1
|
Cladel NM, Peng X, Christensen N, Hu J. The rabbit papillomavirus model: a valuable tool to study viral-host interactions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180294. [PMID: 30955485 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) was the first DNA virus shown to be tumorigenic. The virus has since been renamed and is officially known as Sylvilagus floridanus papillomavirus 1 (SfPV1). Since its inception as a surrogate preclinical model for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, the SfPV1/rabbit model has been widely used to study viral-host interactions and has played a pivotal role in the successful development of three prophylactic virus-like particle vaccines. In this review, we will focus on the use of the model to gain a better understanding of viral pathogenesis, gene function and host immune responses to viral infections. We will discuss the application of the model in HPV-associated vaccine testing, in therapeutic vaccine development (using our novel HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits) and in the development and validation of novel anti-viral and anti-tumour compounds. Our goal is to demonstrate the role the SfPV1/rabbit model has played, and continues to play, in helping to unravel the intricacies of papillomavirus infections and to develop tools to thwart the disease. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Cladel
- 1 The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA.,2 Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA
| | - Xuwen Peng
- 3 Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA
| | - Neil Christensen
- 1 The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA.,2 Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA.,4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA
| | - Jiafen Hu
- 1 The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA.,2 Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nowland MH, Brammer DW, Garcia A, Rush HG. Biology and Diseases of Rabbits. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7150064 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Beginning in 1931, an inbred rabbit colony was developed at the Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis at the University of Pennsylvania. This colony was used to study natural resistance to infection with tuberculosis (Robertson et al., 1966). Other inbred colonies or well-defined breeding colonies were also developed at the University of Illinois College of Medicine Center for Genetics, the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and Jackson Laboratories. These colonies were moved or closed in the years to follow. Since 1973, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has reported the total number of certain species of animals used by registered research facilities (1997). In 1973, 447,570 rabbits were used in research. There has been an overall decrease in numbers of rabbits used. This decreasing trend started in the mid-1990s. In 2010, 210,172 rabbits were used in research. Despite the overall drop in the number used in research, the rabbit is still a valuable model and tool for many disciplines.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kwak K, Jiang R, Jagu S, Wang JW, Wang C, Christensen ND, Roden RBS. Multivalent human papillomavirus l1 DNA vaccination utilizing electroporation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60507. [PMID: 23536912 PMCID: PMC3607584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Naked DNA vaccines can be manufactured simply and are stable at ambient temperature, but require improved delivery technologies to boost immunogenicity. Here we explore in vivo electroporation for multivalent codon-optimized human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 and L2 DNA vaccination. Methods Balb/c mice were vaccinated three times at two week intervals with a fusion protein comprising L2 residues ∼11−88 of 8 different HPV types (11−88×8) or its DNA expression vector, DNA constructs expressing L1 only or L1+L2 of a single HPV type, or as a mixture of several high-risk HPV types and administered utilizing electroporation, i.m. injection or gene gun. Serum was collected two weeks and 3 months after the last vaccination. Sera from immunized mice were tested for in-vitro neutralization titer, and protective efficacy upon passive transfer to naive mice and vaginal HPV challenge. Heterotypic interactions between L1 proteins of HPV6, HPV16 and HPV18 in 293TT cells were tested by co-precipitation using type-specific monoclonal antibodies. Results Electroporation with L2 multimer DNA did not elicit detectable antibody titer, whereas DNA expressing L1 or L1+L2 induced L1-specific, type-restricted neutralizing antibodies, with titers approaching those induced by Gardasil. Co-expression of L2 neither augmented L1-specific responses nor induced L2-specific antibodies. Delivery of HPV L1 DNA via in vivo electroporation produces a stronger antibody response compared to i.m. injection or i.d. ballistic delivery via gene gun. Reduced neutralizing antibody titers were observed for certain types when vaccinating with a mixture of L1 (or L1+L2) vectors of multiple HPV types, likely resulting from heterotypic L1 interactions observed in co-immunoprecipitation studies. High titers were restored by vaccinating with individual constructs at different sites, or partially recovered by co-expression of L2, such that durable protective antibody titers were achieved for each type. Discussion Multivalent vaccination via in vivo electroporation requires spatial separation of individual type L1 DNA vaccines.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alphapapillomavirus/classification
