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Szeredi L, Thuma Á, Gyuris É, Ursu K, Bálint Á, Solymosi N. Comparative examination of a rapid immunocytochemical test for the detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in domestic birds in field outbreaks. Avian Pathol 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38372250 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2320699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Avian influenza virus (AIV) antigen detection was examined in field outbreaks.Bird brain smears were tested using immunocytochemistry (IC).IC results strongly correlated with real-time RT-PCR results.The IC method was rapid, specific, sensitive, and cost-effective in AIV field outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Szeredi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Thuma
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Gyuris
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Ursu
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Reischak D, Rivetti AV, Otaka JNP, Domingues CS, Freitas TDL, Cardoso FG, Montesino LO, da Silva ALS, Malta F, Amgarten D, Goés-Neto A, de Oliveira AF, Camargos MF. First report and genetic characterization of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in Cabot's tern ( Thalasseus acuflavidus), Brazil. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 22:100319. [PMID: 38022721 PMCID: PMC10652201 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2021, the H5N1 virus lineage 2.3.4.4b spread to the Americas, causing high mortality in wild and domestic avian populations. South American countries along the Pacific migratory route have reported wild bird deaths due to A/H5Nx virus since October 2022. However, limited genomic data resulted in no cases reported in Brazil until May 2023. Brazil reported its first case of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI A/H5N1) in May 2023. The virus was detected in Cabot's tern specimen in Marataízes, Espírito Santo. Cases were also found in backyard poultry and other wild birds, but no human or commercial poultry cases occurred. HPAI poses risks to the poultry industry, food security, and public health. Researchers used next-gen sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to study the Brazilian sample. It confirmed its affiliation with the 2.3.4.4b clade and proximity to sequences from Chile and Peru. This sheds light on the spread and evolution of HPAI A/H5N1 in the Americas, emphasizing continuous monitoring to mitigate risks for both avian and human populations. Understanding the virus's genetics and transmission allows implementing effective control measures to protect public health and the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilmara Reischak
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Vasconcelos Rivetti
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/MG, Minas Gerais 33250-220, Brazil
| | - Juliana Nabuco Pereira Otaka
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Christian Steffe Domingues
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Talita de Lima Freitas
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gomes Cardoso
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Lucas Oliveira Montesino
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Savioli da Silva
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/SP, São Paulo 13100-105, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Malta
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Deyvid Amgarten
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Goés-Neto
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio Fonseca de Oliveira
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/MG, Minas Gerais 33250-220, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fernandes Camargos
- Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária/MG, Minas Gerais 33250-220, Brazil
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Bidoudan Y, Mouahid M, Fassi Fihri O, Bollo E, Arbani O, Ducatez M, Banni B, Tligui N, Fellahi S. First Report of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtype H9N2 in African Houbara Bustards ( Chlamydotis undulata undulata) and Gamebirds in Morocco: Clinico-Pathological Findings, Molecular Characterization, and Associated Coinfections. Viruses 2023; 15:2374. [PMID: 38140613 PMCID: PMC10748250 DOI: 10.3390/v15122374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We report in this paper the first detection of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) subtype H9N2 in houbara bustards and in gamebirds in Morocco. Starting in 2019, an increase in mortality rates related to respiratory distress was recorded in these species. Necropsy of the specimens revealed fibrinous sinusitis and tracheitis with intra-bronchial fibrin casts, which are consistent with H9N2 infection in chickens; therefore, implication of the virus in these outbreaks was strongly suspected. Consequently, between January 2020 and June 2023, birds with respiratory signs were necropsied for pathological lesions, tissue samples were examined by histopathology, and samples of trachea, lungs, and cecal tonsils were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of H9N2 virus. In addition, the sequencing of isolates was performed and lastly differential diagnosis with other respiratory pathogens was carried out. During the study period, 93 samples were collected from suspected H9N2 outbreaks, of which 30 tested positive for H9N2 virus: 23 Houbara bustards, 4 partridges, 2 quails, and 1 pheasant. Moreover, sequencing of the HA gene of the virus showed 97.33% nucleotide identity with strains reported previously in broilers in Morocco in 2017 and in 2022. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the Moroccan partridge isolates in the same cluster as viruses isolated in Morocco between 2016 and 2022, Algeria (2017), Burkina Faso (2017), Nigeria (2019), and Togo (2020). Additionally, 10 house sparrows from the premises of these birds were examined for the presence of H9N2 virus, revealing a 30% positivity rate. In conclusion, LPAIV H9N2 is circulating in houbara bustards and gamebirds in Morocco, and house sparrows might be a possible source of the infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of LPAI H9N2 in the African species of houbara bustards worldwide and in gamebirds in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassmina Bidoudan
- Mouahid’s Veterinary Clinic, Temara 12010, Morocco; (M.M.); (B.B.)
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Mohamed Mouahid
- Mouahid’s Veterinary Clinic, Temara 12010, Morocco; (M.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Enrico Bollo
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Oumayma Arbani
- Avian Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents-Pathogènes (IHAP), Toulouse University (ENVT), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, 31300 Toulouse, France;
| | - Brahim Banni
- Mouahid’s Veterinary Clinic, Temara 12010, Morocco; (M.M.); (B.B.)
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Noursaid Tligui
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Avian Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
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Komu JG, Nguyen HD, Takeda Y, Fukumoto S, Imai K, Takemae H, Mizutani T, Ogawa H. Challenges for Precise Subtyping and Sequencing of a H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in Japan in the 2022-2023 Season Using Classical Serological and Molecular Methods. Viruses 2023; 15:2274. [PMID: 38005950 PMCID: PMC10675786 DOI: 10.3390/v15112274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous evolution of H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is a major concern for accurate diagnosis. We encountered some challenges in subtyping and sequencing a recently isolated H5N1 HPAIV strain using classical diagnostic methods. Oropharyngeal, conjunctival, and cloacal swabs collected from a dead white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla albicilla) were screened via real-time RT-PCR targeting the influenza A virus matrix (M) gene, followed by virus isolation. The hemagglutination inhibition test was applied in order to subtype and antigenically characterize the isolate using anti-A/duck/Hong Kong/820/80 (H5N3) reference serum or anti-H5N1 cross-clade monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Sequencing using previously reported universal primers was attempted in order to analyze the full-length hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Oropharyngeal and conjunctival samples were positive for the M gene, and high hemagglutination titers were detected in inoculated eggs. However, its hemagglutination activity was not inhibited by the reference serum or mAbs. The antiserum to a recently isolated H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b strain inhibited our isolate but not older strains. A homologous sequence in the previously reported forward primer and HA2 region in our isolate led to partial HA gene amplification. Finally, next-generation sequencing confirmed the isolate as H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV, with genetic similarity to H5N1 strains circulating in Japan since November 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Komu
- Graduate School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (J.G.K.); (H.D.N.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Hiep Dinh Nguyen
- Graduate School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (J.G.K.); (H.D.N.)
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.F.); (K.I.)
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.F.); (K.I.)
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Imai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.F.); (K.I.)
| | - Hitoshi Takemae
- Center for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CEPiR, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan; (H.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Center for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CEPiR, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan; (H.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.F.); (K.I.)
