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Thomas S, Smatti MK, Alsulaiti H, Zedan HT, Eid AH, Hssain AA, Abu Raddad LJ, Gentilcore G, Ouhtit A, Althani AA, Nasrallah GK, Grivel JC, Yassine HM. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-2 in patients exposed to MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 antigens. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29628. [PMID: 38682568 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in serum samples from patients exposed to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination on ADE in individuals with a MERS infection history. We performed ADE assay in sera from MERS recovered and SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated individuals using BHK cells expressing FcgRIIa, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV pseudoviruses (PVs). Further, we analyzed the association of ADE to serum IgG levels and neutralization. Out of 16 MERS patients, nine demonstrated ADE against SARS-CoV-2 PV, however, none of the samples demonstrated ADE against MERS-CoV PV. Furthermore, out of the seven patients exposed to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination after MERS-CoV infection, only one patient (acutely infected with MERS-CoV) showed ADE for SARS-CoV-2 PV. Further analysis indicated that IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 against SARS-CoV-2 S1 and RBD subunits, IgG1 and IgG2 against the MERS-CoV S1 subunit, and serum neutralizing activity were low in ADE-positive samples. In summary, samples from MERS-CoV-infected patients exhibited ADE against SARS-CoV-2 and was significantly associated with low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Subsequent exposure to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination resulted in diminished ADE activity while the PV neutralization assay demonstrated a broadly reactive antibody response in some patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Thomas
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria K Smatti
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Haya Alsulaiti
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadeel T Zedan
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- College of Medicine-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali A Hssain
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laith J Abu Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Allal Ouhtit
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asmaa A Althani
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Research Complex, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Igarashi Y, Yoshikawa T, Morita Y, Imai T, Yoshikawa E, Hasegawa K, Kanai S, Kikkawa K, Kobayashi Y, Ogikubo Y, Wada K. [A case report of COVID-19 preventive measures at an academic meeting of the Japan Society for Occupational Health]. SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI = JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2023; 65:212-217. [PMID: 36123049 DOI: 10.1539/sangyoeisei.2022-019-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Igarashi
- Infection Control Team of The 94th Japan Society for Occupational Health
- Disaster Occupational Health Center, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshikawa
- Infection Control Team of The 94th Japan Society for Occupational Health
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan
| | - Yusaku Morita
- Infection Control Team of The 94th Japan Society for Occupational Health
- Nippon Steel Corporation
| | - Teppei Imai
- Infection Control Team of The 94th Japan Society for Occupational Health
- OH Support Company
| | - Etsuko Yoshikawa
- Infection Control Team of The 94th Japan Society for Occupational Health
- Japanese Red Cross College of Nursing
| | - Kohei Hasegawa
- Infection Control Team of The 94th Japan Society for Occupational Health
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Shinshu University
| | - Shinichiro Kanai
- Infection Control Team of The 94th Japan Society for Occupational Health
- Department of Infection Control, Shinshu University Hospital
| | - Keizo Kikkawa
- Infection Control Team of The 94th Japan Society for Occupational Health
- Seiko Epson Corporation, Toyoshina Plant Health Support Office
| | - Yoshikiyo Kobayashi
- Infection Control Team of The 94th Japan Society for Occupational Health
- Nagano City Public Health Office
| | - Yuuko Ogikubo
- Infection Control Team of The 94th Japan Society for Occupational Health
- Yodakubo Hospital
| | - Koji Wada
- Infection Control Team of The 94th Japan Society for Occupational Health
- Department of Public Health, International University of Health and Welfare, School of Medicine
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Mushebenge AG, Ugbaja SC, Mtambo SE, Ntombela T, Metu JI, Babayemi O, Chima JI, Appiah-Kubi P, Odugbemi AI, Ntuli ML, Khan R, Kumalo HM. Unveiling the Inhibitory Potentials of Peptidomimetic Azanitriles and Pyridyl Esters towards SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: A Molecular Modelling Investigation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062641. [PMID: 36985614 PMCID: PMC10051727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19, which was declared a global pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Since SARS-CoV-2 main protease plays an essential role in the virus’s life cycle, the design of small drug molecules with lower molecular weight has been a promising development targeting its inhibition. Herein, we evaluated the novel peptidomimetic azatripeptide and azatetrapeptide nitriles against SARS-CoV-2 main protease. We employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the selected compounds’ binding free energy profiles against SARS-CoV-2 and further unveil the residues responsible for the drug-binding properties. Compound 8 exhibited the highest binding free energy of −49.37 ± 0.15 kcal/mol, followed by compound 7 (−39.83 ± 0.19 kcal/mol), while compound 17 showed the lowest binding free energy (−23.54 ± 0.19 kcal/mol). In addition, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) assessment was performed and revealed that only compound 17 met the drug-likeness parameters and exhibited high pharmacokinetics to inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9 with better absorption potential and blood-brain barrier permeability (BBB) index. The additional intermolecular evaluations suggested compound 8 as a promising drug candidate for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The substitution of isopropane in compound 7 with an aromatic benzene ring in compound 8 significantly enhanced the drug’s ability to bind better at the active site of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aganze G. Mushebenge
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
| | - Samuel C. Ugbaja
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.U.); (H.M.K.)
| | - Sphamandla E. Mtambo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
| | - Thandokuhle Ntombela
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Joy I. Metu
- National Institute for Nigerian Languages, Aba 453106, Nigeria;
| | - Oludotun Babayemi
- Cloneshouse Nigeria, 6th Floor, Left Wing, NICON Plaza, Plot 242, Muhammadu Buhari Way, Central Business District, Abuja 900103, Nigeria;
| | - Joy I. Chima
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
| | - Patrick Appiah-Kubi
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
| | - Adeshina I. Odugbemi
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
| | - Mthobisi L. Ntuli
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Rene Khan
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
| | - Hezekiel M. Kumalo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.U.); (H.M.K.)
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Brainard J, Jones NR, Harrison FC, Hammer CC, Lake IR. Super-spreaders of novel coronaviruses that cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19: A systematic review. Ann Epidemiol 2023:S1047-2797(23)00058-3. [PMID: 37001627 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most index cases with novel coronavirus infections transmit disease to just one or two other individuals, but some individuals "super-spread"-they infect many secondary cases. Understanding common factors that super-spreaders may share could inform outbreak models, and be used to guide contact tracing during outbreaks. METHODS We searched in MEDLINE, Scopus, and preprints to identify studies about people documented as transmitting pathogens that cause SARS, MERS, or COVID-19 to at least nine other people. We extracted data to describe them by age, sex, location, occupation, activities, symptom severity, any underlying conditions, disease outcome and undertook quality assessment for outbreaks published by June 2021. RESULTS The most typical super-spreader was a male age 40+. Most SARS or MERS super-spreaders were very symptomatic, the super-spreading occurred in hospital settings and frequently the individual died. In contrast, COVID-19 super-spreaders often had very mild disease and most COVID-19 super-spreading happened in community settings. CONCLUSIONS SARS and MERS super-spreaders were often symptomatic, middle- or older-age adults who had a high mortality rate. In contrast, COVID-19 super-spreaders tended to have mild disease and were any adult age. More outbreak reports should be published with anonymized but useful demographic information to improve understanding of super-spreading, super-spreaders, and the settings in which super-spreading happens.
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Sah R, Mohapatra RK, Mishra S, Chinnam S, Rabaan AA, Alshahrani NZ, Mohanty A, Al-Ahdal T, León-Figueroa DA, Padhi BK. Cocktail of FIFA 2022 Vis-A-Vis camel beauty pageant championship; potential health threat of MERS among players and fans - A possible global spread. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 52:102541. [PMID: 36623743 PMCID: PMC9817334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Snehasish Mishra
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sampath Chinnam
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Najim Z Alshahrani
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tareq Al-Ahdal
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Darwin A León-Figueroa
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bijaya K Padhi
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, 758 002, Odisha, India; School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed-to-be-University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India; Department of Chemistry, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgam), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560054, India; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimer feld 130/3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru; Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Akowuah KA, Akuffo RA, Boateng AT, Asigbee TW, Bonney JHK, Lamptey H, Adusei-Poku MA, Obodai E, Asante IA, Adjei S, Aboagye JO, Adu-Amankwah S, Partey FD, Kyei GB, Ampofo WK, Odoom JK, Bonney EY. SARS-CoV-2 infections among asymptomatic individuals contributed to COVID-19 cases: A cross-sectional study among prospective air travelers from Ghana. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1035763. [PMID: 36589973 PMCID: PMC9795010 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1035763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by asymptomatic individuals has been reported since the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in various parts of the world. However, there are limited data regarding SARS-CoV-2 among asymptomatic individuals in Ghana. The aim of the study was to use test data of prospective travelers from Ghana as a proxy to estimate the contribution of asymptomatic cases to the spread of COVID-19. Methods The study analyzed the SARS-CoV-2 PCR test data of clients whose purpose for testing was classified as "Travel" at the COVID-19 walk-in test center of the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR) from July 2020 to July 2021. These individuals requesting tests for travel generally had no clinical symptoms of COVID-19 at the time of testing. Data were processed and analyzed using Microsoft Excel office 16 and STATA version 16. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data on test and demographic characteristics. Results Out of 42,997 samples tested at the center within that period, 28,384 (66.0%) were classified as "Travel" tests. Of these, 1,900 (6.7%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The majority (64.8%) of the "Travel" tests were requested by men. The men recorded a SARS-CoV-2 positivity of 6.9% compared to the 6.4% observed among women. Test requests for SARS-CoV-2 were received from all regions of Ghana, with a majority (83.3%) received from the Greater Accra Region. Although the Eastern region recorded the highest SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate of 8.35%, the Greater Accra region contributed 81% to the total number of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases detected within the period of study. Conclusion Our study found substantial SARS-CoV-2 positivity among asymptomatic individuals who, without the requirement for a negative SARS-CoV-2 result for travel, would have no reason to test. These asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals could have traveled to other countries and unintentionally spread the virus. Our findings call for enhanced tracing and testing of asymptomatic contacts of individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwasi A. Akowuah
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard A. Akuffo
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana,Medical and Scientific Research Centre, University of Ghana Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anthony T. Boateng
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Theodore W. Asigbee
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph H. K. Bonney
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helena Lamptey
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mildred A. Adusei-Poku
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evangeline Obodai
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ivy A. Asante
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Adjei
- Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - James O. Aboagye
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana,Medical and Scientific Research Centre, University of Ghana Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Susan Adu-Amankwah
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Frederica D. Partey
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George B. Kyei
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana,Medical and Scientific Research Centre, University of Ghana Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - William K. Ampofo
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - John K. Odoom
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Y. Bonney
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana,*Correspondence: Evelyn Y. Bonney
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7
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COVID-19 isolation/quarantine rules in home care patients. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e206. [PMID: 36468444 PMCID: PMC9767896 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 new variants increased the number of subjects in home isolation and quarantine. The aim of this study was to assess the compliance with coronavirus disease 2019 home isolation rules for 32 subjects in home care in Marche Region, Italy. The results showed that subjects in home isolation were better informed about isolation rules (P = 0.007) than those who were in quarantine. They had lower educational level (P < 0.001) and none/single income (P < 0.001) and higher rate of clinical manifestation. The education for a safe quarantine should be strengthened widely, especially among disadvantaged subjects.
