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Saffer C, Timme S, Ortiz SC, Bertuzzi M, Figge MT. Spatiotemporal modeling quantifies cellular contributions to uptake of Aspergillus fumigatus in the human lung. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1615. [PMID: 39632928 PMCID: PMC11618450 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-07302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The human lung is confronted daily with thousands of microbial invaders reaching the lower respiratory tract. An efficient response by the resident type 1 and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) and alveolar macrophages (AMs) cells during the early hours of innate immunity is a prerequisite to maintain a non-inflammatory state, but foremost to rapidly remove harmful substances. One such human-pathogenic invader is the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. If the spherical conidia are not cleared in time, they swell reaching approximately twice of their initial size and germinate to develop hyphae around six hours post-infection. This process of morphological change is crucial as it enables the pathogen to invade the alveolar epithelium and to reach the bloodstream, but also makes it conspicuous for the immune system. During this process, conidia are first in contact with AECs then with migrating AMs, both attempting to internalize and clear the fungus. However, the relative contribution of AMs and AECs to uptake of A. fumigatus remains an open question, especially the capabilities of the barely investigated type 1 AECs. In this study, we present a bottom-up modeling approach to incorporate experimental data on the dynamic increase of the conidial diameter and A. fumigatus uptake by AECs and AMs in a hybrid agent-based model (hABM) for the to-scale simulation of virtual infection scenarios in the human alveolus. By screening a wide range of parameters, we found that type 1 AECs, which cover approximately 95% of the alveolar surface, are likely to have a greater impact on uptake than type 2 AECs. Moreover, the majority of infection scenarios across the regime of tested parameters were cleared through uptake by AMs, whereas the contribution to conidial uptake by AECs was observed to be limited, indicating that their crucial support might mostly consist in mediating chemokine secretion for AM recruitment. Regardless, as the first host cell being confronted with A. fumigatus conidia, our results evidence the large potential impact of type 1 AECs antimicrobial activities, underlining the requirement of increasing experimental efforts on this alveolar constituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Saffer
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Timme
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sébastien C Ortiz
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, Manchester, UK
| | - Margherita Bertuzzi
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, Manchester, UK
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Antunes D, Domingues R, Cruz-Almeida M, Rodrigues L, Borges O, Carvalho A, Casadevall A, Fernandes C, Gonçalves T. Cell wall nanoparticles from hyphae of Alternaria infectoria grown with caspofungin, nikkomycin, or pyroquilon trigger different activation profiles in macrophages. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0064524. [PMID: 39329485 PMCID: PMC11537108 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00645-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternaria infectoria causes opportunistic human infections and is a source of allergens leading to respiratory allergies. In this work, we prepared cell wall nanoparticles (CWNPs) as a novel approach to study macrophage immunomodulation by fungal hyphal cell walls. A. infectoria was grown in the presence of caspofungin, an inhibitor of β(1,3)-glucan synthesis; nikkomycin Z, an inhibitor of chitin synthases; and pyroquilon, an inhibitor of dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin synthesis. Distinct CWNPs were obtained from these cultures, referred to as casCWNPs, nkCWNPs, and pyrCWNPs, respectively. CWNPs are round-shaped particles with a diameter of 70-200 nm diameter particles that when added to macrophages are taken up by membrane ruffling. CWNPs with no DHN-melanin and more glucan (pyrCWNPs) caused early macrophage activation and lowest viability, with the cells exhibiting ultrastructural modifications such as higher vacuolization and formation of autophagy-like structures. CasCWNPs promoted the highest tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) increase, also resulting in the release of partially degraded chitin, an aspect never observed in macrophage-like cells and fungi. After 6 h of interaction with CWNPs, only half were viable, except with control CWNPs. Overall, this work indicates that compounds that modify the fungal cell wall led to CWNPs with new properties that may have implications for the effects of drugs during antifungal therapy. CWNPs provide a new tool to study the interaction of hyphal fungal cell wall components with phagocytic cells and enable to show how the modification of cell wall components in A. infectoria can modulate the response by macrophages.IMPORTANCEAlternaria species are ubiquitous environmental fungi to which the human host can continuously be exposed, through the inhalation of fungal spores but also of fragments of hyphae, from desegregated mycelia. These fungi are involved in hypersensitization and severe respiratory allergies, such as asthma, and can cause opportunistic infections in immunodepressed human host leading to severe disease. The first fungal structures to interact with the host cells are the cell wall components, and their modulation leads to differential immune responses. Here, we show that fungal cells grown with cell wall inhibitors led to cell wall nanoparticles with new properties in their interaction with macrophages. With this strategy, we overcame the limitation of in vitro assays interacting with filamentous fungi and showed that the absence of DNH-melanin leads to higher virulence, while caspofungin leads to cells walls that trigger higher hydrolysis of chitin and higher production of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Antunes
- Univ Coimbra, CNC-UC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Domingues
- Univ Coimbra, CNC-UC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Cruz-Almeida
- Univ Coimbra, CNC-UC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lisa Rodrigues
- Univ Coimbra, CNC-UC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Olga Borges
- Univ Coimbra, CNC-UC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, FFUC—Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chantal Fernandes
- Univ Coimbra, CNC-UC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- Univ Coimbra, CNC-UC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, FMUC—Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Neoh CF, Chen SCA, Lanternier F, Tio SY, Halliday CL, Kidd SE, Kong DCM, Meyer W, Hoenigl M, Slavin MA. Scedosporiosis and lomentosporiosis: modern perspectives on these difficult-to-treat rare mold infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0000423. [PMID: 38551323 PMCID: PMC11237582 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00004-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYAlthough Scedosporium species and Lomentospora prolificans are uncommon causes of invasive fungal diseases (IFDs), these infections are associated with high mortality and are costly to treat with a limited armamentarium of antifungal drugs. In light of recent advances, including in the area of new antifungals, the present review provides a timely and updated overview of these IFDs, with a focus on the taxonomy, clinical epidemiology, pathogenesis and host immune response, disease manifestations, diagnosis, antifungal susceptibility, and treatment. An expansion of hosts at risk for these difficult-to-treat infections has emerged over the last two decades given the increased use of, and broader population treated with, immunomodulatory and targeted molecular agents as well as wider adoption of antifungal prophylaxis. Clinical presentations differ not only between genera but also across the different Scedosporium species. L. prolificans is intrinsically resistant to most currently available antifungal agents, and the prognosis of immunocompromised patients with lomentosporiosis is poor. Development of, and improved access to, diagnostic modalities for early detection of these rare mold infections is paramount for timely targeted antifungal therapy and surgery if indicated. New antifungal agents (e.g., olorofim, fosmanogepix) with novel mechanisms of action and less cross-resistance to existing classes, availability of formulations for oral administration, and fewer drug-drug interactions are now in late-stage clinical trials, and soon, could extend options to treat scedosporiosis/lomentosporiosis. Much work remains to increase our understanding of these infections, especially in the pediatric setting. Knowledge gaps for future research are highlighted in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Fen Neoh
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon C-A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fanny Lanternier
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Translational Mycology research group, Mycology Department, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Shio Yen Tio
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catriona L. Halliday
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Kidd
- National Mycology Reference Centre, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David C. M. Kong
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- The National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infections and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Translational Medical Mycology Research Group, ECMM Excellence Center for Clinical Mycology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Monica A. Slavin
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Xie Q, Li Q, Fang H, Zhang R, Tang H, Chen L. Gut-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Macrophage Modulation: Exploring Therapeutic Potentials in Pulmonary Fungal Infections. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2024; 66:316-327. [PMID: 38965168 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-024-08999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, modulate immune cell functions, particularly macrophages. This review explores the potential therapeutic applications of SCFAs in pulmonary fungal infections, a critical concern due to their high mortality rates and antifungal resistance. SCFAs enhance macrophage functions by promoting phagosome-lysosome fusion, increasing reactive oxygen species production, and balancing cytokine responses. Pulmonary fungal infections, caused by pathogens like Aspergillus fumigatus, are prevalent in immunocompromised patients, including those with diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and those on high-dose corticosteroids. SCFAs have shown promise in improving macrophage function in these contexts. However, the application of SCFAs must be balanced against potential side effects, including gut microbiota disruption and metabolic disorders. Further research is needed to optimize SCFA therapy for managing pulmonary fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2nd Section, 1st Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qinhui Li
- Medical Services Department, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2nd Section, 1st Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong Fang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2nd Section, 1st Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2nd Section, 1st Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huan Tang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2nd Section, 1st Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2nd Section, 1st Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
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5
