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Soomro SEH, Shi X, Guo J, Jalbani S, Asad M, Anwar MI, Hu C, Ke S, Bai Y, Wang Y. Effects of seasonal temperature regimes: Does Cyprinus carpio act as a health hazard during the construction of Suki Kinari hydropower project on Kunhar River in Pakistan? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168023. [PMID: 37907102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of the current study was to assess the levels of trace elements (iron, lead, zinc, copper, and manganese) in both water and fish muscles of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Kunhar River during the development of the Suki Kinari hydropower project (SKHPP). Additionally, the aim was to shed light on the potential health hazards associated with the consumption of fish by residents. Surface water and fish (muscle and liver) from ten specific sampling locations in the Mansehra district (affected by an SKHPP) along the river were examined to determine the levels of trace elements. The findings divulged that the water at all locations exhibited concentration levels of iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and manganese (Mn) that surpassed the benchmarks established by the World Health Organization in 2011. Conversely, the concentration levels of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) fell beneath the stipulated standards. Moreover, the concentrations of Mn, Zn, and Pb were found to be excessively high. The findings presented in the present study offer a comprehensive comprehension of the spatial and distribution characteristics of trace elements in both water and fish species along the Kunhar River, taking into consideration the impact of the SKHPP. Additionally, our data emphasize the potential health hazards that may arise from the prolonged consumption of fish by the local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-E-Hyder Soomro
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; College of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaotao Shi
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Jiali Guo
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Shaista Jalbani
- Fisheries and Aquaculture SBBUVAS, Sakrand 67210, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asad
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | | | - Caihong Hu
- College of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Senfan Ke
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yanqin Bai
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Yuanyang Wang
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
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Phan K, Hoeng S, Phin S, The N, Sriv T, Sao V, Chey CO. Chemical risks in drinking water of inhabitants in the basin of the Tonle Sap Great Lake. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1908-1921. [PMID: 38153720 PMCID: wh_2023_236 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess chemical risks in the drinking water of inhabitants in the basin of the Tonle Sap Great Lake. Water samples from tube wells (n = 52), dug wells (n = 13), stored rain water (n = 39), ponds/lakes (n = 19), canals/rivers (n = 24), and household pipe water (n = 45) were collected and analyzed for physicochemical properties, as well as microbial and chemical qualities using standard methods. Analytical results revealed that 42.1% of tube wells had As > 10 μg L-1 while 8.3% had Cr > 0.05 mg L-1. Concurrently, 55.2 and 11.8% of tube wells had Cd > 3.00 μg L-1 and Pb > 10 μg L-1, respectively. Moreover, 35.0% of pipe water had Fe > 0.3 mg L-1, whereas 85.7% of tube wells and 69.2% of dug wells had Mn > 0.1 mg L-1. All water sources including pipe water could pose risks of non-carcinogenic effects of chemical mixtures to all exposure groups through their drinking water pathway. Children were at a higher risk of chemical mixtures in their drinking water than adults. This study suggests that advanced treatment technologies should be applied to the current water treatment plants to provide inhabitants with safe drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongkea Phan
- Food Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 120801, Cambodia; Water Innovation Lab, Kampong Cham 030501, Cambodia E-mail:
| | - Sophanith Hoeng
- Food Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 120801, Cambodia
| | - Samnang Phin
- Food Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 120801, Cambodia
| | - Noreaksatya The
- Food Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 120801, Cambodia
| | - Tharith Sriv
- Graduated School of Science, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Federation of Russia Blvd, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vibol Sao
- Graduated School of Science, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Federation of Russia Blvd, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chan Oeurn Chey
- Graduated School of Science, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Federation of Russia Blvd, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Das Sarkar S, Naskar M, Sahu SK, Bera AK, Manna SK, Swain PR, Majhi P, Saha K, Banerjee S, Vanniaraj SK, Sarkar DJ, Nag SK, Samanta S, Das BK, Mohanty BP. Trophic transfer patterns of arsenic in freshwater ecosystem layers in arsenic-endemic Ganges Delta and its potential human health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:126178-126194. [PMID: 38008832 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a toxic environmental contaminant with global public health concern. In aquatic ecosystems, the quantification of total As is restricted chiefly to the individual organisms. The present study has quantified the total As in different trophic layers (sediment-water-phytoplankton-periphyton-zooplankton-fish-gastropod-hydrophytes) of lentic freshwater ecosystems. As transfer pathways quantifying the transmission rate across trophic-level compartmental route were delineated using a novel model-based approach along with its potential contamination risk to humans. Lentic water bodies from Indo-Gangetic region, a core area of groundwater As, were selected for the present investigation. The study revealed that among the lower biota, zooplankton were the highest accumulator of total As (5554-11,564 µg kg-1) with magnification (rate = 1.129) of the metalloid, followed by phytoplankton (2579-6865 µg kg-1) and periphytic biofilm (1075 to 4382 µg kg -1). Muscle tissue of zooplanktivore Labeo catla is found to store higher As (80-115 µg kg-1 w.w.) compared to bottom-dwelling omnivore Cirrhinus mrigala (58-92 µg kg-1 w.w.). Whereas, Amblypharyngodon mola has accumulated higher As (203-319 µg kg-1 w.w.) than Puntius sophore (30-98 µg kg-1 w.w.) that raised further concern. The hepatic concentration indicated arsenic-mediated stress based on As stress index (threshold value = 1). Mrigal and Mola showed significant biomagnification among fishes while biodiminution was observed in Catla, Bata, Rohu and Punti. All the studied fishes were under the arsenic mediated stress. In the 'sediment-water-periphytic biofilm-gastropod' compartment, the direct grazing accumulation was higher (rate = 0.618) than the indirect path (rate = 0.587). Stems of edible freshwater macrophytes accumulated lesser As (32-190 µg kg-1 d.w.) than roots (292-946 µg kg-1 d.w.) and leaves (62-231 µg kg-1 d.w.). The target cancer risk (TCR) revealed a greater concern for adults consuming edible macrophyte regularly. Similarly, the varied level of target hazard quotient and TCR for adults consuming fishes from these waterbodies further speculated significant health concerns. The trophic transfer rate of environmental As in soil-water-biota level at an increasing trophic guild and consumer risk analysis have been unravelled for the first time in the Indo-Gangetic plains, which will be helpful for the strategic mitigation of As contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Das Sarkar
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Malay Naskar
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Sahu
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Asit Kumar Bera
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sanjib Kumar Manna
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Prajna Ritambhara Swain
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Pritijyoti Majhi
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Keya Saha
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudarshan Banerjee
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Santhana Kumar Vanniaraj
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Dhruba Jyoti Sarkar
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Subir Kumar Nag
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Srikanta Samanta
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Bimal Prasanna Mohanty
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Fisheries Science Division, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan II, Pusa, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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Tang X, Wen J, Mu L, Gao Z, Weng J, Li X, Hu X. Regulation of arsenite toxicity in lettuce by pyrite and glutamic acid and the related mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162928. [PMID: 36934948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the effect of a single substance on arsenic plant toxicity, the effect of coexisting pyrite and natural organic matter can better reflect actual environmental conditions. In this study, the interaction between pyrite and glutamic acid in arsenite solution was explored, the influence of pyrite and glutamic acid on arsenite plant toxicity was evaluated, and the metabolic regulation mechanism of pyrite and glutamic acid on the arsenite phytotoxic effect was clarified by metabolomics analysis. Combined pyrite and glutamic acid treatment fixed more arsenic by forming chemical bonds such as AsS, AsO, and As-O-OH in culture solution and reduced inorganic arsenic levels in plants. Compared with glutamic acid alone and pyrite alone, the combined treatment reduced the inorganic arsenic concentration in plants by 4.7 % and 40.0 %, respectively. The combined treatment limited plant ROS accumulation and maintained the leaf chlorophyll content by increasing SOD synthesis. Compared with the effect of As(III) alone, the chlorophyll content increased by 15.1-21.0 % on average under the combined treatment. The combined treatment promoted the absorption of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mo and Zn in lettuce, enhanced plant adaptation to As(III) and significantly improved plant nutritional quality. Compared with glutamic acid alone, the combined treatment increased the VC, fiber and protein contents by 128.9 %, 202.8 % and 36.7 %, respectively. Metabolomics analysis indicated that in the combined treatment group, the upregulation of tyrosine, pyruvate and N metabolism increased the plant chlorophyll content. The upregulation of S metabolism increases VC synthesis in plants and inhibits ROS accumulation, thus maintaining normal plant growth and development. The upregulation of glutathione and glycine metabolism enhances plant stress resistance. This study will provide a new way to scientifically and rationally evaluate the ecological risk of arsenic and regulate its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Safe-Product, Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 300191, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyu Wen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Safe-Product, Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 300191, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Mu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Safe-Product, Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 300191, Tianjin, China.