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Barkhasbaatar A, Gilbert M, Fine AE, Shiilegdamba E, Damdinjav B, Buuveibaatar B, Khishgee B, Johnson CK, Leung CYH, Ankhanbaatar U, Purevtseren D, Tuttle JM, Mazet JAK, Peiris JSM, Jambal L, Shatar M, Sukhbaatar T, Olson SH. Ecological characterization of 175 low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in Mongolia, 2009-2013 and 2016-2018. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2676-2685. [PMID: 37771165 PMCID: PMC10650234 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2005, highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses have spread from Asia worldwide, infecting poultry, humans and wild birds. Subsequently, global interest in avian influenza (AI) surveillance increased. OBJECTIVES Mongolia presents an opportunity to study viruses in wild birds because the country has very low densities of domestic poultry and supports large concentrations of migratory water birds. METHODS We conducted AI surveillance in Mongolia over two time periods, 2009-2013 and 2016-2018, utilizing environmental fecal sampling. Fresh fecal samples were collected from water bird congregation sites. Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes of positive samples were identified through viral isolation or molecular assays, with pathogenicity determined by HA subtype or sequencing the HA cleavage site. RESULTS A total of 10,222 samples were collected. Of these, 7,025 fecal samples were collected from 2009 to 2013, and 3,197 fecal samples were collected from 2016 to 2018. Testing revealed 175 (1.7%) positive samples for low-pathogenicity influenza A, including 118 samples from 2009 to 2013 (1.7%) and 57 samples from 2016 to 2018 (1.8%). HA and NA subtyping of all positives identified 11 subtypes of HA and nine subtypes of NA in 29 different combinations. Within periods, viruses were detected more frequently during the fall season than in the early summer. CONCLUSION Mongolia's critical wild bird habitat is positioned as a crossroad of multiple migratory flyways. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of using an affordable environmental fecal sampling approach for AI surveillance and contributes to understanding the prevalence and ecology of low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in this important location, where birds from multiple flyways mix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Gilbert
- Cornell Wildlife Health CenterCollege of Veterinary MedicineCornell University, New YorkIthacaUSA
| | - Amanda E. Fine
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyHealth ProgramBronxNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Batchuluun Damdinjav
- Division of Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases Diagnosis and SurveillanceState Central Veterinary LaboratoryUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | | | | | - Christine K. Johnson
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Connie Y. H. Leung
- Centre for Comparative Medicine Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ulaankhuu Ankhanbaatar
- Division of Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases Diagnosis and SurveillanceState Central Veterinary LaboratoryUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | - Dulam Purevtseren
- Division of Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases Diagnosis and SurveillanceState Central Veterinary LaboratoryUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | - James M. Tuttle
- Southern Arizona Veterinary Specialty & Emergency CenterTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joseph S. Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Losolmaa Jambal
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyMongolia ProgramUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | - Munkhduuren Shatar
- Division of Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases Diagnosis and SurveillanceState Central Veterinary LaboratoryUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | | | - Sarah H. Olson
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyHealth ProgramBronxNew YorkUSA
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Goletic S, Softic A, Omeragic J, Koro-Spahic A, Kapo N, Sabic E, Kasagic D, Goletic T. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of highly pathogenic H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1255213. [PMID: 37954666 PMCID: PMC10637570 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1255213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus continues to represent a growing problem affecting mainly birds but with an increasing number of mammal transmission events reported each year. Nevertheless, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of influenza A viruses originating from all confirmed cases have not been systematically performed in all parts of the world. In this study, we investigated a sample originating from a mute swan that died in November 2021 in the northern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina with RT-qPCR and whole genome sequencing using ONT MinION. It was diagnosed as a highly pathogenic Influenza A virus, subtype H5N1 of 2.3.4.4b clade, and phylogenetic analysis revealed high sequence homology with other European HPAI H5N1 sequences at the time. The notable detected mutations in HA (N110S and T139P) and NA genes (H155Y), that facilitate the host specificity shift and enable the resistance to some antiviral drugs respectively, underscore the necessity of virus evolution surveillance. Therefore, the rapid dissemination of information, including virological and molecular data, is essential for the introduction of tailored prevention measures for infected animals, providing clearer insight and better awareness of a potential public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejla Goletic
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adis Softic
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jasmin Omeragic
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amira Koro-Spahic
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Naida Kapo
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Emina Sabic
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dragan Kasagic
- PI Veterinary Institute of the Republic of Srpska “Dr Vaso Butozan”, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Teufik Goletic
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Rizal FA, Ho KL, Omar AR, Tan WS, Mariatulqabtiah AR, Iqbal M. Sequence Analysis of the Malaysian Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Strain H5N2 from Duck. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1973. [PMID: 37895321 PMCID: PMC10606931 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H5 subtype have the ability to mutate from low pathogenic (LPAI) to highly pathogenic (HPAI), which can cause high mortality in poultry. Little is known about the pathogenic switching apart from the mutations at the haemagglutinin cleavage site, which significantly contributes to the virus virulence switching phenomenon. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the molecular markers in the haemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix (M) genes of a locally isolated LPAI AIV strain H5N2 from Malaysia with the reference HPAI strains using bioinformatics approaches, emphasising the pathogenic properties of the viral genes. First, the H5N2 strain A/Duck/Malaysia/8443/2004 was propagated in SPF eggs. The viral presence was verified by haemagglutination assay, RT-PCR, and sequencing. Results showed successful amplifications of HA (1695 bp), NA (1410 bp), and M (1019 bp) genes. The genes were sequenced and the deduced amino acid sequences were analysed computationally using MEGA 11 and NetNGlyc software. Analysis of the HA protein showed the absence of the polybasic cleavage motif, but presence of two amino acid residues that are known to affect pathogenicity. There were also two glycosylation sites (glycosites) compared to the reference HPAI viruses, which had three or more at the HA globular head domain. No NA stalk deletion was detected but the haemadsorbing and active centres of the studied NA protein were relatively similar to the reference HPAI H5N2 isolates of duck but not chicken origins. Six NA glycosites were also identified. Finally, we observed a consistent M1 and M2 amino acid sequences between our LPAI isolate with the other HPAI H5N1 or H5N2 reference proteins. These data demonstrate distinct characteristics of the Malaysian LPAI H5N2, compared to HPAI H5N2 or H5N1 from ducks or chickens, potentially aiding the epidemiological research on genetic dynamics of circulating AIV in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Ahmad Rizal
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infections in wild carnivores connected to mass mortalities of pheasants in Finland. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 111:105423. [PMID: 36889484 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has caused widespread mortality in both wild and domestic birds in Europe during 2020-2022. Virus types H5N8 and H5N1 have dominated the epidemic. Isolated spill-over infections in mammals started to emerge as the epidemic continued. In autumn 2021, HPAI H5N1 caused a series of mass mortality events in farmed and released pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in a restricted area in southern Finland. Later, in the same area, an otter (Lutra lutra), two red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and a lynx (Lynx lynx) were found moribund or dead and infected with H5N1 HPAI virus. Phylogenetically, H5N1 strains from pheasants and mammals clustered together. Molecular analyses of the four mammalian virus strains revealed mutations in the PB2 gene segment (PB2-E627K and PB2-D701N) that are known to facilitate viral replication in mammals. This study revealed that avian influenza cases in mammals were spatially and temporally connected with avian mass mortalities suggesting increased infection pressure from birds to mammals.
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Sultan S, Eldamarany NMI, Abdelazeem MW, Fahmy HA. Active Surveillance and Genetic Characterization of Prevalent Velogenic Newcastle Disease and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Viruses Among Migratory Wild Birds in Southern Egypt During 2015-2018. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:280-294. [PMID: 35948740 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A total of 1007 samples (910 fecal droplets and 97 cloacal swabs) were collected from 14 species of migratory wild birds in most wetlands during 3 successive migration seasons from September to March (2015-2018) in Southern Egypt. The samples were propagated in embryonated chicken eggs and positive allantoic fluids by hemagglutination test were tested for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) prevalence using RT-PCR and specific primers targeting the NDV fusion (F) and AIV matrix genes. Further subtyping of the AIV hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) was conducted, and representative isolates were selected and sequenced for full F gene of NDVs and HA and NA genes of the AIV. Overall isolation rate of hemagglutinating viruses was 5.56% (56/1007), from them 5.36% (3/56) AIV, 85.71% (48/56) NDV and 8.93% (5/56) co-infection of NDV and AIV was detected. The sequences analysis of full F genes of 10 NDV isolates revealed that they have multi-basic amino acid motifs 111E/GRRQKR/F117 as velogenic strains with nucleotides and amino acids similarities of 96-100%. In addition, they phylogenetically clustered into groups and subgroups within genotype VII.1.1 and sub-genotype VIIj with a close relation to NDVs isolated from chickens in Egypt. The AIV H5N8 subtype was in clade 2.3.4.4b with a highly pathogenic nature and close relation to Egyptian domesticated H5N8 viruses rather than those from wild birds. The current data showed the contribution of migratory birds to the continuous circulation of virulent NDV and AIV H5N8 among domesticated chickens in Southern Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serageldeen Sultan
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | | | - Mohmed Wael Abdelazeem
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Hanan Ali Fahmy
- Biotechnology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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10
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Nagy A, Černíková L, Stará M. A new clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza genotype detected in Europe in 2021. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1455-1459. [PMID: 35469095 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite their widespread distribution, only a single genotype variant of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 influenza viruses has been found so far in Europe. Here, we report the detection of a new highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 genotype in geese and ducks from a backyard farm in the Czech Republic. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Czech H5N1 virus retained the A/Eurasian_Wigeon/Netherlands/1/2020-like backbone with an altered PB2 segment obtained from co-circulating low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nagy