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Tanner CD, Rosowski EE. Macrophages inhibit extracellular hyphal growth of A. fumigatus through Rac2 GTPase signaling. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0038023. [PMID: 38168666 PMCID: PMC10863406 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00380-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages act as a first line of defense against pathogens. Against Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus with pathogenic potential in immunocompromised patients, macrophages can phagocytose fungal spores and inhibit spore germination to prevent the development of tissue-invasive hyphae. However, the cellular pathways that macrophages use to accomplish these tasks and any roles macrophages have later in infection against invasive forms of fungi are still not fully known. Rac-family Rho GTPases are signaling hubs for multiple cellular functions in leukocytes, including cell migration, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and transcriptional activation. We therefore aimed to further characterize the function of macrophages against A. fumigatus in an in vivo vertebrate infection model by live imaging of the macrophage behavior in A. fumigatus-infected rac2 mutant zebrafish larvae. While Rac2-deficient zebrafish larvae are susceptible to A. fumigatus infection, Rac2 deficiency does not impair macrophage migration to the infection site, interaction with and phagocytosis of spores, spore trafficking to acidified compartments, or spore killing. However, we reveal a role for Rac2 in macrophage-mediated inhibition of spore germination and control of invasive hyphae. Re-expression of Rac2 under a macrophage-specific promoter rescues the survival of A. fumigatus-infected rac2 mutant larvae through increased control of germination and hyphal growth. Altogether, we describe a new role for macrophages against extracellular hyphal growth of A. fumigatus and report that the function of the Rac2 Rho GTPase in macrophages is required for this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Tanner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Emily E. Rosowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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6
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Lovegrove JT, Kent B, Förster S, Garvey CJ, Stenzel MH. The flow of anisotropic nanoparticles in solution and in blood. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20220075. [PMID: 38264690 PMCID: PMC10742203 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The alignment of anisotropic nanoparticles in flow has been used for a range of applications such as the preparation of strong fibres and the assembly of in-plane aligned 1D-nanoobjects that are used for electronic devices, sensors, energy and biological application. Important is also the flow behaviour of nanoparticles that were designed for nanomedical applications such as drug delivery. It is widely observed that non-spherical nanoparticles have longer circulation times and a more favourable biodistribution. To be able to understand this behaviour, researchers have turned to analyzing the flow of non-spherical nanoparticles in the blood stream. In this review, an overview of microfluidic techniques that are used to monitor the alignment of anisotropic nanoparticles in solution will be provided, which includes analysis by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and polarized light microscopy. The flow of these nanoparticles in blood is then discussed as the presence of red blood cells causes margination of some nanoparticles. Using fluorescence microscopy, the extent of margination can be identified, which coincides with the ability of nanoparticles to adhere to the cells grown along the wall. While these studies are mainly carried out in vitro using blood, initial investigations in vivo were able to confirm the unusual flow of anisotropic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Thomas Lovegrove
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ben Kent
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Christopher J. Garvey
- Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier‐Leibnitz FRM II and Physik Department E13Technische Universität MünchenGarchingGermany
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Saffer C, Timme S, Rudolph P, Figge MT. Surrogate infection model predicts optimal alveolar macrophage number for clearance of Aspergillus fumigatus infections. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:12. [PMID: 37037824 PMCID: PMC10086013 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system has to fight off hundreds of microbial invaders every day, such as the human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The fungal conidia can reach the lower respiratory tract, swell and form hyphae within six hours causing life-threatening invasive aspergillosis. Invading pathogens are continuously recognized and eliminated by alveolar macrophages (AM). Their number plays an essential role, but remains controversial with measurements varying by a factor greater than ten for the human lung. We here investigate the impact of the AM number on the clearance of A. fumigatus conidia in humans and mice using analytical and numerical modeling approaches. A three-dimensional to-scale hybrid agent-based model (hABM) of the human and murine alveolus allowed us to simulate millions of virtual infection scenarios, and to gain quantitative insights into the infection dynamics for varying AM numbers and infection doses. Since hABM simulations are computationally expensive, we derived and trained an analytical surrogate infection model on the large dataset of numerical simulations. This enables reducing the number of hABM simulations while still providing (i) accurate and immediate predictions on infection progression, (ii) quantitative hypotheses on the infection dynamics under healthy and immunocompromised conditions, and (iii) optimal AM numbers for combating A. fumigatus infections in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Saffer
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Timme
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul Rudolph
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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8
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Zhong H, Lu RY, Wang Y. Neutrophil extracellular traps in fungal infections: A seesaw battle in hosts. Front Immunol 2022; 13:977493. [PMID: 36189199 PMCID: PMC9515532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a growing health care challenge. Neutrophils play a key role in defense against fungal infections. There are many effective ways for neutrophils to eliminate fungal invaders, such as phagocytosis, oxidative bursts, and the formation of extracellular traps. This process has received considerable attention and has made rapid progress since neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation was described. Here, we describe the formation, induction, and function of NETs, as well as fungal strategies against NETs hunting. We highlight the effects of NETs on common fungal pathogens and how these pathogens survive.
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9
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Pereira JAL, de Moraes LS, de Sena CBC, do Nascimento JLM, Rodrigues APD, da Silva SHM, Silva EO. Inhibition of Melanization by Kojic Acid Promotes Cell Wall Disruption of the Human Pathogenic Fungus Fonsecaea sp. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080925. [PMID: 36015045 PMCID: PMC9414132 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic human subcutaneous mycosis caused by various aetiologic agents. CBM does not have an established treatment but may be managed using antifungal agents, surgical removal of the lesions, or cryotherapy. Kojic acid (KA), a known tyrosinase inhibitor with a variety of biological actions, including fungistatic action against the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, mediated by inhibiting melanin production, seems to be an alternative to improve the treatment of CBM. The aim of the present study was to analyze the action of KA against the pathogenic fungus Fonsecaea sp., an aetiological agent of CBM. The fungal culture was incubated with KA, and the amount of melanin was assessed, followed by cytochemical detection. Subsequently, the samples were analyzed by light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Culture analysis revealed that 100 g/mL KA significantly decreased the melanization of the fungus and the exocytosis of melanin into the culture supernatant. Additionally, KA induced less growth of biofilm formation and intense disruption of the cell wall, and decreased the number of melanin-containing vesicles in the culture supernatant. Finally, KA inhibited fungal filamentation in culture and the subsequent phagocytosis process. Thus, KA may be a promising substance to help in the treatment of CBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Augusto Leão Pereira
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Lienne Silveira de Moraes
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Post Graduation Program, Health and Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Amapa (UNIFAP), Macapá 68903-329, AP, Brazil
| | - Chubert Bernardo Castro de Sena
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT—NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Martins do Nascimento
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Post Graduation Program, Health and Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Amapa (UNIFAP), Macapá 68903-329, AP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT—NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula D. Rodrigues
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Belém 66093-020, PA, Brazil
| | - Silvia Helena Marques da Silva
- Laboratory of Superficial and Systemic Mycoses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Department of Mycology and Bacteriology, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Edilene O. Silva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +055-9132-0175-46
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10
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Konsoula A, Tsioutis C, Markaki I, Papadakis M, Agouridis AP, Spernovasilis N. Lomentospora prolificans: An Emerging Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1317. [PMID: 35889036 PMCID: PMC9316904 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lomentospora prolificans is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that primarily affects immunocompromised individuals leading to disseminated disease with high mortality rates while also causing infections in healthy populations. Successful recovery from infection is difficult due to high rates of intrinsic resistance to antifungals. Rapid and readily available diagnostic methods, aggressive surgical debridement wherever appropriate, and effective and timely antifungal treatment are the pillars for successful management. Future research will need to clarify the environmental niche of the fungus, further investigate the pathophysiology of infection and define species-specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Konsoula
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Sitia, 72300 Sitia, Greece;
| | | | - Ioulia Markaki
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, “Sotiria” General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Michail Papadakis
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Agios Panteleimon” General Hospital of Nikaia, 18454 Piraeus, Greece;
| | - Aris P. Agouridis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus;
- Department of Internal Medicine, German Oncology Center, Limassol 4108, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos Spernovasilis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, German Oncology Center, Limassol 4108, Cyprus;
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71303 Heraklion, Greece
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11