- Alphapapillomavirus/genetics
- Alphapapillomavirus/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Cell Line
- Electroporation
- Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18
- Humans
- Mice
- Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Papillomavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Papillomavirus Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kihyuck Kwak
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rosie Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subhashini Jagu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua W. Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neil D. Christensen
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard B. S. Roden
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mucosally delivered peptides prime strong immunity in HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits. Vaccine 2010; 28:3706-13. [PMID: 20332046 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines delivered subcutaneously by gene-gun have generated strong protective and therapeutic immunity in rabbits. Recent studies have shown that peptides delivered by the mucosal routes also stimulate local and systemic immune responses. Since mucosal delivery is easier to administer and more cost-effective when compared to gene-gun delivery, we were interested to learn whether mucosally delivered peptides would prime protective immunity comparable to that of gene-gun-delivered DNA in rabbits. Our newly developed HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbit model was used to test the hypothesis. We chose an HLA-A2.1 restricted cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) E1 epitope (E1/303-311, MLQEKPFQL) for the peptide immunization studies because it provided complete protection when used as a DNA vaccine. Adjuvant has been widely used to boost immunity for vaccines. In this study, three adjuvants reported to be effective for rabbits (TT helper motif, PADRE and CpG2007) were tested with the peptide vaccine. Peptide alone or fused to TT helper or PADRE to create chimeric peptides was delivered by two mucosal routes (ocular and intranasal) together. Partial protection was found in HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits when peptide was delivered mucosally in the presence of adjuvant. When a subsequent booster of a half-dose of the corresponding DNA vaccine was delivered, complete protections were achieved. We conclude that mucosal peptide immunization can be combined with a single DNA vaccination to provide strong protective immunity in rabbits.
Collapse
|
5
|
Brandsma JL, Shlyankevich M, Su Y, Zelterman D, Rose JK, Buonocore L. Reversal of papilloma growth in rabbits therapeutically vaccinated against E6 with naked DNA and/or vesicular stomatitis virus vectors. Vaccine 2009; 28:8345-51. [PMID: 19615481 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is the greatest risk factor for the development of HPV-associated cancers. In this study rabbits bearing persistent and potentially malignant papillomas were used to test the efficacy of vaccination with a recombinant DNA and/or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) targeting the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) E6 protein. Immune responses were primed with either vector and boosted twice with the homologous or heterologous E6 vector. Over the course of 18 weeks, E6 vaccination reduced papilloma volumes to one third the volume in the controls, and the rabbits boosted with an heterologous vector tended to mount stronger responses. Small and medium-sized papillomas responded significantly but only slightly better than large papillomas. Finally the initial papilloma burden per rabbit, ranging from <100 mm(3) to >1000 mm(3), was not prognostic of antitumor efficacy. In summary both E6 vaccines elicited significant therapeutic immunity, and their sequential use tended to be advantageous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Brandsma
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pozzi E, Basavecchia V, Zanotto C, Pacchioni S, Morghen CDG, Radaelli A. Construction and characterization of recombinant fowlpox viruses expressing human papilloma virus E6 and E7 oncoproteins. J Virol Methods 2009; 158:184-9. [PMID: 19428588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV)-16 is the most prevalent high-risk mucosal genotype and the expression of the E6 and E7 proteins, which can bind to the p53 and p105Rb host cell-cycle regulatory proteins, is related to its tumorigenicity. Virus-like-particle (VLP)-based immunogens developed recently are successful as prophylactic HPV vaccines. However, given the high number of individuals infected already with HPV and the absence of expression of the L1 structural protein in HPV-infected or HPV-transformed cells, an efficient therapeutic vaccine targeting the non-structural E6 and E7 oncoproteins is required. In this study, two new fowlpox virus (FPV) recombinants encoding the HPV-16 E6 and E7 proteins were engineered and evaluated for their correct expression in vitro, with the final aim of developing a therapeutic vaccine against HPV-related cervical tumors. Although vaccinia viruses expressing the HPV-16 and HPV-18 E6 and E7 oncoproteins have already been studied, due to their natural host-range restriction to avian species and their ability to elicit a complete immune response, FPV recombinants may represent efficient and safer vectors also for immunocompromised hosts. The results indicate that FPV recombinants can express correctly the E6 and E7 oncoproteins, and they should represent appropriate vectors for the expression of these oncoproteins in human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleana Pozzi