| | - Ziwei Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Safe-Product, Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 300191, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingxian Weng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Safe-Product, Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 300191, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
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Le TT, Kim KW, Nguyen DQ, Ngo HTT. Trace element contamination in rice and its potential health risks to consumers in North-Central Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:3361-3375. [PMID: 36306039 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) are poisonous, widely distributed, persistent, and transferable to crops, posing potential health risks. This study aims to assess the potential health risks of those elements in rice collected from North-Central Vietnam: Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, and Ha Tinh provinces. Element analysis was performed on rice harvested in November 2020 by ICP-MS. The estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI), and target carcinogenic risk (TR) were used to assess potential health risks for different population groups. The highest element levels (mg kg-1 dry weight) were observed for Cr (0.30 ± 0.11), As (0.17 ± 0.025) and for Pb (0.24 ± 0.013) in Thanh Hoa, and for Cd (0.088 ± 0.015) in Ha Tinh. Strong links were observed between geological formations, mining activities and Cr in rice (Thanh Hoa), or industrial activities and Ni accumulation in rice (Hung Nguyen and Ky Anh districts). Children had greater EDIs than adults, with As having a higher EDI than RfD. Rice THQs indicated a risk trend: Thanh Hoa > Ha Tinh > Nghe An, with As being a significant contributor to HIs. Cr and Cd were significant risk factors and HIs in female children were 1.5 times higher than in other groups. Based on TR values for Ni and Pb, a potential carcinogenic risk to rice eaters was observed, particularly Ni. The data revealed a significant human health risk (both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) connected with rice consumption. Therefore, crops and foods from North-Central Vietnam should be strictly regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Thanh Le
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, 12116, Vietnam
- Bioresource Center, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, 12116, Vietnam
| | - Kyoung-Woong Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Dinh Quoc Nguyen
- Economic Geology and Geomatics Department, Vietnam Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, Hanoi, 12109, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thi Thuy Ngo
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, 12116, Vietnam.
- Bioresource Center, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, 12116, Vietnam.
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Feng M, Du Y, Li X, Li F, Qiao J, Chen G, Huang Y. Insight into universality and characteristics of nitrate reduction coupled with arsenic oxidation in different paddy soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161342. [PMID: 36603609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate reduction coupled with arsenic (As) oxidation strongly influences the bioavailability and toxicity of As in anaerobic environments. In the present study, five representative paddy soils developed from different parent materials were used to investigate the universality and characteristics of nitrate reduction coupled with As oxidation in paddy soils. Experimental results indicated that 99.8 % of highly toxic aqueous As(III) was transformed to dissolved As(V) and Fe-bound As(V) in the presence of nitrate within 2-8 d, suggesting that As was apt to be reserved in its low-toxic and nonlabile form after nitrate treatment. Furthermore, nitrate additions also significantly induced the higher abundance of 16S rRNA and As(III) oxidase (aioA) genes in the five paddy soils, especially in the soils developed from purple sand-earth rock and quaternary red clay, which increased by 10 and 3-5 times, respectively, after nitrate was added. Moreover, a variety of putative novel nitrate-dependent As(III)-oxidizing bacteria were identified based on metagenomic analysis, mainly including Aromatoleum, Paenibacillus, Microvirga, Herbaspirillum, Bradyrhizobium, Azospirillum. Overall, all these findings indicate that nitrate reduction coupled with As(III) oxidation is an important nitrogen-As coupling process prevalent in paddy environments and emphasize the significance of developing and popularizing nitrate-based biotechnology to control As pollution in paddy soils and reduce the risk of As compromising food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Feng
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yanhong Du
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Fangbai Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jiangtao Qiao
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Gongning Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yingmei Huang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Nilkarnjanakul W, Watchalayann P, Chotpantarat S. Urinary arsenic and health risk of the residents association in contaminated-groundwater area of the urbanized coastal aquifer, Thailand. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137313. [PMID: 36414032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Determining of arsenic (As) exposure was conducted in 110 residents which divided into two groups using the WHO guidelines for As in drinking water of 10 μg/L. Moreover, questionnaires with face-to-face interviews were used to make a health risk assessment and to determine the associated factors. The median of As in urine was 61.33 μg/L (5.38-600.86 μg/L), accounting for 68.18% of participants who exposed to the contaminated groundwater had obviously high urinary As levels, exceeded the normal value of 50 μg/L of As, as set by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The major factor affecting As in urine was the As contaminated groundwater. Pearson's chi-squared test showed that the urinary As level was influenced on the different groups of As level in groundwater (p-value <0.001). Multiple linear regression confirmed that the actual risk factors of As in urine were the As level in groundwater and the oral exposure route but not the dermal contact. Meanwhile binary logistic regression revealed that all socio-demographic factors were not influenced. Approximately 45.45% of the area had the HI above the risk level of 1, mostly via groundwater drinking pathway. The estimated total cancer risk values, 5.11 × 10-6 to 2.08 × 10-3, were higher than the safe level of 10-6. For long-term exposure, the As concentration and exposure duration were the most variables influencing health risk level. This finding suggests that chronic As exposure should be monitored and also the groundwater should be improved to provide the safe drinking water for the residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiyada Nilkarnjanakul
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand.
| | - Pensri Watchalayann
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand.
| | - Srilert Chotpantarat
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Research Unit Control of Emerging Micropollutants in Environment, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Thailand.
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Jing N, Peng J, Yang X, Wang X, Liu Q, Wang H, Li W, Dong F, He K, Wang N. Metabolomics Analysis of Chronic Exposure to Dimethylarsenic Acid in Mice and Toxicity Assessment of Organic Arsenic in Food. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35774-35782. [PMID: 36249356 PMCID: PMC9557882 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylarsenic acid is a natural organic arsenic in seafood and one of the important metabolites of inorganic arsenic, which is generally considered to have low or no toxicity. However, due to the controversy of the toxicity of organic arsenic, the food safety standard of organic arsenic has not been established until now, and the effects of organic arsenic on chronic toxicity and the overall metabolic level of animals are rarely reported. In our study, 64 female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to different concentrations of dimethylarsenic acid with water intake. Fifteen metabolites in serum were detected to be altered with the increase of arsenic concentration and exposure time. Dimethylarsenic acid exposure significantly affected the overall metabolic level of mice, and the related effects were not recovered shortly after the suspension of arsenic intake. Although arsenic was excreted largely in urine and feces, continued dimethylarsenic acid exposure could still lead to arsenic accumulation in the liver and kidneys and cause mild nephritis in mice.
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Goswami R, Neog N, Thakur R. Hydrogeochemical analysis of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation with elevated arsenic and potential impact on agro-ecosystem in the upper Brahmaputra plain, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:68735-68756. [PMID: 35551594 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The upper Brahmaputra floodplain is considerably enriched with geogenic contaminants, mainly Arsenic (As) exhibiting high spatial heterogeneity. With this concern, the present study was conducted in Lakhimpur district located in the upper Brahmaputra floodplain aiming to assess the groundwater (GW) suitability for drinking and irrigation. Chemical analysis of 78 GW samples revealed significantly high As (max 0.12 mgL-1, mean 0.02 mgL-1) followed by iron (max 62.2 mgL-1, mean 19.94 mgL-1) showing uneven distribution. Hydrogeochemical analysis of the GW samples revealed that majority of the water samples belong to mixed Ca2+- Na+- HCO3- type with weathering and forward ion exchange as the dominant processes in the aquifer system. Positive correlation among iron (Fe) and As, together with close grouping in hierarchical cluster analysis and principal components analysis, indicated the involvement of reductive hydrolysis process. Calculation of saturation indices indicated that, precipitation of Fe minerals may lead to de-coupling of Fe and As contributing to the enrichment of both the elements in the GW. Further, assessment of key parameters for irrigation water quality including water quality index indicated the GW to be suitable for irrigation purpose. Finally, toxicity implications of crops produced from As contaminated water indicated higher accumulation potential of As in the food grains implying significant impacts on the agro-ecosystem and associated health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritusmita Goswami
- Centre for Ecology, Environment and Sustainable Development, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Guwahati, 781013, India.
| | - Nikita Neog
- Centre for Ecology, Environment and Sustainable Development, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Guwahati, 781013, India
| | - Ritu Thakur
- North Eastern Regional Institute of Water and Land Management, Tezpur, 784027, India
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Abstract
Arsenic poisoning constitutes a major threat to humans, causing various health problems. Almost everywhere across the world certain “hotspots” have been detected, putting in danger the local populations, due to the potential consumption of water or food contaminated with elevated concentrations of arsenic. According to the relevant studies, Asia shows the highest percentage of significantly contaminated sites, followed by North America, Europe, Africa, South America and Oceania. The presence of arsenic in ecosystems can originate from several natural or anthropogenic activities. Arsenic can be then gradually accumulated in different food sources, such as vegetables, rice and other crops, but also in seafood, etc., and in water sources (mainly in groundwater, but also to a lesser extent in surface water), potentially used as drinking-water supplies, provoking their contamination and therefore potential health problems to the consumers. This review reports the major areas worldwide that present elevated arsenic concentrations in food and water sources. Furthermore, it also discusses the sources of arsenic contamination at these sites, as well as selected treatment technologies, aiming to remove this pollutant mainly from the contaminated waters and thus the reduction and prevention of population towards arsenic exposure.