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Invasive aspergillosis-on-chip: A quantitative treatment study of human Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Kozlovskaya V, Kharlampieva E. Anisotropic Particles through Multilayer Assembly. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100328. [PMID: 34644008 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The anisotropy in the shape of polymeric particles has been demonstrated to have many advantages over spherical particulates, including bio-mimetic behavior, shaped-directed flow, deformation, surface adhesion, targeting, motion, and permeability. The layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is uniquely suited for synthesizing anisotropic particles as this method allows for simple and versatile replication of diverse colloid geometries with precise control over their chemical and physical properties. This review highlights recent progress in anisotropic particles of micrometer and nanometer sizes produced by a templated multilayer assembly of synthetic and biological macromolecules. Synthetic approaches to produce capsules and hydrogels utilizing anisotropic templates such as biological, polymeric, bulk hydrogel, inorganic colloids, and metal-organic framework crystals as sacrificial templates are overviewed. Structure-property relationships controlled by the anisotropy in particle shape and surface are discussed and compared with their spherical counterparts. Advances and challenges in controlling particle properties through varying shape anisotropy and surface asymmetry are outlined. The perspective applications of anisotropic colloids in biomedicine, including programmed behavior in the blood and tissues as artificial cells, nano-motors/sensors, and intelligent drug carriers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kozlovskaya
- Chemistry Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Chemistry Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,UAB Center for Nanomaterials and Biointegration, UAB O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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13
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Melanin of Sporothrix globosa affects the function of THP-1 macrophages and modulates the expression of TLR2 and TLR4. Microb Pathog 2021; 159:105158. [PMID: 34454025 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin is an important virulence factor for Sporothrix globosa, the causative agent of sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis that occurs worldwide. Although previous research suggests that melanin is involved in the pathogenesis of sporotrichosis, little is known about its influence on the macrophages that represent the frontline components of innate immunity. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of melanin on phagocytic activity and the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 during S. globosa infection of macrophages in vitro. METHODS To compare phagocytic activity and survival rates, THP-1 macrophages and primary mouse peritoneal macrophages were co-cultured with a wild-type S. globosa strain (Mel+), an albino mutant strain (Mel-), a tricyclazole-treated Mel + strain (TCZ-Mel+), or melanin ghosts extracted from S. globosa conidia. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) generation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were assayed in THP-1 cells infected with S. globosa conidia. Quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to observe the effect of melanin on TLR2 and TLR4 expression. Knockdown of TLR2/4 expression with small interfering RNA was performed to further verify the role of these receptors during infection. RESULTS Macrophages infected with Mel + conidia showed a lower phagocytosis index and a higher survival rate than TCZ-Mel+ and Mel- in vitro. After incubation with S. globosa, the release of ROS, NO, TNF-α and IL-6 by THP-1 were decreased in the presence of melanin. Increased mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 occurred upon S. globosa infection in THP-1, whereas the presence of melanin suppressed TLR2 and TLR4. Moreover, TLR2 or TLR4 knockdown showed a trend toward reducing the pernicious effect of S. globosa conidia on THP-1 cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results indicated that melanin inhibits the phagocytosis of S. globosa and guards against macrophage attack by providing protection from oxygen- and nitrogen-derived radicals, as well as suppressing the host pro-inflammatory cytokine response (TNF-α and IL-6). Melanin was also involved in modulating TLR2 and TLR4 receptor expression, weakening the killing efficiency of S. globosa.
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14
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Characterisation of Aspergillus fumigatus Endocytic Trafficking within Airway Epithelial Cells Using High-Resolution Automated Quantitative Confocal Microscopy. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060454. [PMID: 34200399 PMCID: PMC8229978 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise characterization of the mechanisms modulating Aspergillus fumigatus survival within airway epithelial cells has been impaired by the lack of live-cell imaging technologies and user-friendly quantification approaches. Here we described the use of an automated image analysis pipeline to estimate the proportion of A. fumigatus spores taken up by airway epithelial cells, those contained within phagolysosomes or acidified phagosomes, along with the fungal factors contributing to these processes. Coupling the use of fluorescent A. fumigatus strains and fluorescent epithelial probes targeting lysosomes, acidified compartments and cell membrane, we found that both the efficacy of lysosome recruitment to phagosomes and phagosome acidification determines the capacity of airway epithelial cells to contain A. fumigatus growth. Overall, the capability of the airway epithelium to prevent A. fumigatus survival was higher in bronchial epithelial than alveolar epithelial cells. Certain A. fumigatus cell wall mutants influenced phagosome maturation in airway epithelial cells. Taken together, this live-cell 4D imaging approach allows observation and measurement of the very early processes of A. fumigatus interaction within live airway epithelial monolayers.
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15
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The Host Immune Response to Scedosporium/ Lomentospora. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020075. [PMID: 33499053 PMCID: PMC7912657 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by the opportunistic pathogens Scedosporium/Lomentospora are on the rise. This causes problems in the clinic due to the difficulty in diagnosing and treating them. This review collates information published on immune response against these fungi, since an understanding of the mechanisms involved is of great interest in developing more effective strategies against them. Scedosporium/Lomentospora cell wall components, including peptidorhamnomannans (PRMs), α-glucans and glucosylceramides, are important immune response activators following their recognition by TLR2, TLR4 and Dectin-1 and through receptors that are yet unknown. After recognition, cytokine synthesis and antifungal activity of different phagocytes and epithelial cells is species-specific, highlighting the poor response by microglial cells against L. prolificans. Moreover, a great number of Scedosporium/Lomentospora antigens have been identified, most notably catalase, PRM and Hsp70 for their potential medical applicability. Against host immune response, these fungi contain evasion mechanisms, inducing host non-protective response, masking fungal molecular patterns, destructing host defense proteins and decreasing oxidative killing. In conclusion, although many advances have been made, many aspects remain to be elucidated and more research is necessary to shed light on the immune response to Scedosporium/Lomentospora.
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16
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Suzuki T, Kato Y, Kobayashi A, Suzuki K. Protective effects of aqueous extracts of Rhizopus oryzae on atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.27.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukiko Kato
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
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17
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Vellanki S, Garcia AE, Lee SC. Interactions of FK506 and Rapamycin With FK506 Binding Protein 12 in Opportunistic Human Fungal Pathogens. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:588913. [PMID: 33195437 PMCID: PMC7596385 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.588913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades advances in modern medicine have resulted in a global increase in the prevalence of fungal infections. Particularly people undergoing organ transplants or cancer treatments with a compromised immune system are at an elevated risk for lethal fungal infections such as invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, etc. The emergence of drug resistance in fungal pathogens poses a serious threat to mankind and it is critical to identify new targets for the development of antifungals. Calcineurin and TOR proteins are conserved across eukaryotes including pathogenic fungi. Two small molecules FK506 and rapamycin bind to FKBP12 immunophilin and the resulting complexes (FK506-FKBP12 and rapamycin-FKBP12) target calcineurin and TOR, respectively in both humans and fungi. However, due to their immunosuppressive nature these drugs in the current form cannot be used as an antifungal. To overcome this, it is important to identify key differences between human and fungal FKBP12, calcineurin, and TOR proteins which will facilitate the development of new small molecules with higher affinity toward fungal components. The current review highlights FK506/rapamycin-FKBP12 interactions with calcineurin/TOR kinase in human and fungi, and development of non-immunosuppressive analogs of FK506, rapamycin, and novel small molecules in inhibition of fungal calcineurin and TOR kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Vellanki
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Alexis E Garcia
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Soo Chan Lee
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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18
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Blickensdorf M, Timme S, Figge MT. Hybrid Agent-Based Modeling of Aspergillus fumigatus Infection to Quantitatively Investigate the Role of Pores of Kohn in Human Alveoli. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1951. [PMID: 32903715 PMCID: PMC7438790 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthy state of an organism is constantly threatened by external cues. Due to the daily inhalation of hundreds of particles and pathogens, the immune system needs to constantly accomplish the task of pathogen clearance in order to maintain this healthy state. However, infection dynamics are highly influenced by the peculiar anatomy of the human lung. Lung alveoli that are packed in alveolar sacs are interconnected by so called Pores of Kohn. Mainly due to the lack of in vivo methods, the role of Pores of Kohn in the mammalian lung is still under debate and partly contradicting hypotheses remain to be investigated. Although it was shown by electron microscopy that Pores of Kohn may serve as passageways for immune cells, their impact on the infection dynamics in the lung is still unknown under in vivo conditions. In the present study, we apply a hybrid agent-based infection model to quantitatively compare three different scenarios and discuss the importance of Pores of Kohn during infections of Aspergillus fumigatus. A. fumigatus is an airborne opportunistic fungus with rising incidences causing severe infections in immunocompromised patients that are associated with high mortality rates. Our hybrid agent-based model incorporates immune cell dynamics of alveolar macrophages – the resident phagocytes in the lung – as well as molecular dynamics of diffusing chemokines that attract alveolar macrophages to the site of infection. Consequently, this model allows a quantitative comparison of three different scenarios and to study the importance of Pores of Kohn. This enables us to demonstrate how passaging of alveolar macrophages and chemokine diffusion affect A. fumigatus infection dynamics. We show that Pores of Kohn alter important infection clearance mechanisms, such as the spatial distribution of macrophages and the effect of chemokine signaling. However, despite these differences, a lack of passageways for alveolar macrophages does impede infection clearance only to a minor extend. Furthermore, we quantify the importance of recruited macrophages in comparison to resident macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Blickensdorf
