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Céline N, Rose-Anne L, Maxime M, Florent M, Philippe P. Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a human pathogen. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024:2406276. [PMID: 39286988 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2406276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Although brought to the forefront in the 1980s with the AIDS pandemic, microsporidia infecting humans are still little known. Enterocytozoon bieneusi, by far the most frequent microsporidia species causing diseases in humans, is responsible for intestinal illness in both non- and immunocompromised patients. This species presents an astonishing genetic diversity with more than 500 genotypes described, some of which having a strong zoonotic potential. Indeed, E. bieneusi infects a broad array of hosts, from wild to domestic animals. This emerging eukaryotic pathogen has thus been associated with foodborne/waterborne outbreaks. Several molecular assays have been developed to enhance its diagnosis or for epidemiological purposes, providing valuable new data. Here, we propose an overview of the current knowledge on this major species among the microsporidia, so far rather neglected in human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourrisson Céline
- Parasitology & Mycology unit, 3IHP, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte » (M2iSH) unit, UMR Inserm/Université Clermont Auvergne U1071, USC INRA 1382, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- National Reference Center for Cryptosporidiosis, Microsporidia and Other Digestive Protozoa, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lavergne Rose-Anne
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l'Immunité, UR1155, Nantes, France
| | - Moniot Maxime
- Parasitology & Mycology unit, 3IHP, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- National Reference Center for Cryptosporidiosis, Microsporidia and Other Digestive Protozoa, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Morio Florent
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l'Immunité, UR1155, Nantes, France
| | - Poirier Philippe
- Parasitology & Mycology unit, 3IHP, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte » (M2iSH) unit, UMR Inserm/Université Clermont Auvergne U1071, USC INRA 1382, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- National Reference Center for Cryptosporidiosis, Microsporidia and Other Digestive Protozoa, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Gomes-Gonçalves S, Santos-Silva S, Cruz AVS, Rodrigues C, Soeiro V, Barradas P, Mesquita JR. First report of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Erinaceus europaeus and Hemiechinus auritus hedgehogs from recovery centers of Portugal. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae073. [PMID: 39020251 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi microsporidia are emerging pathogens infecting a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, known to have zoonotic features since they infect both wild and domestic animals, and humans. Despite their significance, there is very limited epidemiological data on microsporidia in hedgehogs, especially European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and long-eared hedgehogs (Hemiechinus auritus), the former known as synantropic hedgehogs, and the latter suited as pets. As such, the present study aimed to assess the presence of E. bieneusi in hedgehogs from Portugal. For this purpose, fecal samples from 110 hedgehogs of three species-E. europaeus (n = 106), H. auritus (n = 1), and Atelerix albiventris (n = 3)-were collected and tested for E. bieneusi by PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer region and the flanking small and large subunits of the rRNA. We found an overall occurrence of 22.7% (25/110; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.28-31.70), with 22.6% (24/106; 95% [CI]: 15.08-31.79) in E. europaeus, 100% (1/1) in H. auritus, and 0% in A. albiventris. Interestingly, three novel genotypes were identified, all belonging to the potentially zoonotic Group 1. Our findings highlight the importance of hedgehogs as potential reservoirs for E. bieneusi and emphasize the need for further research to understand their role in transmission dynamics and assess the associated risks to public and veterinary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gomes-Gonçalves
- Department of Biology, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Santos-Silva
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia V S Cruz
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Rodrigues
- Centro de Recuperação e Interpretação do Ouriço - CRIDO, 4470-372 Maia, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Soeiro
- Parque Biológico de Gaia, 4430-812 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Barradas
- 1H -TOXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - João R Mesquita
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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Das BC, Chokkalingam P, Shareef MA, Shukla S, Das S, Saito M, Weiss LM. Methionine aminopeptidases: Potential therapeutic target for microsporidia and other microbes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024:e13036. [PMID: 39036929 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs) have emerged as a target for medicinal chemists in the quest for novel therapeutic agents for treating cancer, obesity, and other disorders. Methionine aminopeptidase is a metalloenzyme with two structurally distinct forms in humans, MetAP-1 and MetAP-2. The MetAP2 inhibitor fumagillin, which was used as an amebicide in the 1950s, has been used for the successful treatment of microsporidiosis in humans; however, it is no longer commercially available. Despite significant efforts and investments by many pharmaceutical companies, no new MetAP inhibitors have been approved for the clinic. Several lead compounds have been designed and synthesized by researchers as potential inhibitors of MetAP and evaluated for their potential activity in a wide range of diseases. MetAP inhibitors such as fumagillin, TNP-470, beloranib, and reversible inhibitors and their analogs guide new prospects for MetAP inhibitor development in the ongoing quest for new pharmacological indications. This perspective provides insights into recent advances related to MetAP, as a potential therapeutic target in drug discovery, bioactive small molecule MetAP2 inhibitors, and data on the role of MetAP-2 as a therapeutic target for microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar C Das
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Parthiban Chokkalingam
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Mohammed Adil Shareef
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Srushti Shukla
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Sasmita Das
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Mariko Saito
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Yang X, Fan YY, Yang DJ, Huang S, Wang JW, Chen X, Zhang M, Liu YW, Li Q, Song JK, Zhao GH. High genotype diversity and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in yaks (Bos grunniens) from Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. Parasite 2023; 30:39. [PMID: 37754780 PMCID: PMC10525053 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common pathogen in humans and various animals, threatening the breeding industry and public health. However, there is limited information on the molecular characteristics of E. bieneusi in yaks, an economically important animal mainly domesticated in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau in China. In the present study, nested PCR targeting the ITS gene region was applied to investigate the positive rates and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in 223 faecal samples of yaks from three locations in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. The total positive rate of E. bieneusi was 23.8% (53/223). Significant differences in positive rates were identified among yaks from three locations (χ2 = 8.535, p = 0.014) and four age groups (χ2 = 17.259, p = 0.001), with the highest positive rates in yaks from Yajiang and aged < 6 months, respectively. Sequence analysis identified seven known (EbpC, LW1, LQ10, PigEBITS5, ESH-01, J and BEB4) and five novel (Ganzi1-5) ITS genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed eight genotypes (EbpC, LW1, LQ10, PigEBITS5, ESH-01, Ganzi1, Ganzi2 and Ganzi4) in group 1 and three genotypes (J, BEB4 and Ganzi3) in group 2, indicating high genotype diversity and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi in yaks from Ganzi. Considering the increasing zoonotic genotypes in yaks in the present study compared with previous findings, interventions should be developed to reduce the potential transmission of E. bieneusi between humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Ying-Ying Fan
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Dan-Jiao Yang
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
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Animal Husbandry Science Institute of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Kangding 626000 China
| | - Shuang Huang
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Jun-Wei Wang
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Xu Chen
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Min Zhang
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Animal Husbandry Science Institute of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Kangding 626000 China
| | - Yi-Wen Liu
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Animal Husbandry Science Institute of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Kangding 626000 China
| | - Qiang Li
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Jun-Ke Song
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhao
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
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Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education Yangling 712100 China
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Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Yangling 712100 China
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Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province Yangling 712100 China
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Ahmadi B, Sarvi S, Keihanian S, Davoudi L, Daryani A, Mirjalali H, Ahmadpour E, Sadeghi M, Shariatzadeh SA, Shakeri S, Hosseini SA. Microscopic and Molecular Investigation of Intestinal Microsporidia in HIV + /AIDS and Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy in Mazandaran Province, North of Iran. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:690-698. [PMID: 37566357 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to identify Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in fecal samples of HIV + /AIDS and cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and comparing the results to healthy individuals in Mazandaran province, north of Iran. METHODS Stool samples were collected from 50 HIV + /AIDS patients, 50 cancer patients, and 50 healthy samples referred to medical centers in north of Iran. Stool samples were kept in 2.5% potassium dichromate at 4 °C, and stained by modified trichrome for light microscopy examination. The multiplex/nested-PCR targeted the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. To characterize genotypes, the nested PCR products sequenced by Bioneer Company and was subjected to phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS Ten of 50 samples (20%) of HIV + /AIDS patients, 5 of 50 samples (10%) of cancer patients, and 1 of healthy individuals (2%) were microscopically positive. From 50 HIV + / AIDS patients, E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. were detected in 10 (20%) and 6 (12%) cases, respectively. Furthermore, among cancer patients, 7 (14%) and 2 (4%) cases were E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp., respectively. Out of 50 samples of healthy individuals, only 3 (6%) cases of E. bieneusi were observed. The genotypes D and M were detected among positive samples of E. bieneusi. CONCLUSIONS E. bieneusi and then Encephalitozoon spp. are common intestinal microsporidia in HIV + /AIDS patients and cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Mazandaran province. E. bieneusi genotype D seems to be the predominant genotype in Mazandaran province. Due to the considerable prevalence of intestinal microsporidia, physicians are advised to pay more attention to this opportunistic infection in high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bentolhoda Ahmadi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahrbanoo Keihanian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Davoudi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mitra Sadeghi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Shariatzadeh
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeid Shakeri
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.