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu J, Cladel NM, Christensen ND. Increased immunity to cottontail rabbit papillomavirus infection in EIII/JC inbred rabbits after vaccination with a mutant E6 that correlates with spontaneous regression. Viral Immunol 2007; 20:320-5. [PMID: 17603848 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that a progressive cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) strain containing a single amino acid change in E6 (E6G252E) induced papilloma regression in EIII/JC inbred rabbits. This finding implied that the point mutation might cause an increase in the antigenicity of the mutant versus the wild-type E6. To test this hypothesis, groups of four EIII/JC inbred rabbits were immunized with wild-type CRPVE6, CRPVE6G252E, CRPV E5, or with vector alone. A gene gun delivery system was used to deliver the DNA vaccines. Two of four rabbits from both E6G252E- and wild-type E6-vaccinated groups were free of papillomas at week 12 after viral challenge. Significantly smaller papillomas were found on E6G252E-vaccinated rabbits than on E6-, E5-, and control vector-vaccinated rabbits (p = 0.01, unpaired Student t test) and these small papillomas regressed at week 20 after viral challenge. E5 vaccination failed to provide protection against viral challenge, and the mean papilloma size was also comparable to that of the control vector-vaccinated rabbits (p > 0.05, unpaired Student t test). We conclude that a single amino acid change in the CRPV E6 protein (G252E) increased protection against wild-type infectious CRPV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafen Hu
- Department of Pathology, Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brandsma JL, Shlyankevich M, Zelterman D, Su Y. Therapeutic vaccination of rabbits with a ubiquitin-fused papillomavirus E1, E2, E6 and E7 DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2007; 25:6158-63. [PMID: 17630050 PMCID: PMC2701402 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that intracutaneous vaccination of rabbits with DNA vectors encoding ubiquitin-fused versions of the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) early proteins E1, E2, E6 and E7 protected against subsequent challenge with CRPV. Here, we tested the immunotherapeutic activity of a vaccine composed of the four CRPV DNA vectors (designated UbE1267) in rabbits. The results show that the UbE1267 DNA vaccine, relative to empty vector DNA, virtually eliminated papilloma growth in rabbits with subclinical infection and greatly reduced papilloma volumes in rabbits bearing papillomas at the time of vaccination. These results in a physiologically relevant animal model of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection indicate that DNA vaccines targeting the early papillomavirus proteins may have a role in the treatment of HPV-associated lesions in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Brandsma
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8016, United States.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brandsma JL, Shylankevich M, Su Y, Roberts A, Rose JK, Zelterman D, Buonocore L. Vesicular stomatitis virus-based therapeutic vaccination targeted to the E1, E2, E6, and E7 proteins of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. J Virol 2007; 81:5749-58. [PMID: 17392369 PMCID: PMC1900321 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02835-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated benign and malignant lesions are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccination against HPV early proteins could provide an effective means of treating individuals with established infections. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors have been used previously to elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses and develop prophylactic vaccines. We have shown that VSV vectors also can be used to elicit therapeutic immunity in the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV)-rabbit model of high-risk HPV infection. In the present study, three new VSV vectors expressing the CRPV E1, E2, or E7 protein were produced and compared to the previously generated VSV-E6 vector for therapeutic efficacy. To determine whether vaccine efficacy could be augmented by simultaneous vaccination against two CRPV proteins, the four vaccines were delivered individually and in all possible pairings to rabbits 1 week after CRPV infection. Control rabbits received the recombinant wild-type VSV vector or medium only. Cumulative papilloma volumes were computed for analysis of the data. The analyses showed that VSV-based vaccination against the E1, E2, E6, or E7 protein significantly reduced papilloma volumes relative to those of the controls. Furthermore, VSV-based CRPV vaccination cured all of the papillomas in 5 of 30 rabbits. Of the individual vaccines, VSV-E7 was the most effective. The VSV-E7 vaccine alone was the most effective, as it reduced cumulative papilloma volumes by 96.9% overall, relative to those of the controls, and ultimately eliminated all of the disease in all of the vaccinees. Vaccine pairing was not, however, found to be beneficial, suggesting antigenic competition between the coexpressed CRPV proteins. These preclinical results, obtained in a physiologically relevant animal model of HPV infection, demonstrate that VSV vectors deserve serious consideration for further development as therapeutic antitumor vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Brandsma