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Timme
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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19
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Vorselen D, Labitigan RLD, Theriot JA. A mechanical perspective on phagocytic cup formation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 66:112-122. [PMID: 32698097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a widespread and evolutionarily conserved process with diverse biological functions, ranging from engulfment of invading microbes during infection to clearance of apoptotic debris in tissue homeostasis. Along with differences in biochemical composition, phagocytic targets greatly differ in physical attributes, such as size, shape, and rigidity, which are now recognized as important regulators of this process. Force exertion at the cell-target interface and cellular mechanical changes during phagocytosis are emerging as crucial factors underlying sensing of such target properties. With technological developments, mechanical aspects of phagocytosis are increasingly accessible experimentally, revealing remarkable organizational complexity of force exertion. An increasingly high-resolution picture is emerging of how target physical cues and cellular mechanical properties jointly govern important steps throughout phagocytic engulfment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo D Labitigan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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20
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Joseph JG, Liu AP. Mechanical Regulation of Endocytosis: New Insights and Recent Advances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900278. [PMID: 32402120 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a mechanosensitive process. It involves remodeling of the plasma membrane from a flat shape to a budded morphology, often at the sub-micrometer scale. This remodeling process is energy-intensive and is influenced by mechanical factors such as membrane tension, membrane rigidity, and physical properties of cargo and extracellular surroundings. The cellular responses to a variety of mechanical factors by distinct endocytic pathways are important for cells to counteract rapid and extreme disruptions in the mechanohomeostasis of cells. Recent advances in microscopy and mechanical manipulation at the cellular scale have led to new discoveries of mechanoregulation of endocytosis by the aforementioned factors. While factors such as membrane tension and membrane rigidity are generally shown to inhibit endocytosis, other mechanical stimuli have complex relationships with endocytic pathways. At this juncture, it is now possible to utilize experimental techniques to interrogate theoretical predictions on mechanoregulation of endocytosis in cells and even living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jophin G Joseph
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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21
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Response of Human Neutrophil Granulocytes to the Hyphae of the Emerging Fungal Pathogen Curvularia lunata. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030235. [PMID: 32245253 PMCID: PMC7157731 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Curvularia lunata is an ascomycete filamentous fungus causing local and invasive phaeohyphomycoses in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Neutrophils are crucial participants of the first line host defense against fungal infections. They migrate to the infected site and eliminate the infectious agents by various mechanisms including phagocytoses, oxidative damage, or formation of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET). Neutropenia may be a risk factor for phaeohyphomycoses, and restoration of the neutrophil function can improve the outcome of the infection. In the present study, interaction of primary human neutrophil granulocytes with the hyphae C. lunata was examined and compared to that with the well characterized filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Neutrophils could recognize the serum opsonized hyphae of C. lunata and attach to them. Myeloperoxidase release was also activated by a soluble factor present in the culture supernatant of the fungus. Induction of the oxidative burst was found to depend on serum opsonization of the hyphae. Although extracellular hydrogen peroxide production was induced, the fungus efficiently blocked the oxidative burst by acidifying the reaction environment. This blockage also affected the NET forming ability of the neutrophils.
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22
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Afanou KA, Eduard W, Laier Johnsen HB, Straumfors A. Fungal Fragments and Fungal Aerosol Composition in Sawmills. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 62:559-570. [PMID: 29846519 PMCID: PMC5972573 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of exposure to fungi has commonly been limited to fungal spore measurements that have shown associations between fungi and development or exacerbation of different airway diseases. Because large numbers of submicronic fragments can be aerosolized from fungal cultures under laboratory conditions, it has been suggested that fungal exposure is more complex and higher than that commonly revealed by spore measurements. However, the assessment of fungal fragments in complex environmental matrix remain limited due to methodological challenges. With a recently developed immunolabeling method for field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), we could assess the complex composition of fungal aerosols present in personal thoracic samples collected from two Norwegian sawmills. We found that large fungal fragments (length >1 µm) dominated the fungal aerosols indicating that the traditional monitoring approach of spores severely underestimate fungal exposure. The composition of fungal aerosols comprised in average 9% submicronic fragments, 62% large fragments, and 29% spores. The average concentrations of large and submicronic fragments (0.2–1 µm) were 3 × 105 and 0.6 × 105 particles m−3, respectively, and correlated weakly with spores (1.4 × 105 particles m−3). The levels of fragments were 2.6 times higher than the average spore concentration that was close to the proposed hazardous level of 105 spores per m3. The season influenced significantly the fungal aerosol concentrations but not the composition. Furthermore, the ratio of spores in the heterogeneous fungal aerosol composition was significantly higher in saw departments as compared to sorting of green timber departments where the fungal fragments were most prevalent. Being the dominating particles of fungal aerosols in sawmills, fungal fragments should be included in exposure-response studies to elucidate their importance for health impairments. Likewise, the use of fungal aerosol composition in such studies should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komlavi Anani Afanou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wijnand Eduard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helle Birgit Laier Johnsen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Straumfors
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Almeida MC, Antunes D, Silva BMA, Rodrigues L, Mota M, Borges O, Fernandes C, Gonçalves T. Early Interaction of Alternaria infectoria Conidia with Macrophages. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:383-392. [PMID: 31183740 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous indoor and outdoor airborne agents, and individuals are daily exposed to their spores. Although its importance in human infections and, particularly in respiratory allergies, there are no studies of how Alternaria spp. spores interact with host cells. Our aim was to study the early interaction of Alternaria infectoria spores with macrophages, the first line of immune defense. RAW 264.7 macrophages were infected with A. infectoria conidia, and the internalization and viability of conidia once inside the macrophages were quantified during the first 6 h of interaction. Live cell imaging was used to study the dynamics of this interaction. TNF-α production was quantified by relative gene expression, and the concentration of other cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, GM-CSF and INF-γ) and a chemokine, MIP-1α, was quantified by ELISA. Conidia were rapidly internalized by macrophages, with approximately half internalized after 30 min of interaction. During the first 6 h of interaction, macrophages retained the ability to mitotically divide while containing internalized conidia. The classical macrophage-activated morphology was absent in macrophages infected with conidia, and TNF-α and other cytokines and chemokines failed to be produced. Thus, macrophages are able to efficiently phagocyte A. infectoria conidia, but, during the first 6 h, no effective antifungal response is triggered, therefore promoting the residence of these fungal conidia inside the macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - D Antunes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - B M A Silva
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - L Rodrigues
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,FMUC - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Mota
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,FMUC - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - O Borges
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,FFUC - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C Fernandes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - T Gonçalves
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.,FMUC - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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24
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Blickensdorf M, Timme S, Figge MT. Comparative Assessment of Aspergillosis by Virtual Infection Modeling in Murine and Human Lung. Front Immunol 2019; 10:142. [PMID: 30804941 PMCID: PMC6370618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause severe infections in immunocompromised patients. Conidia that reach the lower respiratory tract are confronted with alveolar macrophages, which are the resident phagocytic cells, constituting the first line of defense. If not efficiently removed in time, A. fumigatus conidia can germinate causing severe infections associated with high mortality rates. Mice are the most extensively used model organism in research on A. fumigatus infections. However, in addition to structural differences in the lung physiology of mice and the human host, applied infection doses in animal experiments are typically orders of magnitude larger compared to the daily inhalation doses of humans. The influence of these factors, which must be taken into account in a quantitative comparison and knowledge transfer from mice to humans, is difficult to measure since in vivo live cell imaging of the infection dynamics under physiological conditions is currently not possible. In the present study, we compare A. fumigatus infection in mice and humans by virtual infection modeling using a hybrid agent-based model that accounts for the respective lung physiology and the impact of a wide range of infection doses on the spatial infection dynamics. Our computer simulations enable comparative quantification of A. fumigatus infection clearance in the two hosts to elucidate (i) the complex interplay between alveolar morphometry and the fungal burden and (ii) the dynamics of infection clearance, which for realistic fungal burdens is found to be more efficiently realized in mice compared to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Blickensdorf