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Salamandane C, Lobo ML, Afonso S, Xiao L, Matos O. Exploring genetic variability of Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raw vegetables and fruits: implications for food safety and public health in Mozambique. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1223151. [PMID: 37601378 PMCID: PMC10436600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1223151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are etiological agents of enteric diseases characterized by diarrhea that can progress to chronicity in humans, especially in children and in immunocompromised patients. This study aims to assess the genetic pattern of G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi detected in vegetables and fruits commercialized in Maputo markets, Mozambique and determine their public health importance. Eight study points were sampled: a farmer zone, a wholesale, four retail markets, and two supermarkets in Maputo city, where eight types of horticultural products were purchased. Using nested-PCR methods, 2.8% (9/321) and 1.3% (4/321) of samples monitored were positive for G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi, respectively. Based on the analysis of the β-giardin and ITS rRNA sequences of G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi detected, respectively, four different sequences of G. duodenalis (three novel sequences: BgMZ1, BgMZ2, and BgMZ3, and one known sequence) all from assemblage B and three genotypes of E. bieneusi (two novel sequences: EbMZ4 and EbMZ5, and one known sequence: KIN-1) from group 1. These microorganisms were found and characterized for the first time in horticultural products in Maputo markets. All identified G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi display high genetic similarity within their β-giardin and ITS rRNA sequences, respectively, having been clustered into assemblages and genotypes with high zoonotic transmission potential. Our study may represent a relevant step in the understanding of these intestinal pathogens in association with fresh vegetables and fruits for human consumption, for a better and broader "One Health" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Salamandane
- Group of Opportunistic Protozoa/HIV and Other Protozoa, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Nova School of Business and Economics, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Carcavelos, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade Lúrio, Nampula, Mozambique
| | - Maria Luísa Lobo
- Group of Opportunistic Protozoa/HIV and Other Protozoa, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sónia Afonso
- Parasitology Department of Veterinary Faculty, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Olga Matos
- Group of Opportunistic Protozoa/HIV and Other Protozoa, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Environmental Health Institute, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Baz-González E, Abreu-Acosta N, Foronda P. High Prevalence of Microsporidia in the North African Hedgehog ( Atelerix algirus) in the Canary Islands, Spain. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1756. [PMID: 37889680 PMCID: PMC10251962 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are unicellular eukaryotic obligate intracellular parasites with a wide range of hosts reported worldwide; however, little is known about the epidemiological data on microsporidia infection in animals from the Canary Islands. Since data on microsporidia infection in hedgehog species are scarce, the aim of this study was to analyze the presence and identity of microsporidia in a group of North African hedgehogs (Atelerix algirus) using microscopic and molecular methods. From December 2020 to September 2021, a total of 36 fecal samples were collected from naturally deceased hedgehogs from Tenerife and Gran Canaria. All samples showed spore-compatible structures (100%; 36/36) under microscopic analysis, of which 61.1% (22/36) were amplified via the nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and the partial sequence of the 5.8S rRNA gene. After Sanger sequencing and ITS analysis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in 47.2% (17/36) of the samples, identifying two novel genotypes (AAE1 and AAE2), followed by the detection of an undetermined species in 8.3% (3/36) and Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype I in 5.6% (2/36) of the samples. This study constitutes the first report of microsporidia species in Atelerix algirus worldwide, highlighting the high prevalence of zoonotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Baz-González
- Department Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas y Farmacéuticas, Desarrollo y Calidad de Vida, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Néstor Abreu-Acosta
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
- Nertalab S.L.U., 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Pilar Foronda
- Department Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38203 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
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Tapia-Veloz E, Gozalbo M, Guillén M, Dashti A, Bailo B, Köster PC, Santín M, Carmena D, Trelis M. Prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasites among schoolchildren in Ecuador, with emphasis on the molecular diversity of Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis sp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011339. [PMID: 37224177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal helminths, including Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH), and Gastrointestinal Protist (GP) infections are major contributors to the global burden of disease, particularly in low-income countries such Ecuador. Their epidemiology in these settings is largely unknown. METHODOLOGY This prospective cross-sectional study investigates the carriage of intestinal helminths, including STH, and GP in asymptomatic schoolchildren (3-11 years) in the Chimborazo and Guayas provinces, Ecuador. Single stool samples (n = 372) and epidemiological questionnaires on demographics and potential risk factors were collected from participating schoolchildren. Conventional microscopy examination was used as screening method, and molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) assays were used to further investigate the epidemiology of some GP. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the strength of the association of suspected risk factors with the presence of helminths and GP. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS At least one intestinal parasite species was observed by microscopy in 63.2% (235/372) of the participating schoolchildren. Enterobius vermicularis (16.7%, 62/372; 95% CI: 13.0-20.9) and Blastocystis sp. (39.2%, 146/372; 95% CI: 34.2-44.2) were the most prevalent among helminths and GP, respectively. Assemblages A (50.0%), B (37.5%) and A+B (12.5%) were detected within Giardia duodenalis and ST3 (28.6%), ST1 and ST2 (26.2% each), and ST4 (14.3%) within Blastocystis sp. Three genotypes, two known (A: 66.7%; KB-1: 16.7%) and a novel (HhEcEb1, 16.7%) were identified within Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Municipality of origin, household overcrowding, and poor sanitation and personal hygiene habits were risk factors for childhood intestinal parasites colonization. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Despite massive government drug administration programs, STH and GP infection remain a public health concern in paediatric populations living in poor-resource settings. Molecular analytical methods are required to better understand the epidemiology of these intestinal parasites. This study provides novel information on the occurrence of Blastocystis sp. and E. bieneusi genetic variants circulating in Ecuadorian human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephany Tapia-Veloz
- Area of Parasitology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Gozalbo
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Science of the Food, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marisa Guillén
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Science of the Food, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Mónica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Trelis
- Area of Parasitology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Liu H, Ni H, Liu S, Shen Y, Wang R, Cao J, Yin J. First report on occurrence and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis from diarrheal outpatients in Ningbo, Southeast China. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105952. [PMID: 36528327 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis are three important zoonotic pathogens which were a major cause of foodborne or waterborne intestinal diseases in humans and animals. However, very little data about occurrence and genotypes of the three parasites in Ningbo in the south wing of the Yangtze River Delta, China, which is important for a tourist city. In the present study, molecular characterization of E. bieneusi, C. cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium spp. in fecal samples from 489 diarrheal outpatients were carried out. As a result, a total of 35 (7.16%, 35/489) and three (0.61%, 3/489) samples were positive for E. bieneusi and C. cayetanensis respectively. No Cryptosporidium-positive sample or mixed-infections were detected. Four known E. bieneusi genotypes (Type IV, D, I and CHN4) and 8 novel genotypes (NBH1-NBH8) were identified with type IV was the dominant genotype (n = 14), followed by genotypes D (n = 5), NBH8 (n = 5) and NBH7 (n = 3). The remaining genotypes were found in one sample each, and these genotypes were belonged to the previously described high-potential zoonotic group 1. One novel sequence named NBC315, and the other two sequences (NBC30 and NBC370) identical with the reported sequence were detected. Therefore, the existence and importance of zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi and C. cayetanensis in diarrheal outpatients in Ningbo indicates the public health threats, and more investigations should be carried out in human populations, animals and other environmental sources from the One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongxia Ni
- Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315010, China
| | - Shike Liu
- Ninghai County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315699, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315010, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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10
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Zhou K, Liu M, Wu Y, Zhang R, Wang R, Xu H, Wang Y, Yao L, Yu H, Liu A. Enterocytozoon bieneusi in patients with diarrhea and in animals in the northeastern Chinese city of Yichun: genotyping and assessment of potential zoonotic transmission. Parasite 2022; 29:40. [PMID: 36047999 PMCID: PMC9435466 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common microsporidia species in humans and animals. Due to lack of effective vaccines and drugs, understanding of its epidemiological status and characteristics in different hosts is an important step in controlling the infection. The present study aimed at determining the prevalence of E. bieneusi in humans with diarrhea and animals in Yichun, in northeastern China, and assessing the epidemiological role of animals in the transmission of microsporidiosis. A total of 540 fecal samples were collected from diarrheal patients (n = 222) and 11 animal species (n = 318). Enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in 1.4% (3/222) of diarrheal patients, and genotype D and novel genotypes YCHH1 and YCHH2 were identified. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in wild boars (7.7%), sika deer (8.2%), dogs (3.2%), and ostriches (10.7%), and genotypes D, Type IV, Peru6, BEB6 and novel genotypes YCHA1, YCHA2 and YCHA3 were identified. Genotypes YCHH1, YCHH2 and YCHA1 were phylogenetically assigned to group 1, while YCHA2 and YCHA3 to groups 2 and 11, respectively. The finding of genotype D in humans and animals, and the identification of zoonotic genotypes Peru6, Type IV, BEB6 in animal-derived E. bieneusi isolates indicate the potential of zoonotic transmission of microsporidiosis in the investigated area. The observation of the three novel genotypes in group 1 indicates their zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 Heilongjiang China
| | - Mingchao Liu
- Central Hospital of Yichun Forestry Administration Yichun 153000 Heilongjiang China
| | - Yanchen Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 Heilongjiang China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Central Hospital of Yichun Forestry Administration Yichun 153000 Heilongjiang China
| | - Ru Wang
- Central Hospital of Yichun Forestry Administration Yichun 153000 Heilongjiang China
| | - Hui Xu
- Central Hospital of Yichun Forestry Administration Yichun 153000 Heilongjiang China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Central Hospital of Yichun Forestry Administration Yichun 153000 Heilongjiang China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 Heilongjiang China
| | - Hongmei Yu
- Central Hospital of Yichun Forestry Administration Yichun 153000 Heilongjiang China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 Heilongjiang China
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11
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Vioque F, Dashti A, Santín M, Ruiz-Fons F, Köster PC, Hernández-Castro C, García JT, Bailo B, Ortega S, Olea PP, Arce F, Chicharro C, Nieto J, González F, Viñuela J, Carmena D, González-Barrio D. Wild micromammal host spectrum of zoonotic eukaryotic parasites in Spain. Occurrence and genetic characterisation. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2926-e2942. [PMID: 35752461 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Micromammals have historically been recognized as highly contentious species in terms of the maintenance and transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans. Limited information is currently available on the epidemiology and potential public health significance of intestinal eukaryotes in wild micromammals. We examined 490 faecal samples, grouped into 155 pools, obtained from 11 micromammal species captured in 11 Spanish provinces for the presence of DNA from Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. The presence of Leishmania spp. was investigated in individual spleen samples. All micromammal species investigated harboured infections by at least one eukaryotic parasite, except Apodemus flavicollis, Myodes glareolus, Sorex coronatus and Sciurus vulgaris, but the sample size for these host species was very low. Cryptosporidium spp. was the most prevalent species found (3.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.2-5.7), followed by G. duodenalis (2.8%, 95% CI: 1.6-4.6) and E. bieneusi (2.6%, 95% CI: 1.4-4.3). All pooled faecal samples tested negative for Blastocystis sp. Leishmania infantum was identified in 0.41% (95% CI: 0.05-1.46) of the 490 individual spleen samples analysed. Sequence analyses allowed the identification of Cryptosporidium andersoni (5.9%), C. ditrichi (11.7%), C. muris (5.9%), C. parvum (5.9%), C. tyzzeri (5.9%), rat genotypes CR97 (5.9%) and W19 (5.9%), vole genotypes V (11.7%) and VII (5.9%) and Cryptosproridium spp. (35.3%) within Cryptosporidium (n = 17). Known genotypes C (66.7%) and Peru11 (25.0%) and a novel genotype (named MouseSpEb1, 8.3%) were detected within E. bieneusi (n = 12). None of the G. duodenalis-positive samples could be genotyped at the assemblage level. Molecular data indicate that wild micromammals were primarily infected by rodent-adapted species/genotypes of eukaryotic pathogens and thereby have a limited role as a source of human infections. The presence of ruminant-adapted species C. andersoni along with finding C. parvum is indicative of an overlap between domestic/peri-domestic and sylvatic transmission cycles of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Vioque
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Santín
- EnvironmentalMicrobial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Hernández-Castro
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Parasitology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Corporation for the Study of Tropical Pathologies, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jesus T García
- Parasitology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Corporation for the Study of Tropical Pathologies, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sheila Ortega
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro P Olea
- Department of Ecology, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Research on Biodiversity and Global Change (CIBC-UAM), Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Arce
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Carmen Chicharro
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Nieto
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando González
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Viñuela
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Ramezanzadeh S, Beloukas A, Pagheh AS, Rahimi MT, Hosseini SA, Oliveira SMR, de Lourdes Pereira M, Ahmadpour E. Global Burden of Cyclospora cayetanensis Infection and Associated Risk Factors in People Living with HIV and/or AIDS. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061279. [PMID: 35746750 PMCID: PMC9228463 DOI: 10.3390/v14061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis infections remain one of the most common protozoan opportunistic causes of gastrointestinal diseases and diarrhea among people living with HIV and/or AIDS (PLWHA). This study was conducted to provide a summary of the evidence on the global burden of C. cayetanensis infection and associated risk factors among PLWHA. Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and EMBASE were searched up to February 2022. All original peer-reviewed original research articles were considered, including descriptive and cross-sectional studies describing C. cayetanensis in PLWHA. Incoherence and heterogeneity between studies were quantified by I index and Cochran’s Q test. Publication and population bias were assessed with funnel plots and Egger’s asymmetry regression test. All statistical analyses were performed using StatsDirect. The pooled prevalence of C. cayetanensis infection among PLWHA was 3.89% (95% CI, 2.62–5.40). The highest prevalence found in South America was 7.87% and the lowest in Asia 2.77%. In addition, the prevalence of C. cayetanensis was higher in PLWHA compared to healthy individuals. There was a relationship between a higher C. cayetanensis prevalence in PLWHA with a CD4 cell count below 200 cells/mL and people with diarrhea. The results show that PLWHA are more vulnerable to C. cayetanensis infection and emphasizes the need to implement the screening and prophylaxis tailored to the local context. Owing to the serious and significant clinical manifestations of the parasite, an early identification of seropositivity is recommended to initiate prophylaxis between PLWHA with a CD4 count ≤200 cells/mL and PLWHA who do not receive antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ramezanzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran;
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece, Department of Public Health Policy, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece;
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Abdol Sattar Pagheh
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 97178-53577, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Taghi Rahimi
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud 36147-73955, Iran;
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 33971-48157, Iran;
| | - Sonia M. Rodrigues Oliveira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.d.L.P.); or (E.A.); Tel.: +351-234-378141 (M.d.L.P.); +98-413-5428595 (E.A.); Fax: +98-413-3373745 (E.A.)