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 375 Cedar Street, 2 FMB, New Haven, CT 06520-8016, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brandsma JL, Shlyankevich M, Buonocore L, Roberts A, Becker SM, Rose JK. Therapeutic efficacy of vesicular stomatitis virus-based E6 vaccination in rabbits. Vaccine 2006; 25:751-62. [PMID: 16962690 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are currently infected with human papillomaviruses (HPVs). A therapeutic HPV vaccine would have widespread applicability because HPV-associated lesions are difficult to treat and may progress to carcinoma. We developed three attenuated VSV recombinants expressing the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) early protein E6 for use as vaccines. In cultured cells, two vectors expressed different levels of the E6 protein, and one expressed a ubiquitin-E6 fusion protein. All three were tested for therapeutic efficacy in the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV)-rabbit model. Mock vaccination had no effect on papilloma growth. In contrast, inoculation with any of the VSV-E6 vaccines reduced the rate of papilloma growth to as little as 24% the rate in the controls. In five experiments, these effects were achieved after a single immunization. Furthermore, complete papilloma regression occurred in some rabbits observed for 4 months. A VSV-based papillomavirus E6 vaccine could have significant advantages over other therapeutic HPV vaccine candidates described to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Brandsma
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8016, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are a leading cause of virus-associated cancers of the anogenital, oropharyneal and cutaneous epithelium. The most prevalent of these is cervical cancer, which is responsible for approximately 500,000 deaths annually worldwide. A group of about 15 serologically unrelated 'high-risk' HPV types are responsible for almost all HPV-associated cancers. Prevention of papillomavirus infection can be achieved by induction of capsid-specific neutralising antibodies in preclinical animal papillomavirus models and in recent human clinical trials. High titres of conformationally-dependent, type-specific HPV-neutralising antibodies are triggered by HPV virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. Overcoming the problems of type-specificity of the responses to these VLP vaccines is a potentially important area of current HPV vaccine research, with an emphasis on induction of more broadly cross-protective neutralising responses. Viral oncogenes E6 and E7 are continuously present in HPV-associated cancers and are prime targets for HPV therapeutic vaccines. A variety of approaches are being tested in therapeutic vaccine clinical trials and in various preclinical animal papillomavirus models for efficacy. Approaches include genetic vaccines, recombinant virus vaccines, dendritic cell-based strategies, immunomodulatory strategies and various combination strategies to maximise cell-mediated immunity to papillomavirus proteins present in HPV infections and cancers. The success of preventive HPV VLP vaccines in clinical trials is clear. However, current therapeutic vaccine trials are less effective with respect to disease clearance. Nevertheless, a series of combination approaches have shown significant therapeutic enhancement in preclinical papillomavirus models and await testing in patient populations to determine the most effective strategy. There is much encouragement that HPV vaccines will be the most effective approach to prevention and cure of infections caused by this group of viruses, which re-present a significant human pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Christensen
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cody V, Shen H, Shlyankevich M, Tigelaar RE, Brandsma JL, Hanlon DJ. Generation of dendritic cells from rabbit bone marrow mononuclear cell cultures supplemented with hGM-CSF and hIL-4. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 103:163-72. [PMID: 15621303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro generation of dendritic cells (DCs) from either blood or bone marrow has been accomplished for humans and a number of other species. This ability has facilitated the opportunity to test the efficacy of DC vaccines in various tumor models. The cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) model is the most clinically relevant animal model for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated carcinogenesis. The CRPV model has been used to test various preventative and therapeutic vaccination strategies, and the availability of rabbit DCs would further expand its utility. However, to date, rabbit DCs have not been phenotypically and/or functionally characterized. Here we show that DCs can be generated in vitro from rabbit bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) cultured in the presence of the human cytokines GM-CSF and IL-4 and matured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These cells show upregulation of MHC class II and CD86, as well as downregulation of CD14, do not have non-specific esterase activity, are able to perform receptor-mediated endocytosis, and are potent stimulators of allogeneic T cell proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reactions. The ability to generate rabbit DCs makes it possible to test the efficacy of DC vaccination in the prevention and treatment of CRPV-induced lesions, which may provide useful preclinical data regarding the use of DC vaccines for HPV-associated lesions, including cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Cody
