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Shin JH, Lee JH, Jeong SD, Noh JY, Lee HW, Song CS, Kim YC. C-di-GMP with influenza vaccine showed enhanced and shifted immune responses in microneedle vaccination in the skin. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 10:815-825. [PMID: 32141036 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A microneedle is a biomedical device which consists of multiple micron scale needles. It is widely used in various fields to deliver drugs and vaccines to the skin effectively. However, when considering improved vaccine efficacy in microneedle vaccination, it is important to find an appropriate adjuvant that is able to be used in transdermal delivery. Herein, we demonstrated the applicability of c-di-GMP, which is a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist, as an adjuvant for influenza microneedle vaccination. Thus, 2 and 10 μg of GMP with the influenza vaccine were coated onto a microneedle, and then, BALB/c mice were immunized with the coated microneedle to investigate the immunogenicity and protection efficacy of the influenza microneedle vaccination. As a result, the adjuvant groups had an enhanced IgG response, IgG subtypes and HI titer compared to the vaccine only group. In addition to the humoral immunity, the use of an adjuvant has also been shown to improve the cellular immune response. In a challenge study, adjuvant groups had a 100% survival rate and rapid weight recovery. Taken together, this study confirms that GMP is an effective adjuvant for influenza microneedle vaccination. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyung Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Dong Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeu-Chun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Wilkinson A, Lattmann E, Roces CB, Pedersen GK, Christensen D, Perrie Y. Lipid conjugation of TLR7 agonist Resiquimod ensures co-delivery with the liposomal Cationic Adjuvant Formulation 01 (CAF01) but does not enhance immunopotentiation compared to non-conjugated Resiquimod+CAF01. J Control Release 2018; 291:1-10. [PMID: 30291987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors, including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are important in the induction and activation of two critical arms of the host defence to pathogens and microorganisms: the rapid innate immune response (as characterised by the production of Th1 promoting cytokines and type 1 interferons) and the adaptive immune response. Through this activation, ligands and agonists of TLRs can enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy. Resiquimod is a small (water-soluble) agonist of the endosome-located Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8). However due to its molecular attributes it rapidly distributes throughout the body after injection. To circumvent this, these TLR agonists can be incorporated within delivery systems, such as liposomes, to promote the co-delivery of both antigen and agonists to antigen presenting cells. In this present study, resiquimod has been chemically conjugated to a lipid to form a lipid-TLR7/8 agonist conjugate which can be incorporated within immunogenic cationic liposomes composed of dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) and the immunostimulatory glycolipid trehalose 6,6' - dibehenate (TDB). This DDA:TDB-TLR7/8 formulation offers similar vesicle characteristics to DDA:TDB (size and charge) and offers high retention of both resiquimod and the electrostatically adsorbed TB subunit antigen Ag85B-ESAT6-Rv2660c (H56). Following immunisation through the intramuscular (i.m.) route, these cationic DDA:TDB-TLR7/8 liposomes form a vaccine depot at the injection site. However, immunisation studies have shown that this biodistribution does not translate into notably increased antibody nor Th1 responses at the spleen and draining popliteal lymph node compared to DDA:TDB liposomes. This work demonstrates that the conjugation of TLR7/8 agonists to cationic liposomes can promote co-delivery but the immune responses stimulated do not merit the added complexity considerations of the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Lattmann
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carla B Roces
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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Codon optimization and improved delivery/immunization regimen enhance the immune response against wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, preserving its Th2-polarity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8078. [PMID: 29799015 PMCID: PMC5967322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines require a considerable enhancement of immunogenicity. Here, we optimized a prototype DNA vaccine against drug-resistant HIV-1 based on a weak Th2-immunogen, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). We designed expression-optimized genes encoding inactivated wild-type and drug-resistant RTs (RT-DNAs) and introduced them into mice by intradermal injections followed by electroporation. RT-DNAs were administered as single or double primes with or without cyclic-di-GMP, or as a prime followed by boost with RT-DNA mixed with a luciferase-encoding plasmid (“surrogate challenge”). Repeated primes improved cellular responses and broadened epitope specificity. Addition of cyclic-di-GMP induced a transient increase in IFN-γ production. The strongest anti-RT immune response was achieved in a prime-boost protocol with electroporation by short 100V pulses done using penetrating electrodes. The RT-specific response, dominated by CD4+ T-cells, targeted epitopes at aa 199–220 and aa 528–543. Drug-resistance mutations disrupted the epitope at aa 205–220, while the CTL epitope at aa 202–210 was not affected. Overall, multiparametric optimization of RT strengthened its Th2- performance. A rapid loss of RT/luciferase-expressing cells in the surrogate challenge experiment revealed a lytic potential of anti-RT response. Such lytic CD4+ response would be beneficial for an HIV vaccine due to its comparative insensitivity to immune escape.