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran;
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.d.L.P.); or (E.A.); Tel.: +351-234-378141 (M.d.L.P.); +98-413-5428595 (E.A.); Fax: +98-413-3373745 (E.A.)
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13
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Abstract
Microsporidia are pathogenic organism related to fungi. They cause infections in a wide variety of mammals as well as in avian, amphibian, and reptilian hosts. Many microsporidia species play an important role in the development of serious diseases that have significant implications in human and veterinary medicine. While microsporidia were originally considered to be opportunistic pathogens in humans, it is now understood that infections also occur in immune competent humans. Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are primarily mammalian pathogens. However, many other species of microsporidia that have some other primary host that is not a mammal have been reported to cause sporadic mammalian infections. Experimental models and observations in natural infections have demonstrated that microsporidia can cause a latent infection in mammalian hosts. This chapter reviews the published studies on mammalian microsporidiosis and the data on chronic infections due to these enigmatic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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14
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Kwon JY, Seo JY, Kim TY, Lee HI, Ju JW. First Identification and Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Prevalence of Encephalitozoon intestinalis in Patients with Acute Diarrhea in the Republic of Korea. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111424. [PMID: 34832580 PMCID: PMC8622466 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi can cause diarrhea in humans, especially severe diarrhea in immunocompromised patients. However, there have been few studies on Enc. intestinalis and Ent. bieneusi in patients with acute diarrhea in the Republic of Korea (ROK). In this study, fecal samples were collected from 1241 patients with acute diarrhea in 2020. Among these, 24 cases of Enc. intestinalis and one case of Ent. bieneusi were detected via PCR amplification of small subunit ribosomal RNA. Genotyping of the internal transcribed spacer region sequence revealed that the detected Ent. bieneusi genotype was in Group 1. This study provides the first evidence that Ent. bieneusi exists in humans in addition to animals in the ROK. To identify the causative agent, continuous monitoring of Enc. intestinalis and Ent. bieneusi is necessary for patients with acute diarrhea in the ROK.
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Occurrence of Intestinal Parasites of Public Health Significance in Fresh Horticultural Products Sold in Maputo Markets and Supermarkets, Mozambique. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091806. [PMID: 34576702 PMCID: PMC8469142 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium are important neglected parasites associated with diarrhea, such as the emerging Enterocytozoon bieneusi. All three are foodborne parasites raising concerns in public health. This study intended to understand the intestinal parasite occurrence with emphasis on G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium, and E. bieneusi in fresh fruits/vegetables sold in the main municipal markets of Maputo city, Mozambique. (2) Methods: A total of 321 fresh horticultural products were purchased in the rainy and dry seasons (five markets/two supermarkets/one agricultural zone). Light microscopy (LM) and PCR analysis were performed. (3) Results: By LM and/or PCR, 29.3% of the samples presented at least one parasite (rainy season: 22.9%; dry season: 35.1%). The most contaminated horticultural products: collected in dry season, from Zimpeto and Fajardo markets, lettuce and pointed white cabbage. Overall, 3.7% of G. duodenalis, 1.3% of E. bieneusi, and other intestinal parasites (pathogenic and non-pathogenic) were identified. (4) Conclusions: Important pathogenic intestinal parasites were identified in fruits/vegetables commercially purchased in Maputo City. This fact must be taken into consideration when planning the management of these horticultural markets, in order to reduce the risk of contamination of fresh produce by intestinal parasites, and to prevent foodborne diseases.
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Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens identified ∼150 years ago as the cause of pébrine, an economically important infection in silkworms. There are about 220 genera and 1,700 species of microsporidia, which are classified based on their ultrastructural features, developmental cycle, host-parasite relationship, and molecular analysis. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that microsporidia are related to the fungi, being grouped with the Cryptomycota as a basal branch or sister group to the fungi. Microsporidia can be transmitted by food and water and are likely zoonotic, as they parasitize a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Infection in humans occurs in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient hosts, e.g., in patients with organ transplantation, patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and patients receiving immune modulatory therapy such as anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody. Clusters of infections due to latent infection in transplanted organs have also been demonstrated. Gastrointestinal infection is the most common manifestation; however, microsporidia can infect virtually any organ system, and infection has resulted in keratitis, myositis, cholecystitis, sinusitis, and encephalitis. Both albendazole and fumagillin have efficacy for the treatment of various species of microsporidia; however, albendazole has limited efficacy for the treatment of Enterocytozoon bieneusi. In addition, immune restoration can lead to resolution of infection. While the prevalence rate of microsporidiosis in patients with AIDS has fallen in the United States, due to the widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), infection continues to occur throughout the world and is still seen in the United States in the setting of cART if a low CD4 count persists.
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Zhang Y, Xin L, Zhao A, Xu C, Wang T, Jing B, Qi M. Molecular detection and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farmed mink ( Neovison vison), blue foxes ( Alopex lagopus), and raccoon dogs ( Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Xinjiang, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 14:211-215. [PMID: 33898222 PMCID: PMC8056124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen that infects a variety of hosts including humans, livestock, wildlife, companion animals, and birds, as well as being abundant in the environment. Humans and nonhuman animals could be infected with E. bieneusi via consumption of food or water that contains zoonotic and host-adapted genotypes. In this study, 288 fecal specimens were collected from farmed minks, blue foxes, and raccoon dogs, in Xinjiang, China. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was examined by PCR amplification based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The overall infection rate of E. bieneusi was 4.9% (14/288), with mink samples showing the highest infection rate (5.6%, 12/214), followed by blue foxes (2.9%, 1/35), and then raccoon dogs (2.6%, 1/39). Six E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, including D (n = 5), PigEBITS7 (n = 4), EbpA (n = 2), CAM5 (n = 1), WildBoar3 (n = 1), and a novel genotype XJMI-1 (n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis showed that all E. bieneusi genotypes belonged to group 1, which composed of over 300 genotypes and most of them have been identified in human and variety of animals, suggesting a risk of zoonotic transmission from farmed wildlife to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bo Jing
- Corresponding author. College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China.
| | - Meng Qi
- Corresponding author. College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China.
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18
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Messaoud M, Abbes S, Gnaien M, Rebai Y, Kallel A, Jemel S, Cherif G, Skhairia MA, Marouen S, Fakhfekh N, Mardassi H, Belhadj S, Znaidi S, Kallel K. High Frequency of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotype WL12 Occurrence among Immunocompromised Patients with Intestinal Microsporidiosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030161. [PMID: 33668221 PMCID: PMC7996336 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidiosis is an emerging opportunistic infection causing severe digestive disorders in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of intestinal microsporidia carriage among immunocompromised patients hospitalized at a major hospital complex in the Tunis capital area, Tunisia (North Africa), and perform molecular epidemiology and population structure analyses of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, which is an emerging fungal pathogen. We screened 250 stool samples for the presence of intestinal microsporidia from 171 patients, including 81 organ transplant recipients, 73 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive patients, and 17 patients with unspecified immunodeficiency. Using a nested PCR-based diagnostic approach for the detection of E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp., we identified 18 microsporidia-positive patients out of 171 (10.5%), among which 17 were infected with E. bieneusi. Microsporidia-positive cases displayed chronic diarrhea (17 out of 18), which was associated more with HIV rather than with immunosuppression other than HIV (12 out of 73 versus 6 out of 98, respectively, p = 0.02) and correlated with extended hospital stays compared to microsporidia-negative cases (60 versus 19 days on average, respectively; p = 0.001). Strikingly, internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based genotyping of E. bieneusi strains revealed high-frequency occurrence of ITS sequences that were identical (n = 10) or similar (with one single polymorphic site, n = 3) to rare genotype WL12. Minimum-spanning tree analyses segregated the 17 E. bieneusi infection cases into four distinct genotypic clusters and confirmed the high prevalence of genotype WL12 in our patient population. Phylogenetic analyses allowed the mapping of all 17 E. bieneusi strains to zoonotic group 1 (subgroups 1a and 1b/1c), indicating loose host specificity and raising public health concern. Our study suggests a probable common source of E. bieneusi genotype WL12 transmission and prompts the implementation of a wider epidemiological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Messaoud
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia; (M.M.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (S.M.); (N.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Salma Abbes
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia; (M.M.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (S.M.); (N.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Mayssa Gnaien
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.G.); (Y.R.); (M.A.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Yasmine Rebai
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.G.); (Y.R.); (M.A.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Aicha Kallel
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia; (M.M.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (S.M.); (N.F.); (S.B.)