- State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, 165 03, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Černíková
- State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, 165 03, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Stará
- State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, 165 03, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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11
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Sagong M, Lee YN, Song S, Cha RM, Lee EK, Kang YM, Cho HK, Kang HM, Lee YJ, Lee KN. Emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b novel reassortant H5N1 High Pathogenicity avian influenza virus in South Korea during late 2021. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3255-e3260. [PMID: 35413157 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High pathogenicity H5N1 avian influenza viruses pose a threat to both animal and human health worldwide. In late 2020, outbreaks of H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b emerged in Europe, following on from outbreaks in East Asia in earlier years. However, very recent studies show that clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1, rather than 2.3.4.4b H5N8, has become predominant in wild birds and has infected poultry in several countries. In this study, we describe isolation of a novel H5N1 virus from a captured mandarin duck in South Korea, and another H5N1 virus from a quail farm. We performed genetic analysis of these two viruses to identify their origin and to determine their relationship with the clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses currently circulating in Europe. Based on our results, it is presumed that the novel H5N1 virus isolated in Korea originated from an unknown reassortant between clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses circulating from 2020 and other Eurasian viruses, with additional reassortment of genes and point mutations that discriminate them from the recently reported H5N1 virus in Europe. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - San Song
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Cho
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
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12
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Song SJ, Shin GI, Noh J, Lee J, Kim DH, Ryu G, Ahn G, Jeon H, Diao HP, Park Y, Kim MG, Kim WY, Kim YJ, Sohn EJ, Song CS, Hwang I. Plant-based, adjuvant-free, potent multivalent vaccines for avian influenza virus via Lactococcus surface display. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1505-1520. [PMID: 34051041 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Influenza epidemics frequently and unpredictably break out all over the world, and seriously affect the breeding industry and human activity. Inactivated and live attenuated viruses have been used as protective vaccines but exhibit high risks for biosafety. Subunit vaccines enjoy high biosafety and specificity but have a few weak points compared to inactivated virus or live attenuated virus vaccines, especially in low immunogenicity. In this study, we developed a new subunit vaccine platform for a potent, adjuvant-free, and multivalent vaccination. The ectodomains of hemagglutinins (HAs) of influenza viruses were expressed in plants as trimers (tHAs) to mimic their native forms. tHAs in plant extracts were directly used without purification for binding to inactivated Lactococcus (iLact) to produce iLact-tHAs, an antigen-carrying bacteria-like particle (BLP). tHAs BLP showed strong immune responses in mice and chickens without adjuvants. Moreover, simultaneous injection of two different antigens by two different formulas, tHAH5N6 + H9N2 BLP or a combination of tHAH5N6 BLP and tHAH9N2 BLP, led to strong immune responses to both antigens. Based on these results, we propose combinations of plant-based antigen production and BLP-based delivery as a highly potent and cost-effective platform for multivalent vaccination for subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Song
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Im Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | | | - Jiho Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Deok-Hwan Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Gyeongryul Ryu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Gyeongik Ahn
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 PLUS), Institute of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Hyungmin Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hai-Ping Diao
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Youngmin Park
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
- Bioapp, Inc., Pohang Technopark Complex, Pohang, 37668, Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 PLUS), Institute of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Sohn
- Bioapp, Inc., Pohang Technopark Complex, Pohang, 37668, Korea
| | - Chang Seon Song
- KCAV Inc., Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Korea
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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13
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Identification and molecular characterization of H9N2 viruses carrying multiple mammalian adaptation markers in resident birds in central-western wetlands in India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 94:105005. [PMID: 34293481 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here a targeted risk-based study to investigate the presence of influenza A viruses at the migratory-wild-domestic bird interface across the major wetlands of central India's Maharashtra state during the winter migration season. The H9N2 viruses have been isolated and confirmed in 3.86% (33/854) of the fecal samples of resident birds. To investigate the genetic pools of H9N2 circulating in resident birds, we sequenced two isolates of H9N2 from distant wetlands. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses have shown that these viruses are triple reassortants, with HA, NA, NP, and M genes belonging to G1 sub-lineage (A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/1997), PB2, PB1, and NS genes originating from the prototype Eurasian lineage (A/mallard/France/090360/2009) and PA gene deriving from Y439/Korean-like (A/duck/Hong Kong/Y439/97) sub-lineage. It was confirmed not only that four of their gene segments had a high genetic association with the zoonotic H9N2 virus, A/Human/India/TCM2581/2019, but also that they had many molecular markers associated with mammalian adaptation and enhanced virulence in mammals including the unique multiple basic amino acids, KSKR↓GLF at the HA cleavage site, and analog N-and O-glycosylation patterns on HA with that of the zoonotic H9N2 virus. Furthermore, future experiments would be to characterize these isolates biologically to address the public health concern. Importantly, due to the identification of these viruses at a strategic geographical location in India (a major stop-over point in the Central Asian flyway), these novel viruses also pose a possible threat to be exported to other regions via migratory/resident birds. Consequently, systematic investigation and active monitoring are a prerequisite for identifying and preventing the spread of viruses of zoonotic potential by enforcing strict biosecurity measures.
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14
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Torrontegi O, Alvarez V, Hurtado A, Sevilla IA, Höfle U, Barral M. Naturally Avian Influenza Virus-Infected Wild Birds Are More Likely to Test Positive for Mycobacterium spp. and Salmonella spp. Avian Dis 2020; 63:131-137. [PMID: 31131569 DOI: 10.1637/11866-042518-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Wild birds often harbor infectious microorganisms. Some of these infectious microorganisms may present a risk to domestic animals and humans through spillover events. Detections of certain microorganisms have been shown to increase host susceptibility to infections by other microorganisms, leading to coinfections and altered host-to-host transmission patterns. However, little is known about the frequency of coinfections and its impact on wild bird populations. In order to verify whether avian influenza virus (AIV) natural infection in wild waterbirds was related to the excretion of other microorganisms, 73 AIV-positive samples (feces and cloacal swabs) were coupled with 73 AIV-negative samples of the same sampling characteristics and tested by real-time PCR specific for the following microorganisms: West Nile virus, avian avulavirus 1, Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subspecies, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and Mycobacterium spp. Concurrent detections were found in 47.9% (35/73) of the AIV-positive samples and in 23.3% (17/73) of the AIV-negative samples (P = 0.003). Mycobacterium spp. and Salmonella spp. were found to be significantly more prevalent among the AIV-positive samples than among the AIV-negative samples (42.9% vs. 22.8%; P = 0.024 and 15.2% vs. 0.0%; P = 0.0015, respectively). Prevalence of concurrent detections differed significantly among sampling years (P = 0.001), host families (P = 0.002), host species (P = 0.003), AIV subtypes (P = 0.003), and type of sample (P = 0.009). Multiple concurrent detections (more than one of the tested microorganisms excluding AIV) were found in 9.6% (7/73) of all the AIV-positive samples, accounting for 20% (7/35) of the concurrent detection cases. In contrast, in AIV-negative samples we never detected more than one of the selected microorganisms. These results show that AIV detection was associated with the detection of the monitored microorganisms. Further studies of a larger field sample set or under experimental conditions are necessary to infer causality in these trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Torrontegi
- NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160 Derio (Bizkaia), Spain
| | - Vega Alvarez
- NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160 Derio (Bizkaia), Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160 Derio (Bizkaia), Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160 Derio (Bizkaia), Spain
| | - Ursula Höfle
- Grupo SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.,Escuela de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Ronda de Calatrava, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marta Barral
- NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160 Derio (Bizkaia), Spain,
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15
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Kandeil A, Hicks JT, Young SG, El Taweel AN, Kayed AS, Moatasim Y, Kutkat O, Bagato O, McKenzie PP, Cai Z, Badra R, Kutkat M, Bahl J, Webby RJ, Kayali G, Ali MA. Active surveillance and genetic evolution of avian influenza viruses in Egypt, 2016-2018. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1370-1382. [PMID: 31526249 PMCID: PMC6758608 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1663712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Egypt is a hotspot for avian influenza virus (AIV) due to the endemicity of H5N1 and H9N2 viruses. AIVs were isolated from 329 samples collected in 2016–2018; 48% were H9N2, 37.1% were H5N8, 7.6% were H5N1, and 7.3% were co-infections with 2 of the 3 subtypes. The 32 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of the H5N1 viruses formed a well-defined lineage within clade 2.2.1.2. The 10 HA sequences of the H5N8 viruses belonged to a subclade within 2.3.4.4. The 11 HA of H9N2 isolates showed high sequence homology with other Egyptian G1-like H9N2 viruses. The prevalence of H5N8 viruses in ducks (2.4%) was higher than in chickens (0.94%). Genetic reassortment was detected in H9N2 viruses. Antigenic analysis showed that H9N2 viruses are homogenous, antigenic drift was detected among H5N1 viruses. AI H5N8 showed higher replication rate followed by H9N2 and H5N1, respectively. H5N8 was more common in Southern Egypt, H9N2 in the Nile Delta, and H5N1 in both areas. Ducks and chickens played a significant role in transmission of H5N1 viruses. The endemicity and co-circulation of H5N1, H5N8, and H9N2 AIV coupled with the lack of a clear control strategy continues to provide avenues for further virus evolution in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Joseph T Hicks
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center , Houston , TX , USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens , USA
| | - Sean G Young
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Ahmed N El Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Kayed
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Ola Bagato
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | | | - Zhipeng Cai
- Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | | | - Mohamed Kutkat
- Poultry Diseases Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
| | - Justin Bahl
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center , Houston , TX , USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens , USA
| | | | - Ghazi Kayali
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center , Houston , TX , USA.,Human Link , Hazmieh , Lebanon