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de Groot AM, Platteel ACM, Kuijt N, van Kooten PJS, Vos PJ, Sijts AJAM, van der Maaden K. Nanoporous Microneedle Arrays Effectively Induce Antibody Responses against Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1789. [PMID: 29375544 PMCID: PMC5770646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is immunologically very potent because of the high number of antigen-presenting cells in the dermis and epidermis, and is therefore considered to be very suitable for vaccination. However, the skin's physical barrier, the stratum corneum, prevents foreign substances, including vaccines, from entering the skin. Microneedles, which are needle-like structures with dimensions in the micrometer range, form a relatively new approach to circumvent the stratum corneum, allowing for minimally invasive and pain-free vaccination. In this study, we tested ceramic nanoporous microneedle arrays (npMNAs), representing a novel microneedle-based drug delivery technology, for their ability to deliver the subunit vaccines diphtheria toxoid (DT) and tetanus toxoid (TT) intradermally. First, the piercing ability of the ceramic (alumina) npMNAs, which contained over 100 microneedles per array, a length of 475 µm, and an average pore size of 80 nm, was evaluated in mouse skin. Then, the hydrodynamic diameters of DT and TT and the loading of DT, TT, and imiquimod into, and subsequent release from the npMNAs were assessed in vitro. It was shown that DT and TT were successfully loaded into the tips of the ceramic nanoporous microneedles, and by using near-infrared fluorescently labeled antigens, we found that DT and TT were released following piercing of the antigen-loaded npMNAs into ex vivo murine skin. Finally, the application of DT- and TT-loaded npMNAs onto mouse skin in vivo led to the induction of antigen-specific antibodies, with titers similar to those obtained upon subcutaneous immunization with a similar dose. In conclusion, we show for the first time, the potential of npMNAs for intradermal (ID) immunization with subunit vaccines, which opens possibilities for future ID vaccination designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marit de Groot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anouk C. M. Platteel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nico Kuijt
- MyLife Technologies, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. S. van Kooten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Alice J. A. M. Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Karlsson I, Borggren M, Nielsen J, Christensen D, Williams J, Fomsgaard A. Increased humoral immunity by DNA vaccination using an α-tocopherol-based adjuvant. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1823-1830. [PMID: 28613978 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1321183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines induce broad immunity, which involves both humoral and strong cellular immunity, and can be rapidly designed for novel or evolving pathogens such as influenza. However, the humoral immunogenicity in humans and higher animals has been suboptimal compared with that of traditional vaccine approaches. We tested whether the emulsion-based and α-tocopherol containing adjuvant Diluvac Forte® has the ability to enhance the immunogenicity of a naked DNA vaccine (i.e., plasmid DNA). As a model vaccine, we used plasmids encoding both a surface-exposed viral glycoprotein (hemagglutinin) and an internal non-glycosylated nucleoprotein in the Th1/Th2 balanced CB6F1 mouse model. The naked DNA (50 µg) was premixed at a 1:1 volume/volume ratio with Diluvac Forte®, an emulsion containing different concentrations of α-tocopherol, the emulsion alone or endotoxin-free phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The animals received 2 intracutaneous immunizations spaced 3 weeks apart. When combined with Diluvac Forte® or the emulsion containing α-tocopherol, the DNA vaccine induced a more potent and balanced immunoglobulin G (IgG)1 and IgG2c response, and both IgG subclass responses were significantly enhanced by the adjuvant. The DNA vaccine also induced CD4+ and CD8+ vaccine-specific T cells; however, the adjuvant did not exert a significant impact. We concluded that the emulsion-based adjuvant Diluvac Forte® enhanced the immunogenicity of a naked DNA vaccine encoding influenza proteins and that the adjuvant constituent α-tocopherol plays an important role in this immunogenicity. This induction of a potent and balanced humoral response without impairment of cellular immunity constitutes an important advancement toward effective DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Karlsson
- a Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Marie Borggren
- a Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens Nielsen
- a Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- b Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Vaccine Adjuvant Research , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jim Williams
- c Nature Technology Corporation , Lincoln , NE , USA
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- a Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark.,d Infectious Disease Research Unit, Clinical Institute , University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
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Hung IFN, Zhang AJ, To KKW, Chan JFW, Li P, Wong TL, Zhang R, Chan TC, Chan BCY, Wai HH, Chan LW, Fong HPY, Hui RKC, Kong KL, Leung ACF, Ngan AHT, Tsang LWK, Yeung APC, Yiu GCN, Yung W, Lau JYN, Chen H, Chan KH, Yuen KY. Topical imiquimod before intradermal trivalent influenza vaccine for protection against heterologous non-vaccine and antigenically drifted viruses: a single-centre, double-blind, randomised, controlled phase 2b/3 trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:209-18. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lee J, Martinez N, West K, Kornfeld H. Differential adjuvant activities of TLR7 and TLR9 agonists inversely correlate with nitric oxide and PGE2 production. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123165. [PMID: 25875128 PMCID: PMC4395302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of different pattern recognition receptors causes distinct profiles of innate immune responses, which in turn dictate the adaptive immune response. We found that mice had higher CD4+ T cell expansion to an immunogen, ovalbumin, when coadministered with CpG than with CL097 in vivo. To account for this differential adjuvanticity, we assessed the activities of CpG and CL097 on antigen-specific CD4+ T cell expansion in vitro using an OT-II CD4+ T cell/bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (DC) co-culture system. Unexpectedly, ovalbumin-stimulated expansion of OT-II CD4+ T cells in vitro was potently suppressed by both TLR agonists, with CL097 being stronger than CpG. The suppression was synergistically reversed by co-inhibition of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase. In addition, stimulation of OT-II CD4+ T cell/DC cultures with CL097 induced higher levels of CD4+ T cell death than stimulation with CpG, and this CD4+ T cell turnover was reversed by NO and PGE2 inhibition. Consistently, the co-cultures stimulated with CL097 produced higher levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and NO than stimulation with CpG. CL097 induced higher PGE2 production in DC cultures and higher IFN-γ in the OT-II CD4+ T cell/DC cultures, accounting for the high levels of PGE2 and NO. This study demonstrates that the adjuvant activities of immunostimulatory molecules may be determined by differential induction of negative regulators, including NO and PGE2 suppressing clonal expansion and promoting cell death of CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nuria Martinez
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kim West
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Abstract
Purpose of review To summarize the role of adjuvants in eliciting desirable antibody responses against HIV-1 with particular emphasis on both historical context and recent developments. Recent findings Increased understanding of the role of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors in recruiting and directing the immune system has increased the variety of adjuvant formulations being tested in animal models and humans. Across all vaccine platforms, adjuvant formulations have been shown to enhance desirable immune responses such as higher antibody titers and increased functional activity. Although no vaccine formulation has yet succeeded in eliciting broad neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, the ability of adjuvants to direct the immune response to immunogens suggests they will be critically important in any successful HIV-1 vaccine. Summary The parallel development of adjuvants along with better HIV-1 immunogens will be needed for a successful AIDS vaccine. Additional comparative testing will be required to determine the optimal adjuvant and immunogen regimen that can elicit antibody responses capable of blocking HIV-1 transmission.