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Ozbay G, Babu BK, Peatman E, Kouhanastani ZM. Prescreening veterinary drug residues, heavy metal concentration, and genetic authentication in retail catfish fillets in the Northeast United States. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tran TS, Dinh VC, Nguyen TAH, Kim KW. Soil contamination and health risk assessment from heavy metals exposure near mining area in Bac Kan province, Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:1189-1202. [PMID: 35064383 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mining activities in Vietnam have resulted in potential heavy metals contamination, which unfavorably influences soil quality and represents a risk to human health. This study was designed to investigate the heavy metals contamination in the vicinity of the Pb-Zn and Au mines. Soil samples were collected along the stream, and then, solutions were prepared by a modified Aqua Regia method. They were analyzed by ICP-MS for trace elements, and the analytical result data of 7 elements (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were used to define pollution indices with statistical results and to interpret the health risk assessment. For the preliminary identification of the pollution sources near the Pb-Zn mine of the elements, statistical analysis (including principal component analysis and Spearman correlation coefficient) and information about mineral composition ore and surrounding rocks were applied. The analytical results of heavy metals showed that the average concentrations of As and Pb were higher than the Vietnam standard for residential soil by about eight and three times, respectively. Pollution indices also indicated that Pb and As were the highest contamination factors in the soil near Pb-Zn mine and Au mine, respectively. Statistical analysis results revealed that the pollution sources of these elements in the soil near the Pb-Zn mine were a combination of anthropogenic and geogenic sources. Health risk assessment pointed out that children were at higher risk than adults in both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Son Tran
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
- Laboratory of Quality Assurance, National Institute for Food Control (NIFC), 65 Pham Than Duat, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Viet Chien Dinh
- Heavy Metals and Minerals Laboratory, National Institute for Food Control (NIFC), 65 Pham Than Duat, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Anh Huong Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Kyoung-Woong Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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Murphy T, Phan K, Irvine KN, Lean D. The Role of Micronutrients and Toxic Metals in the Management of Epidemics in Cambodia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11446. [PMID: 34769963 PMCID: PMC8582812 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The illegal trade of wildlife in SE Asia has been identified as the likely cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. We reviewed 198 papers on the current COVID pandemic in Cambodia, diseases such as avian influenza and Nipah virus, most likely to develop into a new pandemic in Cambodia, and common features of disease that require mitigation. Artisanal goldmining uses pure mercury in the areas where wildlife is smuggled to China. Moreover, 30-40% of Cambodians are zinc deficient. High levels of arsenic in irrigation water (>1000 µg/L) are associated with very low levels of zinc in rice (5 µg/g) and rice is the primary staple food for the region. Brown rice from nine of 15 paddy fields in the arsenic zone of Cambodia had double the new guidelines of 100 µg/kg inorganic arsenic for children's food in the EU and USA. The combination of deficiencies of essential micronutrients like zinc and pervasive presence of arsenic and mercury has the potential to compromise the immunity of many Cambodians. Innovative solutions are suggested to improve micronutrient nutrition. Toxins that suppress the immune system must be better managed to reduce the virulence of pathogens. Cambodia was not likely the source of the COVID-19 but does have problems that could result in a new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Murphy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia;
| | - Kongkea Phan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia;
| | - Kim Neil Irvine
- Faculty of Architecture & Planning, Rangsit Campus, Thammasat University, Khlong Nueng 12121, Thailand;
| | - David Lean
- Lean Environmental, Apsley, ON K0L1A0, Canada;
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Nguyen TH, Hoang HNT, Bien NQ, Tuyen LH, Kim KW. Contamination of heavy metals in paddy soil in the vicinity of Nui Phao multi-metal mine, North Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:4141-4158. [PMID: 32506174 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nui Phao mine in Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam, is the second-largest tungsten (W) open-pit mine in the world, but the level of environmental impacts is not well known. In order to examine the heavy metal contamination in the ecosystem of this mining area, we analyzed six trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) in the collected soil samples. The analytical results showed that all the soil samples were contaminated by Cd and As. Most of the soil samples were contaminated by As (mean value 50.93 ± 55.44 mg/kg) and Cd (mean value 15.22 ± 9.51 mg/kg), which figures are up to 16 and 23 times higher, respectively, compared with the Vietnamese soil quality standard for agriculture (QCVN 03-MT:2015/BTNMT) of 15 mg/kg for As and 1.5 mg/kg for Cd. Contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were used to identify the influence of mining activity in the contamination. The CF, EF, pollution index (PI) and Igeo indicated that this area was extremely polluted by Cd, severely to moderately-heavily polluted by As and slightly to moderately polluted by other elements such as Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The PCA and HCA results also attribute the source of As, Pb and Zn contamination and enrichment of Cd, Cr and Cu in the study area to Nui Phao mining activities. The PI and contamination degree (Cd) values of soil quality indicate that the study area was contaminated with particular reference to Cd and As and the level of contamination was decreased in the order of Pb > Cr > Cu > Zn. The study area had high potential ecological risk, and the carcinogenic risk value was higher than the acceptable value (1 × 10-6 to 1 × 10-4). This means that the local resident health is strongly affected by Nui Phao mining activities both directly and indirectly via food consumption, when rice plant grown in the paddy field is the dominant crop in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Ha Nguyen
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Nguyen Thi Hoang
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quoc Bien
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kyoung-Woong Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
- International Environmental Research Institute (IERI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen HPA, Cu YH, Watchalayann P, Soonthornchaikul N. Assessing inorganic arsenic in rice and its health risk to consumers in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. JOURNAL OF HEALTH RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/jhr-09-2019-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThe consumption of rice that contains high levels of inorganic arsenic may cause human health risk. This study aims to determine As species concentrations, particularly iAs, in raw rice in Ho Chi Minh (HCM) City and its health risks.Design/methodology/approachA total of 60 polished raw composite samples of rice were purchased from traditional markets and supermarkets in HCM City. All samples were analyzed by HPLC-ICPMS for As species determination.FindingsMean concentrations of inorganic arsenic in all samples, which were purchased from supermarket and traditional market, were 88.8 µg/kg and 80.6 µg/kg, respectively. Overall, inorganic arsenic level was 84.7 µg/kg and contributed the highest proportion of arsenic species in rice with 67.7%. The proportion profiles for arsenic species were: As (III) (60 %); dimethylarsinic acid (32.2 %); As (V) (7.7 %) and methylarsonic acid (0.1 %). Inorganic arsenic level in raw rice was below the recommendation of World Health Organization. Using the benchmark dose recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), all exposure doses were lower than BMDL05. However, as the doses ranged from 3.0 to 8.6 of Margin of Exposure (MOE), the health risk of iAs from rice consumption remains public health concern.Originality/valueThe study results report on the surveillance data of the presence of inorganic arsenic in raw rice products, which are available in the supermarkets and traditional markets, and its health risk to consumers in a metropolitan city in Vietnam.
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Suwatvitayakorn P, Ko MS, Kim KW, Chanpiwat P. Human health risk assessment of cadmium exposure through rice consumption in cadmium-contaminated areas of the Mae Tao sub-district, Tak, Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2331-2344. [PMID: 31502116 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Mae Tao sub-district is located in the Mae Tao watershed, an important cadmium (Cd)-contaminated area in Thailand. This study was conducted to (i) determine Cd concentrations in rice collected from households in the area, (ii) assess the Cd exposure and potential health risk (HQ) from rice consumption in local adults and (iii) investigate how the factors of individual characteristics and consumption behavior affect the level of HQ. A total of 159 rice samples were collected from households in all 6 villages of the Mae Tao sub-district for analysis of Cd by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Biodata information and rice consumption behavior were surveyed from local residents at the same time as rice sample collection. Approximately 19.8% and 19.1% of white rice and sticky rice, respectively, contained total Cd higher than the Codex maximum standard of Cd in rice (0.4 mg kg-1). Locally grown rice contained an average of 1.5 times more Cd than retail rice. Cd exposure from consuming only sticky rice was the highest (2.26 × 10-3 mg kg-1 day-1), followed by the consumption of both types of rice (1.39 × 10-3 mg kg-1 day-1) and the consumption of only white jasmine rice (6.30 × 10-4 mg kg-1 day-1). The highest and lowest average HQ values were found in the only sticky rice consumption pattern (2.263) and the only white rice consumption pattern (0.630), respectively. The potential health risk from Cd in each rice consumption pattern was mainly influenced by the total Cd concentration in rice and the rice ingestion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parin Suwatvitayakorn
- Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management (Interdisciplinary Program), Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Myoung-Soo Ko
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwondo, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Woong Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Penradee Chanpiwat
- Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Research Program of Toxic Substance Management in the Mining Industry, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Research Unit of Green Mining Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Chanpiwat P, Kim KW. Arsenic health risk assessment related to rice consumption behaviors in adults living in Northern Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:674. [PMID: 31654271 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rice consumption behaviors of Thai citizens vary among regions. However, the influence of different consumption patterns on arsenic (As) exposure has never been reported. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of rice consumption behavior on As exposure levels. White rice (n = 96) and sticky rice (n = 63) samples were collected from local households in northern Thailand. The actual rice consumption behavior (type, frequency, and amount of rice consumed) was surveyed from the households where the rice samples were collected and used to calculate individual As exposures. The white rice (2.1%) and sticky rice (6.3%) samples contained inorganic As at higher concentrations than the Codex standard (0.2 mg kg-1). Approximately 58.3% of participants consumed white rice for breakfast and sticky rice for lunch and dinner, while 41.8% of participants consumed only white rice or sticky rice daily. Wide variations of As exposure (1 × 10-4 to 2 × 10-3 mg kg-1 day-1) were found. The average As exposure from only sticky rice consumption and combined rice consumption was 2 times higher than the As exposure from only white rice consumption. The rice ingestion rate was the most important factor affecting the level of As exposure resulting from the white rice-only and combined rice consumption patterns. For the combined rice consumption pattern, 45.7 to 93.5% of the total As exposure was from sticky rice consumption. Regarding individual characteristics, older and lower weight participants tended to consume lower amounts of rice. Thus, lower As exposure and fewer health impacts were found in those participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penradee Chanpiwat
- Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Kyoung-Woong Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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Murphy T, Irvine K, Phan K, Lean D, Wilson K. Environmental and Health Implications of the Correlation Between Arsenic and Zinc Levels in Rice from an Arsenic-Rich Zone in Cambodia. J Health Pollut 2019; 9:190603. [PMID: 31259079 PMCID: PMC6555249 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-9.22.190603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In parts of Cambodia, irrigation of rice with groundwater results in arsenic accumulation in soils and rice, leading to health concerns associated with rice consumption. In Bangladesh and China, low zinc levels in rice have been found in regions where arsenic levels in rice are high. Furthermore, there have been claims that zinc deficiency is responsible for stunting of children in Cambodia. There are limited data on zinc in Cambodian rice, but in rural Asia, rice is the major source of zinc. OBJECTIVES To provide a preliminary evaluation of the zinc content in rice grain in Preak Russey, an area with elevated levels of arsenic. The importance of zinc in rice for infants was also assessed. METHODS Rice cultivation was evaluated in sixty farms along the Mekong River in Cambodia. Analyses for metals, total arsenic, and arsenic species in the water and rice were conducted at the University of Ottawa, Canada by inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry. Analysis of total zinc and arsenic in soils were analyzed in Phnom Penh using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Total zinc in rice was also measured by XRF analysis. RESULTS Rice in the Preak Russey area contained zinc with ½ to ¼ of the 1987 Codex standard for rice in Infant Formula. Moreover, our average zinc concentration in rice samples was less than a third that recommended for zinc fortification in rice by the United Nations World Food Programme. There was a significant (α=0.05) negative correlation between the arsenic and zinc content of rice with the lowest zinc levels occurring near the irrigation wells, the source of arsenic. There was a significantly higher content of zinc in rice from farms that fertilized with cow manure. CONCLUSIONS Handheld XRF spectrometers are useful tools for detection of zinc levels in rice. The potential for zinc deficiency in farmers in areas of Cambodia with arsenic toxicity is high. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Murphy
- International University, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kim Irvine
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - David Lean
- Lean Environmental, Apsley, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ken Wilson
- Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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Zhang JL, Fang L, Song JY, Luo X, Fu KD, Chen LQ. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) from the upper Mekong River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:9490-9499. [PMID: 30725259 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of this research are to quantify the concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, and Hg) in the water and fish tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the upper Mekong River and to thereby elucidate the potential dietary health risks from fish consumption of local residents. Surface water and fish tissues (gill, muscle, liver, and intestine) from four representative sample areas (influence by a cascade of four dams) along the river were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. Results revealed that the levels of heavy metals in fish were tissue-dependent. The highest Cu and As levels were found in the liver; the highest Zn and Pb levels occurred in the intestine, and the highest Hg level was found in the muscle. The total target hazard quotient (THQ) value for residents is > 1 for long-term fish consumption, and local residents are, therefore, exposed to a significant health risk. Results from the current study provide an overall understanding of the spatial and tissue distribution of heavy metals in water and fish body along the upper Mekong River under the influence of cascade dams and highlight the potential health risk of As for the local residents of long-term fish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Lai Zhang
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Fang
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yi Song
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Luo
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Dao Fu
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Qiang Chen
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
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Phan K, Phan S, Se S, Sieng H, Huoy L, Kim KW. Assessment of water quality and trace metal contaminations in Mondolkiri province in the Northeastern part of Cambodia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:401-409. [PMID: 30155753 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate water quality and potential trace metal contaminations in the Northeastern part of Cambodia. Tube well (n = 35), hand-dug well (n = 18), channel (n = 10) and lake/pond (n = 8) water samples were randomly collected from Mondolkiri province which is located in the Northeastern highland of Cambodia. A water sample was collected in two different bottles. One was filled in 30-mL polyethylene bottle after which was acidified to pH < 2 with concentrated HNO3. Another was filled in 250-mL polyethylene bottle. The collected water sampled was stored in a cooler during fieldwork and transferred to a fridge where they are stored at 4 °C for analysis. The measurement of pH, ORP, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity was taken at laboratory following standard procedures. All chemical measurement of trace metals were taken by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Analytical results reveal that tube well (47.1%), hand-dug well (77.8%) and channel water (20%) have pH < 6.5. Turbidity of tube well (32.4%), hand-dug well (5.6%), lake water (12.5%) and all channel water samples are exceeded Cambodia regulation of 5 NTU. Mean As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in Mondolkiri's water sources are below Cambodian drinking water quality standard and WHO's drinking water quality guideline. However, the upper range of Pb in tube well and channel water and Zn in tube well are exceeding Cambodia regulation. Concurrently, the mean concentrations of Fe and Mn in tube well and channel water are exceeded Cambodian aesthetic guideline of 300 µg L-1 and 100 µg L-1, respectively. This study suggests that appropriate treatment technologies are necessary for residents in the Mondolkiri province to access to clean water and minimize their potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongkea Phan
- Cambodian Chemical Society, Street 598, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh, 12101, Cambodia.
| | - Samrach Phan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh, 12101, Cambodia
| | - Soknim Se
- Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh, 12101, Cambodia
| | - Huy Sieng
- Cambodian Chemical Society, Street 598, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Laingshun Huoy
- Cambodian Chemical Society, Street 598, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kyoung-Woong Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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Chanpiwat P, Hensawang S, Suwatvitayakorn P, Ponsin M. Risk assessment of bioaccessible arsenic and cadmium exposure through rice consumption in local residents of the Mae Tao Sub-district, Northwestern Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:343-356. [PMID: 29603085 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of contaminated rice is a toxin exposure route in Asian populations. Since total concentrations generally overestimate health risks, the objectives of this study were to determine the levels of bioaccessible As and Cd in rice cultivated in the Mae Tao, Tak Province and evaluate their potential health impacts in local adults. In total, 59 locally grown rice samples were analyzed for their total and bioaccessible concentrations. Bioaccessible concentrations were obtained from an in vitro digestion process. Inorganic As concentrations were estimated assuming that 63.2-63.5% of the total As is inorganic As. Rice contained inorganic As (45.2% of white rice and 57.1% of sticky rice) and Cd (51.6% of white rice and 32.1% of sticky rice) levels exceeding the Codex standards. The bioaccessibilities of As (16.3-70.0%) and Cd (Null to 83.7%) in rice varied widely. The concentrations of bioaccessible As, which were 1-1.2 times greater than those of bioaccessible Cd, indicate a higher possibility of As absorption into the human body. Positive significant relationships were found between total and bioaccessible As (R2 = 0.568 for white rice and R2 = 0.704 for sticky rice) and Cd (R2 = 0.874 for white rice and R2 = 0.862 for sticky rice). The hazard quotient (HQ) of inorganic As exposure accounted for approximately 93.4% of hazard index (HI). Approximately 2-6 in 10,000 residents over a lifetime of 75 years could suffer from cancer as a result of daily rice consumption. Therefore, the consumption of the home-grown rice in this study should be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penradee Chanpiwat
- Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Research Program of Toxic Substance Management in the Mining Industry, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Research Unit of Green Mining Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Supanad Hensawang
- Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management (Interdisciplinary Program), Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Parin Suwatvitayakorn
- Research Program of Toxic Substance Management in the Mining Industry, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management (Interdisciplinary Program), Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Montree Ponsin
- Research Unit of Green Mining Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program in Environmental Science, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Liao N, Seto E, Eskenazi B, Wang M, Li Y, Hua J. A Comprehensive Review of Arsenic Exposure and Risk from Rice and a Risk Assessment among a Cohort of Adolescents in Kunming, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102191. [PMID: 30297612 PMCID: PMC6210429 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is carcinogenic and highly concentrated in rice. Dietary exposure to iAs is concerning among adolescents due to their developmental stage and iAs’s long-latency effects. This paper aimed to assess iAs exposure from rice and related lifetime cancer risks (LCR) among adolescents in Kunming, China. A comprehensive literature review of iAs levels in rice and LCR in humans was also conducted. Average daily consumption of rice (ADC) was estimated from 267 adolescents (15–18 years). Rice samples obtained from 6 markets were analyzed for iAs concentration (AC). Estimated daily intake (EDI) of iAs was calculated using ADC, AC, and average body weight (BW). Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) was calculated using EDI and U.S. EPA derived iAs oral slope factor. The AC was 0.058 mg/kg and the average BW and ADC were 67.5 kg and 410 g/day for males and 55.5 kg and 337 g/day for females. The EDI and LCR were 3.52 × 10−4 mg/kg-BW/day and 5.28 × 10−4 for both males and females, with LCR 5 times above the U.S. LCR upper limit of 1.0 × 10−4. While the AC was below the Chinese maximum contaminant level of 0.2 mg/kg, study results indicated that Kunming adolescents may be at increased risk for iAs-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Liao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Edmund Seto
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - May Wang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Yan Li
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650221, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jenna Hua