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8
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Shah AK, Sawant DA, Sadawarte DM, Dakshit K. A cross-sectional study of epidemiological determinants for Covid-19 infection among nurses of a tertiary care hospital. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:305. [PMID: 36438993 PMCID: PMC9683436 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1051_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All health care workers including nurses are working in the frontline against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), which keeps them at high risk of getting infected. This study was conducted to identify risk factors for Covid-19 infection and compliance to Covid appropriate behavior among nurses. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 nurses in a tertiary care hospital attached to a medical college in Mumbai, from April 2020 to December 2020. Data were collected telephonically using an interviewer-administered pre-validated, semi-structured questionnaire. Data entry and analysis were performed using SPSS version 21.0. RESULTS The mean age of the nurses was 38.19 ± 12.14 years. The majority (80.7%) were exposed to Covid-19 while taking active care of Covid patients; a total of 108 (72%) were symptomatic at the time of testing; dietary modifications because of fear of Covid were performed by 121 (80.2%); 92.77% used the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) category according to the workplace; 121 (80.77%) followed all steps of donning and doffing at all times, and 19 (12.77%) reported a breach in PPE. A greater proportion of nurses working in Covid duties opted for hospital isolation than home isolation (p = 0.003). Risk factors such as sleep, shift duty, shift pattern, food timing, mode of travel, and type of PPE during travel were also found to be significantly associated with work type - Covid versus non-Covid (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Use of workplace appropriate PPE, proper donning and doffing facilities, duty shifts with a fixed duration, adequate hand hygiene practices, and regular food intake with adequate sleep can prevent Covid-19 infection at the workplace among nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha K. Shah
- Department of Community Medicine, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dattaprasad A. Sawant
- Department of Community Medicine, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepika M. Sadawarte
- Department of Community Medicine, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kosturi Dakshit
- Department of Community Medicine, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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9
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Ghatak A, Singh Patel S, Bonnerjee S, Roy S. A generalized epidemiological model with dynamic and asymptomatic population. Stat Methods Med Res 2022; 31:2137-2163. [PMID: 35978265 DOI: 10.1177/09622802221115877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop an extension of compartmental epidemiological models which is suitable for COVID-19. The model presented in this paper comprises seven compartments in the progression of the disease. This model, named as the SINTRUE (Susceptible, Infected and pre-symptomatic, Infected and Symptomatic but Not Tested, Tested Positive, Recorded Recovered, Unrecorded Recovered, and Expired) model. The proposed model incorporates transmission due to asymptomatic carriers and captures the spread of the disease due to the movement of people to/from different administrative boundaries within a country. In addition, the model allows estimating the number of undocumented infections in the population and the number of unrecorded recoveries. The associated parameters in the model can help architect the public health policy and operational management of the pandemic. The results show that the testing rate of the asymptomatic patients is a crucial parameter to fight against the pandemic. The model is also shown to have a better predictive capability than the other epidemiological models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soham Bonnerjee
- 30160Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India.,189299University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Lessons from SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 Infections: What We Know So Far. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 2022:1156273. [PMID: 35992513 PMCID: PMC9391183 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1156273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Within past decades, human infections with emerging and reemerging zoonotic viral pathogens have raised the eminent public health concern. Since November 2002, three highly pathogenic and major deadly human coronaviruses of the βετα-genera (β-hCoVs), namely, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV), middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, have been globally emerged and culminated in the occurrence of SARS epidemic, MERS outbreak, and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, respectively. The global emergence and spread of these three major deadly β-hCoVs have extremely dreadful impacts on human health and become an economic burden. Unfortunately, clear specific and highly efficient medical countermeasures for these three β-hCoVs and their underlying fatal illnesses remain under development. Although they belong to the same family and share many features and convergent evolution, these three deadly β-hCoVs have some important and obvious differences. By utilizing their lessons and gaining a deeper understanding of these β-hCoVs, we can identify areas of improvement and provide preparedness plans for fighting and controlling the future reemerging human infections that might arise from them or from other potential pathogenic hCoVs. Therefore, this review summarizes the state-of-the-art information and compares the similarities and dissimilarities between SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, in terms of their evolution trait, genome organization, host cell entry mechanisms, tissue infectivity tropisms, transmission routes and contagiousness, and the clinical characteristics, laboratory features, and immunological abnormalities of their related illnesses. It also provides an overview of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Additionally, it discusses the challenges of the most proposed treatment options for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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11
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Chakrabartty I, Khan M, Mahanta S, Chopra H, Dhawan M, Choudhary OP, Bibi S, Mohanta YK, Emran TB. Comparative overview of emerging RNA viruses: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and current treatment. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 79:103985. [PMID: 35721786 PMCID: PMC9188442 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
From many decades, emerging infections have threatened humanity. The pandemics caused by different CoVs have already claimed and will continue to claim millions of lives. The SARS, Ebola, MERS epidemics and the most recent emergence of COVID-19 pandemic have threatened populations across borders. Since a highly pathogenic CoV has been evolved into the human population in the twenty-first century known as SARS, scientific advancements and innovative methods to tackle these viruses have increased in order to improve response preparedness towards the unpredictable threat posed by these rapidly emerging pathogens. Recently published review articles on SARS-CoV-2 have mainly focused on its pathogenesis, epidemiology and available treatments. However, in this review, we have done a systematic comparison of all three CoVs i.e., SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2 along with Ebola and Zika in terms of their epidemiology, virology, clinical features and current treatment strategies. This review focuses on important emerging RNA viruses starting from Zika, Ebola and the CoVs which include SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2. Each of these viruses has been elaborated on the basis of their epidemiology, virulence, transmission and treatment. However, special attention has been given to SARS-CoV-2 and the disease caused by it i.e., COVID-19 due to current havoc caused worldwide. At the end, insights into the current understanding of the lessons learned from previous epidemics to combat emerging CoVs have been described. The travel-related viral spread, the unprecedented nosocomial outbreaks and the high case-fatality rates associated with these highly transmissible and pathogenic viruses highlight the need for new prophylactic and therapeutic actions which include but are not limited to clinical indicators, contact tracing, and laboratory investigations as important factors that need to be taken into account in order to arrive at the final conclusion. Recently published review articles on SARS-CoV-2 have mainly focused on its pathogenesis, epidemiology and available treatments. The pandemics caused by different CoVs have already claimed and will continue to claim millions of lives. This review focuses on important emerging RNA viruses starting from Zika, Ebola and the CoVs which include SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2. Globally, numerous studies and researchers have recently started fighting this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Chakrabartty
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), 9th Mile, Techno City, Baridua, Ri-Bhoi 793101, Meghalaya, India
| | - Maryam Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, U.P, India
| | - Saurov Mahanta
- National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT), Guwahati Centre Guwahati, 781008, Assam, India
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India.,Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester, WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, India
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Department of Biosciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yugal Kishore Mohanta
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), 9th Mile, Techno City, Baridua, Ri-Bhoi 793101, Meghalaya, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
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12
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Yao W, Tan L, Liu L. Visualization and analysis of mapping knowledge domains for coronavirus research. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29508. [PMID: 35758392 PMCID: PMC9276283 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, many countries around the world have been threatened by COVs. The aim of this study was to better grasp developments and trends in research on coronavirus around the world and to promote theoretical research into their prevention and control. METHODS Research on coronavirus was reviewed and analyzed using bibliometrics based on a total of 4860 publications collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Yearly quantitative distribution of literature, country/region distribution, organization distribution, main source journal distribution, subject category distribution, research knowledge bases, and research hotspots and frontiers were all analyzed, and CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to plot knowledge domain maps, Excel was used to plot keyword strategy diagram. RESULTS Coronavirus research could be roughly divided into 4 stages: preliminary development stage (before 2000), rapid growth stage (2000-2005), slow decline stage (2006-2011) and sustained growth stage (since 2012). America had taken the leading position in this field. The study of COVs involves many subject categories, mainly includes virology, veterinary sciences, biology, and immunology. At present, the key words in the field of coronavirus research were mainly divided into 6 major hot clusters, namely, the introduction and structure analysis of coronavirus, the research on the outbreak source and transmission of coronavirus, the research on the infection pathway of coronavirus in human body, the research on the pathogenesis of coronavirus, the research on the diagnosis and symptoms of coronavirus infection, and the research on the treatment of coronavirus. CONCLUSION Coronavirus, which occurs all over the world, often causes huge casualties and economic losses, and poses a serious threat to the safe and stable operation of the social and economic system. Objective literature review and analysis can help scholars in related fields to deepen their overall understanding. And, there are several key issues that should be further explored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Yao
- School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Tan
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Al-Tawfiq JA, Chu DT, Hoang VT, Memish ZA. From Pandemicity to Endemicity: The Journey of SARS-CoV-2. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2022; 12:147-149. [PMID: 35704175 PMCID: PMC9198624 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-022-00046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Infectious Disease Unit, Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van-Thuan Hoang
- Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Vietnam
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Director Research and Innovation Centre, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health and College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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14
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Green WD, Ferguson NM, Cori A. Inferring the reproduction number using the renewal equation in heterogeneous epidemics. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210429. [PMID: 35350879 PMCID: PMC8965414 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time estimation of the reproduction number has become the focus of modelling groups around the world as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolds. One of the most widely adopted means of inference of the reproduction number is via the renewal equation, which uses the incidence of infection and the generation time distribution. In this paper, we derive a multi-type equivalent to the renewal equation to estimate a reproduction number which accounts for heterogeneity in transmissibility including through asymptomatic transmission, symptomatic isolation and vaccination. We demonstrate how use of the renewal equation that misses these heterogeneities can result in biased estimates of the reproduction number. While the bias is small with symptomatic isolation, it can be much larger with asymptomatic transmission or transmission from vaccinated individuals if these groups exhibit substantially different generation time distributions to unvaccinated symptomatic transmitters, whose generation time distribution is often well defined. The bias in estimate becomes larger with greater population size or transmissibility of the poorly characterized group. We apply our methodology to Ebola in West Africa in 2014 and the SARS-CoV-2 in the UK in 2020-2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Green
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Neil M. Ferguson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK,Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Cori
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
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15
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Systematic Screening for SARS-CoV-2 to Detect Asymptomatic Infections: An Epitome of Taiwan’s Outbreak. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 2022:6441339. [PMID: 35178135 PMCID: PMC8847028 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6441339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Increased studies have revealed that asymptomatic carriers substantially impact the epidemic and that asymptomatic transmission is very common. Therefore, the asymptomatic transmission threat to the spread of the pandemic should not be neglected. Methods The local outbreak in Taiwan, especially in Taipei City, is unprecedented and paramount and has claimed hundreds of lives, tens of thousands of cases, and enormous economic costs. As care providers and gatekeepers of infectious diseases, Taipei City Hospital has to perform regular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results of admitted patients and healthcare workers (HCWs) to achieve these goals. Results In this study, the results revealed a low positive rate of less than 1%, but the asymptomatic proportions could range from 42% to 46%, which bolsters that systematic screening was effective in controlling coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) of Novel Coronavirus or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and might be an exemplar to other similar scenarios. Universal screening of admitted patients may be important and necessary, especially in asymptomatic patients. Conclusions Regular screening for healthcare providers is also important during this pandemic, and it is recommended that admitted patients and healthcare providers undergo systemic PCR testing.
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16
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Al-Tawfiq JA, Azhar EI, Memish ZA, Zumla A. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42:828-838. [PMID: 34918324 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1733804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed the emergence of three zoonotic coronaviruses which have jumped species to cause lethal disease in humans: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2. MERS-CoV emerged in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and the origins of MERS-CoV are not fully understood. Genomic analysis indicates it originated in bats and transmitted to camels. Human-to-human transmission occurs in varying frequency, being highest in healthcare environment and to a lesser degree in the community and among family members. Several nosocomial outbreaks of human-to-human transmission have occurred, the largest in Riyadh and Jeddah in 2014 and South Korea in 2015. MERS-CoV remains a high-threat pathogen identified by World Health Organization as a priority pathogen because it causes severe disease that has a high mortality rate, epidemic potential, and no medical countermeasures. MERS-CoV has been identified in dromedaries in several countries in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia. MERS-CoV-2 causes a wide range of clinical presentations, although the respiratory system is predominantly affected. There are no specific antiviral treatments, although recent trials indicate that combination antivirals may be useful in severely ill patients. Diagnosing MERS-CoV early and implementation infection control measures are critical to preventing hospital-associated outbreaks. Preventing MERS relies on avoiding unpasteurized or uncooked animal products, practicing safe hygiene habits in health care settings and around dromedaries, community education and awareness training for health workers, as well as implementing effective control measures. Effective vaccines for MERS-COV are urgently needed but still under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Infectious Disease Unit, Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Infectious Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Research and Innovation Centre, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health and College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Infection, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Sharma A, Mishra RK, Goud KY, Mohamed MA, Kummari S, Tiwari S, Li Z, Narayan R, Stanciu LA, Marty JL. Optical Biosensors for Diagnostics of Infectious Viral Disease: A Recent Update. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:2083. [PMID: 34829430 PMCID: PMC8625106 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and development of biosensors, analytical devices used to detect various analytes in different matrices, has emerged. Biosensors indicate a biorecognition element with a physicochemical analyzer or detector, i.e., a transducer. In the present scenario, various types of biosensors have been deployed in healthcare and clinical research, for instance, biosensors for blood glucose monitoring. Pathogenic microbes are contributing mediators of numerous infectious diseases that are becoming extremely serious worldwide. The recent outbreak of COVID-19 is one of the most recent examples of such communal and deadly diseases. In efforts to work towards the efficacious treatment of pathogenic viral contagions, a fast and precise detection method is of the utmost importance in biomedical and healthcare sectors for early diagnostics and timely countermeasures. Among various available sensor systems, optical biosensors offer easy-to-use, fast, portable, handy, multiplexed, direct, real-time, and inexpensive diagnosis with the added advantages of specificity and sensitivity. Many progressive concepts and extremely multidisciplinary approaches, including microelectronics, microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs), nanotechnologies, molecular biology, and biotechnology with chemistry, are used to operate optical biosensors. A portable and handheld optical biosensing device would provide fast and reliable results for the identification and quantitation of pathogenic virus particles in each sample. In the modern day, the integration of intelligent nanomaterials in the developed devices provides much more sensitive and highly advanced sensors that may produce the results in no time and eventually help clinicians and doctors enormously. This review accentuates the existing challenges engaged in converting laboratory research to real-world device applications and optical diagnostics methods for virus infections. The review's background and progress are expected to be insightful to the researchers in the sensor field and facilitate the design and fabrication of optical sensors for life-threatening viruses with broader applicability to any desired pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram 122505, Haryana, India
| | - Rupesh Kumar Mishra
- Bindley Bio-Science Center, Lab 222, 1203 W. State St., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - K Yugender Goud
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mona A Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza 99999, Egypt
| | - Shekher Kummari
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Swapnil Tiwari
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chattisgarh, India
| | - Zhanhong Li
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Roger Narayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Lia A Stanciu
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- BAE-LBBM Laboratory, University of Perpignan via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX 9, 66860 Perpignan, France
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18
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Gu X, Sha L, Zhang S, Shen D, Zhao W, Yi Y. Neutrophils and Lymphocytes Can Help Distinguish Asymptomatic COVID-19 From Moderate COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:654272. [PMID: 34722325 PMCID: PMC8554189 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.654272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and moderate COVID-19 may be the most common COVID-19 cases. This study was designed to develop a diagnostic model for patients with asymptomatic and moderate COVID-19 based on demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables. Methods This retrospective study divided the subjects into 2 groups: asymptomatic COVID-19 (without symptoms, n = 15) and moderate COVID-19 (with symptoms, n = 57). Demographic characteristics, clinical data, routine blood tests, other laboratory tests, and inpatient data were collected and analyzed to compare patients with asymptomatic COVID-19 and moderate COVID-19. Results Comparison of the asymptomatic COVID-19 group with the moderate COVID-19 group yielded the following results: the patients were younger (P = 0.045); the cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ (cytotoxic) T cell level was higher (P = 0.017); the C-reactive protein (CRP) level was lower (P = 0.001); the white blood cell (WBC, P < 0.001), neutrophil (NEU, P = 0.036), lymphocyte (LYM, P = 0.009), and eosinophil (EOS, P = 0.036) counts were higher; and the serum iron level (P = 0.049) was higher in the asymptomatic COVID-19 group. The multivariate analysis showed that the NEU count (odds ratio [OR] = 2.007, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.162 - 3.715, P = 0.014) and LYM count (OR = 9.380, 95% CI: 2.382 - 36.934, P = 0.001) were independent factors for the presence of clinical symptoms after COVID-19 infection. The NEU count and LYM count were diagnostic predictors of asymptomatic COVID-19. This diagnostic prediction model showed high discriminatory power, consistency, and net clinical benefits. Conclusions The proposed model can distinguish asymptomatic COVID-19 from moderate COVID-19, thereby helping clinicians identify and distinguish patients with potential asymptomatic COVID-19 from those with moderate COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Gu
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Sha
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaofeng Zhang
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Duo Shen
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongxiang Yi
- Nanjing Infectious Disease Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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19