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.G.); (Y.R.); (M.A.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Sana Jemel
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia; (M.M.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (S.M.); (N.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Ghaya Cherif
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia; (M.M.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (S.M.); (N.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Mohamed Amine Skhairia
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.G.); (Y.R.); (M.A.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Sonia Marouen
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia; (M.M.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (S.M.); (N.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Najla Fakhfekh
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia; (M.M.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (S.M.); (N.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Helmi Mardassi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.G.); (Y.R.); (M.A.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Slaheddine Belhadj
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia; (M.M.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (S.M.); (N.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Sadri Znaidi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (M.G.); (Y.R.); (M.A.S.); (H.M.)
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Département Mycologie, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Kalthoum Kallel
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia; (M.M.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (S.J.); (G.C.); (S.M.); (N.F.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (K.K.)
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19
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Zhang Y, Koehler AV, Wang T, Gasser RB. Enterocytozoon bieneusi of animals-With an 'Australian twist'. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 111:1-73. [PMID: 33482973 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian microorganism that causes intestinal disease in animals including humans. E. bieneusi is an obligate intracellular pathogen, typically causing severe or chronic diarrhoea, malabsorption and/or wasting. Currently, E. bieneusi is recognised as a fungus, although its exact classification remains contentious. The transmission of E. bieneusi can occur from person to person and/or animals to people. Transmission is usually via the faecal-oral route through E. bieneusi spore-contaminated water, environment or food, or direct contact with infected individuals. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes are usually identified and classified by PCR-based sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. To date, ~600 distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi have been recorded in ~170 species of animals, including various orders of mammals and reptiles as well as insects in >40 countries. Moreover, E. bieneusi has also been found in recreational water, irrigation water, and treated raw- and waste-waters. Although many studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of E. bieneusi, prevalence surveys of animals and humans are scant in some countries, such as Australia, and transmission routes of individual genotypes and related risk factors are poorly understood. This article/chapter reviews aspects of the taxonomy, biology and epidemiology of E. bieneusi; the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of microsporidiosis; critically appraises the naming system for E. bieneusi genotypes as well as the phylogenetic relationships of these genotypes; provides new insights into the prevalence and genetic composition of E. bieneusi populations in animals in parts of Australia using molecular epidemiological tools; and proposes some areas for future research in the E. bieneusi/microsporidiosis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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20
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Peña-Fernández A, Anjum U, Wadoum REG, Koroma S, Berghs M. Competing ethics in a pilot strategy to implement parasitology training and research in post-Ebola Sierra Leone. Int Health 2020; 12:509-514. [PMID: 33165547 PMCID: PMC7650977 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of the focus of public health research post-Ebola in Sierra Leone has been on rebuilding the healthcare system. However, very little attention has focused on capacity building in knowledge necessary for (bio)medical research, specifically around emerging opportunistic human pathogens that contribute to the high morbidity and mortality rates in Sierra Leone. In collaboration with academic staff from the University of Makeni, we engaged in a small-scale pilot intervention to strengthen medical parasitology teaching and research. The cultural competencies and ethical expertise provided by Sierra Leonean academics was critical to work in local communities and ensuring consent to undertake research. Yet, at the end of a day of collecting samples, in small pieces of conversation, the staff also explained ethical constraints they experienced taking part in research collaborations. They illustrate that, while on the surface all may seem well with a project, there can be harmful effects in terms of accessibility, ownership, cultural responsiveness and accountability, which should be taken into consideration when establishing networks and collaborations with universities from low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Peña-Fernández
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Umar Anjum
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Raoul Emeric Guetiya Wadoum
- Department of Public Health, Microbiology and Immunology, Ernest Bai Koroma University of Science and Technology, Makeni, Sierra Leone
- Department of Public Health, University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone
| | - Sylvester Koroma
- Department of Public Health, University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone
| | - Maria Berghs
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
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21
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Zhang Z, Ma J, Huang X, Wen X, Jiang W, Chen L, Li N, Guo Y, Zhang L, Xiao L, Feng Y. Population genetic analysis suggests genetic recombination is responsible for increased zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from ruminants in China. One Health 2020; 11:100184. [PMID: 33392377 PMCID: PMC7772688 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen with worldwide distribution. Among the 11 established groups of E. bieneusi genotypes based on phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the human-infective potential and population genetics of the Group 1 genotypes from diverse hosts are well characterized. In contrast, Group 2 genotypes from ruminants have unclear population genetics, leading to poor understanding of their host range and zoonotic potential. In this study, we sequence-characterized 121 Group 2 isolates from dairy cattle, beef cattle, yaks, Tibetan sheep, golden takins, and deer from China at five genetic loci (ITS, MS1, MS3, MS4 and MS7), comparing with data from 113 Group 1 isolates from nonhuman primates. Except for MS7, most of the genetic loci produced efficient PCR amplification and high nucleotide identity between Groups 1 and 2 of E. bieneusi genotypes. In population genetic analyses of the sequence data, a strong linkage disequilibrium was observed among these genetic loci in the overall Group 2 population. The individual ITS genotypes (I, J and BEB4) within Group 2, however, had reduced linkage disequilibrium and increased genetic exchanges among isolates. There was only partial genetic differentiation between Group 1 and Group 2 genotypes, with some occurrence of genetic recombination between them. Genetic recombination was especially common between genotypes I and J within Group 2. The data presented indicate a high genetic identity between Group 1 and Group 2 genotypes of E. bieneusi, which could be responsible for the broad host range and high zoonotic potential of Group 2 genotypes in China. As there is no effective treatment against E. bieneusi, the One Health approach should be used in the control and prevention of zoonotic transmission of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Zhang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jingbo Ma
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xitong Huang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xi Wen
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
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22
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Ismail KA, Hawash YA, Saber T, Eed EM, Khalifa AS, Alsharif KF, Alghamdi SA, Khalifa AM, Khalifa OM, Althubiti HK, Alsofyani GM. Microsporidia infection in patients with autoimmune diseases. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:409-414. [PMID: 33154255 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Microsporidium is a spore-forming intracellular parasite that affects a wide range of hosts including humans. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a key role in the immunity to infection with microsporidia. Recently, the TNF-α antagonists have proven successful in treating variable autoimmune diseases. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the impact of using TNF-α antagonists as a therapeutic regimen in the prevalence of infections with microsporidia. Materials and Methods Diarrheal patients with distinct autoimmune diseases (n = 100) were assigned to the study. Patients taking anti-TNF-α medications (n = 60) were allocated to Group 1A and those undergoing non-TNF-α inhibitor treatment (n = 40) to Group 1B. Furthermore, patients with diarrhea without autoimmune disorders (n = 20) were allocated as controls. Stool specimens, 3 per patient, were collected and microscopically examined for microsporidia spores. A microsporidia-specific stool polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the microscopic findings. Results Microsporidia infection was identified in 28.3% (17/60), 10% (4/40), and in 5% (1/20) of patients in Group 1A, Group 1B, and in the control group, respectively. Overall, infection was significantly high in cases compared to the controls and in patients receiving TNF-α antagonists compared to patients not given TNF-α inhibitors (P < 0.05). Finally, infection was significantly higher in cases treated with TNF-α antagonists for ≥2 months compared to cases treated for <2 months of duration (P < 0.05). Conclusion There was a significant increase in microsporidia infection in autoimmune disease patients undergoing treatment with TNF-α antagonists, and the duration of treatment is one of the risk factors. The study highlights the importance of microsporidia testing in immunocompromised patients, particularly those undergoing treatment with anti-TNF-α drugs and emphasises the need for awareness among clinicians regarding this opportunistic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiga Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousry A Hawash
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Molecular and Clinical Parasitology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Taisir Saber
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Emad M Eed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Amany S Khalifa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Khalifa
- Department of Forensic and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Osama Mahmoud Khalifa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem K Althubiti
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gala M Alsofyani
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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23
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First identification of genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi (Microsporidia) among symptomatic and asymptomatic children in Mozambique. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008419. [PMID: 32603325 PMCID: PMC7357779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a human pathogen with a broad range of animal hosts. Initially, E. bieneusi was considered an emerging opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised, mainly HIV-infected patients, but it has been increasingly reported in apparently healthy individuals globally. As in other African countries, the molecular epidemiology of E. bieneusi in Mozambique remains completely unknown. Therefore, we undertook a study to investigate the occurrence and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi infections in children with gastrointestinal symptoms as well as in asymptomatic children in Mozambique. Individual stool specimens were collected from 1,247 children aged between 0 and 14 years-old living in urban and rural settings in Zambézia (n = 1,097) and Maputo (n = 150) provinces between 2016 and 2019. Samples were analysed for E. bieneusi by nested-PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene. All positive amplicons were confirmed and genotyped. Penalised logistic regression (Firth) was used to evaluate risk associations. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in this children population was 0.7% (9/1,247). A 10-fold higher prevalence was found in Maputo (4.0%; 6/150) than in Zambézia (0.3%; 3/1,097). All E. bieneusi-positive samples were from children older than 1-year of age, and most (8/9) from asymptomatic children. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the ITS region revealed the presence of four genotypes, three previously reported (Peru11, n = 1; Type IV, n = 2, and S2, n = 2) and a novel genotype (named HhMzEb1, n = 4). Novel genotype HhMzEb1 was identified in both asymptomatic (75%, 3/4) and symptomatic (25%, 1/4) children from a rural area in Maputo province in southern Mozambique. Genotypes HhMzEb1, Peru11, S2, and Type IV belonged to the Group 1 that includes genotypes with low host specificity and the potential for zoonotic and cross-species transmission. Being infected by enteric protozoan parasites and no handwashing were identified as risk associations for E. bieneusi infection. This study reports the first investigation of E. bieneusi genotypes in Mozambique with the identification of three previously reported genotypes in humans as well as a novel genotype (HhMzEb1). Findings highlight the need to conduct additional research to elucidate the epidemiology of E. bieneusi in the country, especially in rural areas where poor hygiene conditions still prevail. Special attention should be paid to the identification of suitable animal and environmental reservoirs of this parasite and to the characterization of transmission pathways.