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, LCI 501, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Street MD, Tindle RW. Vaccines for human papillomavirus-associated anogenital disease and cervical cancer: practical and theoretical approaches. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 8:761-76. [PMID: 15992129 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.6.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The association of genital warts, cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer with certain human papillomavirus (HPV) types indicates that vaccine strategies that target the virus could be effective in controlling disease onset and progression. Three vaccine strategies are available. Firstly, a prophylactic approach of immunisation with HPV virus-like particles to elicit neutralising antibody would prevent infection. Secondly, vaccination targeting replicating virus in suprabasal cells of infected anogenital epithelium would be an effective therapy for infection and early dysplasias. Thirdly, immunotherapy directed to the oncoprotein products of the HPV E6 and E7 open reading frames would be effective in the control of cervical carcinoma. We examine how these strategies may be augmented by contemporary vaccine technologies, in particular through the use of live recombinant vaccine vectors, specific targeting of antigen processing pathways, dendritic cell and 'polytope' approaches, to produce 'designer' vaccines of maximum specificity and efficacy. How these approaches are being exploited by vaccine manufacturers and in clinical trials is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Street
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu J, Peng X, Cladel NM, Pickel MD, Christensen ND. Large cutaneous rabbit papillomas that persist during cyclosporin A treatment can regress spontaneously after cessation of immunosuppression. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:55-63. [PMID: 15604431 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV)-induced papillomas can progress into malignant carcinomas, remain persistent or regress. Both host immunity and virus genetic background play critical roles in these events. To test how host immunity influences CRPV-induced papilloma evolution, both EIII/JC (inbred) and New Zealand White (outbred) rabbits were treated with an immunosuppressive drug, cyclosporin A (CsA), for 80 days and the regression of three regressive constructs, H.CRPVr (a CRPV regressive strain), H.CRPVp-E6r (a progressive strain with regressive E6) and H.CRPVp-CE6rm (H.CRPVp with the carboxyl terminal of regressive E6, containing mutations at amino acid residues E252G, G258D and S259P) was checked. Papillomas induced by H.CRPVr and H.CRPVp-E6r on control inbred and outbred rabbits regressed totally around week 8, whereas papillomas on all CsA-treated rabbits grew progressively. After cessation of CsA treatment, papillomas began to regress in six outbred rabbits: 14 of 18 papillomas induced by CRPVr, 11 of 18 papillomas induced by H.CRPVp-E6r and eight of 10 papillomas induced by H.CRPVp-CE6rm regressed around week 21. In four CsA-treated inbred rabbits, two of 17 papillomas induced by H.CRPVr and one of 17 papillomas induced by H.CRPVp-E6r regressed. These data indicate that papillomas induced by a regressive CRPV strain can become persistent in the transiently immunosuppressed host. However, returning immunity can lead to regression and clearance of large papillomas (with increased antigenicity) in an outbred population, whilst these same antigenic papillomas persist in inbred rabbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafen Hu
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Xuwen Peng
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nancy M Cladel
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Martin D Pickel
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Neil D Christensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Du M, Fan X, Hanada T, Gao H, Lutchman M, Brandsma JL, Chishti AH, Chen JJ. Association of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus E6 oncoproteins with the hDlg/SAP97 tumor suppressor. J Cell Biochem 2005; 94:1038-45. [PMID: 15669058 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are small DNA viruses that infect epithelial tissues and cause warts. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. The E6 and E7 oncogenes are the only genes consistently expressed in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells. Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) induces papillomas and carcinomas on cottontail and domestic rabbits and provides an excellent animal model of HPV infection and vaccine development. CRPV encodes three transforming proteins; LE6, SE6, and E7. Each of these proteins is required for papilloma formation. Like HPV E7, the CRPV E7 protein binds to the tumor suppressor pRB. In contrast, unlike HPV E6, the CRPV E6 proteins do not bind the tumor suppressor p53. Although more than a dozen cellular proteins have been identified as HPV E6 interacting proteins, nothing is known about the cellular interacting proteins of CRPV E6s. Here we describe the association of CRPV E6s with hDlg/SAP97, the mammalian homolog of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein. HPV E6 has previously shown to bind and target hDlg/SAP97 for degradation. Our results demonstrate that both LE6 and SE6 interact with hDlg/SAP97, although their association does not lead to the degradation of hDlg/SAP97. The PDZ domains of hDlg were shown to be sufficient for interaction with CRPV E6 proteins while the C-terminus of CRPV E6 is essential for the interaction with hDlg. The association of hDlg with SE6 may be important but not sufficient for the transformation of NIH 3T3 cells by SE6. Importantly, a CRPV SE6 mutant defective for papilloma formation did not interact with hDlg. These results suggest that interaction with hDlg/SAP97 plays a role in the biological function of CRPV E6s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Du
- Department of Medicine, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605-2324, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hu J, Cladel NM, Wang Z, Han R, Pickel MD, Christensen ND. GM-CSF enhances protective immunity to cottontail rabbit papillomavirus E8 genetic vaccination in rabbits. Vaccine 2004; 22:1124-30. [PMID: 15003639 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2003] [Revised: 08/06/2003] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have reported previously that cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) E8 gene immunization induced strong protection against virus challenge. In this study, we primed E8 gene vaccination with mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mGM-CSF), a cytokine that induces differentiation and local recruitment of professional antigen-presenting cells. EIII/JC inbred rabbits were divided into four groups receiving vaccinations with the following constructs: mGM-CSF plus E8, mGM-CSF only, E8 only and vector only. After three immunizations at intervals of 3 weeks, rabbits were challenged with viral DNA at six scarified sites. Papillomas grew on all vaccinated rabbits 4 weeks after inoculation. At week 5, papillomas on four rabbits of mGM-CSF plus E8 and one of E8 only rabbits began to regress. At week 11, all the papillomas on rabbits in the GM-CSF plus E8 vaccination group regressed (regression rate = 100%); regression rates of the mGM-CSF only and E8 only vaccination groups were 50 and 25%, respectively. All papillomas on the vector immunized rabbits remained persistent until the end of the experiment (0%). Antibodies to mGM-CSF were detected in rabbit serum by Western blot. Rabbits vaccinated with E8 plus mGM-CSF or E8 only group had positive Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test to different E8 peptides. These results demonstrated that mGM-CSF could enhance the effects of E8 immunization in rabbits to CRPV infection through cell-mediated immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafen Hu
- Department of Pathology, The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brandsma JL, Shlyankevich M, Zhang L, Slade MD, Goodwin EC, Peh W, Deisseroth AB. Vaccination of rabbits with an adenovirus vector expressing the papillomavirus E2 protein leads to clearance of papillomas and infection. J Virol 2004; 78:116-23. [PMID: 14671093 PMCID: PMC303402 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.1.116-123.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer arises from lesions caused by infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Therefore, vaccination against HPV could prevent carcinogenesis by preventing HPV infection or inducing lesion regression. HPV E2 protein is an attractive candidate for vaccine development because it is required for papilloma formation, is involved in all stages of the virus life cycle, and is expressed in all premalignant lesions as well as some cancers. This study reports vaccination against E2 protein using a rabbit model of papillomavirus infection. A recombinant adenovirus (Ad) vector expressing the E2 protein of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) was tested for therapeutic efficacy in CRPV-infected rabbits. Primary immunization with the Ad-E2 vaccine, compared to immunization with a control Ad vector, reduced the number of papilloma-forming sites from 17 of 45 to 4 of 45. After booster immunization, vaccinated rabbits formed no new papillomas versus an additional 23 papillomas in rabbits that received the control vector. Papillomas in the Ad-E2 vaccinees were significantly smaller than those in the control rabbits, and all four papillomas in the Ad-E2 vaccinated rabbits regressed. No CRPV DNA was detected either in the regression sites or in sites that did not form papillomas, indicating that the vaccination led to clearance of CRPV from all infected sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Brandsma