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
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16
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Kim GS, Kim TS, Son JS, Lai VD, Park JE, Wang SJ, Jheong WH, Mo IP. The difference of detection rate of avian influenza virus in the wild bird surveillance using various methods. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e56. [PMID: 31565899 PMCID: PMC6769331 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Korea is located within the East Asian-Australian flyway of wild migratory birds during the fall and winter seasons. Consequently, the likelihood of introduction of numerous subtypes and pathotypes of the Avian influenza (AI) virus to Korea has been thought to be very high. In the current study, we surveyed wild bird feces for the presence of AI virus that had been introduced to Korea between September 2017 and February 2018. To identify and characterize the AI virus, we employed commonly used methods, namely, virus isolation (VI) via egg inoculation, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), conventional RT-PCR (cRT-PCR) and a newly developed next generation sequencing (NGS) approach. In this study, 124 out of 11,145 fresh samples of wild migratory birds tested were rRT-PCR positive; only 52.0% of VI positive samples were determined as positive by rRT-PCR from fecal supernatant. Fifty AI virus specimens were isolated from fresh fecal samples and typed. The cRT-PCR subtyping results mostly coincided with the NGS results, although NGS detected the presence of 11 HA genes and four NA genes that were not detected by cRT-PCR. NGS analysis confirmed that 12% of the identified viruses were mixed-subtypes which were not detected by cRT-PCR. Prevention of the occurrence of AI virus requires a workflow for rapid and accurate virus detection and verification. However, conventional methods of detection have some limitations. Therefore, different methods should be combined for optimal surveillance, and further studies are needed in aspect of the introduction and application of new methods such as NGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang San Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Tae Sik Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Joo Sung Son
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Van Dam Lai
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Park
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Seung Jun Wang
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Weon Hwa Jheong
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - In Pil Mo
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
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17
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Luo S, Xie Z, Huang J, Xie Z, Xie L, Zhang M, Li M, Wang S, Li D, Zeng T, Zhang Y, Fan Q, Deng X. Simultaneous Differentiation of the N1 to N9 Neuraminidase Subtypes of Avian Influenza Virus by a GeXP Analyzer-Based Multiplex Reverse Transcription PCR Assay. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1271. [PMID: 31231349 PMCID: PMC6568037 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, nine neuraminidase (NA) subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV) have been identified in poultry and wild birds. Rapid and effective methods for differentiating these nine NA subtypes are needed. We developed and validated a rapid, sensitive, and robust method utilizing a GeXP analyzer-based multiplex RT-PCR assay and capillary electrophoresis for the simultaneous differentiation of the N1 to N9 subtypes in a single-tube reaction. Ten pairs of primers-nine subtype-specific pairs and one pan-AIV pair-were screened and used to establish the GeXP multiplex RT-PCR assay. A single subtype was detected using the developed GeXP assay; the N1 to N9 AIV subtypes individually generated two target peaks: the NA subtype-specific peak and the general AIV peak. Different concentrations of multiplexed subtypes were tested with this GeXP assay and the peaks of the corresponding NA subtypes were generated, suggesting that this GeXP assay is useful for identifying NA subtypes in mixed samples. Moreover, no peaks were generated for other important avian viruses, indicating negative results and validating the lack of cross-reactions between AIV subtypes and other avian pathogens. RNA templates synthesized through in vitro transcription were used to analyze the sensitivity of the assay; the limit of detection was 100 copies per reaction mixture. The results obtained from clinical samples using this GeXP method were consistent with the results of the neuraminidase inhibition (NI) test, and the ability of the GeXP assay to identify mixed infections was superior to amplicon sequencing of isolated viruses. In conclusion, this GeXP assay is proposed as a specific, sensitive, rapid, high-throughput, and versatile diagnostic tool for nine NA subtypes of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Minxiu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Meng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Xianwen Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
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18
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Kayed AS, Kandeil A, Gomaa MR, El-Shesheny R, Mahmoud S, Hegazi N, Fayez M, Sheta B, McKenzie PP, Webby RJ, Kayali G, Ali MA. Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in wild birds at live bird markets, Egypt, 2014-2016. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:407-414. [PMID: 30714323 PMCID: PMC6586179 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Egypt is the habitat for a large number of bird species and serves as a vital stopover for millions of migratory birds during their annual migration between the Palearctic and Afrotropical ecozones. Surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) is critical to assessing risks for potential spreading of these viruses among domestic poultry. Surveillance for AIV among hunted and captured wild birds in Egypt was conducted in order to understand the characteristics of circulating viruses. METHODS Sampling of wild bird species occurred in two locations along the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt in the period from 2014 to 2016. A total of 1316 samples (cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs) were collected from 20 different species of hunted or captured resident and migratory birds sold at live bird markets. Viruses were propagated then sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis and receptor binding affinities were studied. RESULTS Eighteen AIVs (1.37%) were isolated from migratory Anseriformes at live bird markets. Further characterization of the viral isolates identified five hemagglutinin (H3, H5, H7, H9, and H10) and five neuraminidase (N1, N2, N3, N6, and N9) subtypes, which were related to isolates reported in the Eurasian region. Two of the 18 isolates were highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses related to clade 2.2.1, while three isolates were G1-like H9N2 viruses. CONCLUSIONS Our data show significant diversity of AIVs in Anserifromes sold at live bird markets in Egypt. This allows for genetic exchanges between imported and enzootic viruses and put the exposed humans at a higher risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Kayed
- Environmental Research Division, Water Pollution Research Department, Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Environmental Research Division, Water Pollution Research Department, Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mokhtar R Gomaa
- Environmental Research Division, Water Pollution Research Department, Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Environmental Research Division, Water Pollution Research Department, Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt.,Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sara Mahmoud
- Environmental Research Division, Water Pollution Research Department, Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Nabil Hegazi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fayez
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Basma Sheta
- Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Damietta University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Pamela P McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, Texas.,Human Link, Baabda, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Environmental Research Division, Water Pollution Research Department, Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Giza, Egypt
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19
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Reid SM, Brookes SM, Núñez A, Banks J, Parker CD, Ceeraz V, Russell C, Seekings A, Thomas SS, Puranik A, Brown IH. Detection of non-notifiable H4N6 avian influenza virus in poultry in Great Britain. Vet Microbiol 2018; 224:107-115. [PMID: 30269784 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 12-month pilot project for notifiable avian disease (NAD) exclusion testing in chicken and turkey flocks in Great Britain (GB) offered, in partnership with industry, opportunities to carry out differential diagnosis in flocks where NAD was not suspected, and to identify undetected or undiagnosed infections. In May 2014, clinical samples received from a broiler breeder chicken premises that had been experiencing health and production problems for approximately one week tested positive by avian influenza (AI) real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR). Following immediate escalation to an official, statutory investigation to rule out the presence of notifiable AI virus (AIV; H5 or H7 subtypes), a non-notifiable H4N6 low pathogenicity (LP) AIV was detected through virus isolation in embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) fowls' eggs, neuraminidase inhibition test, cleavage site sequencing and AIV subtype H4-specific serology. Premises movement restrictions were lifted, and no further disease control measures were implemented as per the United Kingdom (UK) legislation. Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of the virus revealed closest relationships to viruses from Mallard ducks in Sweden during 2007 and 2009. In June 2014, clinical suspicion of NAD was reported in a flock of free-range laying chickens elsewhere in GB, due to increasing daily mortality and reduced egg production over a five-day period. An H4N6 LPAIV with an intravenous pathogenicity index of 0.50 was isolated. This virus was genetically highly similar, but not identical, to the virus detected during May 2014. Full viral genome analyses showed characteristics of a strain that had not recently transferred from wild birds, implying spread within the poultry sector had occurred. A stalk deletion in the neuraminidase gene sequence indicated an adaptation of the virus to poultry. Furthermore, there was unexpected evidence of systemic spread of the virus on post-mortem. No other cases were reported. Infection with LPAIVs often result in variable clinical presentation in poultry, making detection of disease more difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Banks
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - C Daniel Parker
- Slate Hall Veterinary Practice Ltd., Unit 28, Moorlands Trading Estate, Moor Lane, Metheringham, Lincolnshire, LN4 3HX, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Ceeraz
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Russell
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Seekings
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Saumya S Thomas
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Puranik
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
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20
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Kumar M, Nagarajan S, Murugkar HV, Saikia B, Singh B, Mishra A, Tripathi SK, Agarwal S, Shukla S, Kulkarni DD, Singh VP, Tosh C. Emergence of novel reassortant H6N2 avian influenza viruses in ducks in India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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21
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Seekings AH, Slomka MJ, Russell C, Howard WA, Choudhury B, Nuñéz A, Löndt BZ, Cox W, Ceeraz V, Thorén P, Irvine RM, Manvell RJ, Banks J, Brown IH. Direct evidence of H7N7 avian influenza virus mutation from low to high virulence on a single poultry premises during an outbreak in free range chickens in the UK, 2008. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:13-31. [PMID: 29883773 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