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Hung IFN, Zhang AJ, To KKW, Chan JFW, Li C, Zhu HS, Li P, Li C, Chan TC, Cheng VCC, Chan KH, Yuen KY. Immunogenicity of intradermal trivalent influenza vaccine with topical imiquimod: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1246-55. [PMID: 25048848 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imiquimod, a synthetic Toll-like receptor 7 agonist enhanced immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in a mouse model. We hypothesized that topical imiquimod before intradermal influenza vaccination (TIV) would produce similar effect in human. METHODS We performed a prospective 1-year follow-up, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial with adults with comorbidities. Participants were randomized to 1 of the following 3 vaccinations: topical 5% 250 mg imiquimod ointment followed by intradermal TIV, topical aqueous-cream followed by intradermal TIV, or topical aqueous-cream followed by intramuscular TIV. Patients and investigators were blinded to the type of topical treatment applied. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization antibody titers were measured. The primary outcome was the day 7 seroconversion rate. RESULTS Ninety-one recruited participants completed the study. The median age was 73 years. On day 7, 27/30 (90%) patients who received imiquimod and intradermal TIV achieved seroconversion against the H1N1 strain by HI, compared with 4/30 (13.3%) who received aqueous-cream and intramuscular TIV (P < .001), and 12/31 (38.7%) who received aqueous-cream and intradermal TIV (P < .001). The seroconversion, seroprotection, and geometric mean titer-fold increase were met in all 3 strains in the imiquimod and intradermal TIV group 2 weeks earlier, and the better seroconversion rate was sustained from day 7 to year 1 (P ≤ .001). The better immunogenicity was associated with fewer hospitalizations for influenza or pneumonia (P < .05). All adverse reactions were self-limited. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with topical imiquimod significantly expedited, augmented, and prolonged the immunogenicity of influenza vaccination. This strategy for influenza immunization should be considered for the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan F N Hung
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu's Centre for Infection and Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anna J Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu's Centre for Infection and Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Kelvin K W To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu's Centre for Infection and Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Jasper F W Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu's Centre for Infection and Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu's Centre for Infection and Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Hou-Shun Zhu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Patrick Li
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu's Centre for Infection and Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Clara Li
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu's Centre for Infection and Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Tuen-Ching Chan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Vincent C C Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu's Centre for Infection and Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu's Centre for Infection and Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu's Centre for Infection and Division of Infectious Diseases
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10
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Stanley MA. The imidazoquinolines — mechanism of action and therapeutic potential in HPV-associated disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/095741905x41267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Fehres CM, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Unger WWJ, van Kooyk Y. Skin-resident antigen-presenting cells: instruction manual for vaccine development. Front Immunol 2013; 4:157. [PMID: 23801994 PMCID: PMC3687254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of antigen-specific effector T cells is driven by proper antigen presentation and co-stimulation by dendritic cells (DCs). For this reason strategies have been developed to instruct DCs for the induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Since DCs are localized, amongst other locations, in peripheral tissues such as the skin, new vaccines are aiming at targeting antigens to DCs in situ. Optimal skin-DC targeting in combination with adequate adjuvant delivery facilitates DC maturation and migration to draining lymph nodes and enhances antigen cross-presentation and T cell priming. In this review we describe what DC subsets populate the human skin, as well as current vaccination strategies based on targeting strategies and alternative administration for the induction of robust long-lived anti-cancer effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Fehres
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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12
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Intradermal immunization using coated microneedles containing an immunoadjuvant. Vaccine 2012; 30:4355-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Systemic administration of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and levamisole as adjuvants for gene-gun-delivered antitumor DNA vaccines. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:176759. [PMID: 22028727 PMCID: PMC3199051 DOI: 10.1155/2011/176759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines showed great promise in preclinical models of infectious and malignant diseases, but their potency was insufficient in clinical trials and is needed to be improved. In this study, we tested systemic administration of two conventional adjuvants, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide carrying immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) and levamisole (LMS), and evaluated their effect on immune reactions induced by DNA vaccines delivered by a gene gun. DNA vaccination was directed either against the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 or against the BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein characteristic for chronic myeloid leukemia. High doses of both adjuvants reduced activation of mouse splenic CD8(+) T lymphocytes, but the overall antitumor effect was enhanced in both tumor models. High-dose CpG-ODN exhibited a superior adjuvant effect in comparison with any combination of CpG-ODN with LMS. In summary, our results demonstrate the benefit of combined therapy with gene-gun-delivered antitumor DNA vaccines and systemic administration of CpG-ODN or LMS.
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Targeting of Toll-like receptors: a decade of progress in combating infectious diseases. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2011; 11:702-12. [PMID: 21719349 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise highly conserved molecular structures, collectively known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In the past two decades, development and clinical implementation of TLR ligands-ie, chemically modified synthetic derivatives of naturally occurring ligands and fully synthetic small molecules-have been topics of intense research. Targeted manipulation of TLR signalling has been applied clinically to boost vaccine effectiveness, promote a robust T helper 1-predominant immune response against viral infection, or dampen the exaggerated inflammatory response to bacterial infection. Use of these new therapeutic molecules as adjuncts to conventional pharmacotherapy or stand-alone treatments might offer solutions to unmet clinical needs or could replace existing partly effective therapeutic strategies.
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Leroux-Roels G. Unmet needs in modern vaccinology: adjuvants to improve the immune response. Vaccine 2010; 28 Suppl 3:C25-36. [PMID: 20713254 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The key objective of vaccination is the induction of an effective pathogen-specific immune response that leads to protection against infection and/or disease caused by that pathogen, and that may ultimately result in its eradication from humanity. The concept that the immune response to pathogen antigens can be improved by the addition of certain compounds into the vaccine formulation was demonstrated about one hundred years ago when aluminium salts were introduced. New vaccine technology has led to vaccines containing highly purified antigens with improved tolerability and safety profiles, but the immune response they induce is suboptimal without the help of adjuvants. In parallel, the development of effective vaccines has been facing more and more important challenges linked to complicated pathogens (e.g. malaria, TB, HIV, etc.) and/or to subjects with conditions that jeopardize the induction or persistence of a protective immune response. A greater understanding of innate and adaptive immunity and their close interaction at the molecular level is yielding insights into the possibility of selectively stimulating immunological pathways to obtain the desired immune response. The better understanding of the mechanism of 'immunogenicity' and 'adjuvanticity' has prompted the research of new vaccine design based on new technologies, such as naked DNA or live vector vaccines and the new adjuvant approaches. Adjuvants can be used to enhance the magnitude and affect the type of the antigen-specific immune response, and the combination of antigens with more than one adjuvant, the so called adjuvant system approach, has been shown to allow the development of vaccines with the ability to generate effective immune responses adapted to both the pathogen and the target population. This review focuses on the adjuvants and adjuvant systems currently in use in vaccines, future applications, and the remaining challenges the field is facing.