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Shrestha S, Khatri J, Shakya S, Danekhu K, Khatiwada AP, Sah R, KC B, Paudyal V, Khanal S, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Adverse events related to COVID-19 vaccines: the need to strengthen pharmacovigilance monitoring systems. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2021; 37:376-382. [PMID: 34366660 PMCID: PMC8327058 DOI: 10.1007/s40267-021-00852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a new species of β-coronavirus genus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in late 2019 and continues as at mid-2021, has caused enormous damage to health and lives globally. The urgent public health need has led to the development of vaccines against COVID-19 in record-breaking time. The COVID-19 vaccines have been widely rolled out for the masses by many countries following approval for emergency use by the World Health Organization and regulatory agencies in many countries. In addition, several COVID-19 vaccine candidates are undergoing clinical trials. However, myths, fears, rumors, and misconceptions persist, particularly in regard to adverse events. In this commentary, we describe the adverse events associated with COVID-19 vaccines and discuss why it is essential to have a functional adverse event monitoring system in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Shrestha
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Januka Khatri
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre Nepal
| | - Sujyoti Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
- Department of Pharmacy, Nobel College, Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Krisha Danekhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Asmita Priyadarshini Khatiwada
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
- National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bhuvan KC
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Vibhu Paudyal
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saval Khanal
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de Las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo (UNIFRANZ), Cochabamba, Bolivia
- Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
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20
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Antonara S, Ozbolt P, Landon L, Fatica L, Pleasant T, Swickard J, Drury A, Wongchaowart N, Cradic KW. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in asymptomatic populations using the DiaSorin molecular Simplexa and Roche Cobas EUA assays. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 102:115513. [PMID: 34649190 PMCID: PMC8324421 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Identification of asymptomatic patients is necessary to control the COVID-19 pandemic and testing is one of the measures to detect this population. We evaluated the clinical correlation of the DiaSorin Molecular Simplexa COVID-19 Direct (DiaSorin Molecular) and Roche Cobas 6800 SARS-CoV-2 (Roche) assays using 253 oropharyngeal (OP) swab specimens collected from asymptomatic patients. Agreement between DiaSorin Molecular and Roche was 97% (95% CI, 0.94 to 0.99), with a κ statistic of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83 to 0.97) and a PPA of 89% (95% CI, 0.76 to 0.96) and NPA of 99% (95% CI, 0.97 to 0.99). Simple regression analysis of Ct values revealed a regression line of y = 1.065*X - 5.537 with a Pearson's r of 0.8542, indicating a good correlation between both platforms. The DiaSorin Molecular assay demonstrates clinical performance comparable to that of Roche in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Antonara
- OhioHealth Laboratory Services, OhioHealth, Columbus, OH, USA; CORPath Pathology Services, LLC, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Patrick Ozbolt
- OhioHealth Laboratory Services, OhioHealth, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lorie Landon
- OhioHealth Laboratory Services, OhioHealth, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lisa Fatica
- OhioHealth Laboratory Services, OhioHealth, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tamra Pleasant
- OhioHealth Laboratory Services, OhioHealth, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Andrew Drury
- OhioHealth Laboratory Services, OhioHealth, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Wongchaowart
- OhioHealth Laboratory Services, OhioHealth, Columbus, OH, USA; CORPath Pathology Services, LLC, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kendall W Cradic
- OhioHealth Laboratory Services, OhioHealth, Columbus, OH, USA; CORPath Pathology Services, LLC, Columbus, OH, USA
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21
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Schoeman D, Fielding BC. Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm. Viruses 2021; 13:1457. [PMID: 34452323 PMCID: PMC8402835 DOI: 10.3390/v13081457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 18 years, three highly pathogenic human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused severe outbreaks, the most recent causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, being the first to cause a pandemic. Although much progress has been made since the COVID-19 pandemic started, much about SARS-CoV-2 and its disease, COVID-19, is still poorly understood. The highly pathogenic hCoVs differ in some respects, but also share some similarities in clinical presentation, the risk factors associated with severe disease, and the characteristic immunopathology associated with the progression to severe disease. This review aims to highlight these overlapping aspects of the highly pathogenic hCoVs-SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2-briefly discussing the importance of an appropriately regulated immune response; how the immune response to these highly pathogenic hCoVs might be dysregulated through interferon (IFN) inhibition, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA); and how these could link to the ensuing cytokine storm. The treatment approaches to highly pathogenic hCoV infections are discussed and it is suggested that a greater focus be placed on T-cell vaccines that elicit a cell-mediated immune response, using rapamycin as a potential agent to improve vaccine responses in the elderly and obese, and the potential of stapled peptides as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burtram C. Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
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22
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Rahimi F, Talebi Bezmin Abadi A. Implications of the Emergence of a New Variant of SARS-CoV-2, VUI-202012/01. Arch Med Res 2021; 52:569-571. [PMID: 33526352 PMCID: PMC7826083 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Twelve months after the realization that SARS-CoV-2 caused a respiratory syndrome in Wuhan, China, with the constantly worsening COVID-19 pandemic and economic crisis globally, and with international news of vaccine development, a new viral variant, referred to as "SARS-CoV-2 VUI-202012/01" or "B.1.1.7" has been reported in London and southeast England. The variant may have emerged in late September 2020 and carries some 17 mutations. Whether a single or a combination of different mutations would change the viral transmissibility, virulence, clinical and epidemiological presentations, or vaccine efficiency is unknown. Transmission by asymptomatic carriers of the new variant is also unknown. Mutation pressure by antiviral agents or vaccines have not yet been induced; however, additional mutations are expected following global vaccination and, later, after administration of validated treatments. Thus, preparedness for fast emergence of new variants is prudent. One can also expect less virulent but highly transmissible variants, which could facilitate herd immunity. Development of clinical and rapid laboratory tests is required to follow up the vaccinated individuals for a secondary infection potentially by the new variant. Importantly, restrictive countermeasures, personal hygiene, face-masking, spatial distancing, and travel bans remain pertinent in fighting the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Rahimi
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Mulabbi EN, Tweyongyere R, Wabwire-Mangen F, Mworozi E, Koehlerb J, Kibuuka H, Millard M, Erima B, Tugume T, Aquino UQ, Byarugaba DK. Seroprevalence of human coronaviruses among patients visiting hospital-based sentinel sites in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:585. [PMID: 34134656 PMCID: PMC8207497 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human coronaviruses are causative agents of respiratory infections with several subtypes being prevalent worldwide. They cause respiratory illnesses of varying severity and have been described to be continuously emerging but their prevalence is not well documented in Uganda. This study assessed the seroprevalence of antibodies against the previously known human coronaviruses prior 2019 in Uganda. Methods A total 377 serum samples collected from volunteers that showed influenza like illness in five hospital-based sentinel sites and archived were analyzed using a commercial Qualitative Human Coronavirus Antibody IgG ELISA kit. Although there is no single kit available that can detect the presence of all the circulating coronaviruses, this kit uses a nucleoprotein, aa 340–390 to coat the wells and since there is significant homology among the various human coronavirus strains with regards to the coded for proteins, there is significant cross reactivity beyond HCoV HKU-39849 2003. This gives the kit a qualitative ability to detect the presence of human coronavirus antibodies in a sample. Results The overall seroprevalence for all the sites was 87.53% with no significant difference in the seroprevalence between the Hospital based sentinel sites (p = 0.8). Of the seropositive, the age group 1–5 years had the highest percentage (46.97), followed by 6–10 years (16.67) and then above 20 (16.36). An odds ratio of 1.6 (CI 0.863–2.97, p = 0.136) showed that those volunteers below 5 years of age were more likely to be seropositive compared to those above 5 years. The seropositivity was generally high throughout the year with highest being recorded in March and the lowest in February and December. Conclusions The seroprevalence of Human coronaviruses is alarmingly high which calls for need to identify and characterize the circulating coronavirus strains so as to guide policy on the control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Nicholas Mulabbi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Robert Tweyongyere
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Jeff Koehlerb
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Monica Millard
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard Erima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Titus Tugume
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Denis K Byarugaba
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
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24
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Ovalle DLP, Rodrigo-Cano S, González A, Soler C, Catalá-Gregori AI, Merino-Torres JF, Soriano JM. COVID Obesity: A One-Year Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:2060. [PMID: 34208529 PMCID: PMC8233706 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
On 11 March 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). This study focuses on a narrative review about the illness during the first year of the pandemic in relation to obesity. Databases were used to search studies published up to 8 December 2020. In total, 4430 articles and other scientific literature were found, and 24 articles were included in this one-year narrative review. The mean BMI value of severe COVID-19 patients ranged from 24.5 to 33.4 kg/m2, versus <18.5 to 24.3 kg/m2 for non-severe patients. Articles using the terms obesity or overweight without indicating the BMI value in these patients were common, but this is not useful, as the anthropometric parameters, when not defined by this index, are confusing due to the classification being different in the West compared to among Asian and Korean criteria-based adults. We proposed a new term, called COVID obesity, to define the importance of this anthropometric parameter, among others, in relation with this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Palacios Ovalle
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (D.L.P.O.); (S.R.-C.); (A.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Susana Rodrigo-Cano
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (D.L.P.O.); (S.R.-C.); (A.G.); (C.S.)
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (A.I.C.-G.); (J.F.M.-T.)
| | - Aránzazu González
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (D.L.P.O.); (S.R.-C.); (A.G.); (C.S.)
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (A.I.C.-G.); (J.F.M.-T.)
| | - Carla Soler
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (D.L.P.O.); (S.R.-C.); (A.G.); (C.S.)
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (A.I.C.-G.); (J.F.M.-T.)
| | - Ana I. Catalá-Gregori
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (A.I.C.-G.); (J.F.M.-T.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - J. Francisco Merino-Torres
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (A.I.C.-G.); (J.F.M.-T.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose M. Soriano
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (D.L.P.O.); (S.R.-C.); (A.G.); (C.S.)
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (A.I.C.-G.); (J.F.M.-T.)