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Timme
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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25
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Ramirez-Garcia A, Pellon A, Rementeria A, Buldain I, Barreto-Bergter E, Rollin-Pinheiro R, de Meirelles JV, Xisto MIDS, Ranque S, Havlicek V, Vandeputte P, Govic YL, Bouchara JP, Giraud S, Chen S, Rainer J, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Martin-Gomez MT, López-Soria LM, Peman J, Schwarz C, Bernhardt A, Tintelnot K, Capilla J, Martin-Vicente A, Cano-Lira J, Nagl M, Lackner M, Irinyi L, Meyer W, de Hoog S, Hernando FL. Scedosporium and Lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists. Med Mycol 2018. [PMID: 29538735 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of Scedosporium and Lomentospora are considered as emerging opportunists, affecting immunosuppressed and otherwise debilitated patients, although classically they are known from causing trauma-associated infections in healthy individuals. Clinical manifestations range from local infection to pulmonary colonization and severe invasive disease, in which mortality rates may be over 80%. These unacceptably high rates are due to the clinical status of patients, diagnostic difficulties, and to intrinsic antifungal resistance of these fungi. In consequence, several consortia have been founded to increase research efforts on these orphan fungi. The current review presents recent findings and summarizes the most relevant points, including the Scedosporium/Lomentospora taxonomy, environmental distribution, epidemiology, pathology, virulence factors, immunology, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Aize Pellon
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Aitor Rementeria
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Idoia Buldain
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephane Ranque
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HM / CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Vladimir Havlicek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Vandeputte
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU, Angers, France.,Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (EA 3142), UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Yohann Le Govic
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU, Angers, France.,Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (EA 3142), UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU, Angers, France.,Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (EA 3142), UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Sandrine Giraud
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Study Group (EA 3142), UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, Angers, France
| | - Sharon Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johannes Rainer
- Institute of Microbiology, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier Peman
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carsten Schwarz
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre Berlin/Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Bernhardt
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Tintelnot
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Javier Capilla
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Adela Martin-Vicente
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Jose Cano-Lira
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Markus Nagl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Lackner
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laszlo Irinyi
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando L Hernando
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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Hartung S, Rauh C, Hoang TNM, Jahreis S, Wagner K, Macheleidt J, Brakhage AA, Rummler S, Hochhaus A, von Lilienfeld-Toal M. Fast and Quantitative Evaluation of Human Leukocyte Interaction with Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia by Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2018; 95:332-338. [PMID: 30450827 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Systemic infections with the opportunistic mold Aspergillus fumigatus are a great threat to immunocompromised patients such as transplant recipients. Immunological research on A. fumigatus involves the measurement of phagocytosis of fungal conidia (spores) by human phagocytes. Here, we present a fast and flexible way to analyze phagocytosis by flow cytometry using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeling of conidia prior to co-incubation with human leukocytes and an anti-FITC counterstaining step postincubation to allow the discrimination of internalized and adherent conidia. In contrast to many other protocols, this method can be combined with further surface marker analyses. We sought to determine phagocytosis rates of A. fumigatus conidia in different stages and after several incubation times using this method. Moreover, we provide an example of application by comparing phagocytosis of A. fumigatus mutants to the wild type. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Hartung
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Infection Biology and Natural Product Research, Jena, Germany
| | - Christopher Rauh
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thi Ngoc Mai Hoang
- Leibniz Institute for Infection Biology and Natural Product Research, Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Jahreis
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Infection Biology and Natural Product Research, Jena, Germany
| | - Kathleen Wagner
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Infection Biology and Natural Product Research, Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Macheleidt
- Leibniz Institute for Infection Biology and Natural Product Research, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Leibniz Institute for Infection Biology and Natural Product Research, Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Rummler
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Hochhaus
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marie von Lilienfeld-Toal
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Infection Biology and Natural Product Research, Jena, Germany
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27
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Mohamed DY. Detection the antifungal effect of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on mold which isolated from domestic's bathroom. AL-MUSTANSIRIYAH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.23851/mjs.v29i1.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to detection the antifungal effect of Zirconium oxide nanoparticles on mold which isolated from domestic's bathroom during April 2017 in Baghdad City. Twenty species were isolated from one hundred samples which were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus. flavus, , Aspergillus duricaulis, Aspergillus nidulans Aspergillus. parasiticus ,Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus. brasiliensis ,Aspergillus heteromorphus , Curvularia lunata, Penicillium sp., Fusarium oxysporum, , Alternaria alternate, Cladosporium sp. Trichoderma sp., Mucor, Rhizopus sp., Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, , Stachybotrys and yeast. Among the isolated species Aspergillus niger, was the most abundant (14.92%) followed by Aspergillus flavus (10.14%), while less abundant (0.95 & 0.63 %) Cladosporium sp. &, Mucor respectively. The higher demoralization of fungal growth was recorded at 8mg/ml concentration of Zirconium oxide nanoparticles which was (3.8cm) in molds Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus. flavus, , & Aspergillus. brasiliensis
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28
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Proteome Analysis Reveals the Conidial Surface Protein CcpA Essential for Virulence of the Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01557-18. [PMID: 30279286 PMCID: PMC6168859 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01557-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian immune system relies on recognition of pathogen surface antigens for targeting and clearance. In the absence of immune evasion strategies, pathogen clearance is rapid. In the case of Aspergillus fumigatus, the successful fungus must avoid phagocytosis in the lung to establish invasive infection. In healthy individuals, fungal spores are cleared by immune cells; however, in immunocompromised patients, clearance mechanisms are impaired. Here, using proteome analyses, we identified CcpA as an important fungal spore protein involved in pathogenesis. A. fumigatus lacking CcpA was more susceptible to immune recognition and prompt eradication and, consequently, exhibited drastically attenuated virulence. In infection studies, CcpA was required for virulence in infected immunocompromised mice, suggesting that it could be used as a possible immunotherapeutic or diagnostic target in the future. In summary, our report adds a protein to the list of those known to be critical to the complex fungal spore surface environment and, more importantly, identifies a protein important for conidial immunogenicity during infection. Aspergillus fumigatus is a common airborne fungal pathogen of humans and a significant source of mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Here, we provide the most extensive cell wall proteome profiling to date of A. fumigatus resting conidia, the fungal morphotype pertinent to first contact with the host. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we identified proteins within the conidial cell wall by hydrogen-fluoride (HF)–pyridine extraction and proteins exposed on the surface using a trypsin-shaving approach. One protein, designated conidial cell wall protein A (CcpA), was identified by both methods and was found to be nearly as abundant as hydrophobic rodlet layer-forming protein RodA. CcpA, an amphiphilic protein, like RodA, peaks in expression during sporulation on resting conidia. Despite high cell wall abundance, the cell surface structure of ΔccpA resting conidia appeared normal. However, trypsin shaving of ΔccpA conidia revealed novel surface-exposed proteins not detected on conidia of the wild-type strain. Interestingly, the presence of swollen ΔccpA conidia led to higher activation of neutrophils and dendritic cells than was seen with wild-type conidia and caused significantly less damage to epithelial cells in vitro. In addition, virulence was highly attenuated when cortisone-treated, immunosuppressed mice were infected with ΔccpA conidia. CcpA-specific memory T cell responses were detectable in healthy human donors naturally exposed to A. fumigatus conidia, suggesting a role for CcpA as a structural protein impacting conidial immunogenicity rather than possessing a protein-intrinsic immunosuppressive effect. Together, these data suggest that CcpA serves as a conidial stealth protein by altering the conidial surface structure to minimize innate immune recognition.
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29
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Successful Treatment of Invasive Conidiobolus Infection During Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2018; 40:e446-e449. [PMID: 28991126 PMCID: PMC5904005 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hematologic malignancies. Conidiobolus species are molds within the order Entomophthorales and may disseminate to become rapidly fatal in immunocompromised individuals. This species of fungal infections are often multidrug resistant (MDR) and present unique therapeutic challenges. Reports of Conidiobolus infections are rare in pediatric oncology. We report the successful treatment of an adolescent male with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia and MDR invasive sinopulmonary Conidiobolus infection with emphasis on early and aggressive neutrophil support with surgical debridement. The strategies described could be applied to other MDR fungal infections.