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Roukens AH, Vossen AC, Boland GJ, Verduyn W, van Dissel JT, Visser LG. Intradermal hepatitis B vaccination in non-responders after topical application of imiquimod (Aldara). Vaccine 2010; 28:4288-93. [PMID: 20433806 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Five to ten percent of immunocompetent persons fail to develop a protective immune response to hepatitis B vaccination, and are defined non-responders (NR). We investigated the immune response to intradermal hepatitis B vaccination after pre-treatment of the skin with the TLR7 agonist imiquimod. METHODS Twenty-one non-responders (anti-HBs <10 IU/l after at least 6 intramuscular hepatitis B vaccinations) were randomly assigned to the control group (N=11) or the experimental group (N=10). Participants in both groups received 3 intradermal (ID) vaccinations with 5 microg HBsAg (0.125 mL) at 0, 1 and 6 months. In the experimental group, the dermal site of injection was pre-treated with 250 mg imiquimod ointment. Anti-HBs antibodies were determined at 0, 1, 2, 6 and 7 months. RESULTS In both study groups, 70% of the participants developed a protective immune response (anti-HBs >or=10 IU/l), after the 3rd intradermal vaccination. CONCLUSION The application of imiquimod on the skin prior to intradermal vaccination did not enhance the humoral response to hepatitis B vaccine. However, irrespective of imiquimod application, 70% of the NR who had not responded to 6 previous intramuscular vaccinations, developed a protective immune response with high affinity antibodies after 3 ID hepatitis B vaccinations with 5 microg HBsAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Roukens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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Brave A, Johansson U, Hallengärd D, Heidari S, Gullberg H, Wahren B, Hinkula J, Spetz AL. Induction of HIV-1-specific cellular and humoral immune responses following immunization with HIV-DNA adjuvanted with activated apoptotic lymphocytes. Vaccine 2009; 28:2080-7. [PMID: 20044053 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of DNA encoding foreign antigens into mammalian cells can induce adaptive immune responses. There are currently many DNA-based vaccines in clinical trials against infectious diseases and cancer but there is a lack of adjuvants for improvement of responses to DNA-based vaccines. Here, we show augmented systemic and mucosa-associated B cell responses after immunization with a cocktail of seven different plasmids (3 env, 2 gag, 1 rev, 1 RT) combined with mitogen activated apoptotic syngeneic lymphocytes in mice. In addition we show that apoptotic cells can function as adjuvant for induction of cellular immune responses in a magnitude comparable to the cytokine adjuvant GM-CSF in mice. These data suggest that activated apoptotic lymphocytes can act independent as adjuvants to improve antigen-specific DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brave
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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Chang BA, Cross JL, Najar HM, Dutz JP. Topical resiquimod promotes priming of CTL to parenteral antigens. Vaccine 2009; 27:5791-9. [PMID: 19660592 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We explored the topical use of resiquimod (R-848), a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist, in gel formulation, to enhance cross-priming to subcutaneously administered protein antigen in a murine model. Resiquimod application at the time of subcutaneous administration of ovalbumin generated robust antigen-specific CTL as detected by tetramers, IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays and standard cytotoxicity assays. Induced CTL were capable of mediating antigen-specific killing in vivo as measured by in vivo cytotoxicity assays and an ability to protect against B16-OVA tumor challenge. Multiple serial applications of topical resiquimod increased the frequency of antigen-specific CTL when compared to single application. This enhanced frequency was noted despite a marked inhibition of adjuvant mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine release following repeated administration. Topical resiquimod is a potent adjuvant for locally administered subcutaneous vaccines, inducing clinically relevant CTL responses following single application at the time of subcutaneous vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Chang
- Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Dermatology & Skin Science, University of British Columbia, 835 West Tenth Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4E8
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Vandermeulen G, Daugimont L, Richiardi H, Vanderhaeghen ML, Lecouturier N, Ucakar B, Préat V. Effect of Tape Stripping and Adjuvants on Immune Response After Intradermal DNA Electroporation. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1745-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Enhanced immunogenicity of Plasmodium falciparum peptide vaccines using a topical adjuvant containing a potent synthetic Toll-like receptor 7 agonist, imiquimod. Infect Immun 2008; 77:739-48. [PMID: 19047411 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00974-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites injected into the skin by malaria-infected mosquitoes can be effectively targeted by antibodies that block parasite invasion of host hepatocytes and thus prevent the subsequent development of blood stage infections responsible for clinical disease. Malaria subunit vaccines require potent adjuvants, as they lack known pathogen-associated molecular patterns found in attenuated viral or bacterial vaccines that function as Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists to stimulate dendritic cells and initiate strong adaptive immune responses. A synthetic TLR7 agonist, imiquimod, which is FDA approved for topical treatment of various skin conditions, can function as a potent adjuvant for eliciting T-cell responses to intracellular pathogens and model protein antigens. In the current studies, the topical application of imiquimod at the site of subcutaneously injected Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) peptides elicited strong parasite-specific humoral immunity that protected against challenge with transgenic rodent parasites that express P. falciparum CS repeats. In addition, injection of a simple linear peptide followed by topical imiquimod elicited strong Th1 CD4(+) T-cell responses, as well as high antibody titers. The correlation of high anti-repeat antibody titers with resistance to sporozoite challenge in vivo and in vitro supports use of this topical TLR7 agonist adjuvant to elicit protective humoral immunity. The safety, simplicity, and economic advantages of a topical synthetic TLR7 agonist adjuvant also apply to other vaccines requiring high antibody titers, such as malaria asexual or sexual blood stage antigens to prevent red blood cell invasion and block transmission to the mosquito vector, and to vaccines to other extracellular pathogens.
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22
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Meyer T, Stockfleth E. Clinical investigations of Toll-like receptor agonists. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1051-65. [PMID: 18549341 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.7.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLR) represent a family of surface molecules that function as primary sensors of the innate immune system to recognize microbial pathogens. Ligand binding to TLR results in activation of cellular signaling pathways that regulate expression of genes involved in inflammation and immunity. OBJECTIVE Use of synthetic TLR ligands (agonists) for treatment and prevention of infectious and neoplastic diseases. METHODS Review of literature about clinical investigations of agonists of TLR 4, 7, 8, and 9. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Imiquimod was the first TLR agonist approved for treatment of anogenital warts, actinic keratosis and superficial basal cell carcinoma in humans. Several other agonists of TLRs 4, 7, 8 and 9 were also shown to be effective for treatment of infections and cancers and, furthermore, were used as adjuvants for vaccination. Based on safety and efficacy of the TLR agonists used to date, applications are likely to increase in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Meyer
- University of Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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23
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Boberg A, Bråve A, Johansson S, Wahren B, Hinkula J, Rollman E. Murine models for HIV vaccination and challenge. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:117-30. [PMID: 18251698 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.1.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 only infects humans and chimpanzees. SIV or SHIV are, therefore, used as models for HIV in rhesus, cynomologus and pigtail macaques. Since conducting experiments in primate models does not fully mimic infection or vaccination against HIV-1 and is expensive, there is a great need for small-animal models in which it is possible to study HIV-1 infection, immunity and vaccine efficacy. This review summarizes the available murine models for studying HIV-1 infection with an emphasis on our experience of the HIV-1-infected-cell challenge as a model for evaluating candidate HIV-1 vaccines. In the cell-based challenge model, several important factors that, hopefully, can be related to vaccine efficacy in humans were discovered: the efficiency of combining plasmid DNA representing several of the viral genes originating from multiple clades of HIV-1, the importance of adjuvants activating innate and induced immunity and the enhanced HIV eradication by drug-conjugated antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Boberg