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25
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Huff HV, Singh A. Asymptomatic Transmission During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic and Implications for Public Health Strategies. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:2752-2756. [PMID: 32463076 PMCID: PMC7314132 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly within months despite global public health strategies to curb transmission by testing symptomatic patients and encouraging social distancing. Here, we summarize rapidly emerging evidence highlighting transmission by asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic individuals. Viral load of asymptomatic carriers is comparable to symptomatic patients, viral shedding is highest before symptom onset suggesting high transmissibility before symptoms. Within universally tested subgroups, surprisingly high percentages of COVID-19 positive asymptomatic individuals were found. Asymptomatic transmission was reported in several clusters. A Wuhan study showed an alarming rate of intrahospital transmission, and several countries reported higher prevalence among healthcare workers than the general population. This raises concern that health workers could act as silent disease vectors. Therefore, current public health strategies relying solely on ‘symptom onset’ for infection identification need urgent reassessment. Extensive universal testing irrespective of symptoms may be considered with priority placed on groups with high frequency exposure to positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanalise V Huff
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Avantika Singh
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Alene M, Yismaw L, Assemie MA, Ketema DB, Mengist B, Kassie B, Birhan TY. Magnitude of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases throughout the course of infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249090. [PMID: 33755688 PMCID: PMC7987199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections are responsible for potentially significant transmission of COVID-19. Worldwide, a number of studies were conducted to estimate the magnitude of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases. However, there is a need for more robust and well-designed studies to have a relevant public health intervention. Synthesis of the available studies significantly strengthens the quality of evidences for public health practice. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the overall magnitude of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases throughout the course of infection using available evidences. METHODS We followed the PRISMA checklist to present this study. Two experienced review authors (MA and DBK) were systematically searched international electronic databases for studies. We performed meta-analysis using R statistical software. The overall weighted proportion of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases throughout the course infection was computed. The pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals were presented using forest plot. Egger's tests were used to assess publication bias, and primary estimates were pooled using a random effects model. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to assure the robustness of the result. RESULTS A total of 28 studies that satisfied the eligibility criteria were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Consequently, in the meta-analysis, a total of 6,071 COVID-19 cases were included. The proportion of asymptomatic infections among the included studies ranged from 1.4% to 78.3%. The findings of this meta-analysis showed that the weighted pooled proportion of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases throughout the course of infection was 25% (95%CI: 16-38). The leave-one out result also revealed that the weighted pooled average of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection was between 28% and 31.4%. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, one-fourth of SARS-CoV-2 infections are remained asymptomatic throughout the course infection. Scale-up of testing, which targeting high risk populations is recommended to tackle the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh Alene
- Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Leltework Yismaw
- Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Belayneh Mengist
- Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Bekalu Kassie
- Department of Midwifery, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Yemanu Birhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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27
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Syangtan G, Bista S, Dawadi P, Rayamajhee B, Shrestha LB, Tuladhar R, Joshi DR. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Carriers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health 2021; 8:587374. [PMID: 33553089 PMCID: PMC7855302 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.587374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 can be unknown carriers magnifying the transmission of COVID-19. This study appraised the frequency of asymptomatic individuals and estimated occurrence by age group and gender by reviewing the existing published data on asymptomatic people with COVID-19. Three electronic databases, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (WoS), were used to search the literature following the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The study population for this review included asymptomatic individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 reported in original articles published up to 30 April 2020. A random effects model was applied to analyze pooled data on the prevalence of asymptomatic cases among all COVID-19 patients and also by age and gender. From the meta-analysis of 16 studies, comprising 2,788 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, the pooled prevalence according to the random effect size of asymptomatic cases was 48.2% (95% CI, 30-67%). Of the asymptomatic cases, 55.5% (95% CI, 43.6-66.8%) were female and 49.6% (95% CI, 20.5-79.1%) were children. Children and females were more likely to present as asymptomatic COVID-19 cases and could act as unknown carriers of SARS-CoV-2. Symptom-based screening might fail to identify all SARS-CoV-2 infections escalating the threat of global spread and impeding containment. Therefore, a mass surveillance system to track asymptomatic cases is critical, with special attention to females and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopiram Syangtan
- Shi-Gan International College of Science and Technology (SICOST), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shrijana Bista
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Prabin Dawadi
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Binod Rayamajhee
- Faculty of Science, School of Optometry and Vision Science (SOVS), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences (KRIBS), Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Lok Bahadur Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Reshma Tuladhar
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dev Raj Joshi
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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28
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Esfehani RJ, Aelami MH, Kalat AR, Soleimanpour S, Pasdar Z, Khazaei M, Pasdar A, Avan A. SARS-CoV-2 Liability: The Hidden Mystery Behind Its Presentation in Children. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1353:225-241. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85113-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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High MERS-CoV seropositivity associated with camel herd profile, husbandry practices and household socio-demographic characteristics in Northern Kenya. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e292. [PMID: 33256863 PMCID: PMC7737118 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high exposure to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the predictors for seropositivity in the context of husbandry practices for camels in Eastern Africa are not well understood. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to describe the camel herd profile and determine the factors associated with MERS-CoV seropositivity in Northern Kenya. We enrolled 29 camel-owning households and administered questionnaires to collect herd and household data. Serum samples collected from 493 randomly selected camels were tested for anti-MERS-CoV antibodies using a microneutralisation assay, and regression analysis used to correlate herd and household characteristics with camel seropositivity. Households reared camels (median = 23 camels and IQR 16–56), and at least one other livestock species in two distinct herds; a home herd kept near homesteads, and a range/fora herd that resided far from the homestead. The overall MERS-CoV IgG seropositivity was 76.3%, with no statistically significant difference between home and fora herds. Significant predictors for seropositivity (P ⩽ 0.05) included camels 6–10 years old (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0–5.2), herds with ⩾25 camels (aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.4) and camels from Gabra community (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2–4.2). These results suggest high levels of virus transmission among camels, with potential for human infection.
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Toraih EA, Elshazli RM, Hussein MH, Elgaml A, Amin M, El‐Mowafy M, El‐Mesery M, Ellythy A, Duchesne J, Killackey MT, Ferdinand KC, Kandil E, Fawzy MS. Association of cardiac biomarkers and comorbidities with increased mortality, severity, and cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients: A meta-regression and decision tree analysis. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2473-2488. [PMID: 32530509 PMCID: PMC7307124 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has a deleterious effect on several systems, including the cardiovascular system. We aim to systematically explore the association of COVID-19 severity and mortality rate with the history of cardiovascular diseases and/or other comorbidities and cardiac injury laboratory markers. METHODS The standardized mean difference (SMD) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to estimate pooled results from the 56 studies. The prognostic performance of cardiac markers for predicting adverse outcomes and to select the best cutoff threshold was estimated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Decision tree analysis by combining cardiac markers with demographic and clinical features was applied to predict mortality and severity in patients with COVID-19. RESULTS A meta-analysis of 17 794 patients showed patients with high cardiac troponin I (OR = 5.22, 95% CI = 3.73-7.31, P < .001) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (OR = 3.64, 95% CI = 2.84-4.66, P < .001) were more likely to develop adverse outcomes. High troponin I more than 13.75 ng/L combined with either advanced age more than 60 years or elevated AST level more than 27.72 U/L was the best model to predict poor outcomes. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 severity and mortality are complicated by myocardial injury. Assessment of cardiac injury biomarkers may improve the identification of those patients at the highest risk and potentially lead to improved therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Toraih
- Department of Surgery, School of MedicineTulane UniversityNew OrleansLA
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Genetics Unit, Faculty of MedicineSuez Canal UniversityIsmailiaEgypt
| | - Rami M. Elshazli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Physical TherapyHorus University ‐ EgyptNew DamiettaEgypt
| | | | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of PharmacyMansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of PharmacyHorus University ‐ EgyptNew DamiettaEgypt
| | - Mohamed Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
| | - Mohammed El‐Mowafy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of PharmacyMansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
| | - Mohamed El‐Mesery
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
| | - Assem Ellythy
- Department of Surgery, School of MedicineTulane UniversityNew OrleansLA
| | - Juan Duchesne
- Department of Surgery, Trauma/Acute Care and Critical CareTulane School of MedicineNew OrleansLA
| | - Mary T. Killackey
- Department of Surgery, School of MedicineTulane UniversityNew OrleansLA
| | - Keith C. Ferdinand
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, School of MedicineTulane UniversityNew OrleansLA
| | - Emad Kandil
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of MedicineTulane UniversityNew OrleansLA70112USA
| | - Manal S. Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of MedicineSuez Canal UniversityIsmailiaEgypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of MedicineNorthern Border UniversityArarSaudi Arabia
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Al-Tawfiq JA, Sattar A, Al-Khadra H, Al-Qahtani S, Al-Mulhim M, Al-Omoush O, Kheir HO. Incidence of COVID-19 among returning travelers in quarantine facilities: A longitudinal study and lessons learned. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 38:101901. [PMID: 33049360 PMCID: PMC7547317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The emergence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had resulted in an unpresented global pandemic. In the initial events, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia implemented mandatory quarantine of returning travelers in order to contain COVID-19 cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a longitudinal study of the arriving travelers to Quarantine facilities and the prevalence of positive SARS-CoV-2 as detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS During the study period, there was a total of 1928 returning travelers with 1273 (66%) males. The age range was 28 days-69 years. Of all the travelers, 23 (1.2%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Of the first swab, 14/1928 (0.7%) tested positive. The positivity rate was 0.63% and 0.92% among males and females, respectively (P = 0.57). The second swab was positive in 9 (0.5%) of the other 1914 who were initially negative with a positivity rate of 0.39% and 0.62% among males and females, respectively (P = 0.49). There was no statistical difference in the positivity rates between first and second swab (P = 0.4). Of all travelers, 40 (n = 26, 1.3%) were admitted from the quarantine facility to the hospital due to COVID-19 related positive results or development of symptoms such as fever, cough, and respiratory symptoms; and 14 (0.7%) were admitted due to non-COVID-19 related illness. CONCLUSION This study showed the efforts put for facility quarantine and that such activity yielded a lower incidence of positive cases. There was a need to have a backup healthcare facility to accommodate those developing a medical need for evaluation and admission for non-COVID-19 related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Specialty Internal Medicine and Quality Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Amar Sattar
- Primary Care Division, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husain Al-Khadra
- Primary Care Division, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Al-Qahtani