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30
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Jahreis S, Böttcher S, Hartung S, Rachow T, Rummler S, Dietl AM, Haas H, Walther G, Hochhaus A, von Lilienfeld-Toal M. Human MAIT cells are rapidly activated by Aspergillus
spp. in an APC-dependent manner. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1698-1706. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Jahreis
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II; Hematology and Oncology; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
- Infections in Hematology and Oncology; Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology; Jena Germany
| | - Sarah Böttcher
- Infections in Hematology and Oncology; Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology; Jena Germany
| | - Susann Hartung
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II; Hematology and Oncology; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
- Infections in Hematology and Oncology; Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology; Jena Germany
| | - Tobias Rachow
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II; Hematology and Oncology; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - Silke Rummler
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine; University Hospital Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Dietl
- Division of Molecular Biology; Biocenter; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Biology; Biocenter; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Grit Walther
- National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk); Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology; Hans Knöll Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Andreas Hochhaus
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II; Hematology and Oncology; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - Marie von Lilienfeld-Toal
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II; Hematology and Oncology; Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
- Infections in Hematology and Oncology; Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology; Jena Germany
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31
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Fernandes J, Hamidi F, Leborgne R, Beau R, Castier Y, Mordant P, Boukkerou A, Latgé JP, Pretolani M. Penetration of the Human Pulmonary Epithelium by Aspergillus fumigatus Hyphae. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1306-1313. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Fernandes
- INSERM UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, France
- Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Fatima Hamidi
- INSERM UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, France
- Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Remi Leborgne
- ImagoSeine Electron Microscopy Facility, Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France
| | - Remi Beau
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yves Castier
- INSERM UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, France
- Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, France
| | - Pierre Mordant
- INSERM UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, France
- Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, France
| | - Amira Boukkerou
- INSERM UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, France
- Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | | | - Marina Pretolani
- INSERM UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, France
- Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
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32
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Pellon A, Ramirez-Garcia A, Guruceaga X, Zabala A, Buldain I, Antoran A, Anguita J, Rementeria A, Matute C, Hernando FL. Microglial immune response is impaired against the neurotropic fungus Lomentospora prolificans. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12847. [PMID: 29582549 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lomentospora (Scedosporium) prolificans is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. The fungus is able to disseminate via the bloodstream finally arriving at the central nervous system producing neurological symptoms and, in many cases, patient death. In this context, microglial cells, which are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, may play an important role in these infections. However, this aspect of anti-L. prolificans immunity has been poorly researched to date. Thus, the interactions and activity of microglial cells against L. prolificans were analysed, and the results show that there was a remarkable impairment in their performance regarding phagocytosis, the development of oxidative burst, and in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, compared with macrophages. Interestingly, L. prolificans displays great growth also when challenged with immune cells, even when inside them. We also proved that microglial phagocytosis of the fungus is highly dependent on mannose receptor and especially on dectin-1. Taken together, these data provide evidence for an impaired microglial response against L. prolificans and contribute to understanding the pathobiology of its neurotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aize Pellon
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Macrophage and Tick Vaccine Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain
| | - Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Xabier Guruceaga
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alazne Zabala
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain
| | - Idoia Buldain
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Aitziber Antoran
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Juan Anguita
- Macrophage and Tick Vaccine Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Aitor Rementeria
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain
| | - Fernando L Hernando
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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Overton NLD, Brakhage AA, Thywißen A, Denning DW, Bowyer P. Mutations in EEA1 are associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and affect phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus by human macrophages. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0185706. [PMID: 29547649 PMCID: PMC5856258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in asthma is a severe, life-affecting disease that potentially affects over 4.8 million people globally. In the UK, ABPA is predominantly caused by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Phagocytosis is important in clearance of this fungus, and Early Endosome Antigen 1 (EEA1) has been demonstrated to be involved in phagocytosis of fungi. We sought to investigate the role of EEA1 mutations and phagocytosis in ABPA. We used exome sequencing to identify variants in EEA1 associated with ABPA. We then cultured monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from 17 ABPA subjects with A. fumigatus conidia, and analyzed phagocytosis and phagolysosome acidification in relation to the presence of these variants. We found that variants in EEA1 were associated with ABPA and with the rate of phagocytosis of A. fumigatus conidia and the acidification of phagolysosomes. MDMs from ABPA subjects carrying the disease associated genotype showed increased acidification and phagocytosis compared to those from ABPA subjects carrying the non-associated genotypes or healthy controls.The identification of ABPA-associated variants in EEA that have functional effects on MDM phagocytosis and phagolysosome acidification of A. fumigatus conidia revolutionizes our understanding of susceptibility to this disease, which may in future benefit patients by earlier identification or improved treatments. We suggest that the increased phagocytosis and acidification observed demonstrates an over-active MDM profile in these patients, resulting in an exaggerated cellular response to the presence of A. fumigatus in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L. D. Overton
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group (MFIG), Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Thywißen
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - David W. Denning
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group (MFIG), Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group (MFIG), Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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34
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Santos CS, Bannitz-Fernandes R, Lima AS, Tairum CA, Malavazi I, Netto LES, Bertotti M. Monitoring H 2O 2 inside Aspergillus fumigatus with an Integrated Microelectrode: The Role of Peroxiredoxin Protein Prx1. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2587-2593. [PMID: 29345916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are important proteins involved in hydroperoxide degradation and are related to virulence in several pathogens, including Aspergillus fumigatus. In this work, in vivo studies on the degradation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the microenvironment of A. fumigatus fungus were performed by using an integrated Pt microelectrode. Three A. fumigatus strains were used to confirm the role of the cytosolic protein Prx1 in the defense mechanism of this microorganism: a wild-type strain, capable to expressing the protein Prx1; a Δprx strain, whose gene prx1 was removed; and a genetically complemented Δprx1::prx1+ strain generated from the Δprx1 and in which the gene prx1 was reintroduced. The fabricated microelectrode was shown to be a reliable inert probe tip for in situ and real-time measurements of H2O2 in such microenvironments, with potential applications in investigations involving the mechanism of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo , Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05513-970, São Paulo - SP Brazil
| | - Renata Bannitz-Fernandes
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo , Rua do Matão, 321, 05508-090, São Paulo - SP Brazil
| | - Alex S Lima
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo , Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05513-970, São Paulo - SP Brazil
| | - Carlos A Tairum
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo , Rua do Matão, 321, 05508-090, São Paulo - SP Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos , Rodovia Washington Luís, s/n, 13565-905, São Carlos - SP Brazil
| | - Luis E S Netto
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo , Rua do Matão, 321, 05508-090, São Paulo - SP Brazil
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo , Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, 05513-970, São Paulo - SP Brazil
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35
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Zhao J, Lu H, Yao Y, Ganda S, Stenzel MH. Length vs. stiffness: which plays a dominant role in the cellular uptake of fructose-based rod-like micelles by breast cancer cells in 2D and 3D cell culture models? J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:4223-4231. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00706c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Internalization of rod-like micelles by breast cancer cells is significantly affected by the stiffness of nano-rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Zhao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
- School of Chemistry
| | - Hongxu Lu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
- School of Chemistry
| | - Yin Yao
- Electron Microscope Unit
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Sylvia Ganda
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
- School of Chemistry
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
- School of Chemistry
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36
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Zhao J, Stenzel MH. Entry of nanoparticles into cells: the importance of nanoparticle properties. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01603d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and cell membranes is of great importance for the design of safe and efficient nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Zhao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
- School of Chemistry
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37