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Adams S, O'Neill DW, Nonaka D, Hardin E, Chiriboga L, Siu K, Cruz CM, Angiulli A, Angiulli F, Ritter E, Holman RM, Shapiro RL, Berman RS, Berner N, Shao Y, Manches O, Pan L, Venhaus RR, Hoffman EW, Jungbluth A, Gnjatic S, Old L, Pavlick AC, Bhardwaj N. Immunization of malignant melanoma patients with full-length NY-ESO-1 protein using TLR7 agonist imiquimod as vaccine adjuvant. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:776-84. [PMID: 18566444 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell-mediated immunity to microbes and to cancer can be enhanced by the activation of dendritic cells (DCs) via TLRs. In this study, we evaluated the safety and feasibility of topical imiquimod, a TLR7 agonist, in a series of vaccinations against the cancer/testis Ag NY-ESO-1 in patients with malignant melanoma. Recombinant, full-length NY-ESO-1 protein was administered intradermally into imiquimod preconditioned sites followed by additional topical applications of imiquimod. The regimen was very well tolerated with only mild and transient local reactions and constitutional symptoms. Secondarily, we examined the systemic immune response induced by the imiquimod/NY-ESO-1 combination, and show that it elicited both humoral and cellular responses in a significant fraction of patients. Skin biopsies were assessed for imiquimod's in situ immunomodulatory effects. Compared with untreated skin, topical imiquimod induced dermal mononuclear cell infiltrates in all patients composed primarily of T cells, monocytes, macrophages, myeloid DCs, NK cells, and, to a lesser extent, plasmacytoid DCs. DC activation was evident. This study demonstrates the feasibility and excellent safety profile of a topically applied TLR7 agonist used as a vaccine adjuvant in cancer patients. Imiquimod's adjuvant effects require further evaluation and likely need optimization of parameters such as formulation, dose, and timing relative to Ag exposure for maximal immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Adams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, New York University Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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25
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since imiquimod, a nucleoside analogue of the imidazoquinoline family, has shown efficacy against many tumour entities, its mode of action has become a focus of scientific interest. RESULTS The major biologic effects of imiquimod are mediated through agonistic activity towards toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 and 8, and consecutively, activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB). The result of this activity is the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and other mediators leading to activation of antigen-presenting cells and other components of innate immunity and, eventually, the mounting of a profound T-helper (Th1)-weighted antitumoral cellular immune response. Several secondary effects on the molecular and cellular level may also be explained, at least in part, by the activation of NF-kappaB. Moreover, independent of TLR-7 and TLR-8, imiquimod appears to interfere with adenosine receptor signalling pathways, and the compound causes receptor-independent reduction of adenylyl cyclase activity. This novel mechanism may augment the pro-inflammatory activity of the compound through suppression of a negative regulatory feedback mechanism which normally limits inflammatory responses. Finally, imiquimod induces apoptosis of tumour cells at higher concentrations. The pro-apoptotic activity of imiquimod involves caspase activation and appears to depend on B cell lymphoma/leukemia protein (Bcl)-2 proteins. CONCLUSIONS Overall, imiquimod acts on several levels, which appear to synergistically underlie the profound antitumoral activity of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Schön
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine and Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany.
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26
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Zhong J, Hadis U, De Kluyver R, Leggatt GR, Fernando GJP, Frazer IH. TLR7 stimulation augments T effector-mediated rejection of skin expressing neo-self antigen in keratinocytes. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:73-81. [PMID: 18157820 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy generally fails to induce tumour regression in spontaneously arising tumours. Failure is attributed to both tumour-related factors and an ineffective immune response. As a model of tumour immunotherapy, without the confounding effects of potential tumour-determined mechanisms of immune evasion, we studied the requirements for rejection of skin grafts expressing a neo-self antigen in somatic cells and not in antigen-presenting cells. When antigen expression was restricted to somatic cells, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector cells were required for graft rejection. Although freshly placed grafts were spontaneously rejected, healed grafts established under the cover of T cell depletion were not rejected even after T cell numbers recovered to a level where freshly placed grafts on the same animal were rejected, suggesting that healed skin grafts expressing a neo-self antigen only in somatic cells could not be rejected by primed recipients with functional effector T cells. Local TLR7 ligation induced inflammatory responses and rejection of healed grafts exposed to the TLR agonist but did not induce rejection of untreated healed grafts on the same animal. Thus, local pro-inflammatory signalling via TLR7 can promote effector T cell function against skin cells displaying their nominal antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhong
- Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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27
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Abstract
Small-molecule agonists at Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8 have sparked a vivid interest in cancer research owing to their profound antitumoral activity. The lead compound of the imidazoquinoline family, imiquimod, is marketed as a topical formulation. It is efficacious against many primary skin tumors and cutaneous metastases. Using different imidazoquinoline species, distinct functions of TLR7 and TLR8 have been discovered. The predominant antitumoral mode of action of these agents is TLR7/8-mediated activation of the central transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB, which leads to induction of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Cutaneous dendritic cells are the primary responsive cell type and initiate a strong Th1-weighted antitumoral cellular immune response. Recent research has shown that dendritic cells themselves acquire direct antitumoral activity upon stimulation by imiquimod. In addition, there are a number of secondary effects on the molecular and cellular level that can be explained through the activation of TLR7/8. The proinflammatory activity of imiquimod, but not resiquimod, appears to be augmented by suppression of a regulatory mechanism, which normally limits inflammatory responses. This is achieved independently of TLR7/8 through interference with adenosine receptor signaling pathways. Finally, at higher concentrations imiquimod exerts Bcl-2- and caspase-dependent proapoptotic activity against tumor cells.
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28
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Tomai MA, Miller RL, Lipson KE, Kieper WC, Zarraga IE, Vasilakos JP. Resiquimod and other immune response modifiers as vaccine adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:835-47. [PMID: 17931162 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.5.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic immune response modifiers, such as resiquimod, are Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 agonists that act as vaccine adjuvants, enhancing antigen-specific antibody production and skewing immunity towards a Th1 response. These compounds stimulate dendritic cells to secrete cytokines, upregulate costimulatory molecule expression and enhance antigen presentation to T cells. The compounds have demonstrated vaccine adjuvant properties in a number of animal models. The adjuvant effects can be enhanced by measures that allow the drug to stay localized with the vaccine without quickly entering the systemic circulation. Clinical studies demonstrate that topical application of resiquimod and analogs is safe and effective at activating the local immune response. For injection, resiquimod or a similar compound may need to be formulated to allow for local immune activation without induction of systemic cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Tomai
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, 3M Center, 275-3E-10 St Paul, MN 55144, USA.