H5 and H7 subtypes of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) have the potential to evolve into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), causing high mortality in galliforme poultry with substantial economic losses for the poultry industry. This study provides direct evidence of H7N7 LPAIV mutation to HPAIV on a single poultry premises during an outbreak that occurred in June 2008 in free range laying hens in Oxfordshire, UK. We report the first detection of a rare di-basic cleavage site (CS) motif (PEIPKKRGLF), unique to galliformes, that has previously been associated with a LPAIV phenotype. Three distinct HPAIV CS sequences (PEIPKRKKRGLF, PEIPKKKKRGLF and PEIPKKKKKKRGLF) were identified in the infected sheds suggesting molecular evolution at the outbreak premises. Further evidence for H7N7 LPAIV preceding mutation to HPAIV was derived by examining clinical signs, epidemiological descriptions and analysing laboratory results on the timing and proportions of seroconversion and virus shedding at each infected shed on the premises. In addition to describing how the outbreak was diagnosed and managed via statutory laboratory testing, phylogenetic analysis revealed reassortant events during 2006-2008 that suggested likely incursion of a wild bird origin LPAIV precursor to the H7N7 HPAIV outbreak. Identifying a precursor LPAIV is important for understanding the molecular changes and mechanisms involved in the emergence of HPAIV. This information can lead to understanding how and why only some H7 LPAIVs appear to readily mutate to HPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Seekings
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - M J Slomka
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - C Russell
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - W A Howard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - B Choudhury
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - A Nuñéz
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - B Z Löndt
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - W Cox
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - V Ceeraz
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - P Thorén
- Swedish Agricultural University (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R M Irvine
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - R J Manvell
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - J Banks
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - I H Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
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22
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Virus isolation and molecular epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) from an outbreak in free-ranging wild birds, India 2016. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-017-1153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Poulson RL, Luttrell PM, Slusher MJ, Wilcox BR, Niles LJ, Dey AD, Berghaus RD, Krauss S, Webster RG, Stallknecht DE. Influenza A virus: sampling of the unique shorebird habitat at Delaware Bay, USA. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:171420. [PMID: 29291124 PMCID: PMC5717699 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Delaware (DE) Bay, in the northeastern USA, has long been recognized as a hotspot for avian influenza A virus (IAV); every spring, this coastal region serves as a brief stopover site for thousands of long-distance migrating shorebirds, en route to breeding grounds in the Arctic. During these stopovers, IAV has been consistently recovered from ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres) that are likely to become infected as they feed by probing sand and cobble in search of food. In May 2010-2012, we successfully isolated 19 IAV from environmental samples (sand, n = 18; horseshoe crab eggs, n = 1) obtained from DE Bay sites. Two of these viruses were subjected to laboratory conditions similar to those in the DE Bay spring-time environment, and remained infectious for 7 days. Here, through the recovery of IAV from environmental samples, temperature monitoring at and below the sand surface and simulated laboratory trials, we provide evidence that the beach environment may enable localized transmission and short-term maintenance of IAV in this unique ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Page M. Luttrell
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Morgan J. Slusher
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Wilcox
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Niles
- Conserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey, PO Box 420, Trenton, NJ 08609, USA
| | - Amanda D. Dey
- Endangered and Nongame Species Program, New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, 8747 Ferry Road, Millville, NJ 08332, USA
| | - Roy D. Berghaus
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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24
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Poulson RL, Luttrell PM, Slusher MJ, Wilcox BR, Niles LJ, Dey AD, Berghaus RD, Krauss S, Webster RG, Stallknecht DE. Influenza A virus: sampling of the unique shorebird habitat at Delaware Bay, USA. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 29291124 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.69v95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Delaware (DE) Bay, in the northeastern USA, has long been recognized as a hotspot for avian influenza A virus (IAV); every spring, this coastal region serves as a brief stopover site for thousands of long-distance migrating shorebirds, en route to breeding grounds in the Arctic. During these stopovers, IAV has been consistently recovered from ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres) that are likely to become infected as they feed by probing sand and cobble in search of food. In May 2010-2012, we successfully isolated 19 IAV from environmental samples (sand, n = 18; horseshoe crab eggs, n = 1) obtained from DE Bay sites. Two of these viruses were subjected to laboratory conditions similar to those in the DE Bay spring-time environment, and remained infectious for 7 days. Here, through the recovery of IAV from environmental samples, temperature monitoring at and below the sand surface and simulated laboratory trials, we provide evidence that the beach environment may enable localized transmission and short-term maintenance of IAV in this unique ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Page M Luttrell
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Morgan J Slusher
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin R Wilcox
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lawrence J Niles
- Conserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey, PO Box 420, Trenton, NJ 08609, USA
| | - Amanda D Dey
- Endangered and Nongame Species Program, New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, 8747 Ferry Road, Millville, NJ 08332, USA
| | - Roy D Berghaus
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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25
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Sun Z, Qin T, Meng F, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. Development of a multiplex probe combination-based one-step real-time reverse transcription-PCR for NA subtype typing of avian influenza virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13455. [PMID: 29044197 PMCID: PMC5647442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) subtypes have been identified in poultry and wild birds. Few methods are available for rapid and simple NA subtyping. Here we developed a multiplex probe combination-based one-step real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) to detect nine avian influenza virus NA subtypes. Nine primer-probe pairs were assigned to three groups based on the different fluorescent dyes of the probes (FAM, HEX, or Texas Red). Each probe detected only one NA subtype, without cross reactivity. The detection limit was less than 100 EID50 or 100 copies of cDNA per reaction. Data obtained using this method with allantoic fluid samples isolated from live bird markets and H9N2-infected chickens correlated well with data obtained using virus isolation and sequencing, but was more sensitive. This new method provides a specific and sensitive alternative to conventional NA-subtyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Feifei Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China. .,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
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26
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Tun Win Y, Gardner E, Hadrill D, Su Mon CC, Kyin MM, Maw MT, Claes F, von Dobschuetz S, Kalpravidh W, Wongsathapornchai K, Mon HH, Myint WW, Thein WZ, Mon PP. Emerging Zoonotic Influenza A Virus Detection in Myanmar: Surveillance Practices and Findings. Health Secur 2017; 15:483-493. [PMID: 29016219 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2016.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe 2-season, risk-based, virological surveillance for zoonotic avian influenza in Myanmar and report the first detection of influenza A subtypes H5N6 and H9N2 in Myanmar. The study focused mainly on the live bird markets in border townships, where illegal poultry importation from China usually takes place. The objective was to enhance early warning for low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) incursion. The study followed the guidelines of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations for influenza A(H7N9) surveillance in uninfected countries. The sampling strategy was risk-based at all sampling levels. Sample collection and laboratory analysis were carried out with the government of the Union of the Republic of Myanmar. Laboratory testing was according to a previously published FAO laboratory protocol and algorithm designed to detect a range of influenza A subtypes. Challenges to implementation are outlined. The study provided evidence that the H7N9 subtype had not entered Myanmar but detected other subtypes, including H5N6 and H9N2. Although there were logistical difficulties associated with nation-related issues, the results highlight the importance and feasibility of this risk-based active surveillance, which should be urgently established in other countries, especially those located at the east-southeast influenza epicenter.
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27
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Woo C, Kwon JH, Lee DH, Kim Y, Lee K, Jo SD, Son KD, Oem JK, Wang SJ, Kim Y, Shin J, Song CS, Jheong W, Jeong J. Novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza A (H5N8) virus in a grey heron in South Korea in 2017. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3887-3891. [PMID: 28900762 PMCID: PMC5671518 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the identification of a novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 virus from a dead grey heron in Korea in 2017. Outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIVs have been reported worldwide, and they have evolved into multiple genotypes among wild birds. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this virus likely originated from Qinghai Lake and Western Siberia and further evolved through reassortment with Eurasian LPAI during the 2016 fall migration of wild birds. Enhanced surveillance and comparative genetic analysis will help to monitor the further evolution and dissemination of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjin Woo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Youngsik Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghee Lee
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Deok Jo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Dong Son
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ku Oem
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Wang
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkwan Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghwa Shin
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Weonhwa Jheong
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jipseol Jeong
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Graaf A, Beer M, Harder T. Real-time reverse transcription PCR-based sequencing-independent pathotyping of Eurasian avian influenza A viruses of subtype H7. Virol J 2017; 14:137. [PMID: 28738896 PMCID: PMC5525275 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) of the subtypes H5 and H7 are known to give rise to highly pathogenic (HP) phenotypes by spontaneous insertional mutations which convert a monobasic trypsin-sensitive endoproteolytical cleavage site (CS) within the hemagglutinin (HA) protein into a polybasic subtilisin-sensitive one. Sporadic outbreaks of notifiable LPAIV H7 infections are continuously recorded in Europe and in Asia, and some lineages showed zoonotic transmission. De novo generation of HPAIV H7 from LPAIV precursors has been reported several times over the past decade. Rapid differentiation between LP and HP H7 virus strains is required as a prerequisite to emplace appropriate control measures. Here, reverse transcription real-time PCR assays (RT-qPCR) were developed and evaluated that allow LP and HP pathotype identification and distinction by probe-assisted detection of the HACS. These new RT-qPCRs allow a sensitive and highly specific pathotype identification of Eurasian subtype H7 AIV in allantoic fluids as well as in diagnostic field samples. RT-qPCR assisted pathotyping presents a rapid and sensitive alternative to pathotyping by animal inoculation or nucleotide sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Graaf
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, Greifswald, 17493, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, Greifswald, 17493, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, Greifswald, 17493, Germany.