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Wang H, Lin X, Sun Y, Qi N, Lv M, Xiao W, Chen Y, Xiang R, Sun M, Zhang L. Occurrence, risk factors and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in dogs and cats in Guangzhou, southern China: high genotype diversity and zoonotic concern. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:201. [PMID: 32552737 PMCID: PMC7301972 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a common opportunistic fungal pathogen, has a wide range of hosts. Limited epidemiological data on E. bieneusi intestinal infections in companion animals (dogs and cats) in China exists. In this study, fecal samples (651 from dogs and 389 from cats) in Guangzhou city, Guangdong Province, China, were collected, and the ribosomal internal transcribed (ITS) spacer region from the DNA extracted from them was Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-amplified and sequenced. Results Based on the sequencing data, E. bieneusi was identified in the fecal samples collected from 149 (22.9%) and 79 (20.3%) dogs and cats. Of the factors investigated, poor living conditions appeared to be the major risk factor for contracting the pathogen. Eleven E. bieneusi genotypes, six known (PtEb IX, GD1, D, CD9, EbpC, I) and five novel (designated here as GD2– GD6), were found in dogs. Eight genotypes, six known (PtEb IX, GD1, D, CD9, EbpC, Type IV) and two novel (GD2 and GC1), were identified in cats. Genotype PtEb IX was most common in both dogs and cats, followed by genotype GD1. Conclusions Although PtEb IX was the most common E. bieneusi genotype in dogs, this is the first report of this genotype dominating in cats. The same genotype distribution of the pathogen between the two different companion animals species in the same geographic area indicates that inter-species transmission is probable. The widespread existence of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes (D, EbpC, Type IV) in companion animals indicates that they are potential sources of environmental contamination and infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Unconventional Feed Resources, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xuhui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanshan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Minna Lv
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuancai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Ruiping Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Unconventional Feed Resources, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, P. R. China.
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Dashti A, Rivero-Juarez A, Santín M, López-López P, Caballero-Gómez J, Frías-Casas M, Köster PC, Bailo B, Calero-Bernal R, Briz V, Carmena D. Enterocytozoon bieneusi (Microsporidia): Identification of novel genotypes and evidence of transmission between sympatric wild boars (Sus scrofa ferus) and Iberian pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) in Southern Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2869-2880. [PMID: 32500974 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia is a phylum of obligate emergent intracellular protist-like fungi pathogens that infect a broad range of hosts including vertebrates and invertebrates. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common cause of microsporidiosis in humans, affecting primarily immunosuppressed patients but also reported in immunocompetent individuals. Epidemiological information on the presence and molecular diversity of E. bieneusi in livestock and wildlife in Spain is limited. Therefore, the occurrence of this microsporidia was investigated in sympatric extensively reared Iberian pigs (n = 186) and free ranging wild boars (n = 142) in the province of Córdoba, Southern Spain. Forty-two Iberian pigs (22.6%) and three wild boars (2.1%) were found E. bieneusi positive by PCR. In Iberian pigs, occurrence of E. bieneusi was significantly higher in sows than in fattening pigs (31.6% vs. 11.4%; p = .001). Five genotypes were identified in Iberian pigs, four previously reported (EbpA, PigEb4, O, Pig HN-II) and a novel genotype (named PigSpEb1), while only two genotypes were identified in wild boars, EbpA and novel genotype PigSpEb1. All five genotypes identified belong to Group 1 suggesting zoonotic potential. This study constitutes the first report on the occurrence and molecular characterization of E. bieneusi in Iberian pigs and wild boars. The identification of two genotypes with zoonotic potential in sympatric Iberian pigs and wild boars suggests that E. bieneusi can be potentially transmitted between those two hosts, but also implies that they may act as natural sources of microsporidia infection to other hosts including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mónica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Pedro López-López
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mario Frías-Casas
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Briz
- Viral Hepatitis Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
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Chen L, Li N, Guo Y, Zhao J, Feng Y, Xiao L. Multilocus sequence typing of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Hainan, China. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:182. [PMID: 32268912 PMCID: PMC7140316 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04046-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi is one of common intestinal pathogens in humans and animals including non-human primates (NHPs). Many zoonotic pathogens including E. bieneusi have been found in these animals. However, there are few studies on the population structure of E. bieneusi in NHPs. To infer the gene diversity and population genetics of E. bieneusi, we selected 88 E. bieneusi-positive samples from crab-eating macaques for multilocus characterizations in this study. Methods The E. bieneusi isolates examined belonged to three common genotypes with different host ranges by sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS): Type IV (n = 44), Macaque3 (n = 24) and Peru8 (n = 20). They were further characterized by sequence analysis at four microsatellite and minisatellite loci (MS1, MS3, MS4 and MS7). DnaSP, Arlequin and LIAN were used to analyze the sequence data together with those from the ITS locus to infer the population genetics. Subpopulation structure was inferred using phylogenetic and STRUCTURE analyses. Results Seventy-two (81.8%), 71 (80.7%), 76 (86.4%) and 79 (89.8%) samples were amplified and sequenced successfully at the MS1, MS3, MS4 and MS7 loci, respectively, with 53 having sequence data at all five MLST loci including ITS. Altogether, 33 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were produced based on concatenated sequences from the 53 samples. In phylogenetic analyses of sequences and allelic data, four major subpopulations (SPs) were observed with different ITS genotypes in each of them: Type IV and Peru8 in SP1 and SP2; Type IV, Macaque3 and Peru8 in SP3; and Type IV and Macaque3 in SP4. SP3 and SP4 were phylogenetically related and might be NHP-specific based on the fact that Macaque3 is mostly found in NHPs. A strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed among the multilocus sequences and allelic data. Conclusions The significant LD in the multilocus sequence analysis indicated the presence of an overall clonal population structure of E. bieneusi in crab-eating macaques. The inconsistent segregation of MLGs among ITS genotypes suggested some occurrence of genetic recombination. These observations should improve our understanding of the population genetics of E. bieneusi in NHPs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Molecular Diversity of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Blastocystis sp. in Asymptomatic School Children in Leganés, Madrid (Spain). Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040466. [PMID: 32218318 PMCID: PMC7232429 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric parasites including Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and to a lesser extent, Blastocystis sp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, are major worldwide contributors to diarrhoeal disease. Assessing their molecular frequency and diversity is important to ascertain the sources of infection, transmission dynamics, and zoonotic potential. Little molecular information is available on the genotypes of these pathogens circulating in apparently healthy children. Here, we show that asymptomatic carriage of G. duodenalis (17.4%, 95% CI: 15.5‒19.4%), Blastocystis sp. (13.0%, 95% CI: 11.4‒14.8%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (0.9%, 95% CI: 0.5‒1.5%) is common in children (1‒16 years; n = 1512) from Madrid, Spain. Our genotyping data indicate that; (i) the observed frequency and diversity of parasite genetic variants are very similar to those previously identified in Spanish clinical samples, so that the genotype alone does not predict the clinical outcome of the infection, (ii) anthroponotic transmission accounts for a large proportion of the detected cases, highlighting that good personal hygiene practices are important to minimizing the risk of infection, (iii) Blastocystis ST4 may represent a subtype of the parasite with higher pathogenic potential, and (iv) Enterocytozoon bieneusi does not represent a public health concern in healthy children.
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Zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in horses and donkeys in northern China. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1101-1108. [PMID: 32006227 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Limited data are available on infection rates and genetic identity of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in horses and donkeys. In this study, 865 fecal specimens were collected from donkeys (n = 540) and horses (n = 325) in three provinces and autonomous regions in northern China during 2015-2019. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected and genotyped by PCR and sequence analyses of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and G. duodenalis was detected and genotyped by PCR and sequence analyses of the β-giardin, glutamate dehydrogenase, and triosephosphate isomerase genes. The overall infection rates of E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis were 21.9% (118/540) and 11.5% (62/540) in donkeys, and 7.4% (24/325) and 2.8% (9/325) in horses, respectively. These differences in infection rates of E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis between donkeys and horses were significant (χ2 = 30.9, df = 1, P < 0.0001; χ2 = 20.4, df = 1, P < 0.0001, respectively). By age, the 28.9% infection rate of E. bieneusi in donkeys under 6 months was significantly higher than that in animals over 6 months (6.0%; χ2 = 35.2, df = 1, P < 0.0001). In contrast, donkeys of 6-12 months had higher infection rate (35.9%) of G. duodenalis than donkeys under 6 months (9.9%; χ2 = 22.1, df = 1, P < 0.0001) and over 12 months (8.7%; χ2 = 17.3, df = 1, P < 0.0001). In horses, animals of > 12 months had significantly higher infection rate (31.1%) of E. bieneusi than horses under 6 months (3.4%; χ2 = 29.4, df = 1, P < 0.0001) and 6-12 months (3.8%; χ2 = 26.1, df = 1, P < 0.0001). Twenty genotypes of E. bieneusi were detected, including six known ones and 14 new genotypes. Among them, nine genotypes in 45% E. bieneusi-positive specimens belonged to the zoonotic group 1. Similarly, three G. duodenalis assemblages were detected, including A (in 2 horses and 30 donkeys), B (in 6 horses and 29 donkeys), and E (in 1 horse); three donkeys had coinfections of assemblages A and B. The assemblage A isolates identified all belong to the sub-assemblage AI. These results indicate that unlike in other farm animals, there is a common occurrence of zoonotic E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis genotypes in horses and donkeys.