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29
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Johnston D, Zaidi B, Bystryn JC. TLR7 imidazoquinoline ligand 3M-019 is a potent adjuvant for pure protein prototype vaccines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1133-41. [PMID: 17139492 PMCID: PMC11030820 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines, while theoretically attractive, present difficult challenges that must be overcome to be effective. Cancer vaccines are often poorly immunogenic and may require augmentation of immunogenicity through the use of adjuvants and/or immune response modifiers. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are a relatively new class of immune response modifiers that may have great potential in inducing and augmenting both cellular and humoral immunity to vaccines. TLR7 ligands produce strong cellular responses and specific IgG2a and IgG2b antibody responses to protein immunogens. This study shows that a new TLR7 ligand, 3M-019, in combination with liposomes produces very strong immune responses to a pure protein prototype vaccine in mice. Female C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously with ovalbumin (OVA, 0.1 mg/dose) weekly 4x. Some groups were immunized to OVA plus 3M-019 or to OVA plus 3M-019 encapsulated in liposomes. Both antibody and cellular immune responses against OVA were measured after either two or four immunizations. Anti-OVA IgG antibody responses were significantly increased after two immunizations and were substantially higher after four immunizations in mice immunized with OVA combined with 3M-019. Encapsulation in liposomes further augmented antibody responses. IgM responses, on the other hand, were lowered by 3M-019. OVA-specific IgG2a levels were increased 625-fold by 3M-019 in liposomes compared to OVA alone, while anti-OVA IgG2b levels were over 3,000 times higher. In both cases encapsulation of 3M-019 in liposomes was stronger than either liposomes alone or 3M-019 without liposomes. Cellular immune responses were likewise increased by 3M-019 but further enhanced when it was encapsulated in liposomes. The lack of toxicity also indicates that this combination may by safe, effective method to boost immune response to cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Johnston
- Hunter College School of Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
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30
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Bråve A, Gudmundsdotter L, Gasteiger G, Hallermalm K, Kastenmuller W, Rollman E, Boberg A, Engström G, Reiland S, Cosma A, Drexler I, Hinkula J, Wahren B, Erfle V. Immunization of mice with the nef gene from Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1: study of immunological memory and long-term toxicology. Infect Agent Cancer 2007; 2:14. [PMID: 17623060 PMCID: PMC1978202 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) regulatory protein, Nef, is an attractive vaccine target because it is involved in viral pathogenesis, is expressed early in the viral life cycle and harbors many T and B cell epitopes. Several clinical trials include gene-based vaccines encoding this protein. However, Nef has been shown to transform certain cell types in vitro. Based on these findings we performed a long-term toxicity and immunogenicity study of Nef, encoded either by Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara or by plasmid DNA. BALB/c mice were primed twice with either DNA or MVA encoding Nef and received a homologous or heterologous boost ten months later. In the meantime, the Nef-specific immune responses were monitored and at the time of sacrifice an extensive toxicological evaluation was performed, where presence of tumors and other pathological changes were assessed. Results The toxicological evaluation showed that immunization with MVAnef is safe and does not cause cellular transformation or other toxicity in somatic organs. Both DNAnef and MVAnef immunized animals developed potent Nef-specific cellular responses that declined to undetectable levels over time, and could readily be boosted after almost one year. This is of particular interest since it shows that plasmid DNA vaccine can also be used as a potent late booster of primed immune responses. We observed qualitative differences between the T cell responses induced by the two different vectors: DNA-encoded nef induced long-lasting CD8+ T cell memory responses, whereas MVA-encoded nef induced CD4+ T cell memory responses. In terms of the humoral immune responses, we show that two injections of MVAnef induce significant anti-Nef titers, while repeated injections of DNAnef do not. A single boost with MVAnef could enhance the antibody response following DNAnef prime to the same level as that observed in animals immunized repeatedly with MVAnef. We also demonstrate the possibility to boost HIV-1 Nef-specific immune responses using the MVAnef construct despite the presence of potent anti-vector immunity. Conclusion This study shows that the nef gene vectored by MVA does not induce malignancies or other adverse effects in mice. Further, we show that when the nef gene is delivered by plasmid or by a viral vector, it elicits potent and long-lasting immune responses and that these responses can be directed towards a CD4+ or a CD8+ T cell response depending on the choice of vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bråve
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lindvi Gudmundsdotter
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1a, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristian Hallermalm
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmuller
- Institute for Virology at Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 4b, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Erik Rollman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Boberg
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Engström
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Antonio Cosma
- Institute of Molecular Virology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1a, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute of Molecular Virology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1a, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britta Wahren
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker Erfle
- Institute of Molecular Virology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1a, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Virology at Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 4b, D-81675 München, Germany
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31
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Liu Y, Truong NK, Kendall MAF, Bellhouse BJ. Characteristics of a micro-biolistic system for murine immunological studies. Biomed Microdevices 2007; 9:465-74. [PMID: 17484054 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-007-9053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With an advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique, we have numerically developed and examined a micro-biolistic system for delivering particles to murine target sites. The micro-particles are accelerated by a high speed flow initiated by a traveling shock wave, so that they can attain a sufficient momentum to penetrate in to the cells of interest within murine skin (or mucosa). In immunization application, powdered vaccines are directly delivered into the antigen presenting cells (APCs) within the epidermis/dermis of the murine skin with a narrow and highly controllable velocity range (e.g., 699+/-5.6 m/s for 1.8 microm modeled gold particles) and a uniform spatial distribution over a diameter of approximately 4 mm target area. Key features of gas dynamics and gas-particle interaction are presented. Importantly, the particle impact velocity conditions are quantified as a function of: stand-off distance (2-15 mm), driver gas species (air/helium mixtures), particle density (1,050 kg/m3 and 19,320 kg/m3) and particle size (1-5 microm for gold particles and 10-50 microm for less dense particles, respectively). The influential parameters--representative of immunotherapeutic (e.g., DNA vaccination) and protein (e.g., lidocaine) biolistic applications--are studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Oxford Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6PE, UK.
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32
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Hinkula J. Clarification of how HIV-1 DNA and protein immunizations may be better used to obtain HIV-1-specific mucosal and systemic immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:203-12. [PMID: 17408370 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
More focused research on a mucosal HIV-1 vaccine is needed urgently. An increasing amount of collected data, using heterologous multimodality prime-booster strategies, suggest that an efficient and protective HIV-1 vaccine must generate broad, long-lasting HIV-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and neutralizing antibody responses. In the mucosa, these responses would be most effective if a preferential stimulus of HIV-1 neutralizing secretory immunoglobulin A and G were obtained. The attractive property of mucosal immunization is the obtained mucosal and systemic immunity, whereas systemic immunization induces a more limited immunity, predominantly in systemic sites. These objectives will require new vaccine regimens, such as multiclade HIV DNA and protein vaccines (nef, tat, gag and env expressed in DNA plasmids) delivered onto mucosal surfaces with needle-free delivery methods, such as nasal drop, as well as oral and rectal/vaginal delivery, and should merit clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorma Hinkula
- Department of Molecular Virology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.