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Murphy T, Phan K, Yumvihoze E, Irvine K, Wilson K, Lean D, Ty B, Poulain A, Laird B, Chan LHM. Groundwater Irrigation and Arsenic Speciation in Rice in Cambodia. J Health Pollut 2018; 8:180911. [PMID: 30524870 PMCID: PMC6257176 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-8.19.180911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic bioaccumulation in rice is a global concern affecting food security and public health. OBJECTIVE The present study examined arsenic species in rice in Cambodia to characterize health risks with rice consumption and to clarify uncertainties with Codex guidelines. METHODS The present study collected 61 well water samples, 105 rice samples, 70 soil samples, and conducted interviews with 44 families in Preak Russey near the Bassac River and Kandal Province along the Mekong River in Cambodia. Analyses of metals, total arsenic and arsenic species were conducted in laboratories in Canada, Cambodia and Singapore. RESULTS Unlike in Bangladesh, rice with the highest total arsenic concentrations in Cambodia contains mostly organic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), which is unregulated and much less toxic than inorganic arsenic. The present study found that storing surface runoff in ditches prior to irrigation can significantly reduce the arsenic concentration in rice. It is possible to remove > 95% of arsenic from groundwater prior to irrigation with natural reactions. CONCLUSIONS The provision of high quality drinking water in 2015 to Preak Russey removed about 95% of the dietary inorganic arsenic exposure. The extremes in arsenic toxicity that are still obvious in these farmers should become less common. Rice from the site with the highest documented levels of arsenic in soils and water in Cambodia passes current Codex guidelines for arsenic. INFORMED CONSENT Obtained. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Murphy
- International University, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Kim Irvine
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ken Wilson
- Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - David Lean
- Lean Environmental, Apsley, Ontario, Canada
| | - Borey Ty
- Institute of Technology Cambodia, Phnom Penh
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Kumarathilaka P, Seneweera S, Meharg A, Bundschuh J. Arsenic speciation dynamics in paddy rice soil-water environment: sources, physico-chemical, and biological factors - A review. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 140:403-414. [PMID: 29775934 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rice is the main staple carbohydrate source for billions of people worldwide. Natural geogenic and anthropogenic sources has led to high arsenic (As) concentrations in rice grains. This is because As is highly bioavailable to rice roots under conditions in which rice is cultivated. A multifaceted and interdisciplinary understanding, both of short-term and long-term effects, are required to identify spatial and temporal changes in As contamination levels in paddy soil-water systems. During flooding, soil pore waters are elevated in inorganic As compared to dryland cultivation systems, as anaerobism results in poorly mobile As(V), being reduced to highly mobile As(III). The formation of iron (Fe) plaque on roots, availability of metal (hydro)oxides (Fe and Mn), organic matter, clay mineralogy and competing ions and compounds (PO43- and Si(OH)4) are all known to influence As(V) and As(III) mobility in paddy soil-water environments. Microorganisms play a key role in As transformation through oxidation/reduction, and methylation/volatilization reactions, but transformation kinetics are poorly understood. Scientific-based optimization of all biogeochemical parameters may help to significantly reduce the bioavailability of inorganic As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Kumarathilaka
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Center for Crop Health, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Andrew Meharg
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, David Keir Building, Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Bundschuh
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia; UNESCO Chair on Groundwater Arsenic within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia.
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Murphy T, Phan K, Yumvihoze E, Irvine K, Wilson K, Lean D, Poulain A, Laird B, Chan LHM. Effects of Arsenic, Iron and Fertilizers in Soil on Rice in Cambodia. J Health Pollut 2018; 8:180910. [PMID: 30524869 PMCID: PMC6257173 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-8.19.180910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In parts of Cambodia, irrigation with groundwater results in arsenic accumulation in soils and rice, leading to health concerns associated with rice consumption. A high concentration of iron in groundwater can precipitate arsenic and reduce its bioavailability, however high concentrations of arsenic and iron can also reduce rice production. Furthermore, concerns have been raised about chemical contamination from inorganic fertilizers used to grow rice. The relationship between soil geochemistry and arsenic concentrations in rice is not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this project was to investigate the relationship between arsenic concentrations in irrigation water, soil and rice collected from different sites in Cambodia. A secondary objective was to explore arsenic and phosphorus levels in fertilizer samples obtained from the study area in Cambodia. METHODS The present study collected 61 well water samples, 105 rice samples, 70 soil samples, 11 inorganic fertilizer samples and conducted interviews with 44 families along the Mekong River in Cambodia. Analyses for metals, total arsenic, and arsenic species in the water and rice were conducted in Canada by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analyses for metals, total arsenic and phosphorus in soils and inorganic fertilizers were conducted in Cambodia and Singapore by X-ray fluorescence. RESULTS The concentration of arsenic in rice paddy soils was highly variable and as much as 20 times higher near the irrigation wells than in more distal areas of the paddy. Two farmers in Preak Russey had integrated soil samples with arsenic levels above the concentration associated with toxicity to rice in Taiwan (40 mg/kg) and above the Dutch concentration requiring intervention or remediation (55 mg/kg). The highest total arsenic measured in soil was 95 mg/kg. In Preak Russey, the loading of arsenic from irrigation water was 3710 times greater than the loading of arsenic from inorganic fertilizers. Half of the commercial inorganic fertilizers had less than 50% of the labelled content of phosphorus. CONCLUSIONS Emphasis should be placed on improving the management of irrigation water, not on inactivation of arsenic in soil. The high levels of iron in groundwater mitigate arsenic toxicity, but the accumulation of iron could later result in lower rice productivity. Irrigation of rice with groundwater is not likely sustainable. To improve rice productivity, the content of phosphorus in local inorganic fertilizers must be improved to world standards. X-ray fluorescence analysis can quickly identify poor quality fertilizers. INFORMED CONSENT Obtained. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Murphy
- International University, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Kim Irvine
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ken Wilson
- Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - David Lean
- Lean Environmental, Apsley, Ontario, Canada
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Tang J, Qiao J, Xue Q, Liu F, Chen H, Zhang G. Leach of the weathering crust elution-deposited rare earth ore for low environmental pollution with a combination of (NH 4) 2SO 4 and EDTA. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:160-167. [PMID: 29438942 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High concentration of ammonium sulfate, a typical leaching agent, was often used in the mining process of the weathering crust elution-deposited rare earth ore. After mining, a lot of ammonia nitrogen and labile heavy metal fractions were residual in tailings, which may result in a huge potential risk to the environment. In this study, in order to achieve the maximum extraction of rare earth elements and reduce the labile heavy metal, extraction effect and fraction changes of lanthanum (La) and lead (Pb) in the weathering crust elution-deposited rare earth ore were studied by using a compound agent of (NH4)2SO4-EDTA. The extraction efficiency of La was more than 90% by using 0.2% (NH4)2SO4-0.005 M EDTA, which was almost same with that by using 2.0% (NH4)2SO4 solution. In contrast, the extraction efficiency of Pb was 62.3% when use 0.2% (NH4)2SO4-0.005 M EDTA, which is much higher than that (16.16%) achieved by using 2.0% (NH4)2SO4 solution. The released Pb fractions were mainly acid extractable and reducible fractions, and the content of reducible fraction being leached accounted for 70.45% of the total reducible fraction. Therefore, the use of 0.2% (NH4)2SO4-0.005 M EDTA can not only reduce the amount of (NH4)2SO4, but also decrease the labile heavy metal residues in soil, which provides a new way for efficient La extraction with effective preventing and controlling environmental pollution in the process of mining the weathering crust elution-deposited rare earth ore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Jiyang Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Qiang Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Honghan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Guochen Zhang
- Beijing Z.D.H.K. Environmental Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100011, PR China
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Sadeghi F, Nasseri S, Yunesian M, Nabizadeh R, Mosaferi M, Mesdaghinia A. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments of arsenic contamination in drinking water of Ardabil city in the Northwest of Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:421-429. [PMID: 29278989 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1410421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on the environmental health assessment framework of the United State Environmental Protection Agency, a quantitative health risk assessment of arsenic in contaminated drinking water in a city in the northwest of Iran has been carried out. In the exposure assessment step, arsenic concentrations in drinking water were determined during four seasons. In addition, the water ingestion rate for different age groups in this region was determined. The concentration of arsenic in 163 collected samples from different locations during four seasons ranged from 0 to 99 μg L-1. Furthermore, a high percentage of the samples manifested higher levels than the permissible limit of 10 μg L-1. The total daily water intake rates of four age groups 1 to <2 (group 1), 2 to <6 (group 2), 6 to <16 (group 3), and ≥16 years (group 4) were estimated as 0.86, 1.49, 2.00, and 2.33 L day-1, respectively. Calculating the lifetime average daily dose of arsenic indicated that adults (group 4) had the highest and children (group 1) had the lowest daily intake of arsenic in their entire life. The results of risk characteristic showed that the order of excess lifetime cancer risk via arsenic exposure in the four groups was 4 > 3 > 2 > 1. The estimated risks for all age groups were higher than the acceptable range (1E-6 to 1E-4). The hazard quotient values for all of the classified groups were lower than the recommended limit values (<1), but it cannot be concluded that potential non-carcinogenicity risks are non-existent since the possible exposure to arsenic via food and skin may also pose the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadeghi
- a Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR) , Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Simin Nasseri
- a Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR) , Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
- b Department of Environmental Health Engineering , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- b Department of Environmental Health Engineering , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
- c Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR) , Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- b Department of Environmental Health Engineering , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
- c Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR) , Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Mosaferi
- d Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Alireza Mesdaghinia
- a Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR) , Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
