples (N = 30) collected from two sources (market and farm). The samples were then analyzed based on (I, II, III, and IV primer sets) using RT-PCR method. Coliphages were detected in 9 (60 %) and 12 (80 %) out of 15 market and farm samples, respectively, using DAL assay, whereas male-specific F+RNA coliphages were detected using the RT-PCR method in 9 (60 %) and 13 (86.6 %) out of 15 samples of market and farm, respectively. Based on the results, only genotype I of male-specific F+RNA coliphages was detected in lettuce samples and no sample tested was positive for other genotypes (II, III, and IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Yazdi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Yavarmanesh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Masumeh Bahreini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohebbat Mohebbi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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49
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Comparison of three extraction methods to detect noroviruses in dairy products. Food Microbiol 2017; 61:113-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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50
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Sánchez G, Sánchez G. Food and Viral Contamination: Analytical Methods. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119160588.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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