- Primary Care Division, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Omar Al-Omoush
- Primary Care Division, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatim O Kheir
- Primary Care Division, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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Zhao D, Wang M, Wang M, Zhao Y, Zheng Z, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Zeng S, Hu W, Yu W, Hu K. Asymptomatic infection by SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers: A study in a large teaching hospital in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 99:219-225. [PMID: 32758693 PMCID: PMC7836921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the proportion and characteristics of asymptomatic infection among healthcare workers (HCWs). METHODS This study retrospectively investigated 1407 HCWs who were screened for COVID-19 by chest computed tomography (CT) scans and nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. Demographics, CT features, nasopharyngeal swabs, baseline symptoms, and laboratory data were collected. RESULTS Of 1407 HCWs, 235 had symptoms and 1172 were asymptomatic close contacts, of which, 107 were symptomatic cases and 84 were close contacts who had abnormal CT findings. Of 152 symptomatic individuals and 908 close contacts tested for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, 122 symptomatic cases and 38 close contacts had positive reverse-transcriptase real-time polymerase chain (RT-PCR) test results. The rate of confirmed asymptomatic infections was 4.2% (38/908). Both symptomatic and asymptomatic infected cases had high titrations of specific IgG or had ≥four-fold increase in IgG during convalescence compared with the acute phase. Combining the RT-PCR tests and serological findings, the rate of asymptomatic infections was 9.7% (88/908). In terms of the duration of viral shedding, there was no significant difference between symptomatic mild/moderate participants and asymptomatic infections. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrated that a high rate of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers existed among healthcare worker close contacts during the outbreak of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengmei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhishui Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaolin Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihua Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhen Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Wu Z, Harrich D, Li Z, Hu D, Li D. The unique features of SARS-CoV-2 transmission: Comparison with SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:e2171. [PMID: 33350025 PMCID: PMC7537046 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
From 2002 to 2019, three deadly human coronaviruses (hCoVs), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) emerged to produce outbreaks of SARS, MERS and coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19), respectively. All three hCoVs are members of the Betacoronavirus genus in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae and share many similarities in virology and epidemiology. However, the pattern and scale of Covid‐19 global spread is similar to 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza (H1N1pdm09), rather than SARS or MERS. Covid‐19 exhibits high viral shedding in the upper respiratory tract at an early stage of infection, and has a high proportion of transmission competent individuals that are pre‐symptomatic, asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic, characteristics seen in H1N1pdm09 but not in SARS or MERS. These two traits of Covid‐19 and H1N1pdm09 result in reduced efficiency in identification of transmission sources by symptomatic screening and play important roles in their ability to spread unchecked to cause pandemics. To overcome these attributes of Covid‐19 in community transmission, identifying the transmission source by testing for virus shedding and interrupting chains of transmission by social distancing and public masking are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglan Wu
- Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,College of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - David Harrich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhongyang Li
- Eastern Health Library Service Maroondah Hospital, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dongsheng Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Sah R, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Patel SK, Pathak M, Malik YS, Dhama K, Singh KP, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Haque S, Martinez-Pulgarin DF, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Leblebicioglu H. SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and advances in developing potential therapeutics and vaccines to counter this emerging pandemic. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19:40. [PMID: 32878641 PMCID: PMC7464065 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), causing an emerging coronavirus disease (COVID-19), first detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, which has taken a catastrophic turn with high toll rates in China and subsequently spreading across the globe. The rapid spread of this virus to more than 210 countries while affecting more than 25 million people and causing more than 843,000 human deaths, it has resulted in a pandemic situation in the world. The SARS-CoV-2 virus belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus, like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, all of which originated in bats. It is highly contagious, causing symptoms like fever, dyspnea, asthenia and pneumonia, thrombocytopenia, and the severely infected patients succumb to the disease. Coronaviruses (CoVs) among all known RNA viruses have the largest genomes ranging from 26 to 32 kb in length. Extensive research has been conducted to understand the molecular basis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and evolution, develop effective therapeutics, antiviral drugs, and vaccines, and to design rapid and confirmatory viral diagnostics as well as adopt appropriate prevention and control strategies. To date, August 30, 2020, no effective, proven therapeutic antibodies or specific drugs, and vaccines have turned up. In this review article, we describe the underlying molecular organization and phylogenetic analysis of the coronaviruses, including the SARS-CoV-2, and recent advances in diagnosis and vaccine development in brief and focusing mainly on developing potential therapeutic options that can be explored to manage this pandemic virus infection, which would help in valid countering of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsah H Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India.
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dayron F Martinez-Pulgarin
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
- School of Medicine, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo (UNIFRANZ), Cochabamba, Bolivia.
| | - Hakan Leblebicioglu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Samsun VM Medicalpark Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
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Al-Sadeq DW, Nasrallah GK. The incidence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 among asymptomatic patients: A systematic review. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 98:372-380. [PMID: 32623083 PMCID: PMC7330573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has quickly spread globally since its discovery in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. A comprehensive strategy - including surveillance, diagnostics, research, and clinical treatment - is urgently needed to win the battle against COVID-19. Recently, numerous studies have reported the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic patients. Yet, the incidence and viral transmission from the asymptomatic cases are not yet apparent. AIM To estimate the incidence of COVID-19 among asymptomatic cases and describe its epidemiological and clinical significance this review systematically examined the published literature on SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic patients. METHODS The literature was searched through four scientific databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. RESULTS Sixty-three studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. The majority of the reported studies were from China. However, there was a lack of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiological studies, from several countries worldwide, tracing the actual incidence of COVID-19, especially in asymptomatic patients. Studies with a large sample size (>1000) estimated that the percentage of people contracting SARS-CoV-2 and likely to be asymptomatic ranged from 1.2-12.9%. However, other studies with a smaller sample size reported a much higher incidence and indicated that up to 87.9% of COVID-19 infected individuals could be asymptomatic. Most of these studies indicated that asymptopatics are a potential source of infection to the community. CONCLUSION This review highlighted the need for more robust and well-designed studies to better estimate COVID-19 incidence among asymptomatic patients worldwide. Early identification of asymptomatic cases, as well as monitoring and tracing close contacts, could help in mitigating the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa W Al-Sadeq
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; College of Medicine, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Ullrich S, Nitsche C. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease as drug target. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127377. [PMID: 32738988 PMCID: PMC7331567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented pandemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is threatening global health. The virus emerged in late 2019 and can cause a severe disease associated with significant mortality. Several vaccine development and drug discovery campaigns are underway. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease is considered a promising drug target, as it is dissimilar to human proteases. Sequence and structure of the main protease are closely related to those from other betacoronaviruses, facilitating drug discovery attempts based on previous lead compounds. Covalently binding peptidomimetics and small molecules are investigated. Various compounds show antiviral activity in infected human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Ullrich
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Liu T, Guo Y, Wang M, Hao X, He S, Zhou R. Design of an air isolation and purification (AIP) desk for medical use and characterization of its efficacy in ambient air isolation and purification. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2020; 2:169-176. [PMID: 32838281 PMCID: PMC7318952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidences of nosocomial infections (NIs) are increasing throughout the world, especially for those airborne diseases caused by pathogens or air particulates that float in air. In this study, we designed and manufactured a desk for clinic consultation room air purification and air isolation between doctor and patient. The air isolation and purification (AIP) desk has a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter on the tope and several primary efficiency filters on the sides for air purification. The air circulating between inlet and outlet forms a wind-curtain between doctor and patient. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was used to calculate the speed of the air flow and the angle of sampler. We tested the air purification function of the AIP desk in rooms sized about 3.6 × 2.8 × 2.8 m (L × W × H) and found that the AIP desk could significantly remove the tested air pollutants like smoke particulates and microorganisms like Staphylococcus albus (S. albus)and human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5). The wind-curtain can significantly block the exhale air of patient being transmitted to the respiratory area of doctor setting in the opposite of AIP desk. Thus, the AIP desk can be used in hospital setting to reduce the risk of NIs and protect both doctors and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Yubing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Mei Wang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Xiaotang Hao
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Shicong He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China,Corresponding author: No. 195 Dongfeng Xi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510180, China
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Zhu Z, Lian X, Su X, Wu W, Marraro GA, Zeng Y. From SARS and MERS to COVID-19: a brief summary and comparison of severe acute respiratory infections caused by three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Respir Res 2020. [PMID: 32854739 DOI: 10.1186/s12931‐020‐01479‐w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Within two decades, there have emerged three highly pathogenic and deadly human coronaviruses, namely SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The economic burden and health threats caused by these coronaviruses are extremely dreadful and getting more serious as the increasing number of global infections and attributed deaths of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. Unfortunately, specific medical countermeasures for these hCoVs remain absent. Moreover, the fast spread of misinformation about the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic uniquely places the virus alongside an annoying infodemic and causes unnecessary worldwide panic. SARS-CoV-2 shares many similarities with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, certainly, obvious differences exist as well. Lessons learnt from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, timely updated information of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, and summarized specific knowledge of these hCoVs are extremely invaluable for effectively and efficiently contain the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. By gaining a deeper understanding of hCoVs and the illnesses caused by them, we can bridge knowledge gaps, provide cultural weapons for fighting and controling the spread of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and prepare effective and robust defense lines against hCoVs that may emerge or reemerge in the future. To this end, the state-of-the-art knowledge and comparing the biological features of these lethal hCoVs and the clinical characteristics of illnesses caused by them are systematically summarized in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, 34 Zhongshanbei Road, Licheng District, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xihua Lian
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 34 Zhongshanbei Road, Licheng District, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshan Su
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, 34 Zhongshanbei Road, Licheng District, Quanzhou, China
| | - Weijing Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, 34 Zhongshanbei Road, Licheng District, Quanzhou, China
| | - Giuseppe A Marraro
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, 34 Zhongshanbei Road, Licheng District, Quanzhou, China. .,Healthcare Accountability Lab, University of Milan, Via Festa Del Perdono, Milan, Italy.