- b Department of Environmental Health Engineering , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Hensawang S, Chanpiwat P. Health impact assessment of arsenic and cadmium intake via rice consumption in Bangkok, Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:599. [PMID: 29090399 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of contaminated food is a major route of exposure to toxic contaminants for humans. To protect against potential negative health effects from rice consumption, As and Cd concentrations in rice sold in Bangkok were determined, and non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments were conducted. Four types of rice (n = 97), namely, white jasmine, white, glutinous, and brown jasmine, were collected. Samples were acid-digested and analyzed for total concentrations of As and Cd by ICP-MS. The average concentrations of As and Cd were 0.205 ± 0.008 and 0.019 ± 0.001 mg kg-1, respectively. Approximately 22.8, 62.5, and 57.1% of white, white jasmine, and brown jasmine rice, respectively, contained As concentrations exceeding the Codex inorganic As standards for polished and unpolished rice. Brown jasmine rice contained significantly higher As concentrations than the other types of rice. However, Cd concentrations in all rice samples were significantly lower than the Codex standard of 0.4 mg kg-1. Children are exposed to the highest amounts of both elements. Concerning As exposure through the consumption of different types of rice in the same age group, the consumption of brown jasmine rice caused approximately 1.7 to 2.3 times higher As exposure rates compared to the consumption of other types of rice. Non-carcinogenic risks (hazard quotient (HQ)) of As exposure from all types of rice were higher than the threshold limit of 1. HQ in children ranging from 2.1 to 4.9 was significantly higher than HQ in the other age groups. The cancer risks from As exposure were negligible in all groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supanad Hensawang
- Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management (Interdisciplinary Program), Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Penradee Chanpiwat
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Arslan B, Djamgoz MBA, Akün E. ARSENIC: A Review on Exposure Pathways, Accumulation, Mobility and Transmission into the Human Food Chain. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 243:27-51. [PMID: 28005215 DOI: 10.1007/398_2016_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review deals with exposure pathways of arsenic (As), as well as its transfer and uptake processes from its source to the human body. It is proven fact that uptake of inorganic As for a long period can lead to chronic As poisoning and a variety of adverse health effects such as skin, lung and bladder cancer, in addition to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and gastrointestinal symptoms. As exposure occurs primarily from consumption of potable water containing high amounts of inorganic As and also from consumption of crops cultivated in As contaminated agricultural fields-either naturally or anthropogenically through contaminated air or pesticides-or irrigated with As containing water. In this review, light is shed on the transfer mechanism of As through the food chain and the parameters that enhance mobility of As in the environment. Amounts of As accumulation in plants and the transfer mechanisms are also quite different. These differences in As accumulation, such as in leaves, stems, fruits and roots, are discussed in detail. Moreover, presence of As in some vegetables consumed is given by investigating recent research articles that deal with As concentrations, especially in edible parts. Some comparative data are also presented, concerning the level of concentration of As in rice during washing, cooking and processing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beste Arslan
- Faculty of Engineering, Biotechnology Research Centre, Cyprus International University, Haspolat, Mersin 10, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa B A Djamgoz
- Faculty of Engineering, Biotechnology Research Centre, Cyprus International University, Haspolat, Mersin 10, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, Turkey
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ertan Akün
- Faculty of Engineering, Biotechnology Research Centre, Cyprus International University, Haspolat, Mersin 10, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, Turkey
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Chanpiwat P, Sthiannopkao S, Widmer K, Himeno S, Miyataka H, Vu NU, Tran VV, Pham TTN. Assessment of metal and bacterial contamination in cultivated fish and impact on human health for residents living in the Mekong Delta. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:342-350. [PMID: 27552694 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fish is the main source of animal protein and micronutrients for inhabitants in the lower Mekong River basin. Consumption of fish in the basin ranges from 41 to 51 kg capita(-1) year(-1). Thus, concerns of human health impacts caused by daily intake of metals contained in fish, and the incidence of bacterial contamination from Listeria and Escherichia coli have been raised. This study was conducted to 1) determine concentrations of metals, fecal indicator organisms, and Listeria spp. in cultivated common diet fish, and 2) assess human health risks as results of fish consumption on a daily basis. The results showed significant impacts of metal accumulation in fish especially from the intensive aquaculture. Chemical use to promote the rapid allometric growth of fish was expected to be the explanation for this finding. Concentrations of metals contained in different fish species were not statistically different with the exceptions of Na, Mn, and Zn. This might be due to the mobility of elements in aquaculture farms. Listeria and E. coli log CFU/g were 1.36 ± 0.11 (standard error) and 1.57 ± 0.1 s.e., respectively with higher counts observed in samples collected in market sites. Lastly, for human health risk assessment via fish consumption, it was found that hazard quotients of consuming As, Cu, and Zn contained in all fish species could contribute adverse health effects to the local residents (hazard quotients higher than 1). Therefore, risk management measures must be promoted and implemented in all study areas to reduce potential risks to local Vietnamese residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penradee Chanpiwat
- Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Phathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Kenneth Widmer
- International Environmental Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Seiichiro Himeno
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Hideki Miyataka
- Department of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Ngoc-Ut Vu
- Department of Applied Hydrobiology, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Van-Viet Tran
- Department of Applied Hydrobiology, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Thi-Tuyet-Ngan Pham
- Department of Applied Hydrobiology, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam
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Cheng Z, Li HH, Wang HS, Zhu XM, Sthiannopkao S, Kim KW, Yasin MSM, Hashim JH, Wong MH. Dietary exposure and human risk assessment of phthalate esters based on total diet study in Cambodia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:423-430. [PMID: 27372065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters are used in a wide variety of consumer products, and human exposure to this class of compounds is widespread. Nevertheless, studies on dietary exposure of human to phthalates are limited. In this study, to assess the daily intakes of phthalate esters and the possible adverse health impacts, different food samples were collected from three areas of Cambodia, one of the poorest countries in the world. The ∑phthalate ester concentrations in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal provinces ranged from 0.05 to 2.34 (median 0.88) μgg(-1), 0.19-1.65 (median 0.86) μgg(-1) and 0.24-3.05 (median 0.59) μgg(-1) wet weight (ww), respectively. Di-2-Ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) were the predominant compounds among all foodstuffs. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of phthalate esters for the general population in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal was 34.3, 35.6 and 35.8μgkg(-1) bw d(-1), respectively. The dietary daily intake of DEHP, benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal were below the tolerable daily intakes (TDI) imposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and reference doses (RfD) imposed by The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Rice contributed the greatest quantity of DEHP to the daily intake in Cambodia so may deserve further exploration. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the occurrence and the daily intakes of phthalate esters in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Cheng
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Han-Han Li
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Hong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuandong Road, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhu
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Suthipong Sthiannopkao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Kyoung-Woong Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jamal Hisham Hashim
- United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Molognoni L, Vitali L, Ploêncio LA, Santos JN, Daguer H. Determining the arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper and chromium contents by atomic absorption spectrometry in Pangasius fillets from Vietnam. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:3109-3113. [PMID: 26439310 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pangasius is a fish produced on a large scale in Vietnam and exported to many countries. Since river contamination from human activities can affect the safety of this food, fish consumption can cause exposure to potentially toxic elements for humans. The aim of this study, therefore, was to assess arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper and chromium contents by atomic absorption spectrometry in Pangasius fillet produced in the provinces of Dong Thap and Can Tho (Vietnam) and exported to Brazil. RESULTS The limits of detection were: arsenic 0.5443 µg kg(-1) , cadmium 0.0040 mg kg(-1) , chromium 0.0004 mg kg(-1) , copper 0.0037 mg kg(-1) and lead 0.0284 mg kg(-1) . Analysis of 20 samples showed results below the limit of detection for arsenic, chromium and lead, while copper average concentration was 0.0234 mg kg(-1) . Cadmium average concentration was 0.0547 mg kg(-1) , with no significant difference between the two regions studied. CONCLUSION The samples of Pangasius had no detectable concentrations of arsenic, chromium, copper and lead, and do not represent a hazard to public health. However, cadmium analysis revealed non-compliant samples, demonstrating the importance of monitoring the quality of imported Pangasius fish. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Molognoni
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Serviço Laboratorial Avançado, São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, SC, 88034-000, Brazil
| | - Luciano Vitali
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Leandro As Ploêncio
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Serviço Laboratorial Avançado, São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Departamento de Química, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Jacson N Santos
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Serviço Laboratorial Avançado, São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Santa Catarina, Câmpus São José, São José, SC, 88103-310, Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Serviço Laboratorial Avançado, São José, SC, 88102-600, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Santa Catarina, Câmpus São José, São José, SC, 88103-310, Brazil
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Assessment of the effects of As(III) treatment on cyanobacteria lipidomic profiles by LC-MS and MCR-ALS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5829-5841. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Phan K, Kim KW, Huoy L, Phan S, Se S, Capon AG, Hashim JH. Current status of arsenic exposure and social implication in the Mekong River basin of Cambodia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2016; 38:763-772. [PMID: 26298061 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the current status of arsenic exposure in the Mekong River basin of Cambodia, field interview along with urine sample collection was conducted in the arsenic-affected area of Kandal Province, Cambodia. Urine samples were analyzed for total arsenic concentrations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. As a result, arsenicosis patients (n = 127) had As in urine (UAs) ranging from 3.76 to 373 µg L(-1) (mean = 78.7 ± 69.8 µg L(-1); median = 60.2 µg L(-1)). Asymptomatic villagers (n = 108) had UAs ranging from 5.93 to 312 µg L(-1) (mean = 73.0 ± 52.2 µg L(-1); median = 60.5 µg L(-1)). About 24.7 % of all participants had UAs greater than 100 µg L(-1) which indicated a recent arsenic exposure. A survey found that females and adults were more likely to be diagnosed with skin sign of arsenicosis than males and children, respectively. Education level, age, gender, groundwater drinking period, residence time in the village and amount of water drunk per day may influence the incidence of skin signs of arsenicosis. This study suggests that residents in Kandal study area are currently at risk of arsenic although some mitigation has been implemented. More commitment should be made to address this public health concern in rural Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongkea Phan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, International University, Phnom Penh, 12101, Cambodia.