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29
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Kandeil A, Kayed A, Moatasim Y, Webby RJ, McKenzie PP, Kayali G, Ali MA. Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds in Egypt. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1573-1586. [PMID: 28721841 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly emerged H5N8 influenza virus was isolated from green-winged teal in Egypt during December 2016. In this study, we provide a detailed characterization of full genomes of Egyptian H5N8 viruses and some virological features. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the Egyptian H5N8 viruses are highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genome of the Egyptian H5N8 viruses was related to recently characterized reassortant H5N8 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 isolated from different Eurasian countries. Multiple peculiar mutations were characterized in the Egyptian H5N8 viruses, which probably permits transmission and virulence of these viruses in mammals. The Egyptian H5N8 viruses preferentially bound to avian-like receptors rather than human-like receptors. Also, the Egyptian H5N8 viruses were fully sensitive to amantadine and neuraminidase inhibitors. Chicken sera raised against commercial inactivated avian influenza-H5 vaccines showed no or very low reactivity with the currently characterized H5N8 viruses in agreement with the genetic dissimilarity. Surveillance of avian influenza in waterfowl provides early warning of specific threats to poultry and human health and hence should be continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kayed
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela P McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Human Link, Hazmieh Baabda 1107-2090, Lebanon.,Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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30
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Jeong J, Woo C, Ip HS, An I, Kim Y, Lee K, Jo SD, Son K, Lee S, Oem JK, Wang SJ, Kim Y, Shin J, Sleeman J, Jheong W. Identification of Two novel reassortant avian influenza a (H5N6) viruses in whooper swans in Korea, 2016. Virol J 2017; 14:60. [PMID: 28327168 PMCID: PMC5361850 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On November 20, 2016 two novel strains of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIVs) were isolated from three whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) at Gangjin Bay in South Jeolla province, South Korea. Identification of HPAIVs in wild birds is significant as there is a potential risk of transmission of these viruses to poultry and humans. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Gangjin H5N6 viruses classified into Asian H5 clade 2.3.4.4 lineage and were distinguishable from H5N8 and H5N1 HPAIVs previously isolated in Korea. With the exception of the polymerase acidic (PA) gene, the viruses were most closely related to A/duck/Guangdong/01.01SZSGXJK005-Y/2016 (H5N6) (98.90 ~ 99.74%). The PA genes of the two novel Gangjin H5N6 viruses were most closely related to AIV isolates previously characterized from Korea, A/hooded crane/Korea/1176/2016 (H1N1) (99.16%) and A/environment/Korea/W133/2006 (H7N7) (98.65%). The lack of more recent viruses to A/environment/Korea/W133/2006 (H7N7) indicates the need for analysis of recent wild bird AIVs isolated in Korea because they might provide further clues as to the origin of these novel reassortant H5N6 viruses. CONCLUSIONS Although research on the origins and epidemiology of these infections is ongoing, the most likely route of infection for the whooper swans was through direct or indirect contact with reassortant viruses shed by migratory wild birds in Korea. As H5N6 HPAIVs can potentially be transmitted to poultry and humans, continuous monitoring of AIVs among wild birds will help to mitigate this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipseol Jeong
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chanjin Woo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hon S Ip
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Injung An
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsik Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghee Lee
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Deok Jo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kidong Son
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Saemi Lee
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ku Oem
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Wang
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongkwan Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghwa Shin
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan Sleeman
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Weonhwa Jheong
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Lee EK, Song BM, Lee YN, Heo GB, Bae YC, Joh SJ, Park SC, Choi KS, Lee HJ, Jang I, Kang MS, Jeong OM, Choi BK, Lee SM, Jeong SC, Park BK, Lee HS, Lee YJ. Multiple novel H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, South Korea, 2016. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 51:21-23. [PMID: 28284997 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5N6, clade 2.3.4.4, that presumably originated from China. In addition, reassortant strains with Eurasian lineage low pathogenic avian influenza viruses were isolated in wild birds and poultry in South Korea. The emergence of these novel H5N6 viruses and their circulation among bird populations are of great concern because of the potential for virus dissemination with intercontinental wild bird migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Min Song
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Chan Bae
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Joon Joh
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Chan Park
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Jang
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Su Kang
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Mi Jeong
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kook Choi
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Man Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Chan Jeong
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Kydyrmanov A, Sayatov M, Karamendin K, Zhumatov K, Asanova S, Daulbayeva K, Starick E, Fereidouni S. Monitoring of influenza A viruses in wild bird populations in Kazakhstan in 2002-2009. Arch Virol 2016; 162:147-155. [PMID: 27695951 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive influenza virus monitoring study of wild birds was carried out at important flyway resting places and wintering sites in Kazakhstan over eight years. More than 3200 birds belonging to 155 species were sampled. Nearly three-fourths of the birds belonged to the orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes. In total, 118 hemagglutinating agents were isolated, and 95 of them were identified as influenza A viruses. The influenza viruses comprised eight different subtypes with a high prevalence of H13 and H3 viruses and also included low-pathogenic H5 viruses. The vast majority of the H13 viruses were isolated from members of the family Laridae, whereas the H3 viruses mostly originated from members of the family Anatidae, both in concordance with other monitoring studies. All virus isolates were recovered from cloacal swabs or fecal samples only. The influenza viruses were identified mainly in wetlands north of the Caspian Sea. These findings should be integrated in the design of further wild-bird-monitoring activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidyn Kydyrmanov
- Laboratory of Viral Ecology, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
| | - M Sayatov
- Laboratory of Viral Ecology, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - K Karamendin
- Laboratory of Viral Ecology, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - K Zhumatov
- Laboratory of Viral Ecology, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - S Asanova
- Laboratory of Viral Ecology, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - K Daulbayeva
- Laboratory of Viral Ecology, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - E Starick
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - S Fereidouni
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Insel Riems, Germany.,Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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33
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Okamatsu M, Hiono T, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Recent developments in the diagnosis of avian influenza. Vet J 2016; 215:82-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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34
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Bányai K, Bistyák AT, Thuma Á, Gyuris É, Ursu K, Marton S, Farkas SL, Hortobágyi E, Bacsadi Á, Dán Á. Neuroinvasive influenza virus A(H5N8) in fattening ducks, Hungary, 2015. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:418-23. [PMID: 27215706 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A virus H5N8 was detected in far east Asian countries during 2014 and emerged in late 2014 in European countries. Hungary reported a HPAI A(H5N8) outbreak during late winter of 2015 at a Pekin duck fattening facility. Epidemiologic monitoring was extended to holdings in neighboring areas and nearby habitats used by wild birds but failed to identify the source of infection. In addition to respiratory symptoms, the affected birds showed lethargy and neuronal signs, including torticollis. Consistent with this finding, influenza A virus antigen was detected in large quantity in the brain. Molecular analysis of the identified strain showed very close genetic relationship (and >99% nucleotide sequence identity) with co-circulating HPAI A(H5N8) strains. A number of unique or rarely detected amino acid changes was detected in the HA (T220I, R512G), the M2 (I39M), the NA (T211I), the NS1 (P85T), and the PB2 (I261V) proteins of the Hungarian strain. Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether any of these mutations can be linked to neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143 Budapest, Hungária krt. 21, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tóthné Bistyák
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Thuma
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Gyuris
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Ursu
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143 Budapest, Hungária krt. 21, Hungary
| | - Szilvia L Farkas
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143 Budapest, Hungária krt. 21, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Hortobágyi
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád Bacsadi
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dán
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
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35
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Muzyka D, Pantin-Jackwood M, Starick E, Fereidouni S. Evidence for genetic variation of Eurasian avian influenza viruses of subtype H15: the first report of an H15N7 virus. Arch Virol 2015; 161:605-12. [PMID: 26650037 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the first detection of H15 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in Australia in 1979, only seven H15 strains have been reported. A new H15 AIV was detected in Ukraine in 2010, carrying the unique HA-NA subtype combination H15N7. This virus replicated efficiently in chicken eggs, and antisera against it reacted strongly with the homologous antigen, but with lower titers when using the reference Australian antigen. The amino acid motifs of the HA cleavage site and receptor-binding site were different from those in the Australian viruses. The new virus, together with an H15 virus from Siberia from 2008, constitutes a new clade of H15 AIV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Muzyka
- National Scientific Center, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Mary Pantin-Jackwood
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Elke Starick
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sasan Fereidouni
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany. .,WESCA Wildlife Network, Greifswald, Germany. .,University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Vienna, Austria.