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Shen Y, Gong B, Liu X, Wu Y, Yang F, Xu J, Zhang X, Cao J, Liu A. First identification and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in humans in Myanmar. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:10. [PMID: 31931704 PMCID: PMC6958778 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal pathogen infections are widespread among impoverished populations. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common pathogen of intestinal microsporidian species in humans worldwide. However, no epidemiological information is available on E. bieneusi infection in humans in Myanmar. The present study comprised the first identification and genotyping of E. bieneusi in humans conducted in Myanmar. Results A total of 172 fecal specimens were collected from the Wa people (one each) in four villages of Pangsang Township of the Matman District of Shan State, Myanmar, and each participant completed a questionnaire. E. bieneusi was identified and genotyped using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. The average prevalence of E. bieneusi was 8.72% (15/172), ranging from 3.85 to 13.89% by village. E. bieneusi infection was not related to any of the risk factors studied. Six genotypes were identified, comprising two known genotypes Peru6 (n = 10) and D (n = 1) and four novel genotypes (MMR23, MMR25, MMR86, and MMR87) (one each), and two people infected with genotype Peru6 were from the same family. A phylogenetic analysis based on a neighbor-joining tree of the ITS sequences of E. bieneusi indicated that all the six genotypes were clustered into group 1. Conclusions This is the first identification and genotyping of E. bieneusi in humans in Myanmar. The observations that the two people infected with genotype Peru6 were from the same family, and that all six genotypes obtained in the present study fell into zoonotic group 1, showed the potential for anthropogenic and zoonotic transmissions. The present data argue for the importance of epidemiological control and prevention from medical sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Baiyan Gong
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanchen Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fengkun Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jie Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
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Dashti A, Santín M, Cano L, de Lucio A, Bailo B, de Mingo MH, Köster PC, Fernández-Basterra JA, Aramburu-Aguirre J, López-Molina N, Fernández-Crespo JC, Calero-Bernal R, Carmena D. Occurrence and genetic diversity of Enterocytozoon bieneusi (Microsporidia) in owned and sheltered dogs and cats in Northern Spain. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2979-2987. [PMID: 31435764 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an obligate intracellular protist-like fungi parasite that infects numerous mammal hosts including humans, raising concerns of zoonotic transmission. There is little information available on the presence and diversity of E. bieneusi genotypes in companion animals. Here, we determined the occurrence and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in domestic dogs and cats from Northern Spain. A total of 336 genomic DNA samples extracted from canine (n = 237) and feline (n = 99) faecal specimens were retrospectively investigated. The presence of E. bieneusi was assessed by PCR of the rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene. The parasite was detected in 3.0% (3/99) and 0.8% (2/237) of the cats and dogs examined, respectively. All three feline positive samples were from stray cats living in an urban setting, whereas the two canine samples were from owned dogs living in rural areas. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of two genotypes in dogs, BEB6 and PtEb IX, and two genotypes in cats, D and Peru11. The identification of Peru11 in a cat and BEB6 in a dog constitutes the first report of those genotypes in such hosts as well as first report in Spain. This is also the first evidence of genotype D in cats and PtEb IX in dogs in Spain. Three out of the four genotypes, BEB6, D and Peru11, have been previously reported as human pathogens and are potentially zoonotic indicating that dogs and cats need to be considered potential sources of human infection and environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Santín
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Lourdes Cano
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida de Lucio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Hernández de Mingo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Fernández-Basterra
- Department of Social Policy and Public Health, City Council of Vitoria-Gasteiz, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Juan Aramburu-Aguirre
- Department of Social Policy and Public Health, City Council of Vitoria-Gasteiz, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Nuria López-Molina
- Department of Social Policy and Public Health, City Council of Vitoria-Gasteiz, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Juan C Fernández-Crespo
- Sub-direction of Public Health of Álava, Department of Health, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET group, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Chen L, Zhao J, Li N, Guo Y, Feng Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Genotypes and public health potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in crab-eating macaques. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:254. [PMID: 31118092 PMCID: PMC6530032 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis are common human and animal pathogens. Studies have increasingly shown that non-human primates (NHPs) are common hosts of these two zoonotic parasites. However, few studies have explored the genetic diversity and public health potential of these pathogens in laboratory monkeys. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity of the two pathogens in crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in a commercial facility in Hainan, China. RESULTS Enterocytozoon bieneusi and G. duodenalis were detected by PCR analysis in 461/1452 (31.7%) and 469/1452 (32.3%) fecal specimens from the animals, respectively. Significantly higher detection rates of E. bieneusi were detected in males (36.5%, 258/706) than in females (26.7%, 160/599; χ2 = 14.391, P = 0.0001), in animals with loose stools (41.4%, 151/365) than those with normal stool (28.5%, 310/1087; χ2 = 20.83, P < 0.0001), and in animals of over 3 years of age (38.6%, 135/350) than those of 1-3 years (29.6%, 326/1,102; χ2 = 9.90, P = 0.0016). For G. duodenalis, the detection rate in males (33.4%, 236/706) was higher than in females but not statistically significant (30.2%, 181/599; χ2 = 1.54, P = 0.2152), in monkeys with loose stools (41.1%, 150/365) than those with normal stools (29.3%, 319/1087; χ2 = 17.25, P < 0.0001), and in monkeys of 1-3 years of age (36.6%, 403/1102) than those over 3 years (18.9%, 66/350; χ2 = 38.11, P < 0.0001). Nine E. bieneusi genotypes were detected in this study by DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer of the rRNA gene, namely Type IV (236/461), Peru8 (42/461), Pongo2 (27/461), Peru11 (12/461), D (4/461) and PigEbITS7 (1/461) previously seen in NHPs as well as humans, and CM1 (119/461), CM2 (17/461) and CM3 (3/461) that had been only detected in NHPs. DNA sequence analyses of the tpi, gdh and bg loci identified all G. duodenalis specimens as having assemblage B. Altogether, eight (4 known and 4 new), seven (6 known and 1 new) and seven (4 known and 3 new) subtypes were seen at the tpi, gdh and bg loci, leading to the detection of 53 multi-locus genotypes (MLG-B-hn01 to MLG-B-hn53). Most of them were genetically related to those previously seen in common Old-World monkeys. CONCLUSIONS Data from this study indicate a common occurrence of zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi and assemblage B of G. duodenalis in farmed crab-eating macaques in Hainan, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 Hainan China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yuanyuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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Gong B, Yang Y, Liu X, Cao J, Xu M, Xu N, Yang F, Wu F, Li B, Liu A, Shen Y. First survey of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and dominant genotype Peru6 among ethnic minority groups in southwestern China's Yunnan Province and assessment of risk factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007356. [PMID: 31121007 PMCID: PMC6550416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common microsporidian species causing diarrhea and other intestinal disorders in humans and animals. Like other infectious diseases, microsporidiosis usually disproportionately affects poor populations. In China, some ethnic minority areas remain poor. Currently, no information of E. bieneusi infection is available in minority populations. The present aims were to understand occurrence and genetic characterizations of E. bieneusi in ethnic minority groups from a poverty-stricken ethnic township in Yunnan Province, and to assess risk factors for E. bieneusi infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 289 fecal specimens were collected from Yao people (one specimen each) with and without diarrhea, in Yunnan Province. E. bieneusi was identified and genotyped by PCR and sequence analysis of the ITS region of the rRNA gene. An average prevalence of 8.30% (24/289) was observed and four genotypes were identified-genotype Peru6 (n = 21) and three novel genotypes (one each). Genotype Peru6 was detected in two family members in each of three families. In a phylogenetic analysis, all of four genotypes fell into group 1 with zoonotic potential. The people owning individual pit toilets had a statistically higher prevalence of E. bieneusi (16.67%, 12/72) than those using public pit toilets (6.06%, 12/198). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report on occurrence and genetic characteristics of E. bieneusi in ethnic minority groups in China. Genotype Peru6 was found in humans in China for the first time and showed dominance in Yao people. The same genotype was found in some family members and all the genotypes fell into group 1, suggesting the possibility of anthroponotic and zoonotic transmissions. The majority (83.33%, 20/24) of E. bieneusi positive individuals did not present diarrhea. In any case, it is important to recognize their existence and the importance that asymptomatic individuals to E. bieneusi may have from an epidemiological point of view, as transmitters of this pathogen. The analysis of risk factors provides scientific evidence for the development of effective strategies for prevention and control of E. bieneusi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyan Gong
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaming Yang
- Department of Helminth, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; Shanghai, China
| | - Fengkun Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fangwei Wu
- Department of Helminth, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, China
| | - Benfu Li
- Department of Helminth, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; Shanghai, China
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Feng SY, Chang H, Luo J, Huang JJ, He HX. First report of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in peafowl ( Pavo cristatus) in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 9:1-6. [PMID: 30976510 PMCID: PMC6438908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are important pathogens causing diarrhea in humans and animals. However, few studies have been conducted on the infection of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in peafowl up to now. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence and the involved genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in peafowl in Beijing and Jiangxi Province, China. In total, 258 peafowl fecal samples were collected. Overall, both Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi had the same prevalence, i.e. 6.59% (17/258). Higher infection rates of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. were found in the adolescent peafowl. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in Beijing and Jiangxi Province was 5.23% and 8.57% respectively. For Cryptosporidium spp., the prevalence was 4.58% and 9.52% in Beijing and Jiangxi Province, respectively. Three zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi were confirmed, including two known genotypes, genotype Peru 6 and D, and one novel genotype, JXP1. Two avian specific species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium, Avian genotype Ⅲ and Goose genotype Ⅰ, were identified. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. occurrence in peafowl in China. The findings suggest that peafowl could be reservoirs of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. which could be potentially transmitted to humans and other animals, and the present survey have implications for controlling E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. infection in peafowl. This is the first report of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in peafowl in China. The average infection rate was 6.59% and higher prevalence was found in the adolescent peafowl. Three zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi and 2 avian specific genotypes of Cryptosporidium were identified. This study will enrich the epidemiological data of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. infection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yong Feng
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Han Chang
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing-Jing Huang
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hong-Xuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Corresponding author. 1-5 Beichenxilu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Molecular Phylodiagnosis of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis in Children with Cancer: Microsporidia in Malignancies as an Emerging Opportunistic Infection. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:103-111. [PMID: 30644064 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-018-00012-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Microsporidia may cause infection in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent populations. The best strategy to control microsporidiosis is obtaining thorough knowledge of its outbreak and pathogenicity. PURPOSE : Because of the lack of precise estimation of microsporidia prevalence among Iranian children with cancer, the current study aimed at evaluating the rate of intestinal microsporidia in children undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS Patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy in a children's hospital in Northwestern Iran were studied; 132 stool samples were collected and stained by the Weber and Ryan-blue modified trichrome staining techniques. The extracted DNA samples were evaluated by the nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. All positive isolates were sequenced for genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS A total of 17 (12.8%) samples were microscopically positive for microsporidia infection, whereas only 14 (10.6%) cases were positive based on nested PCR results. In the positive samples detected with nested PCR, the frequency of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis infections was 71.4% (n = 10) and 28.6% (n = 4), respectively. After sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the genotype of E. bieneusi was type D and the sequences of the isolated species were similar to those of the registered ones. CONCLUSION E. bieneusi is a major contributor to microsporidiosis in young immunocompromised patients in Iran. Microsporidia species are well-detected when confirmatory techniques such as molecular methods are in agreement with staining. So, to ensure this, a suggestion has been made to introduce a certain diagnostic test for microsporidiosis.