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, 34 Zhongshanbei Road, Licheng District, Quanzhou, China.
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Zhu Z, Lian X, Su X, Wu W, Marraro GA, Zeng Y. From SARS and MERS to COVID-19: a brief summary and comparison of severe acute respiratory infections caused by three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Respir Res 2020; 21:224. [PMID: 32854739 PMCID: PMC7450684 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Within two decades, there have emerged three highly pathogenic and deadly human coronaviruses, namely SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The economic burden and health threats caused by these coronaviruses are extremely dreadful and getting more serious as the increasing number of global infections and attributed deaths of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. Unfortunately, specific medical countermeasures for these hCoVs remain absent. Moreover, the fast spread of misinformation about the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic uniquely places the virus alongside an annoying infodemic and causes unnecessary worldwide panic. SARS-CoV-2 shares many similarities with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, certainly, obvious differences exist as well. Lessons learnt from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, timely updated information of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, and summarized specific knowledge of these hCoVs are extremely invaluable for effectively and efficiently contain the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. By gaining a deeper understanding of hCoVs and the illnesses caused by them, we can bridge knowledge gaps, provide cultural weapons for fighting and controling the spread of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and prepare effective and robust defense lines against hCoVs that may emerge or reemerge in the future. To this end, the state-of-the-art knowledge and comparing the biological features of these lethal hCoVs and the clinical characteristics of illnesses caused by them are systematically summarized in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, 34 Zhongshanbei Road, Licheng District, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xihua Lian
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 34 Zhongshanbei Road, Licheng District, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshan Su
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, 34 Zhongshanbei Road, Licheng District, Quanzhou, China
| | - Weijing Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, 34 Zhongshanbei Road, Licheng District, Quanzhou, China
| | - Giuseppe A Marraro
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, 34 Zhongshanbei Road, Licheng District, Quanzhou, China.
- Healthcare Accountability Lab, University of Milan, Via Festa Del Perdono, Milan, Italy.
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Respirology Medicine Centre of Fujian Province, 34 Zhongshanbei Road, Licheng District, Quanzhou, China.
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Elshazli RM, Toraih EA, Elgaml A, El-Mowafy M, El-Mesery M, Amin MN, Hussein MH, Killackey MT, Fawzy MS, Kandil E. Diagnostic and prognostic value of hematological and immunological markers in COVID-19 infection: A meta-analysis of 6320 patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238160. [PMID: 32822430 PMCID: PMC7446892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence-based characterization of the diagnostic and prognostic value of the hematological and immunological markers related to the epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is critical to understand the clinical course of the infection and to assess in development and validation of biomarkers. METHODS Based on systematic search in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct up to April 22, 2020, a total of 52 eligible articles with 6,320 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cohorts were included. Pairwise comparison between severe versus mild disease, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) versus general ward admission and expired versus survivors were performed for 36 laboratory parameters. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the DerSimonian Laird method/random effects model and converted to the Odds ratio (OR). The decision tree algorithm was employed to identify the key risk factor(s) attributed to severe COVID-19 disease. RESULTS Cohorts with elevated levels of white blood cells (WBCs) (OR = 1.75), neutrophil count (OR = 2.62), D-dimer (OR = 3.97), prolonged prothrombin time (PT) (OR = 1.82), fibrinogen (OR = 3.14), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (OR = 1.60), procalcitonin (OR = 4.76), IL-6 (OR = 2.10), and IL-10 (OR = 4.93) had higher odds of progression to severe phenotype. Decision tree model (sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 81%) showed the high performance of neutrophil count at a cut-off value of more than 3.74x109/L for identifying patients at high risk of severe COVID-19. Likewise, ICU admission was associated with higher levels of WBCs (OR = 5.21), neutrophils (OR = 6.25), D-dimer (OR = 4.19), and prolonged PT (OR = 2.18). Patients with high IL-6 (OR = 13.87), CRP (OR = 7.09), D-dimer (OR = 6.36), and neutrophils (OR = 6.25) had the highest likelihood of mortality. CONCLUSIONS Several hematological and immunological markers, in particular neutrophilic count, could be helpful to be included within the routine panel for COVID-19 infection evaluation to ensure risk stratification and effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami M. Elshazli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Horus University - Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Eman A. Toraih
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University - Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mohammed El-Mowafy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Mesery
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed N. Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammad H. Hussein
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mary T. Killackey
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Manal S. Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, KSA
| | - Emad Kandil
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Los Angeles, United States of America
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Xiao F, Chen B, Xiao T, Lee SK, Yan K, Hu L. Children with SARS-CoV-2 infection during an epidemic in China (outside of Hubei province). ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:849. [PMID: 32793693 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Limited studies have reported the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study aimed to provide the epidemiological characteristics of children with COVID-19 throughout China (outside of Hubei Province) based on public data. Methods This was an observational, cross-sectional study. We included a total of 279 diagnosed children based on the data of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 reported by the Health Commission in each province, autonomous region, municipality, or special administrative region in China (outside of Hubei Province) from January 24, 2020 to February 16, 2020. Results The number of newborns (0 days ≤ age ≤28 days), infants (28 days < age ≤1 year), children (1 year < age ≤5 years), and children (5 years < age ≤18 years) accounted for 0.7%, 6.5%, 23.7%, and 69.2% of the total number of infected children, respectively. We found that from January 23, 2020, to January 31, 2020, infected children mainly came from Wuhan, China. After February 3, 2020, family clustering transmission became the main mode of transmission. Conclusions Family clustering transmission is currently the main model of transmission in children. Considering the mild symptoms in infected children, the possibility that children may be a source of the transmission should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Xiao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Xiao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shoo K Lee
- Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kai Yan
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyuan Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kutsuna S, Suzuki T, Hayakawa K, Tsuzuki S, Asai Y, Suzuki T, Ide S, Nakamura K, Moriyama Y, Kinoshita N, Hosokawa N, Osawa R, Yamamuro R, Akiyama Y, Miyazato Y, Nomoto H, Nakamoto T, Ota M, Saito S, Ishikane M, Morioka S, Yamamoto K, Ujiie M, Terada M, Nakamura-Uchiyama F, Sahara T, Sano M, Imamura A, Sekiya N, Fukushima K, Kawana A, Fujikura Y, Sano T, Suematsu R, Sakamoto N, Nagata K, Kato T, Katano H, Wakita T, Sugiyama H, Kokudo N, Ohmagari N. SARS-CoV-2 Screening Test for Japanese Returnees From Wuhan, China, January 2020. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa243. [PMID: 32754627 PMCID: PMC7337761 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was found to be the causative microorganism of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which started to spread in Wuhan, China. This study was to evaluate the effectiveness of questionnaire, symptoms-based screening, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of returnees from COVID-19-endemic areas on a chartered flight, to examine the proportion of infected persons and the proportion of asymptomatic persons among infected persons who returned from Wuhan. Methods A retrospective cohort study was done in 7 tertiary medical institutions in Japan. A total of 566 Japanese who returned from Wuhan participated in the study. Results Overall, 11 of the 566 passengers had a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR result for pharyngeal swabs and 6 were asymptomatic. Only fever differed between SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative individuals (P < .043). Six of the 11 PCR-positive individuals were asymptomatic; 4 remained positive on day 10, and 1 asymptomatic person tested positive up to day 27. Two of the 11 were negative on the first PCR test and positive on the second. Conclusions Our results will be important insights on screening returnees from locked-down cities, as well as providing important data on the proportion of asymptomatic individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. A 13-day observation period and a second round of PCR may be effective to screen patients, including asymptomatic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kutsuna
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- COVID-19 NIID Evacuation Flight Laboratory Testing Team (NEFLATT), National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Hayakawa
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsuzuki
- AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Asai
- AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suzuki
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ide
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Nakamura
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Moriyama
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Kinoshita
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Hosokawa
- Department of Infectious Disease, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Osawa
- Department of Infectious Disease, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamamuro
- Department of Infectious Disease, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaro Akiyama
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyazato
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Nomoto
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Nakamoto
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ota
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Saito
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishikane
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Morioka
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mugen Ujiie
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Terada
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fukumi Nakamura-Uchiyama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ebara Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Hospitals Corporation, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sahara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ebara Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Hospitals Corporation, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toshima Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Hospitals Corporation, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akifumi Imamura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noritaka Sekiya
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Fukushima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kawana
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujikura
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sano
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryohei Suematsu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa City, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh General Hospital, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Nagata
- Japanese Red Cross Musashino Hospital, Musashino City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kato
- Japanese Red Cross Musashino Hospital, Musashino City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- COVID-19 NIID Evacuation Flight Laboratory Testing Team (NEFLATT), National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- COVID-19 NIID Evacuation Flight Laboratory Testing Team (NEFLATT), National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhito Sugiyama
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kokudo