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhou X, Qian X, Zhao Q, Lu Y, Xiong M. Efficient Expression of Modified Human Papillomavirus 16 E6/E7 Fusion Protein and the Antitumor Efficacy in a Mouse Model. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:303-7. [PMID: 14993792 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus, particularly type 16 (HPV16), is highly associated with the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. The two early viral oncogenes, E6 and E7, are selectively retained and constitutively expressed in tumor cells and are therefore attractive immunotherapeutic targets. Thus a vaccine strategy based on recombinant HPV16 E6/E7 fusion protein represents an efficient approach against HPV16-associated tumors. Although the expression level of HPV16 E6/E7 fusion protein was presumed to be low, direct experimental proof in vivo was lacking. To enhance the expression level and investigate its antitumor efficacy in vivo, we constructed a modified HPV16 E6/E7 fusion gene with three point-mutations and expressed it in Escherichia coli. The encoded protein, denoted mE6(1-120)/mE7(1-60), comprises 120 N-terminus amino acids of E6 and 60 N-terminus amino acids of E7 plus a histine tag, was purified on an affinity column, and subsequently characterized by Western blotting. Immunization of mice with mE6(1-120)/mE7(1-60) completely protected them against subsequent challenge and rechallenge with TC-1 tumor cells expressing HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins. In the therapeutic experiments, most mice eliminated the preexisting tumors and had a long-term protection. Consistent with the results of in vivo experiments, the splenocytes from immunized mice elicited cytotoxic T lymphocytes and specifically lysed TC-1 cells in vitro. More importantly, the expression level of mE6(1-120)/mE7(1-60) was significantly improved, meeting the necessary quantity required for a vaccine clinical trial. In conclusion, these data provide a scientific basis for the use of modified mE6(1-120)/mE7(1-60) in future human trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Zhou
- Cancer Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Moore RA, Santos EB, Nicholls PK, White KL, Anderson DM, Lloyd A, Topley P, Romanos M, Thomsen L, Parmar V, Walcott S, Gough GW, Stanley MA. Intraepithelial DNA immunisation with a plasmid encoding a codon optimised COPV E1 gene sequence, but not the wild-type gene sequence completely protects against mucosal challenge with infectious COPV in beagles. Virology 2002; 304:451-9. [PMID: 12504584 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA plasmids encoding the open reading frames of canine oral papillomavirus (COPV) nonstructural early genes E1, E2, or E7 protein were delivered into both oral mucosal and cutaneous epithelial sites in beagle dogs using particle-mediated immunotherapeutic delivery (PMID) technology. Control dogs were vaccinated with plasmid encoding either hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBVs) or COPV L1. Using a prophylactic immunisation protocol, a priming dose of plasmid DNA was followed by a booster dose 6 weeks later. Four weeks after boost, all dogs were challenged with infectious COPV particles. Following viral challenge, as shown previously (M. A. Stanley et al., 2001, Vaccine 19, 2783-2792), mucosal papillomas developed in the negative-control HBVs vaccinated dogs, but all animals in the COPV L1 group were fully protected from disease development. In the early gene-vaccinated groups five of six in the E1-vaccinated dogs, two of six in E2-vaccinated dogs, and three of six in the E7-vaccinated beagles developed oral papillomas. Compared to the HBVs negative-control group the oral papillomas that did develop in the early-gene vaccinated beagles were significantly smaller, shorter in duration, and fewer in number. Taken together the disease burden was markedly reduced and this was statistically significant. In a second experiment one group of animals was vaccinated with plasmid encoding the wild-type COPV E1 gene, and a separate group was vaccinated with plasmid encoding a synthetic codon-optimised COPV E1 gene sequence. None of the codon-optimised E1-vaccinated animals developed papillomas at any challenge site. However, all animals vaccinated with wild-type E1 had papillomas. These data suggest that immunisation by PMID with papillomavirus early genes can significantly impact upon subsequent disease development and that full protection can be achieved using improved vectors encoding codon-optimised gene sequences perhaps emphasizing the importance of antigen load in the generation of protective responses to papillomavirus proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Moore
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu WJ, Gao F, Zhao KN, Zhao W, Fernando GJG, Thomas R, Frazer IH. Codon modified human papillomavirus type 16 E7 DNA vaccine enhances cytotoxic T-lymphocyte induction and anti-tumour activity. Virology 2002; 301:43-52. [PMID: 12359445 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polynucleotide immunisation with the E7 gene of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 induces only moderate levels of immune response, which may in part be due to limitation in E7 gene expression influenced by biased HPV codon usage. Here we compare for expression and immunogenicity polynucleotide expression plasmids encoding wild-type (pWE7) or synthetic codon optimised (pHE7) HPV16 E7 DNA. Cos-1 cells transfected with pHE7 expressed higher levels of E7 protein than similar cells transfected with pW7. C57BL/6 mice and F1 (C57x FVB) E7 transgenic mice immunised intradermally with E7 plasmids produced high levels of anti-E7 antibody. pHE7 induced a significantly stronger E7-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response than pWE7 and 100% tumour protection in C57BL/6 mice, but neither vaccine induced CTL in partially E7 tolerant K14E7 transgenic mice. The data indicate that immunogenicity of an E7 polynucleotide vaccine can be enhanced by codon modification. However, this may be insufficient for priming E7 responses in animals with split tolerance to E7 as a consequence of expression of E7 in somatic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jun Liu