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Prado JBF, Ramos CADN, Fiuza VRDS, Terra VJB. Occurrence of zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cats in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:80-90. [PMID: 30785555 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an opportunistic intestinal pathogen that infects humans and a wide variety of animals worldwide. Our aim in this study was to investigate the occurrence of E. bieneusi in a domestic cat population in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Sixty fecal samples from diarrheic cats were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the amplicons were sequenced for identification. E. bieneusi was detected in two samples (3.3%), both identified as genotype D. This genotype has already been reported in animals and humans and is considered a zoonotic genotype. Our findings represent the first report of E. bieneusi in domestic cats in Brazil, reinforcing the importance of identifying this agent as a source of infection in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamille Batista Faria Prado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | | | - Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Cidade Universitária - Pioneiros, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Veronica Jorge Babo Terra
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
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Hassan NA, Lim YAL, Mahmud R, Mohd-Shaharuddin N, Wan Sulaiman WY, Ngui R. Molecular Diagnosis of Microsporidia among Immunocompromised Patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:1562-1566. [PMID: 30382015 PMCID: PMC6283486 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasitic fungi causing chronic diarrhea, particularly among immunocompromised patients. The current method used for diagnosis is based on conventional microscopy, which does not differentiate parasites at the species level. The present study was carried out to identify microsporidian species in immunocompromised patients. From March 2016 to March 2017, a total of 289 archived stool samples were examined microscopically for microsporidian spores using Gram-chromotrope Kinyoun (GCK) stain. Positive stool samples by microscopy were subjected to polymerase chain reaction and sequencing for species identification. Based on microscopy examination, the overall prevalence of microsporidian infections was 32.2% (93/289; 95% CI = 27.1-37.8). Of these stool samples, 45 samples were successfully amplified and confirmed as Enterocytozoon bieneusi. No Encephalitozoon intestinalis was detected. Accurate identification of species might help clinicians to decide appropriate management strategies as dissemination risks and treatment response vary for different species, hence improving the management of microsporidian infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur-Amirah Hassan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERIA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohela Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Wan Yusoff Wan Sulaiman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in people with gastrointestinal disorders in Queensland and Western Australia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:293-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wu Y, Chang Y, Chen Y, Zhang X, Li D, Zheng S, Wang L, Li J, Ning C, Zhang L. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from Tibetan sheep in Gansu, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Multiplex Real-time PCR Detection of Intestinal Protozoa in HIV-infected Children in Malawi: Enterocytozoon Bieneusi Is Common and Associated With Gastrointestinal Complaints and May Delay BMI (Nutritional Status) Recovery. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018; 37:910-915. [PMID: 29762365 PMCID: PMC6093278 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal protozoa are common opportunistic infections in HIV patients. Longitudinal studies on either the clinical relevance or the effect of immune reconstitution by antiretroviral therapy on intestinal protozoan infections in children are lacking however. This study investigates prevalence and clinical relevance of intestinal protozoa in HIV-infected Malawian children before and during their first year of antiretroviral treatment (ART). METHODS Stool samples collected at enrolment and during follow-up were tested for nonopportunistic (Giardia lamblia, Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica) and opportunistic protozoa (Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli) using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. Associations between infections and clinical symptoms were evaluated using univariate methods. RESULTS Nonopportunistic and opportunistic protozoa were detected in 40% (14/35) and 46% (16/35) of children at baseline, respectively. E. bieneusi was the most prevalent protozoa (37%, 13/35) and associated with gastrointestinal complaints (43% in positive (10/13) versus 18% (4/22) in E. bieneusi-negative children, P = 0.001. Body mass index recovery during 12 months of ART was more commonly delayed in E. bieneusi-positive children (+0.29 +standard deviation 0.83) than E. bieneusi-negative children (+1.03 +standard deviation 1.25; P = 0.05). E. bieneusi was not detected after 12 months of ART. CONCLUSIONS E. bieneusi was the most prevalent opportunistic intestinal protozoa, present in over a third of study participants before initiation of ART. Although all children cleared E. bieneusi after 12 months of ART, E. bieneusi was associated with gastrointestinal complaints and may delay body mass index recovery. Trials to assess effect of treatment of E. bieneusi on nutritional status should be considered in HIV-infected African children.
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Heyworth MF. Genetic aspects and environmental sources of microsporidia that infect the human gastrointestinal tract. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 111:18-21. [PMID: 28339881 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis are microsporidia that infect the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Each of these microsporidia has been shown to infect various non-human hosts (mammalian and avian), raising the possibility of inter-species transmission, for example, from such hosts to human subjects via waterborne dispersal of microsporidian spores. During the past two decades, genome sequencing has delineated more than 90 genotypes of Ent. bieneusi, and has led to the conclusion that not all the genotypes of this organism infect human subjects. Well documented in the HIV-infected population, GI tract microsporidiosis is also known to occur in immunocompetent, HIV-negative, individuals. The prevalence of HIV-associated microsporidiosis diminished following the introduction of effective anti-retroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Heyworth
- Research Service (151), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University and Woodland Avenues, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Molecular characterizations of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Heilongjiang Province, China. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:313. [PMID: 29793513 PMCID: PMC5968579 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are prevalent zoonotic pathogens responsible for the high burden of diarrheal diseases worldwide. Rodents are globally overpopulated and are known as reservoirs or carriers of a variety of zoonotic pathogens including Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi. However, few data are available on genetic characterizations of both pathogens in rodents in China. The aim of the present work was to determine the prevalence and genetic characterizations of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Heilongjiang, China. Methods A total of 242 wild brown rats were captured in Heilongjiang Province of China. A fresh fecal specimen was collected directly from the intestinal and rectal content of each brown rat. All the fecal specimens were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi by PCR and sequencing of the partial small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene of the two pathogens, respectively. Results The infection rate was 9.1% (22/242) for Cryptosporidium spp. and 7.9% (19/242) for E. bieneusi. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of C. ubiquitum (1/22, 4.5%) and three genotypes of Cryptosporidium, including Cryptosporidium rat genotype I (14/22, 63.6%), Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV (6/22, 27.3%) and Cryptosporidium suis-like genotype (1/22, 4.5%). Meanwhile, two E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, including D (17/19, 89.5%) and Peru6 (2/19, 10.5%). Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype Peru6 was identified in rodents for the first time globally and Cryptosporidium rat genotype I and Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV were found in rats in China for the first time. The finding of zoonotic C. ubiquitum and C. suis-like genotype, as well as E. bieneusi genotypes, suggests that brown rats pose a threat to human health. It is necessary to control brown rat population in the investigated areas and improve local people’s awareness of the transmission risk of the two pathogens from brown rats to humans.