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36
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Nagy A, Černíková L, Jiřincová H, Havlíčková M, Horníčková J. Local-scale diversity and between-year "frozen evolution" of avian influenza A viruses in nature. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103053. [PMID: 25075739 PMCID: PMC4116140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) in wild bird reservoir hosts is characterized by the perpetuation in a plethora of subtype and genotype constellations. Multiyear monitoring studies carried out during the last two decades worldwide have provided a large body of knowledge regarding the ecology of IAV in wild birds. Nevertheless, other issues of avian IAV evolution have not been fully elucidated, such as the complexity and dynamics of genetic interactions between the co-circulating IAV genomes taking place at a local-scale level or the phenomenon of frozen evolution. We investigated the IAV diversity in a mallard population residing in a single pond in the Czech Republic. Despite the relative small number of samples collected, remarkable heterogeneity was revealed with four different IAV subtype combinations, H6N2, H6N9, H11N2, and H11N9, and six genomic constellations in co-circulation. Moreover, the H6, H11, and N2 segments belonged to two distinguishable sub-lineages. A reconstruction of the pattern of genetic reassortment revealed direct parent-progeny relationships between the H6N2, H11N9 and H6N9 viruses. Interestingly the IAV, with the H6N9 subtype, was re-detected a year later in a genetically unchanged form in the close proximity of the original sampling locality. The almost absolute nucleotide sequence identity of all the respective genomic segments between the two H6N9 viruses indicates frozen evolution as a result of prolonged conservation in the environment. The persistence of the H6N9 IAV in various abiotic and biotic environmental components was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nagy
- State Veterinary Institute Prague, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Methods, Prague, Czech Republic
- National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Influenza, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Lenka Černíková
- State Veterinary Institute Prague, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Methods, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Jiřincová
- National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Influenza, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Havlíčková
- National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Influenza, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Horníčková
- State Veterinary Institute Prague, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Methods, Prague, Czech Republic
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37
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Sun S, Chen F, Cao S, Liu J, Lei W, Li G, Song Y, Lu J, Liu C, Qin J, Li H. Isolation and characterization of a subtype C avian metapneumovirus circulating in Muscovy ducks in China. Vet Res 2014; 45:74. [PMID: 25060776 PMCID: PMC4222263 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtype C avian metapneumovirus (aMPV-C), is an important pathogen that can cause egg-drop and acute respiratory diseases in poultry. To date, aMPV-C infection has not been documented in Muscovy ducks in China. Here, we isolated and characterized an aMPV-C, designated S-01, which has caused severe respiratory disease and noticeable egg drop in Muscovy duck flocks in south China since 2010. Electron microscopy showed that the isolate was an enveloped virus exhibiting multiple morphologies with a diameter of 20-500 nm. The S-01 strain was able to produce a typical cytopathic effect (CPE) on Vero cells and cause death in 10- to 11-day-old Muscovy duck embryos. In vivo infection of layer Muscovy ducks with the isolate resulted in typical clinical signs and pathological lesions similar to those seen in the original infected cases. We report the first complete genomic sequence of aMPV-C from Muscovy ducks. A phylogenetic analysis strongly suggested that the S-01 virus belongs to the aMPV-C family, sharing 92.3%-94.3% of nucleotide identity with that of aMPV-C, and was most closely related to the aMPV-C strains isolated from Muscovy ducks in France. The deduced eight main proteins (N, P, M, F, M2, SH, G and L) of the novel isolate shared higher identity with hMPV than with other aMPV (subtypes A, B and D). S-01 could bind a monoclonal antibody against the F protein of hMPV. Together, our results indicate that subtype-C aMPV has been circulating in Muscovy duck flocks in South China, and it is urgent for companies to develop new vaccines to control the spread of the virus in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Sun
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Department of Poultry Diseases, WENS Group Academy, Guangdong WENS FoodStuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Department of Poultry Diseases, WENS Group Academy, Guangdong WENS FoodStuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Lei
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Department of Poultry Diseases, WENS Group Academy, Guangdong WENS FoodStuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangwei Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongfeng Song
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Department of Poultry Diseases, WENS Group Academy, Guangdong WENS FoodStuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, Guangdong, China
| | - Junpeng Lu
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Department of Poultry Diseases, WENS Group Academy, Guangdong WENS FoodStuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Department of Poultry Diseases, WENS Group Academy, Guangdong WENS FoodStuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianping Qin
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Department of Poultry Diseases, WENS Group Academy, Guangdong WENS FoodStuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Department of Poultry Diseases, WENS Group Academy, Guangdong WENS FoodStuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, 527439, Guangdong, China
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38
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El-Shesheny R, Kandeil A, Bagato O, Maatouq AM, Moatasim Y, Rubrum A, Song MS, Webby RJ, Ali MA, Kayali G. Molecular characterization of avian influenza H5N1 virus in Egypt and the emergence of a novel endemic subclade. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1444-1463. [PMID: 24722680 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.2 highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses have been in continuous circulation in Egyptian poultry since 2006. Their persistence caused significant genetic drift that led to the reclassification of these viruses into subclades 2.2.1 and 2.2.1.1. Here, we conducted full-genome sequence and phylogenetic analyses of 45 H5N1 isolated during 2006-2013 through systematic surveillance in Egypt, and 53 viruses that were sequenced previously and available in the public domain. Results indicated that H5N1 viruses in Egypt continue to evolve and a new distinct cluster has emerged. Mutations affecting viral virulence, pathogenicity, transmission, receptor-binding preference and drug resistance were studied. In light of our findings that H5N1 in Egypt continues to evolve, surveillance and molecular studies need to be sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Rubrum
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Min-Suk Song
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Ghazi Kayali
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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39
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Kalthoff D, Bogs J, Harder T, Grund C, Pohlmann A, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Nucleic acid-based detection of influenza A virus subtypes H7 and N9 with a special emphasis on the avian H7N9 virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 24650867 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.10.20731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 2013, a novel influenza A virus of subtype H7N9 was transmitted from avian sources to humans in China, causing severe illness and substantial mortality. Rapid and sensitive diagnostic approaches are the basis of epidemiological studies and of utmost importance for the detection of infected humans and animals. We developed various quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) assays for (i) the generic detection of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene of H7 viruses or the neuraminidase (NA) gene of N9 viruses, and (ii) the specific detection of HA and NA of the novel avian H7N9/2013 virus. The sensitivity of the newly developed assays was compared with previously published PCRs, and the specificity of all RT-qPCRs was examined using a panel of 42 different H7 and 16 different N9 isolates. Furthermore, we analysed the performance of the RT-qPCR assays with dilution series and diagnostic samples obtained from animal experiments. Our study provides a comprehensive set of RT-qPCR assays for the reliable detection of the novel avian H7N9 virus, with high sensitivity and improved and tailored specificity values compared with published assays. Finally, we also present data about the robustness of a duplex assay for the simultaneous detection of HA and NA of the avian influenza H7N9/2013 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kalthoff
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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40
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Lebarbenchon C, Poulson R, Shannon K, Slagter J, Slusher MJ, Wilcox BR, Berdeen J, Knutsen GA, Cardona CJ, Stallknecht DE. Isolation of influenza A viruses from wild ducks and feathers in Minnesota (2010-2011). Avian Dis 2013; 57:677-80. [PMID: 24283137 DOI: 10.1637/10455-112512-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of testing feathers as a complementary approach to detect low pathogenic influenza A viruses (IAVs) in wild duck populations. Feathers on the ground were collected at four duck capture sites during 2010 and 2011, in Minnesota, U. S. A. IAVs were isolated from both feathers and cloacal swabs sampled from ducks at the time of capture. Although virus isolation rates from feather and cloacal swabs were inconsistent between collections, the overall rate of isolation was greatest from the feather samples. Viruses isolated from feathers also reflected the subtype diversity observed in cloacal swab isolates but resulted in many more isolates that contained more than one virus. Our study suggests that testing feathers may represent an alternative noninvasive approach to recover viruses and estimate subtype abundance and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lebarbenchon
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Neuraminidase subtyping of avian influenza viruses with PrimerHunter-designed primers and quadruplicate primer pools. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81842. [PMID: 24312367 PMCID: PMC3843705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously developed a software package called PrimerHunter to design primers for PCR-based virus subtyping. In this study, 9 pairs of primers were designed with PrimerHunter and successfully used to differentiate the 9 neuraminidase (NA) genes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in multiple PCR-based assays. Furthermore, primer pools were designed and successfully used to decrease the number of reactions needed for NA subtyping from 9 to 4. The quadruplicate primer-pool method is cost-saving, and was shown to be suitable for the NA subtyping of both cultured AIVs and uncultured AIV swab samples. The primers selected for this study showed excellent sensitivity and specificity in NA subtyping by RT-PCR, SYBR green-based Real-time PCR and Real-time RT-PCR methods. AIV RNA of 2 to 200 copies (varied by NA subtypes) could be detected by these reactions. No unspecific amplification was displayed when detecting RNAs of other avian infectious viruses such as Infectious bronchitis virus, Infectious bursal disease virus and Newcastle disease virus. In summary, this study introduced several sensitive and specific PCR-based assays for NA subtyping of AIVs and also validated again the effectiveness of the PrimerHunter tool for the design of subtyping primers.
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Kim KI, Choi JG, Kang HM, To TL, Nguyen TD, Song BM, Hong MS, Choi KS, Kye SJ, Kim JY, Lee HS, Lee YJ. Geographical distribution of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses of domestic poultry in Vietnam and their genetic relevance with Asian isolates. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2012-23. [PMID: 23873548 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From the avian influenza virus (AIV) outbreaks and market surveillances in Vietnam during November 2011 and March 2012, a total of 196 AIV were isolated. Although H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) was the most prevalent subtype in Vietnam, 57 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses were identified from mainly domestic ducks and some chickens. Of note, various subtypes of LPAI viruses were isolated from domestic ducks in Vietnam: H3 (n = 16), H4 (n = 4), H6 (n = 24), H7 (n = 1), and H9 (n = 10). Geographically, the LPAI viruses were identified in different regions of Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA genes in LPAIV in Vietnam showed that some H3 (group I) and H4 subtypes AIV clustered with the viruses of several Asian isolates from domestic poultry and wild birds. However, the H6, H9, and some H3 (group II and III) subtypes AIV were closely related to isolates from domestic poultry in Southern China. In addition, whereas the N2 and N6 subtypes AIV belonged to the Eurasian lineage, the N8 subtype AIV was classified to be both of Eurasian and American lineage. These findings revealed that the regional trade and wild birds play a key role transmission of LPAIV in domestic ducks in Vietnam. Further surveillance at the intercountry level is needed to understand the epidemiology of these viruses and to cope with emergence of novel AIV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Il Kim
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Collective knowledge regarding the occurrence of influenza among swine is incomplete due to inconsistent surveillance of swine populations. In this chapter, we review what surveillance activities exist and some of the practical challenges encountered. Furthermore, to support robust surveillance activities, accurate laboratory assays are needed for the detection of the virus and viral nucleic acids within clinical samples, or for antiviral antibodies in serum samples. The most common influenza diagnostic assays used for swine are explained and their use as surveillance tools evaluated.