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Hellmann AM, Lother J, Wurster S, Lutz MB, Schmitt AL, Morton CO, Eyrich M, Czakai K, Einsele H, Loeffler J. Human and Murine Innate Immune Cell Populations Display Common and Distinct Response Patterns during Their In Vitro Interaction with the Pathogenic Mold Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1716. [PMID: 29270175 PMCID: PMC5723658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the main cause of invasive fungal infections occurring almost exclusively in immunocompromised patients. An improved understanding of the initial innate immune response is key to the development of better diagnostic tools and new treatment options. Mice are commonly used to study immune defense mechanisms during the infection of the mammalian host with A. fumigatus. However, little is known about functional differences between the human and murine immune response against this fungal pathogen. Thus, we performed a comparative functional analysis of human and murine dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) using standardized and reproducible working conditions, laboratory protocols, and readout assays. A. fumigatus did not provoke identical responses in murine and human immune cells but rather initiated relatively specific responses. While human DCs showed a significantly stronger upregulation of their maturation markers and major histocompatibility complex molecules and phagocytosed A. fumigatus more efficiently compared to their murine counterparts, murine PMNs and macrophages exhibited a significantly stronger release of reactive oxygen species after exposure to A. fumigatus. For all studied cell types, human and murine samples differed in their cytokine response to conidia or germ tubes of A. fumigatus. Furthermore, Dectin-1 showed inverse expression patterns on human and murine DCs after fungal stimulation. These specific differences should be carefully considered and highlight potential limitations in the transferability of murine host–pathogen interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Hellmann
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lother
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wurster
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Schmitt
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charles Oliver Morton
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthias Eyrich
- Kinderklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Czakai
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Loeffler
- Medizinische Klinik & Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Novohradská S, Ferling I, Hillmann F. Exploring Virulence Determinants of Filamentous Fungal Pathogens through Interactions with Soil Amoebae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:497. [PMID: 29259922 PMCID: PMC5723301 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with filamentous fungi are common to all animals, but attention is rising especially due to the increasing incidence and high mortality rates observed in immunocompromised human individuals. Here, Aspergillus fumigatus and other members of its genus are the leading causative agents. Attributes like their saprophytic life-style in various ecological niches coupled with nutritional flexibility and a broad host range have fostered the hypothesis that environmental predators could have been the actual target for some of their virulence determinants. In this mini review, we have merged the recent findings focused on the potential dual-use of fungal defense strategies against innate immune cells and soil amoebae as natural phagocytes. Well-established virulence attributes like the melanized surface of fungal conidia or their capacity to produce toxic secondary metabolites have also been found to be protective against the model amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Some of the recent advances during interaction studies with human cells have further promoted the adaptation of other amoeba infection models, including the wide-spread generalist Acanthamoeba castellanii, or less prominent representatives like Vermamoeba vermiformis. We further highlight prospects and limits of these natural phagocyte models with regard to the infection biology of filamentous fungi and in comparison to the phagocytes of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Novohradská
- Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Iuliia Ferling
- Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Hillmann
- Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
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Kayani Z, Firuzi O, Bordbar AK. Doughnut-shaped bovine serum albumin nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin for overcoming multidrug-resistant in cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:1835-1843. [PMID: 29030194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional spherical albumin nanoparticles remain as the dominant shape of nano-carriers described in the literature at present, due to their simple desolvation method of synthesis. However, non-spherical shapes also show great promise as cancer drug delivery vectors. In this study, we report a novel synthetic strategy based on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) addition during desolvation step, to produce doughnut-shaped bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (DBSA-NPs), while maintaining narrow size distributions and homogeneity. The characteristics such as size, polydispersity and doxorubicin loading of prepared DBSA-NPs in comparison with spherical ones were determined. The biodegradation of DBSA-NPs loaded with doxorubicin (Dox-DBSA-NPs) in the presence of trypsin enzyme was spectrophotometrically monitored directly based on doxorubicin release profile. The release profile was analyzed with different kinetic models and it was best fitted with Higuchi kinetics model. The anticancer effect of Dox-DBSA-NPs against lymphoblastic leukemia (MOLT-4) and multidrug resistant uterine sarcoma (MES-SA/DX-5) cell lines were also investigated and the results were comparable with doxorubicin loaded spherical BSA nanoparticles. These results showed the potential of Dox-DBSA-NPs as a novel and high potential nano-carrier for management of non-resistance and also multidrug resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kayani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71345-3388, Iran.
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40
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Filio-Rodríguez G, Estrada-García I, Arce-Paredes P, Moreno-Altamirano MM, Islas-Trujillo S, Ponce-Regalado MD, Rojas-Espinosa O. In vivo induction of neutrophil extracellular traps by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a guinea pig model. Innate Immun 2017; 23:625-637. [PMID: 28929912 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917732406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2004, a novel mechanism of cellular death, called 'NETosis', was described in neutrophils. This mechanism, different from necrosis and apoptosis, is characterized by the release of chromatin webs admixed with microbicidal granular proteins and peptides (NETs). NETs trap and kill a variety of microorganisms. Diverse microorganisms, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are NET inducers in vitro. The aim of this study was to examine whether M. tuberculosis can also induce NETs in vivo and if the NETs are bactericidal to the microorganism. Guinea pigs were intradermally inoculated with M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and the production of NETs was investigated at several time points thereafter. NETs were detected as early as 30 min post-inoculation and were clearly evident by 4 h post-inoculation. NETs produced in vivo contained DNA, myeloperoxidase, elastase, histones, ROS and acid-fast bacilli. Viable and heat-killed M. tuberculosis, as well as Mycobacterium bovis BCG were efficient NET inducers, as were unilamellar liposomes prepared with lipids from M. tuberculosis. In vitro, guinea pig neutrophils also produced NETs in response to M. tuberculosis. However, neither the in vivo nor the in vitro-produced NETs were able to kill M. tuberculosis. Nevertheless, in vivo, neutrophils might propitiate recruitment and activation of more efficient microbicidal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Filio-Rodríguez
- 1 Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomas, México
| | - Iris Estrada-García
- 1 Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomas, México
| | - Patricia Arce-Paredes
- 1 Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomas, México
| | - María M Moreno-Altamirano
- 1 Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomas, México
| | - Sergio Islas-Trujillo
- 1 Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomas, México
| | - M Dolores Ponce-Regalado
- 2 Departamento de Clínicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera a Yahualica, Jalisco, México
| | - Oscar Rojas-Espinosa
- 1 Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomas, México
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41
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Anjo SI, Figueiredo F, Fernandes R, Manadas B, Oliveira M. A proteomic and ultrastructural characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus' conidia adaptation at different culture ages. J Proteomics 2017; 161:47-56. [PMID: 28365406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The airborne fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the most common agents of human fungal infections with a remarkable impact on public health. However, A. fumigatus conidia atmospheric resistance and longevity mechanisms are still unknown. Therefore, in this work, the processes underlying conidial adaptation were studied by a time course evaluation of the proteomics and ultrastructural changes of A. fumigatus' conidia at three time-points selected according to relevant changes previously established in conidial survival rates. The proteomics characterization revealed that conidia change from a highly active metabolic to a dormant state, culminating in cell autolysis as revealed by the increased levels of hydrolytic enzymes. Structural characterization corroborates the proteomics data, with noticeable changes observed in mitochondria, nucleus and plasma membrane ultrastructure, accompanied by the formation of autophagic vacuoles. These changes are consistent with both apoptotic and autophagic processes, and indicate that the changes in protein levels may anticipate those in cell morphology. SIGNIFICANCE The findings presented in this work not only clarify the processes underlying conidial adaptation to nutrient limiting conditions but can also be exploited for improving infection control strategies and in the development of new therapeutical drugs. Additionally, the present study was deposited in a public database and thus, it may also be a valuable dataset to be used by the scientific community as a tool to understand and identified other potential targets associated with conidia resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra I Anjo
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Figueiredo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Fernandes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Ipatimup - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-171 Porto, Portugal.
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42
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Zhao J, Lu H, Wong S, Lu M, Xiao P, Stenzel MH. Influence of nanoparticle shapes on cellular uptake of paclitaxel loaded nanoparticles in 2D and 3D cancer models. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00385d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced cellular uptake and efficient penetration of nanocarriers inside tumors is paramount to successful anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Zhao
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Hongxu Lu
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Sandy Wong
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Mingxia Lu
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Pu Xiao
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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43
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Hyperglycemia as a possible risk factor for mold infections-the potential preventative role of intensified glucose control in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 52:657-662. [PMID: 27941771 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is well-known as a disorder that increases the risk of infectious diseases. Various reports have shown that innate immunity is impaired in patients with DM, which is considered to be a major cause of increased risk of infectious diseases. However, there is a paucity of data about the actual risk of mold infections in patients with DM. Several treatment procedures, such as solid organ transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), are intrinsically associated with a high risk of mold infections and also correlated with an increased risk of post-transplant DM. Therefore, we could assume that organ transplant recipients or HSCT recipients with DM are at quite high risk of mold infections. Here, we aim to summarize the information about the increased risk of mold infections in patients with DM, and propose possible interventions such as intensive glucose control to reduce this risk in patients with DM.