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Tsen SWD, Paik AH, Hung CF, Wu TC. Enhancing DNA vaccine potency by modifying the properties of antigen-presenting cells. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:227-39. [PMID: 17408372 PMCID: PMC3190226 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines represent a potentially promising approach for antigen-specific immunotherapy. Advances in our knowledge of the adaptive immune system have indicated that professional antigen-presenting cells, especially dendritic cells (DCs), play a key role in the generation of antigen-specific immune responses. Thus, the modification of the properties of DCs represents an important strategy for enhancing the potency of DNA vaccines. This review discusses strategies to increase the number of antigen-expressing DCs, enhance antigen expression, processing and presentation in DCs, promote the activation and function of DCs, and improve DC and T-cell interaction, in order to optimize DNA vaccine-elicited immune responses. Continuing progress in our understanding of DC and T-cell biology serves as a foundation for further improvement of DNA vaccine potency, which may lead to future clinical applications of DNA vaccines for the control of infectious diseases and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaw-Wei D Tsen
- Department of Pathology, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Abstract
The mucosal immune system is governed by a unique set of rules and regulations. The local microenvironment dictates the necessity for these differences. The intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) sits at the interface between an antigen-rich lumen and a lymphocyte-rich lamina propria (LP). The cross talk that occurs between these compartments serves to maintain intestinal homeostasis. IECs have the capacity to talk to LP lymphocytes, activating populations of unique regulatory T cells. These cells have the capacity to talk back to the epithelium, influencing epithelial cell growth and differentiation. This review looks at this cross talk and places it in the context of mucosal immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dahan
- Immunobiology Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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35
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Abstract
Significant progress made in the field of tumor immunology by the characterization of a large number of tumor antigens, and the better understanding of the mechanisms preventing immune responses to malignancies has led to the extensive study of cancer immunization approaches such as DNA vaccines encoding tumor antigens. This article reviews major aspects of DNA immunization in cancer. It gives a brief history and then discusses the proposed mechanism of action, preclinical and clinical studies, and methods of enhancing the immune responses induced by DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Stan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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36
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR), a family of evolutionarily conserved pathogen recognition receptors, play pivotal role as primary sensors of invading pathogens. TLR identify molecular motifs of infectious agents (pathogen associated molecular patterns) and elicit an effective defensive response against them. Mammalian TLR derive their name from the Drosophila Toll protein, with which they share sequence similarity. So far, expression of 10 TLR is known in humans. The adaptor proteins, myeloid differentiation factor 88 and Toll IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain containing adaptor inducing IFN-beta (TRIF) are the key players in the TLR signalling cascade leading to the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and interferon regulatory factor-3, respectively. Targeted manipulation of the TLR signalling pathway has immense therapeutic potential and may eventually prove to be a boon in the development of innovative treatments for diverse disease conditions. There is accumulating evidence that TLR agonists have tremendous potential as novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we have discussed the immunobiology of TLR and emphasize significant advances made within the ever-expanding field of TLR that provide intriguing insights efficacious in unravelling the complexities associated with TLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Pandey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
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37
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Pay more attention to the immunologically comparative evaluation of HIV-1 DNA vaccine in combination with adjuvant cytokines: a long way to go. Chin Med J (Engl) 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200609020-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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38
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Bråve A, Ljungberg K, Boberg A, Rollman E, Engström G, Hinkula J, Wahren B. Reduced cellular immune responses following immunization with a multi-gene HIV-1 vaccine. Vaccine 2006; 24:4524-6. [PMID: 16174543 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of immunizing with several genes and subtypes of HIV-1. The genes used as immunogens were: gp160 envelope (env subtypes A, B and C), p37gag (gag subtypes A and B), rev (subtype B) and reverse transcriptase (RT subtype B). The different genes are all carried by separate plasmids. C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were immunized with different combinations of the genes together with recombinant cytokine granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor. The env genes injected alone induced significantly stronger cellular responses to envelope in both strains of mice than when env genes were injected together with gag and RT genes. In the C57BL/6 mice, the envelope specific responses were significantly increased after spatial separation of env genes from gag and RT genes as compared to when all vaccine genes were injected as a mixture. The gag responses were strong in gag-immunized animals and were not significantly affected by the spatial separation of gag and RT genes from the env genes. Our results illustrate the importance of being cautious when formulating multivalent genetic vaccines and that it might be possible to overcome lost immune responses through spatial separation of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bråve
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
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39
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Ulmer JB, Wahren B, Liu MA. Gene-based vaccines: recent technical and clinical advances. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:216-22. [PMID: 16621717 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been widely used in efforts to develop vaccines against various pathogens as well as for cancer, autoimmune diseases and allergy. DNA vaccines offer broad efficacy (particularly for their ability to generate both cellular and humoral immunity), ease of construction and manufacture and the potential for world-wide usage even in low-resource settings. However, despite their successful application in many preclinical disease models, their potency in human clinical trials has been insufficient to provide protective immunity. Nevertheless, two DNA vaccines were recently licensed for use in animals (horse and fish), underscoring the potential of this technology. Here, we describe recent advances in increasing the potency of these vaccines, in understanding their immunological mechanisms, and in their applications and efficacy in clinical trials so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Ulmer
- Chiron Vaccines, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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40
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Johnston D, Bystryn JC. Topical imiquimod is a potent adjuvant to a weakly-immunogenic protein prototype vaccine. Vaccine 2006; 24:1958-65. [PMID: 16310898 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in the development of more effective vaccines for cancer and other diseases is the development of potent adjuvants that can strongly, simply and safely enhance vaccine immunogenicity. Adjuvants that preferentially enhance Th1 type of responses are particularly desirable, as these responses are believed to play the major role in immune resistance to cancer. This study describes the ability of topical application of imiquimod to act as a potent, safe and simple vaccine adjuvant in mice. Groups of C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously with ovalbumin (OVA, 0.1mg/dose) weekly x 4. Imiquimod in a 5% cream formulation was rubbed into the skin over the injection site for 15s to give a dose of approximately 1mg/treatment following each immunization. Control mice were immunized with OVA alone, with irradiated E.G7-OVA cells (that express ovalbumin), with OVA encapsulated in liposomes, or to PBS. Topical imiquimod enhanced anti-OVA antibody responses 100-fold and markedly increased cellular responses compared to mice not given imiquimod. The responses were shifted towards a Th1 phenotype, with marked enhancement of IgG2a, IgG2b, and CD8+ T cell responses and concomitant suppression of IgM and IgG1 responses. More frequent topical applications of imiquimod further enhanced both antibody and cellular responses. There was no detectable local or systemic toxicity associated with treatment. These results indicate that topical imiquimod can safely and strongly enhance both antibody and CD8+ T cell response to OVA immunization, and suggest that it may provide a simple, safe and effective way to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Johnston
- Hunter College School of Health Sciences, 425 East 25th Street, New York NY 10010, USA.