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Kim HR, Oem JK, Bae YC, Kang MS, Lee HS, Kwon YK. Application of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to the detection the matrix, H5 and H7 genes of avian influenza viruses in field samples from South Korea. Virol J 2013; 10:85. [PMID: 23496990 PMCID: PMC3606358 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid and accurate identification of the H5 and H7 subtypes of avian influenza (AI) virus is an important step for the control and eradication of highly pathogenic AI outbreaks and for the surveillance of AI viruses that have the potential to undergo changes in pathogenicity in poultry and wild birds. Currently, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) is routinely used for the rapid detection of the H5 and H7 genes, but misidentification is frequent for emergent isolates and viruses isolated from diverse regions due to the high sequence variation among AI viruses. FINDINGS In this study, an RRT-PCR method was tested for the detection of matrix, H5 and H7 genes from diverse subtypes of AI viruses and from field samples obtained through AI surveillance in South Korea over the last four years. Both RRT-PCR and conventional experiment (virus isolation using egg inoculation followed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) agreed on the virus-positive samples. And the comparison of the results with 174 clinical samples showed a high level of agreement without decreasing the specificity and sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS This assay could be useful tool for the rapid detection of AI using the field samples from domestic poultry and wild birds in South Korea, and continuous regional updates is needed to validate primer sets as the AI virus evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryoung Kim
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 175 Anyangro, Manangu, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, South Korea
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Development of neuraminidase subtype-specific reference antisera by recombinant protein expressed in baculovirus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 20:140-5. [PMID: 23221001 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00385-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian influenza A virus infection, particularly the H5N1 strains that have affected birds and some humans for the past 15 years, have highlighted the need for increased surveillance and disease control. Such measures require diagnostic tests to detect and characterize the different subtypes of influenza virus. In the current study, a simple method for producing reference avian influenza virus antisera to be used in diagnostic tests was developed. Antisera of nine avian influenza A virus neuraminidases (NA) used for NA subtyping were produced using a recombinant baculovirus. The recombinant NA (rNA) proteins were expressed in Sf9 insect cells and inoculated intramuscularly into specific-pathogen-free chickens with the ISA70 adjuvant. The NA inhibition antibody titers of the rNA antiserum were in the ranges of 5 to 8 and 6 to 9 log(2) units after the primary and boost immunizations, respectively. The antisera were subtype specific, showing low cross-reactivity against every other NA subtype using the conventional thiobarbituric acid NA inhibition assay. These results suggest that this simple method for producing reference NA antisera without purification may be useful for the diagnosis and surveillance of influenza virus.
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Pérez-Ramírez E, Acevedo P, Allepuz A, Gerrikagoitia X, Alba A, Busquets N, Díaz-Sánchez S, Álvarez V, Abad FX, Barral M, Majó N, Höfle U. Ecological factors driving avian influenza virus dynamics in Spanish wetland ecosystems. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46418. [PMID: 23152749 PMCID: PMC3495955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies exploring the ecological interactions between avian influenza viruses (AIV), natural hosts and the environment are scarce. Most work has focused on viral survival and transmission under laboratory conditions and through mathematical modelling. However, more integrated studies performed under field conditions are required to validate these results. In this study, we combined information on bird community, environmental factors and viral epidemiology to assess the contribution of biotic and abiotic factors in the occurrence of low pathogenic AIV in Spanish wetlands. For that purpose, seven locations in five different wetlands were studied during two years (2007–2009), including seven sampling visits by location. In each survey, fresh faeces (n = 4578) of wild birds and water samples were collected for viral detection. Also, the vegetation structure, water physical properties of wetlands, climatic conditions and wild bird community composition were determined. An overall AIV prevalence of 1.7%±0.4 was detected in faecal samples with important fluctuations among seasons and locations. Twenty-six AIV were isolated from the 78 RRT-PCR positive samples and eight different haemagglutinines and five neuraminidases were identified, being the combination H3N8 the most frequent. Variation partitioning procedures identified the combination of space and time variables as the most important pure factor – independently to other factors – explaining the variation in AIV prevalence (36.8%), followed by meteorological factor (21.5%) and wild bird community composition/vegetation structure (21.1%). These results contribute to the understanding of AIV ecological drivers in Spanish ecosystems and provide useful guidelines for AIV risk assessment identifying potential hotspots of AIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pérez-Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, UCLM-JCCM-CSIC, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Isolation and mutation trend analysis of influenza A virus subtype H9N2 in Egypt. Virol J 2012; 9:173. [PMID: 22925485 PMCID: PMC3492205 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza virus H9N2 is a panzootic pathogen that affects poultry causing mild to moderate respiratory distress but has been associated with high morbidity and considerable mortality. Interspecies transmission of H9N2 from avian species to mammalian hosts does occur. The virus possesses human virus-like receptor specificity and it can infect humans producing flu-like illness. Methods Recently, mild influenza like symptoms were detected in H5N1 vaccinated flocks. Influenza A subtype H9N2 was isolated from the infected flock. The virus evolution was investigated by sequencing the viral genes to screen the possible virus recombination. The viral amino acid sequences from the isolated H9N2 strains were compared to other related sequences from the flu data base that were used to assess the robustness of the mutation trend. Changes in the species-associated amino acid residues or those that enabled virulence to mammals were allocated. Results Phylogenetic analyses of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes showed that the recently isolated Egyptian strain belonged to the H9N2 sub-lineage that prevails in Israel. The six internal segments of the isolated virus were found to be derived from the same sub-lineage with no new evidence of reassortment. The results demonstrated conserved genetic and biological constitution of H9N2 viruses in the Middle East. The recently isolated H9N2 virus from chicken in Egypt possessed amino acids that could enable the virus to replicate in mammals and caused severe disease in domestic chickens. Conclusion The study highlights the importance of continuous monitoring of the mutations evolved in avian influenza viruses and its impact on virulence to avian species in addition to its importance in the emergence of new strains with the capacity to be a pandemic candidate.
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Globig A, Fereidouni SR, Harder TC, Grund C, Beer M, Mettenleiter TC, Starick E. Consecutive natural influenza a virus infections in sentinel mallards in the evident absence of subtype-specific hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:395-402. [PMID: 22816511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dabbling ducks, particularly Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) have been frequently and consistently reported to play a pivotal role as a reservoir of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIV). From October 2006 to November 2008, hand-raised Mallard ducks kept at a pond in an avifaunistically rich area of Southern Germany served as sentinel birds in the AIV surveillance programme in Germany. The pond was regularly visited by several species of dabbling ducks. A flock of sentinel birds, consisting of the same 16 individual birds during the whole study period, was regularly tested virologically and serologically for AIV infections. Swab samples were screened by RT-qPCR and, if positive, virus was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs. Serum samples were tested by the use of competitive ELISA and hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assay. Sequences of full-length hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes were phylogenetically analysed. Four episodes of infections with Eurasian-type AIV occurred in August (H6N8), October/November (H3N2, H2N3) 2007, in January (H3N2) and September (H3N8) 2008. The HA and NA genes of the H3N2 viruses of October 2007 and January 2008 were almost identical rendering the possibility of a re-introduction of that virus from the environment of the sentinel flock highly likely. The HA of the H3N8 virus of September 2008 belonged to a different cluster. As a correlate of the humoral immune response, titres of nucleocapsid protein-specific antibodies fluctuated in correlation with the course of AIV infection episodes. However, no specific systemic response of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies could be demonstrated even if homologous viral antigens were used. Besides being useful as early indicators for the circulation of influenza viruses in a specific region, the sentinel ducks also contributed to gaining insights into the ecobiology of AIV infection in aquatic wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Globig
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Kuriakose T, Hilt DA, Jackwood MW. Detection of avian influenza viruses and differentiation of H5, H7, N1, and N2 subtypes using a multiplex microsphere assay. Avian Dis 2012; 56:90-6. [PMID: 22545533 DOI: 10.1637/9828-060211-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5 and H7 avian influenza, rapid analysis of a large number of clinical samples with the potential to rapidly identify the virus subtype is extremely important. Herein, we report on the development of a rapid multiplex microsphere assay for the simultaneous detection of all avian influenza viruses (AIV) as well as the differentiation of H5, H7, N1, and N2 subtypes. A reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) reaction, followed by hybridization of the amplified product with specific oligonucleotide probe-coated microspheres, was conducted in a multiplex format. Following incubation with a reporter dye, the fluorescence intensity was measured using a suspension array system. The limit of detection of the probe-coupled microspheres ranged from 1 x 10(5) to 1 x 10(9) copies of RT-PCR amplified product and the sensitivity of the multiplex assay ranged from 1 x 10(2.5) to 1 x 10(3.2) 50% embryo infectious doses of virus. The diagnostic accuracy of the assay, compared to the standard real-time RT-PCR, was evaluated using 102 swab samples from chickens exposed to low pathogenic AIV, and 97.05% of samples gave identical results with both the assays. The calculated specificity of the assay was 97.43%. Although the assay still needs to be validated, it appears to be a suitable diagnostic tool for detection and differentiation of avian influenza virus H5, H7, N1, and N2 subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneema Kuriakose
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Digital genotyping of avian influenza viruses of H7 subtype detected in central Europe in 2007–2011. Virus Res 2012; 165:126-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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