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Tang C, Cai M, Wang L, Guo Y, Li N, Feng Y, Xiao L. Genetic diversity within dominant Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in pre-weaned calves. Parasit Vectors 2018. [PMID: 29530084 PMCID: PMC5848593 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cattle are commonly infected with the microsporidian parasite Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Sequence characterization of E. bieneusi in these animals at the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus had identified I, J and BEB4 as the dominant genotypes. However, current studies on E. bieneusi in dairy cattle are mostly on infection rates and genotype distribution. This study aims to examine the intragenotypic diversity within dominant E. bieneusi genotypes in pre-weaned dairy calves in Shanghai, China. Methods Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes and subtypes were identified by PCR sequence analysis of ITS and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), based on material from farms. Chi-square test was used to examine differences in E. bieneusi infection rates between farms or age groups. Results The overall infection rate of E. bieneusi was 26.5% (214/809), ranging from 12.6% (Farm 5) to 38.5% (Farm 4). Infection rates increased with age during early life, with the peak infection rate (43.0%; 43/100) occurring at six weeks. Four genotypes were present, including J (n = 145, 67.8%), BEB4 (n = 59, 27.6%), CHN4 (n = 4, 1.9%) and CHN15 (n = 1, 0.5%), with the former two belonging to Group 2 and the latter two belonging to Group 1. Differences were detected in the distribution of the dominant genotypes J and BEB4 among five study farms. Altogether, 10 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified in the two dominant ITS genotypes, including MLG-J1 to MLG-J8 of genotype J and MLG-B1 to MLG-B2 of genotype BEB4. MLG-B1 and MLG-B2 were recovered in Farms 1, 2 and 5, whereas MLG-J1 to MLG-J5 and MLG-J6 to MLG-J8 were found in Farms 3 and 4, respectively. Conclusions There is extensive genetic heterogeneity within the dominant E. bieneusi genotypes J and BEB4 in dairy calves in Shanghai, China, and MLST should be used in molecular epidemiological studies of E. bieneusi in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Min Cai
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
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Zhang Y, Koehler AV, Wang T, Haydon SR, Gasser RB. First detection and genetic characterisation of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild deer in Melbourne's water catchments in Australia. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:2. [PMID: 29295716 PMCID: PMC5751821 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi is reported to be a common microsporidian of humans and animals in various countries. However, E. bieneusi has yet to be recorded in animals in Australia. Here, we undertook the first molecular epidemiological investigation of E. bieneusi in three species of deer (Cervus elaphus, Dama dama and Rusa unicolor) that live in the catchment areas that supply the city of Melbourne with drinking water. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from a total of 610 individual faecal samples from wild deer, including sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) (n = 516), red deer (Cervus elaphus) (n = 77) and fallow deer (Dama dama) (n = 17) from nine catchment areas, and then tested using a nested PCR-based sequencing approach employing internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA as the genetic marker. RESULTS Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in 25 of all 610 (4.1%) samples exclusively in samples from sambar deer. The analysis of ITS sequence data revealed three known (D, J and Type IV) and two new (MWC_d1 and MWC_d2) genotypes of E. bieneusi. Although the significance of the latter two new genotypes is presently unknown, phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequence data sets showed that they cluster with genotypes D and Type IV, which have been recorded previously in humans. These findings suggest that sambar deer in the water catchments harbour zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi. CONCLUSIONS Further insight into the epidemiology of E. bieneusi in wildlife, water and the environment in Australia will be important to have an informed position on the public health significance of microsporidiosis caused by this microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Anson V. Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | | | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
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Santín M, Calero-Bernal R, Carmena D, Mateo M, Balseiro A, Barral M, Lima Barbero JF, Habela MÁ. Molecular Characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Wild Carnivores in Spain. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:468-474. [PMID: 29230898 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia comprises a diverse group of obligate intracellular parasites that infect a broad range of invertebrates and vertebrates. Among Microsporidia, Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently detected species in humans and animals worldwide bringing into question the possible role of animal reservoirs in the epidemiology of this pathogen. Although E. bieneusi is an emerging zoonotic pathogen able to infect many domestic and wild mammals that could act as reservoir of infection for humans and other animals, only few studies have documented its occurrence in wild carnivores. To determine the occurrence of E. bieneusi in wild carnivores, we examined 190 wild carnivores collected from different locations in Spain. Twenty-five fecal samples (13.2%) from three host species (European badger, beech marten, and red fox) were E. bieneusi-positive by PCR. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the ITS region revealed a high degree of genetic diversity with a total of eight distinct genotypes including four known (PtEbIX, S5, S9, and WildBoar3) and four novel (EbCar1-EbCar4) genotypes identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the four novel genotypes (EbCar1-EbCar4), S5, S9, and WildBoar3 clustered within the previously designated zoonotic Group 1. Our results demonstrate that human-pathogenic genotypes are present in wild carnivores, corroborating their potential role as a source of human infection and environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Mateo
- Veterinary Faculty, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avenida Universidad 1, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology (SERIDA), Camino de Rioseco 1225, La Olla, Deva, Gijón, 33394, Spain
| | - Marta Barral
- Department of Animal Health, Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development (NEIKER), Berreaga 1, Derio, 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José Francisco Lima Barbero
- SaBio Working Group, Institute for Game and Wildlife Research IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain.,SABIOTec Spin Off, Camino de Moledores s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Habela
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Sciences Faculty, Extremadura University, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Cáceres, 10003, Spain
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Ghoyounchi R, Ahmadpour E, Spotin A, Mahami-Oskouei M, Rezamand A, Aminisani N, Ghojazadeh M, Berahmat R, Mikaeili-Galeh T. Microsporidiosis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:341-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Perec-Matysiak A, Wesołowska M, Leśniańska K, Buńkowska-Gawlik K, Hildebrand J, Kicia M. Survey for Zoonotic Microsporidian Pathogens in Wild Living Urban Rooks (Corvus frugilegus). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:721-724. [PMID: 28199765 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are opportunistic pathogens in nature infecting all animal phyla. There is a potential risk of microsporidian spores transmission from urban rooks inhabiting some metropolitan cities to people through casual interactions. The aim of this study was to identify microsporidia species in the droppings of rooks in Wroclaw, Poland. A total of 15 collective sets of droppings were examined using nested-PCR method. Amplification of ITS rRNA gene revealed the presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi D, Peru 6, and Encephalitozoon hellem 1A genotypes. This study indicates that excreta of urban rooks can be an important source of human infection with these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Perec-Matysiak
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wrocław, 51-148, Poland
| | - Maria Wesołowska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 9, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
| | - Kinga Leśniańska
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wrocław, 51-148, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Buńkowska-Gawlik
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wrocław, 51-148, Poland
| | - Joanna Hildebrand
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wrocław, 51-148, Poland
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 9, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
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Nooshadokht M, Sharifi I, Mohammadi MA, Pirestani M, Afgar A, Mahootchi A, Salari S. Intestinal microsporidiosis in Iran: infection in immune-compromised and immunocompetent patients. Curr Med Mycol 2017. [PMID: 29302628 PMCID: PMC5747587 DOI: 10.29252/cmm.3.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Gastroenteritis and the clinical profile caused by Microsporidia, an opportunistic pathogen, may be severe in immunocompromised individuals, especially in AIDS patients. Conventionally, it is necessary to detect the small infective spores in stained smears. However, due to the limitations of the microscopy-based methods, several DNA-based methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have recently been developed to enhance diagnosis sensitivity. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the rate of infection in immunocompromised patients as compared with immunocompetent patients in Kerman, Iran. Materials and Methods: We collected stool samples of 199 human subjects (116 males and 83 females), aged 1 to 69 years old. They were divided into immunocompromised (i.e., AIDS [n=72] and cancer-positive patients [n=59]) and immunocompetent (n=68) groups. We comparatively examined the fecal materials using the microscopy and PCR methods. Results: The overall prevalence rate of Microsporidia infection was 10.05% (20/199). Entrocytozoon bieneusi was the only species within the Microsporidia genus that was identified in 14.5% (19/131) of the immunocompromised patients and 1.47% (1/68) of the immunocompetent individuals. Conclusion: Considering the higher prevalence rate of microsporidiosis in patients with immunodeficiency (10.03%), we suggest performing sensitive and specific techniques such as PCR for the detection of these parasites in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nooshadokht
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - I Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - M A Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - M Pirestani
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Afgar
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - A Mahootchi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - S Salari
- Regional Knowledge Hub and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Nooshadokht M, Sharifi I, Mohammadi MA, Pirestani M, Afgar A, Mahootchi A, Salari S. Intestinal microsporidiosis in Iran: infection in immune-compromised and immunocompetent patients. Curr Med Mycol 2017; 3:30-36. [PMID: 29302628 PMCID: PMC5747587 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.3.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Gastroenteritis and the clinical profile caused by Microsporidia, an opportunistic pathogen, may be severe in immunocompromised individuals, especially in AIDS patients. Conventionally, it is necessary to detect the small infective spores in stained smears. However, due to the limitations of the microscopy-based methods, several DNA-based methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have recently been developed to enhance diagnosis sensitivity. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the rate of infection in immunocompromised patients as compared with immunocompetent patients in Kerman, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected stool samples of 199 human subjects (116 males and 83 females), aged 1 to 69 years old. They were divided into immunocompromised (i.e., AIDS [n=72] and cancer-positive patients [n=59]) and immunocompetent (n=68) groups. We comparatively examined the fecal materials using the microscopy and PCR methods. RESULTS The overall prevalence rate of Microsporidia infection was 10.05% (20/199). Entrocytozoon bieneusi was the only species within the Microsporidia genus that was identified in 14.5% (19/131) of the immunocompromised patients and 1.47% (1/68) of the immunocompetent individuals. CONCLUSION Considering the higher prevalence rate of microsporidiosis in patients with immunodeficiency (10.03%), we suggest performing sensitive and specific techniques such as PCR for the detection of these parasites in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nooshadokht
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - I Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - M A Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - M Pirestani
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Afgar
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - A Mahootchi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - S Salari
- Regional Knowledge Hub and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Ndikumana S, Pelin A, Williot A, Sanders JL, Kent M, Corradi N. Genome Analysis of Pseudoloma neurophilia: A Microsporidian Parasite of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:18-30. [PMID: 27230544 PMCID: PMC5124540 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are highly successful parasites that infect virtually all known animal lineages, including the model Danio rerio (zebrafish). The widespread use of this aquatic model for biomedical research has resulted in an unexpected increase in infections from the microsporidium Pseudoloma neurophilia, which can lead to significant physical, behavioral, and immunological modifications, resulting in nonprotocol variation during experimental procedures. Here, we seek to obtain insights into the biology of P. neurophilia by investigating its genome content, which was obtained from only 29 nanograms of DNA using the MiSeq technology and paired-end Illumina sequencing. We found that the genome of P. neurophilia is phylogenetically and genetically related to other fish-microsporidians, but features unique to this intracellular parasite are also found. The small 5.25-Mb genome assembly includes 1,139 unique open-reading frames and an unusually high number of transposable elements for such a small genome. Investigations of intragenomic diversity also provided strong indications that the mononucleate nucleus of this species is diploid. Overall, our study provides insights into the dynamics of microsporidian genomes and a solid sequence reference to be used in future studies of host-parasite interactions using the zebrafish D. rerio and P. neurophilia as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Ndikumana
- Center for Advanced Research in Environment Genomic, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Center for Advanced Research in Environment Genomic, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Williot
- Center for Advanced Research in Environment Genomic, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Justin L. Sanders
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Michael Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Nicolas Corradi
- Center for Advanced Research in Environment Genomic, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Prasertbun R, Mori H, Pintong AR, Sanyanusin S, Popruk S, Komalamisra C, Changbunjong T, Buddhirongawatr R, Sukthana Y, Mahittikorn A. Zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon genotypes in humans and pigs in Thailand. Vet Parasitol 2016; 233:73-79. [PMID: 28043391 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an opportunistic intestinal pathogen infecting humans and a variety of animals. Its mode of transmission and zoonotic potential are not completely understood. E. bieneusi has been frequently identified in pigs. The objective of our study was to investigate E. bieneusi in pigs and humans in Western and Central Thailand to determine its presence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential. A total of 277 human and 210 pig faecal samples were collected and analysed. E. bieneusi was found in 5.4% and 28.1% of human and pig samples, respectively, by nested PCR. Genotyping based on the internal transcribed spacer regions of the small subunit ribosomal RNA demonstrated three known genotypes (D, H, PigEb10) and eight novel genotypes (TMH1-8) in humans, and five known genotypes (D, EbpA, EbpC, H, O) and 11 novel genotypes (TMP1-11) in pigs. All known genotypes identified in humans and pigs had zoonotic potential. Further studies are needed to evaluate zoonotic risk of novel genotypes, as pigs may play an important role in the transmission of E. bieneusi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapeepun Prasertbun
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hirotake Mori
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ai-Rada Pintong
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparut Sanyanusin
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalit Komalamisra
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ruangrat Buddhirongawatr
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Yaowalark Sukthana
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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