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Czakai K, Dittrich M, Kaltdorf M, Müller T, Krappmann S, Schedler A, Bonin M, Dühring S, Schuster S, Speth C, Rambach G, Einsele H, Dandekar T, Löffler J. Influence of Platelet-rich Plasma on the immune response of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages stimulated with Aspergillus fumigatus. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 307:95-107. [PMID: 27965080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MΦ) are critical for protection against pathogenic fungi including Aspergillus fumigatus. To analyze the role of platelets in the innate immune response, human DCs and MΦs were challenged with A. fumigatus in presence or absence of human platelet rich plasma (PRP). Gene expression analyses and functional investigations were performed. A systems biological approach was used for initial modelling of the DC - A. fumigatus interaction. DCs in a quiescent state together with different corresponding activation states were validated using gene expression data from DCs and MΦ stimulated with A. fumigatus. To characterize the influence of platelets on the immune response of DCs and MΦ to A. fumigatus, we experimentally quantified their cytokine secretion, phagocytic capacity, maturation, and metabolic activity with or without platelets. PRP in combination with A. fumigatus treatment resulted in the highest expression of the maturation markers CD80, CD83 and CD86 in DCs. Furthermore, PRP enhanced the capacity of macrophages and DCs to phagocytose A. fumigatus conidia. In parallel, PRP in combination with the innate immune cells significantly reduced the metabolic activity of the fungus. Interestingly, A. fumigatus and PRP stimulated MΦ showed a significantly reduced gene expression and secretion of IL6 while PRP only reduced the IL-6 secretion of A. fumigatus stimulated DCs. The in silico systems biological model correlated well with these experimental data. Different modules centrally involved in DC function became clearly apparent, including DC maturation, cytokine response and apoptosis pathways. Taken together, the ability of PRP to suppress IL-6 release of human DCs might prevent local excessive inflammatory hemorrhage, tissue infarction and necrosis in the human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Czakai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltdorf
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Krappmann
- Microbiology Institute-Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anette Schedler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Sybille Dühring
- Deparment of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schuster
- Deparment of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Speth
- Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Rambach
- Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Löffler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Jurney P, Agarwal R, Singh V, Choi D, Roy K, Sreenivasan SV, Shi L. Unique size and shape-dependent uptake behaviors of non-spherical nanoparticles by endothelial cells due to a shearing flow. J Control Release 2016; 245:170-176. [PMID: 27916535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The size and shape of nanoparticle (NP) drug carriers can potentially be manipulated to increase the drug delivery efficacy because of their effects on particle margination and interactions with various cells in vivo. It is found in this work that the presence of a physiologically relevant shearing flow rate results in very different size and shape-dependent uptake behavior of negatively charged, non-spherical polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel NPs by endothelial cells (ECs) cultured in a microchannel compared to uptake of either identical NPs in static culture or spherical particles in a shear flow. In particular, larger rod- and disk-shaped PEG NPs show more uptake than smaller ones, opposite to the size effect observed for spherical particles in a flow. Moreover, the trend observed in this dynamic uptake experiment also differs from that reported for uptake of similar PEG NPs by ECs in a static culture, where the smaller disks were found to be uptaken the most. These differences suggest that the increasing rotational and tumbling motions of larger-size non-spherical NPs in the flow play a dominant role in NP margination and cell interaction, compared to Brownian motion, gravity, and cell membrane deformation energy. These findings suggest that the coupling between NP geometry and shear flow is an important factor that needs to be accounted for in the design of the size and shape of nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jurney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1591, United States.
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0535, United States.
| | - Vikramjit Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1591, United States.
| | - David Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1591, United States.
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0535, United States.
| | - S V Sreenivasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1591, United States.
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1591, United States.
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Hyperspectral Imaging Using Intracellular Spies: Quantitative Real-Time Measurement of Intracellular Parameters In Vivo during Interaction of the Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus with Human Monocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163505. [PMID: 27727286 PMCID: PMC5058474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a technique based on the combination of classical spectroscopy and conventional digital image processing. It is also well suited for the biological assays and quantitative real-time analysis since it provides spectral and spatial data of samples. The method grants detailed information about a sample by recording the entire spectrum in each pixel of the whole image. We applied HSI to quantify the constituent pH variation in a single infected apoptotic monocyte as a model system. Previously, we showed that the human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus conidia interfere with the acidification of phagolysosomes. Here, we extended this finding to monocytes and gained a more detailed analysis of this process. Our data indicate that melanised A. fumigatus conidia have the ability to interfere with apoptosis in human monocytes as they enable the apoptotic cell to recover from mitochondrial acidification and to continue with the cell cycle. We also showed that this ability of A. fumigatus is dependent on the presence of melanin, since a non-pigmented mutant did not stop the progression of apoptosis and consequently, the cell did not recover from the acidic pH. By conducting the current research based on the HSI, we could measure the intracellular pH in an apoptotic infected human monocyte and show the pattern of pH variation during 35 h of measurements. As a conclusion, we showed the importance of melanin for determining the fate of intracellular pH in a single apoptotic cell.
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Valiante V, Baldin C, Hortschansky P, Jain R, Thywißen A, Straßburger M, Shelest E, Heinekamp T, Brakhage AA. TheAspergillus fumigatusconidial melanin production is regulated by the bifunctional bHLH DevR and MADS-box RlmA transcription factors. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:321-335. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Valiante
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Leibniz Research Group - Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Clara Baldin
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
| | - Peter Hortschansky
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
| | - Radhika Jain
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
| | - Andreas Thywißen
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
| | - Maria Straßburger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Transfer Group Anti-Infectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Ekaterina Shelest
- Research Group Bioinformatics/Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinekamp
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
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48
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Kniemeyer O, Ebel F, Krüger T, Bacher P, Scheffold A, Luo T, Strassburger M, Brakhage AA. Immunoproteomics of Aspergillus for the development of biomarkers and immunotherapies. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:910-921. [PMID: 27312145 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus play significant roles as pathogens causing superficial and invasive infections as well as allergic reactions in humans. Particularly invasive mycoses caused by Aspergillus species are characterized by high mortality rates due to difficult diagnosis and insufficient antifungal therapy. The application of immunoproteomic approaches has a great potential to identify new targets for the diagnosis, therapy, and vaccine development of diseases caused by Aspergillus species. Serological proteome analyses (SERPA) that combine 2D electrophoresis with Western blotting are still one of the most popular techniques for the identification of antigenic proteins. However, recently a growing number of approaches have been developed to identify proteins, which either provoke an antibody response or which represent targets of T-cell immunity in patients with allergy or fungal infections. Here, we review advances in the studies of immune responses against pathogenic Aspergilli as well as the current status of diagnosis and immunotherapy of Aspergillus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Kniemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Ebel
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Bacher
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Strassburger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Transfer Group Anti-Infectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany. .,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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49
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Zhao J, Lu H, Xiao P, Stenzel MH. Cellular Uptake and Movement in 2D and 3D Multicellular Breast Cancer Models of Fructose-Based Cylindrical Micelles That Is Dependent on the Rod Length. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:16622-16630. [PMID: 27286273 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While the shape effect of nanoparticles on cellular uptake has been frequently studied, no consistent conclusions are available currently. The controversy mainly focuses on the cellular uptake of elongated (i.e., filaments or rod-like micelles) as compared to spherical (i.e., micelles and vesicles) nanoparticles. So far, there is no clear trend that proposes the superiority of spherical or nonspherical nanoparticles with conflicting reports available in the literature. One of the reasons is that these few reports available deal with nanoparticles of different shapes, surface chemistries, stabilities, and aspects ratios. Here, we investigated the effect of the aspect ratio of cylindrical micelles on the cellular uptake by breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Cylindrical micelles, also coined rod-like micelles, of various length were prepared using fructose-based block copolymers poly(1-O-methacryloyl-β-d-fructopyranose)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate). The critical water content, temperature, and stirring rate that trigger the morphological transition from spheres to rods of various aspect ratios were identified, allowing the generation of different kinetically trapping morphologies. High shear force as they are found with high stirring rates was observed to inhibit the formation of long rods. Rod-like micelles with length of 500-2000 nm were subsequently investigated toward their ability to translocate in breast cancer cells and penetrate into MCF-7 multicellular spheroid models. It was found that shorter rods were taken up at a higher rate than longer rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Zhao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, ‡School of Chemical Engineering, and §School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2062, Australia
| | - Hongxu Lu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, ‡School of Chemical Engineering, and §School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2062, Australia
| | - Pu Xiao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, ‡School of Chemical Engineering, and §School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2062, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, ‡School of Chemical Engineering, and §School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2062, Australia
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Pollmächer J, Timme S, Schuster S, Brakhage AA, Zipfel PF, Figge MT. Deciphering the Counterplay of Aspergillus fumigatus Infection and Host Inflammation by Evolutionary Games on Graphs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27807. [PMID: 27291424 PMCID: PMC4904243 DOI: 10.1038/srep27807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial invaders are ubiquitously present and pose the constant risk of infections that are opposed by various defence mechanisms of the human immune system. A tight regulation of the immune response ensures clearance of microbial invaders and concomitantly limits host damage that is crucial for host viability. To investigate the counterplay of infection and inflammation, we simulated the invasion of the human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus in lung alveoli by evolutionary games on graphs. The layered structure of the innate immune system is represented by a sequence of games in the virtual model. We show that the inflammatory cascade of the immune response is essential for microbial clearance and that the inflammation level correlates with the infection-dose. At low infection-doses, corresponding to daily inhalation of conidia, the resident alveolar macrophages may be sufficient to clear infections, however, at higher infection-doses their primary task shifts towards recruitment of neutrophils to infection sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pollmächer
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Timme
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schuster
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
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