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. Serologic testing of coronaviruses from MERS-CoV to SARS-CoV-2: Learning from the past and anticipating the future. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37:101785. [PMID: 32534208 PMCID: PMC7286260 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Infectious Disease Unit, Specialty Internal Medicine, and Quality and Patient Safety Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Director Research Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia; Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Cimolai N. Features of enteric disease from human coronaviruses: Implications for COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1834-1844. [PMID: 32462689 PMCID: PMC7283829 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have long been studied in both human and veterinary fields. Whereas the initial detection of endemic human respiratory coronaviruses was problematic, detection of these and newly discovered human coronaviruses has been greatly facilitated with major advances in the laboratory. Nevertheless, technological factors can affect the accuracy and timeliness of virus detection. Many human coronaviruses can be variably found in stool samples. All human coronaviruses have been variably associated with symptoms of gastroenteritis. Coronaviruses can occasionally be cultured from enteric specimens, but most detection is accomplished with genetic amplification technologies. Excretion of viral RNA in stool can extend for a prolonged period. Culture‐positive stool samples have been found to exceed a fourteen day period after onset of infection for some coronaviruses. Virus can also sometimes be cultured from patients' respiratory samples during the late incubation period. Relatively asymptomatic patients may excrete virus. Both viable and nonviable virus can be found in the immediate environment of the patient, the health care worker, and less often the public. These lessons from the past study of animal and human coronaviruses can be extended to presumptions for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Already, the early reports from the coronavirus disease‐2019 pandemic are confirming some concerns. These data have the cumulative potential to cause us to rethink some current and common public health and infection control strategies. coronaviruses are variably found in human enteric samples during the course of infection. abdominal and intestinal illnesses are associated with coronavirus infections. enteric excretion of live virus and viral RNA have been confirmed. occasionally, live virus can be found in stool samples to exceed a fourteen day period after disease onset, and virus can also be cultured from these samples during the late incubation period or from asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Jogalekar MP, Veerabathini A, Gangadaran P. Novel 2019 coronavirus: Genome structure, clinical trials, and outstanding questions. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:964-969. [PMID: 32306751 PMCID: PMC7327953 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220920540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Early availability of the sequence, the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19), has prompted efforts towards identifying a safe and effective vaccine in the current public health emergency. To that end, understanding the pathophysiology of disease is crucial for scientists around the world. Since conventional vaccine development and manufacturing may take several years, it is important to think about alternative strategies that we could use to mitigate imminent catastrophe. We hope that this article will open up new avenues and provide insights that could potentially save hundreds of lives affected by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi P Jogalekar
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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Islam A, Ahmed A, Naqvi IH, Parveen S. Emergence of deadly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 during 2019-2020. Virusdisease 2020; 31:128-136. [PMID: 32292802 PMCID: PMC7138902 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wuhan, the city in Hubei province in China is in the focus of global community due to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), formerly known as 2019-nCoV. The virus emerged in humans from Wuhan seafood market probably via zoonotic transmission. Within a few days the virus spread its tentacles rapidly to neighboring cities in China and to different geographical regions through travelers and to some extent by human to human transmission leading to significant disease burden globally. More than 2,00,000 people (including more than 8000 deaths) have been infected with this respiratory illness across 167 countries and territories worldwide leading to a pandemic. The present review provides an outline about emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 from Wuhan, China in 2019-2020. We have also provided information about the classification, genome, proteins, clinical presentation of COVID-19, type of clinical specimens to be collected and diagnostic methods adopted to identify the respiratory illness. In addition we have also provided information about transmission dynamics, prevention measures and treatment options that are available at the present. Subsequently, we have given a comprehensive overview of the spread of this infection from China to the other parts of the globe. Management of the ongoing outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 encompassing surveillance, clinical, immunological, genetic and evolutionary investigations are likely to provide the desired results. Joint efforts of global scientific community are needed at this hour in terms of enhancement of research on development of accurate diagnostics, antiviral therapeutics and finally into formation of an effective vaccine against the emerging novel coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Anwar Ahmed
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irshad H. Naqvi
- Dr. M. A. Ansari Health Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Shama Parveen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
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Escalera-Antezana JP, Lizon-Ferrufino NF, Maldonado-Alanoca A, Alarcón-De-la-Vega G, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Balderrama-Saavedra MA, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Clinical features of the first cases and a cluster of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Bolivia imported from Italy and Spain. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 35:101653. [PMID: 32247926 PMCID: PMC7129170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In March 2020, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) arrived in Bolivia. Here, we report the main clinical findings, and epidemiological features of the first series of cases, and a cluster, confirmed in Bolivia. METHODS For this observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study, information was obtained from the Hospitals and the Ministry of Health for the cases that were laboratory-diagnosed and related, during March 2020. rRT-PCR was used for the detection of the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 following the protocol Charité, Berlin, Germany, from nasopharyngeal swabs. RESULTS Among 152 suspected cases investigated, 12 (7.9%) were confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 infected by rRT-PCR. The median age was 39 years (IQR 25-43), six of them male. Two cases proceed from Italy and three from Spain. Nine patients presented fever, and cough, five sore throat, and myalgia, among other symptoms. Only a 60 y-old woman with hypertension was hospitalized. None of the patients required ICU nor fatalities occurred in this group. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of surveillance of COVID-19 in Bolivia, with patients managed mainly with home isolation. Preparedness for a significant epidemic, as is going on in other countries, and the deployment of response plans for it, in the country is now taking place to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Escalera-Antezana
- National Responsible for Telehealth Program, Ministry of Health, La Paz, Bolivia; Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo/UNIFRANZ, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Incubator in Zoonosis (SIZOO), Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation Research Group (BIOECOS), Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Public Health and infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodríguez-Morales
- Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo/UNIFRANZ, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Public Health and infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
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Yu Y, Shi Q, Zheng P, Gao L, Li H, Tao P, Gu B, Wang D, Chen H. Assessment of the quality of systematic reviews on COVID-19: A comparative study of previous coronavirus outbreaks. J Med Virol 2020; 92:883-890. [PMID: 32301508 PMCID: PMC7264505 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several systematic reviews (SRs) have been conducted on the COVID-19 outbreak, which together with the SRs on previous coronavirus outbreaks, form important sources of evidence for clinical decision and policy making. Here, we investigated the methodological quality of SRs on COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Online searches were performed to obtain SRs on COVID-19, SARS, and MERS. The methodological quality of the included SRs was assessed using the AMSTAR-2 tool. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data. In total, of 49 SRs that were finally included in our study, 17, 16, and 16 SRs were specifically on COVID-19, MERS, and SARS, respectively. The growth rate of SRs on COVID-19 was the highest (4.54/month) presently. Of the included SRs, 6, 12, and 31 SRs were of moderate, low, and critically low quality, respectively. SRs on SARS showed the optimum quality among the SRs on the three diseases. Subgroup analyses showed that the SR topic (P < .001), the involvement of a methodologist (P < .001), and funding support (P = .046) were significantly associated with the methodological quality of the SR. According to the adherence scores, adherence to AMSTAR-2 items sequentially decreased in SRs on SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The methodological quality of most SRs on coronavirus outbreaks is unsatisfactory, and those on COVID-19 have higher risks of poor quality, despite the rapid actions taken to conduct SRs. The quality of SRs should be improved in the future. Readers must exercise caution in accepting and using the results of these SRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- The Department of Tumour Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qianling Shi
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- The Department of Tumour Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Gao
- The Department of Tumour Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haiyuan Li
- The Department of Tumour Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengxian Tao
- The Department of Tumour Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baohong Gu
- The Department of Tumour Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dengfeng Wang
- The Department of Tumour Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumour Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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49
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Millán-Oñate J, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Camacho-Moreno G, Mendoza-Ramírez H, Rodríguez-Sabogal IA, Álvarez-Moreno C. A new emerging zoonotic virus of concern: the 2019 novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). INFECTIO 2020. [DOI: 10.22354/in.v24i3.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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50
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Zhao S, Stone L, Gao D, Musa SS, Chong MKC, He D, Wang MH. Imitation dynamics in the mitigation of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China from 2019 to 2020. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:448. [PMID: 32395492 PMCID: PMC7210122 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan, China on December 2019 in patients presenting with atypical pneumonia. Although ‘city-lockdown’ policy reduced the spatial spreading of the COVID-19, the city-level outbreaks within each city remain a major concern to be addressed. The local or regional level disease control mainly depends on individuals self-administered infection prevention actions. The contradiction between choice of taking infection prevention actions or not makes the elimination difficult under a voluntary acting scheme, and represents a clash between the optimal choice of action for the individual interest and group interests. Methods We develop a compartmental epidemic model based on the classic susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered model and use this to fit the data. Behavioral imitation through a game theoretical decision-making process is incorporated to study and project the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. By varying the key model parameters, we explore the probable course of the outbreak in terms of size and timing under several public interventions in improving public awareness and sensitivity to the infection risk as well as their potential impact. Results We estimate the basic reproduction number, R0, to be 2.5 (95% CI: 2.4−2.7). Under the current most realistic setting, we estimate the peak size at 0.28 (95% CI: 0.24−0.32) infections per 1,000 population. In Wuhan, the final size of the outbreak is likely to infect 1.35% (95% CI: 1.00−2.12%) of the population. The outbreak will be most likely to peak in the first half of February and drop to daily incidences lower than 10 in June 2020. Increasing sensitivity to take infection prevention actions and the effectiveness of infection prevention measures are likely to mitigate the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan. Conclusions Through an imitating social learning process, individual-level behavioral change on taking infection prevention actions have the potentials to significantly reduce the COVID-19 outbreak in terms of size and timing at city-level. Timely and substantially resources and supports for improving the willingness-to-act and conducts of self-administered infection prevention actions are recommended to reduce to the COVID-19 associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lewi Stone
- School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Biomathematics Unit, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Daozhou Gao
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Salihu S Musa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marc K C Chong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maggie H Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518060, China
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