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41
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Bråve A, Ljungberg K, Boberg A, Rollman E, Isaguliants M, Lundgren B, Blomberg P, Hinkula J, Wahren B. Multigene/Multisubtype HIV-1 Vaccine Induces Potent Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses by Needle-Free Intradermal Delivery. Mol Ther 2005; 12:1197-205. [PMID: 16112909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.06.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene vaccination encounters problems different from those of gene therapy since both a short half-life of the gene and a strong immune response to the gene product are desirable. We have evaluated a DNA vaccine consisting of seven plasmids encoding nine HIV-1 proteins. Using a needle-free delivery device, the Biojector, together with recombinant mouse GM-CSF, this vaccine induced strong gp160 Env- and p24 Gag-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in mice. The rGM-CSF was crucial for inducing both antibodies and antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses against both gp160 and p24. A GMP-produced lot of this vaccine, intended for human use, was delivered intradermally or intramuscularly into BALB/c mice at a GLP-accredited animal facility. This vaccine induced strong cellular responses independent of the route of immunization; moreover, no signs of toxicity were detected after histopathological examination of various tissues. Overall, the results indicate that the intradermal delivery of multigene/multisubtype HIV DNA in combination with recombinant GM-CSF is a safe and efficacious strategy for inducing high levels of specific CD8(+) T cells and unusually high titers of antibodies. This vaccine has been approved by the Swedish Medicinal Products Agency and is currently in a Phase I clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bråve
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 171 82 Stockholm, Sweden.
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42
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van Duin D, Medzhitov R, Shaw AC. Triggering TLR signaling in vaccination. Trends Immunol 2005; 27:49-55. [PMID: 16310411 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern-recognition receptors that are an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. Many established, as well as experimental, vaccines incorporate ligands for TLRs, not only to protect against infectious diseases but also in therapeutic immunization against noninfectious diseases, such as cancer. We review the underlying mechanisms by which engagement of TLR signaling pathways might trigger an adaptive immune response after immunization. Although the engagement of TLR signaling pathways is a promising mechanism for boosting vaccine responses, questions of efficacy, feasibility and safety remain the subject of active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David van Duin
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, PO Box 208022, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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43
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Abstract
Strategies for gene delivery comprise a diverse range of live and synthetic approaches; DNA delivery for the purposes of immunisation in turn comprises a large part of this research. This review mainly discusses synthetic systems for application in the delivery of plasmid DNA vaccines, outlining polylactide-co-glycolide, liposome, chitosan and complex combination delivery systems. Areas of promise for DNA vaccine candidates include immune modulation of allergic responses and veterinarian application. The potential for realistic consideration of DNA vaccines as an alternative to existing approaches is dependent on the development of efficient DNA vaccine vectors and improved systems for DNA vaccine delivery. DNA vaccine technology may yet prove to be an important asset in an environment where there is a critical need for therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to combat a wide range of disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oya Alpar
- University of London, School of Pharmacy, UK.
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44
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Applequist SE, Rollman E, Wareing MD, Lidén M, Rozell B, Hinkula J, Ljunggren HG. Activation of Innate Immunity, Inflammation, and Potentiation of DNA Vaccination through Mammalian Expression of the TLR5 Agonist Flagellin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3882-91. [PMID: 16148134 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.3882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Improving DNA vaccination remains a fundamental goal in vaccine research. Theoretically, this could be achieved by molecules encoded by DNA capable of activating TLRs to mimic inflammatory responses generated by infection. Therefore, we constructed an expression vector that allows mammalian cells to express the TLR5 agonist flagellin (FliC) at the cell surface. In vitro, cell lines expressing FliC stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokines and the up-regulation of costimulatory molecules on monocytes. Mice given the FliC expression vector intradermally exhibited site-specific inflammation and, in combination with vectors expressing Ags, developed dramatic increases in Ag-specific IgG as well as IgA. Surprisingly, mice also developed strong Ag-specific MHC class I-restricted cellular immunity. To determine whether vaccination using FliC vectors could elicit protective immunity to an infectious agent, mice were given dermal injections of FliC expression vector together with a vector encoding the influenza A virus nucleoprotein. This vaccination strategy elicited protective immunity to lethal influenza A virus infection. These results demonstrate that expression of DNA-encoded TLR agonists by mammalian cells greatly enhance and broaden immune responses, imposing new possibilities on DNA vaccination to infectious agents and cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Cell Line
- Flagellin/administration & dosage
- Flagellin/genetics
- Flagellin/pharmacology
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunoglobulin A/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Nucleoproteins/administration & dosage
- Nucleoproteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/administration & dosage
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
- Viral Core Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Core Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Applequist
- Center for Infectious Medicine, F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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45
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Itoh T, Celis E. Transcutaneous Immunization with Cytotoxic T-Cell Peptide Epitopes Provides Effective Antitumor Immunity in Mice. J Immunother 2005; 28:430-7. [PMID: 16113599 PMCID: PMC1994071 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000171289.78495.b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Much attention has been focused on transcutaneous immunization strategies to stimulate systemic cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses leading to anti-tumor or anti-microbial immunity. Here we report that topical application of vaccines consisting of synthetic peptides formulated with imiquimod, a Toll-like receptor agonist that functions as a potent adjuvant generates strong T cell responses that exhibit effective anti-tumor effects in a murine melanoma model system. These results support the use of peptide-based transcutaneous vaccines as a noninvasive and effective strategy for anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Itoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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46
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Godefroy S, Peyre M, Garcia N, Muller S, Sesardic D, Partidos CD. Effect of skin barrier disruption on immune responses to topically applied cross-reacting material, CRM(197), of diphtheria toxin. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4803-9. [PMID: 16040993 PMCID: PMC1201251 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.4803-4809.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The high accessibility of the skin and the presence of immunocompetent cells in the epidermis makes this surface an attractive route for needle-free administration of vaccines. However, the lining of the skin by the stratum corneum is a major obstacle to vaccine delivery. In this study we examined the effect of skin barrier disruption on the immune responses to the cross-reacting material CRM(197), a nontoxic mutant of diphtheria toxin (DTx) that is considered as a vaccine candidate. Application of CRM(197), together with cholera toxin (CT), onto the tape-stripped skin of mice elicited antibody responses that had anti-DTx neutralizing activity. Vaccine delivery onto mildly ablated skin or intact skin did not elicit any detectable anti-CRM(197) antibodies. Mice immunized with CRM(197) alone onto the tape-stripped skin mounted a vigorous antigen-specific proliferative response. In contrast, the induction of cellular immunity after CRM(197) deposition onto mildly ablated or intact skin was adjuvant dependent. Furthermore, epidermal cells were activated and underwent apoptosis that was more pronounced when the stratum corneum was removed by tape stripping. Overall, these findings highlight the potential for transcutaneous delivery of CRM(197) and establish a correlation between the degree of barrier disruption and levels of antigen-specific immune responses. Moreover, these results provide the first evidence that the development of a transcutaneous immunization strategy for diphtheria, based on simple and practical methods to disrupt the skin barrier, is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Godefroy
- UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France, Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - M. Peyre
- UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France, Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - N. Garcia
- UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France, Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - S. Muller
- UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France, Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - D. Sesardic
- UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France, Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - C. D. Partidos
- UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France, Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, 15 Rue René Descartes, F-67084, Strasbourg, France. Phone: 33(0)3-88-417024. Fax: 33(0)3-88-610680. E-mail:
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