- Research and Development Unit, Cambodian Chemical Society, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Kyoung-Woong Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Laingshun Huoy
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, 12358, Cambodia
| | - Samrach Phan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, 12358, Cambodia
| | - Soknim Se
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Anthony Guy Capon
- United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH), UKM Medical Centre, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamal Hisham Hashim
- United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH), UKM Medical Centre, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Community Health, UKM Medical Centre, National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chen HL, Lee CC, Huang WJ, Huang HT, Wu YC, Hsu YC, Kao YT. Arsenic speciation in rice and risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in Taiwan population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:4481-4488. [PMID: 26511258 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the total arsenic content and arsenic speciation in rice to determine the health risks associated with rice consumption in various age-gender subgroups in Taiwan. The average total arsenic levels in white rice and brown rice were 116.6 ± 39.2 and 215.5 ± 63.5 ng/g weight (n = 51 and 13), respectively. The cumulative cancer risk among males was 10.4/100,000. The highest fraction of inorganic/total arsenic content in white rice ranged from 76.9 to 88.2 % and from 81.0 to 96.5 % in brown rice. The current study found different arsenic speciation of rice in southern Taiwan, where the famous blackfoot disease has been reported compared with arsenic speciation from other Taiwan areas. Therefore, rice and other grains should be further monitored in southern Taiwan to evaluate whether arsenic contamination is well controlled in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Hazard Prevention, Hung Kuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Winn-Jung Huang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ting Huang
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Hazard Prevention, Hung Kuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chen Wu
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Hazard Prevention, Hung Kuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Chen Hsu
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Kao
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taiwan
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Ahmed MK, Shaheen N, Islam MS, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Islam S, Islam MM, Kundu GK, Bhattacharjee L. A comprehensive assessment of arsenic in commonly consumed foodstuffs to evaluate the potential health risk in Bangladesh. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:125-33. [PMID: 26657358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As), particularly of its inorganic form (iAs) is highly toxic, and its presence in food composites is a matter of concern for the public health safety, specifically in Bangladesh which is regarded as the most arsenic affected country throughout the world. This study was carried out to investigate the levels of As in the composite samples of commonly consumed foodstuffs collected from 30 different agro-ecological zones for the first time in Bangladesh. Most of the individual food composites contain a considerable amount of As which was, as a whole, in the range of 0.077-1.5mg/kg fw which was lower than those reported from Spain, EU, France, Korea, whereas higher than those of Mexico, Chile, Japan, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Serbia, respectively. Cereals, vegetables, milk, and fish contribute about 90% to the daily intake of inorganic arsenic. Human health risk of dietary iAs was assessed separately for both the rural and urban adults. The estimated daily dietary intakes (EDI) of iAs for the exposed rural (3.5) and urban residents (3.2 μg/kg-BW/day) clearly exceeded the previous provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) value of 2.1 μg/kg-BW/day, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). From the health point of view, this study concluded that both the rural and urban residents of Bangladesh are exposed to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks who consume As-contaminated water and foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kawser Ahmed
- Faculty of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Nazma Shaheen
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Risk Management and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Md Habibullah-Al-Mamun
- Department of Risk Management and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Saiful Islam
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Monirul Islam
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; School of Earth and Environment, Leeds University, Leeds LS2, 9JT, UK
| | | | - Lalita Bhattacharjee
- National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangladesh
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Abstract
Arsenic is an element of concern given its toxicological significance, even at low concentrations. Food is a potential route of exposure to inorganic arsenic and in this regard arsenic in rice is associated with soil contamination, fertilizer application, and the use of arsenic-containing irrigation water. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the regional rice crops with a view to future discussions on the need for possible regulatory measures. Several studies have reported high concentrations of arsenic in rice grown in soils irrigated with contaminated water; however, procedures used, including sample pretreatment and preconcentration steps, have to be followed to ensure sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility. Arsenic is a difficult element to measure in complex matrices, such as foods, because the matrix must be destroyed at an elevated temperature without the loss of the analyte or contamination. This review summarizes the major methods for the determination of arsenic in rice samples. The main purpose of this review is to provide an update on the recent literature concerning the strategies for the determination of arsenic and to critically discuss their advantages and weaknesses. These difficulties are described along with recent developments aimed at overcoming these potential issues.
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Farzan SF, Chen Y, Rees JR, Zens MS, Karagas MR. Risk of death from cardiovascular disease associated with low-level arsenic exposure among long-term smokers in a US population-based study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 287:93-97. [PMID: 26048586 PMCID: PMC4536141 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High levels of arsenic exposure have been associated with increases in cardiovascular disease risk. However, studies of arsenic's effects at lower exposure levels are limited and few prospective studies exist in the United States using long-term arsenic exposure biomarkers. We conducted a prospective analysis of the association between toenail arsenic and cardiovascular disease mortality using longitudinal data collected on 3939 participants in the New Hampshire Skin Cancer Study. Using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for potential confounders, we estimated hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals associated with the risk of death from any cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, and stroke, in relation to natural-log transformed toenail arsenic concentrations. In this US population, although we observed no overall association, arsenic exposure measured from toenail clipping samples was related to an increased risk of ischemic heart disease mortality among long-term smokers (as reported at baseline), with increased hazard ratios among individuals with ≥ 31 total smoking years (HR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.27), ≥ 30 pack-years (HR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.12, 2.45), and among current smokers (HR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.75). These results are consistent with evidence from more highly exposed populations suggesting a synergistic relationship between arsenic exposure and smoking on health outcomes and support a role for lower-level arsenic exposure in ischemic heart disease mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh F Farzan
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA; Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judy R Rees
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - M Scot Zens
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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Gilbert PJ, Polya DA, Cooke DA. Arsenic hazard in Cambodian rice from a market-based survey with a case study of Preak Russey village, Kandal Province. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:757-766. [PMID: 25893486 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study comprises a market-based survey to assess the arsenic (As) hazard of Cambodian rice, encompassing rice from seven Cambodian provinces, comparisons with rice imported from China, Vietnam and Thailand, and assessments of 15 rice varieties. Rice samples (n = 157) were collected from four large markets in Kandal Province and analysed for As using inductively coupled mass spectrometry. The mean As concentration for Cambodian rice (0.185 µg g(-1), range 0.047-0.771 µg g(-1)) was higher than that for imported rice from Vietnam and Thailand (0.162 and 0.157 µg g(-1), respectively) with mean As concentrations highest in rice from Prey Veng Province resulting in a daily dose of 1.77 µg kg(-1) b.w. (body weight) d(-1). Between unmilled rice varieties, Cambodian-grown White Sticky Rice had the highest mean As concentration (0.234 µg g(-1)), whilst White Sticky Rice produced in Thailand had the lowest (0.125 µg g(-1)), suggesting that localised conditions have greater bearing over rice As concentrations than differences in As uptake between individual varieties themselves. A rice and water consumption survey for 15 respondents in the village of Preak Russey revealed mean consumption rates of 522 g d(-1) of rice and 1.9 L d(-1) of water. At water As concentrations >1000 µg L(-1), the relative contribution to the daily dose from rice is low. When water As concentrations are lowered to 50 µg L(-1), daily doses from rice and water are both generally below the 3.0 µg kg(-1) b.w. d(-1) benchmark daily limit for a 0.5% increase in lung cancer, yet when combined they exceeded this value in all but three respondents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gilbert
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK,
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41
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Inorganic arsenic in starchy roots, tubers, and plantain and assessment of cancer risk of sub-Saharan African populations. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Merola RB, Hien TT, Quyen DTT, Vengosh A. Arsenic exposure to drinking water in the Mekong Delta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:544-552. [PMID: 25585157 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination of groundwater drinking sources was investigated in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam in order to assess the occurrence of As in the groundwater, and the magnitude of As exposure of local residents through measurements of As in toenails of residents consuming groundwater as their major drinking water source. Groundwater (n=68) and toenail (n=62) samples were collected in Dong Thap Province, adjacent to the Mekong River, in southern Vietnam. Fifty-three percent (n=36) of the wells tested had As content above the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended limit of 10 ppb. Samples were divided into Northern (mean As=4.0 ppb) and Southern (329.0 ppb) groups; wells from the Southern group were located closer to the Mekong River. Elevated As contents were associated with depth (<200 m), salinity (low salinity), and redox state (reducing conditions) of the study groundwater. In 79% of the wells, As was primarily composed of the reduced As(III) species. Arsenic content in nails collected from local residents was significantly correlated to As in drinking water (r=0.49, p<0.001), and the relationship improved for pairs in which As in drinking water was higher than 1 ppb (r=0.56, p<0.001). Survey data show that the ratio of As in nail to As in water varied among residents, reflecting differential As bioaccumulation in specific exposed sub-populations. The data show that water filtration and diet, particularly increased consumption of animal protein and dairy, and reduced consumption of seafood, were associated with lower ratios of As in nail to As in water and thus could play important roles in mitigating As exposure in areas where As-rich groundwater is the primary drinking water source.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Merola
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90227, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - T T Hien
- Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Str., Dist. 5, HCMC, Vietnam
| | - D T T Quyen
- Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Str., Dist. 5, HCMC, Vietnam
| | - A Vengosh
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90227, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Vibol S, Hashim JH, Sarmani S. Neurobehavioral effects of arsenic exposure among secondary school children in the Kandal Province, Cambodia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 137:329-37. [PMID: 25601736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The research was carried out at 3 study sites with varying groundwater arsenic (As) levels in the Kandal Province of Cambodia. Kampong Kong Commune was chosen as a highly contaminated site (300-500μg/L), Svay Romiet Commune was chosen as a moderately contaminated site (50-300μg/L) and Anlong Romiet Commune was chosen as a control site. Neurobehavioral tests on the 3 exposure groups were conducted using a modified WHO neurobehavioral core test battery. Seven neurobehavioral tests including digit symbol, digit span, Santa Ana manual dexterity, Benton visual retention, pursuit aiming, trail making and simple reaction time were applied. Children's hair samples were also collected to investigate the influence of hair As levels on the neurobehavioral test scores. The results from the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses of hair samples showed that hair As levels at the 3 study sites were significantly different (p<0.001), whereby hair samples from the highly contaminated site (n=157) had a median hair As level of 0.93μg/g, while the moderately contaminated site (n=151) had a median hair As level of 0.22μg/g, and the control site (n=214) had a median hair As level of 0.08μg/g. There were significant differences among the 3 study sites for all the neurobehavioral tests scores, except for digit span (backward) test. Multiple linear regression clearly shows a positive significant influence of hair As levels on all the neurobehavioral test scores, except for digit span (backward) test, after controlling for hair lead (Pb), manganese (Mn) and cadmium (Cd). Children with high hair As levels experienced 1.57-4.67 times greater risk of having lower neurobehavioral test scores compared to those with low hair As levels, after adjusting for hair Pb, Mn and Cd levels and BMI status. In conclusion, arsenic-exposed school children from the Kandal Province of Cambodia with a median hair As level of 0.93µg/g among those from the highly contaminated study site, showed clear evidence of neurobehavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sao Vibol
- United Nations University - International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Management, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jamal Hisham Hashim
- United Nations University - International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Community Health, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sukiman Sarmani
- Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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Brandon EFA, Janssen PJCM, de Wit-Bos L. Arsenic: bioaccessibility from seaweed and rice, dietary exposure calculations and risk assessment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1993-2003. [PMID: 25393691 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.974687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a metalloid that occurs in food and the environment in different chemical forms. Inorganic arsenic is classified as a class I carcinogen. The inorganic arsenic intake from food and drinking water varies depending on the geographic arsenic background. Non-dietary exposure to arsenic is likely to be of minor importance for the general population within the European Union. In Europe, arsenic in drinking water is on average low, but food products (e.g. rice and seaweed) are imported from all over the world including from regions with naturally high arsenic levels. Therefore, specific populations living in Europe could also have a high exposure to inorganic arsenic due to their consumption pattern. Current risk assessment is based on exposure via drinking water. For a good estimation of the risks of arsenic in food, it is important to investigate if the bioavailability of inorganic arsenic from food is different from drinking water. The present study further explores the issue of European dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic via rice and seaweed and its associated health risks. The bioavailability of inorganic arsenic was measured in in vitro digestion experiments. The data indicate that the bioavailability of inorganic arsenic is similar for rice and seaweed compared with drinking water. The calculated dietary intake for specific European Union populations varied between 0.44 and 4.51 µg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹. The margins of exposure between the inorganic intake levels and the BMDL0.5 values as derived by JECFA are low. Decreasing the intake of inorganic arsenic via Hijiki seaweed could be achieved by setting legal limits similar to those set for rice by the Codex Alimentarius Commission in July 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther F A Brandon
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
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45
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Phan K, Kim KW, Hashim JH. Environmental arsenic epidemiology in the Mekong river basin of Cambodia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:37-41. [PMID: 25262072 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated relationship of arsenicosis symptoms with total blood arsenic (BAs) and serum albumin (SAlb) of residents in the Mekong River basin of Cambodia. We found that arsenicosis patients had significantly higher BAs and lower SAlb than asymptomatic villagers (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.01). Arsenicosis symptoms were found to be 76.4% (1.764 times) more likely to develop among individuals having an SAlb≤44.3gL(-1) than among those who had an SAlb>44.3gL(-1) (OR=1.764, 95% CI=0.999-3.114) and 117.6% (2.176 times) as likely to occur among those with BAs>5.73µgL(-1) than for those having BAs≤5.73µgL(-1) (OR=2.176, 95% CI=1.223-3.872). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was also found between BAs and SAlb (rs (199)=-0.354, p<0.0001). As such, this study suggests that people with low SAlb and/or high BAs are likely to rapidly develop arsenicosis symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongkea Phan
- United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH), UKM Medical Centre, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Research and Development Unit, Cambodian Chemical Society, Street 598, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Kyoung-Woong Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Jamal Hisham Hashim
- United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH), UKM Medical Centre, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Community Health, National University of Malaysia, UKM Medical Centre, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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46
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Wiwanitkit V. Cancer risk due to contamination: Consideration from market basket survey in Qatar. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rowell C, Kuiper N, Shomar B, Al-Saad K, Nriagu J. Response to: "Cancer risk due to contamination: consideration from market basket survey in Qatar". Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:325. [PMID: 25038393 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Candace Rowell
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Nora Kuiper
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Basem Shomar
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Khalid Al-Saad
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Jerome Nriagu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Seyfferth AL, McCurdy S, Schaefer MV, Fendorf S. Arsenic concentrations in paddy soil and rice and health implications for major rice-growing regions of Cambodia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:4699-4706. [PMID: 24712677 DOI: 10.1021/es405016t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the global importance of As in rice, research has primarily focused on Bangladesh, India, China, and the United States with limited attention given to other countries. Owing to both indigenous As within the soil and the possible increases arising from the onset of irrigation with groundwater, an assessment of As in rice within Cambodia is needed, which offers a "base-case" comparison against sediments of similar origin that comprise rice paddy soils where As-contaminated water is used for irrigation (e.g., Bangladesh). Here, we evaluated the As content of rice from five provinces (Kandal, Prey Veng, Battambang, Banteay Meanchey, and Kampong Thom) in the rice-growing regions of Cambodia and coupled that data to soil-chemical factors based on extractions of paddy soil collected and processed under anoxic conditions. At total soil As concentrations ranging 0.8 to 18 μg g(-1), total grain As concentrations averaged 0.2 μg g(-1) and ranged from 0.1 to 0.37 with Banteay Meanchey rice having significantly higher values than Prey Veng rice. Overall, soil-extractable concentrations of As, Fe, P, and Si and total As were poor predictors of grain As concentrations. While biogeochemical factors leading to reduction of As(V)-bearing Fe(III) oxides are likely most important for predicting plant-available As, husk and straw As concentrations were the most significant predictors of grain-As levels among our measured parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelia L Seyfferth
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P, Nath B, Naidu R, Ng J, Guilherme LRG, Ma LQ, Kim KW, Jean JS. Arsenic ecotoxicology: the interface between geosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 262:883-886. [PMID: 24055564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Bundschuh
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Surveying and NCEA, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia; KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Cheng Z, Wang HS, Du J, Sthiannopkao S, Xing GH, Kim KW, Yasin MSM, Hashim JH, Wong MH. Dietary exposure and risk assessment of mercury via total diet study in Cambodia. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:143-149. [PMID: 23499220 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To assess the daily intakes of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) and the possible adverse health impacts, different food groups including fish, meat, vegetable and rice were collected from three areas in Cambodia. The concentrations of THg and MeHg ranged from 0.16 to 171 ng g(-1) and not detected (ND) to 82.3 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww), respectively. The concentrations of THg and MeHg in fish were approximately three to four orders of magnitude greater than that in fruit and vegetable. Fish had the highest contribution to the total daily intakes of THg and MeHg. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of THg for the general population in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal was 0.24, 1.38 and 0.22 μg kg(-1) bw d(-1), and 0.11, 0.45 and 0.06 μg kg(-1) bw d(-1) for MeHg, respectively. The dietary daily intakes of MeHg in Kratie and Kampong Cham were greater than the reference dose (RfD) imposed by The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and in Kratie was also exceed the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) imposed by World Health Organization (WHO). To our knowledge, this the first study to evaluate the daily intakes of THg and MeHg in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory on Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, PR China
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