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Leachman SA, Shylankevich M, Slade MD, Levine D, Sundaram RK, Xiao W, Bryan M, Zelterman D, Tiegelaar RE, Brandsma JL. Ubiquitin-fused and/or multiple early genes from cottontail rabbit papillomavirus as DNA vaccines. J Virol 2002; 76:7616-24. [PMID: 12097575 PMCID: PMC136350 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.15.7616-7624.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have the potential to prevent cervical cancer by preventing HPV infection or treating premalignant disease. We previously showed that DNA vaccination with the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) E6 gene induced partial protection against CRPV challenge and that the vaccine's effects were greatly enhanced by priming with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In the present study, two additional strategies for augmenting the clinical efficacy of CRPV E6 vaccination were evaluated. The first was to fuse a ubiquitin monomer to the CRPV E6 protein to enhance antigen processing and presentation through the major histocompatibility complex class I pathway. Rabbits vaccinated with the wild-type E6 gene plus GM-CSF or with the ubiquitin-fused E6 gene formed significantly fewer papillomas than the controls. The papillomas also required a longer time to appear and grew more slowly. Finally, a significant proportion of the papillomas subsequently regressed. The ubiquitin-fused E6 vaccine was significantly more effective than the wild-type E6 vaccine plus GM-CSF priming. The second strategy was to vaccinate with multiple CRPV early genes to increase the breadth of the CRPV-specific response. DNA vaccines encoding the wild-type CRPV E1-E2, E6, or E7 protein were tested alone and in all possible combinations. All vaccines and combinations suppressed papilloma formation, slowed papilloma growth, and stimulated subsequent papilloma regression. Finally, the two strategies were merged and a combination DNA vaccine containing ubiquitin-fused versions of the CRPV E1, E2, and E7 genes was tested. This last vaccine prevented papilloma formation at all challenge sites in all rabbits, demonstrating complete protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sancy A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hu J, Han R, Cladel NM, Pickel MD, Christensen ND. Intracutaneous DNA vaccination with the E8 gene of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus induces protective immunity against virus challenge in rabbits. J Virol 2002; 76:6453-9. [PMID: 12050357 PMCID: PMC136259 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.13.6453-6459.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV)-rabbit model has been used in several studies for testing prophylactic and therapeutic papillomavirus vaccines. Earlier observations had shown that the CRPV nonstructural genes E1, E2, and E6 induced strong to partial protective immunity against CRPV infection. In this study, we found that CRPV E8 immunization eliminated virus-induced papillomas in EIII/JC inbred rabbits (100%) and provided partial protection (55%) against virus challenge in outbred New Zealand White rabbits. CRPV-E8 is a small open reading frame, coding for a 50-amino-acid protein, that is colinear with the CRPV E6 gene and has features similar to those of the bovine papillomavirus and human papillomavirus E5 genes. Papillomas that grew on E8-vaccinated outbred rabbits were significantly smaller than those on vector-vaccinated rabbits (P < 0.01; t test). Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin tests showed that some of the E8-vaccinated rabbits had positive responses to E8-specific peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafen Hu
- Department of Pathology, The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Suckow MA, Brammer DW, Rush HG, Chrisp CE. Biology and Diseases of Rabbits. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2002. [PMCID: PMC7150213 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- H L Robinson
- Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Christensen ND, Han R, Cladel NM, Pickel MD. Combination treatment with intralesional cidofovir and viral-DNA vaccination cures large cottontail rabbit papillomavirus-induced papillomas and reduces recurrences. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:1201-9. [PMID: 11257035 PMCID: PMC90444 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.4.1201-1209.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) New Zealand White rabbit model to test a combination treatment of large established papillomas with intralesional cidofovir and DNA vaccination to cure sites and reduce recurrences. Intralesional 1% (wt/vol) (0.036 M) cidofovir treatment of rabbit papillomas led to elimination, or "cure," of the papillomas over a 6- to 8-week treatment period (N. D. Christenson, M. D. Pickel, L. R. Budgeon, and J. W. Kreider, Antivir. Res. 48:131-142, 2000). However, recurrences at periods from 1 to 8 weeks after treatment cessation were observed at approximately 50% of cured sites. DNA vaccinations with CRPV E1, E2, E6, and E7 were initiated either after or at the time of intralesional treatments, and the recurrence rates were observed. When DNA vaccinations were started after intralesional cures, recurrence rates were similar to those of vector-vaccinated rabbits. A small proportion of recurrent sites subsequently regressed (4 out of 10, or 40%) in the vaccinated group versus no regression of recurrences in the vector-immunized group (0 out of 19, or 0%), indicating partial effectiveness. In contrast, when DNA vaccinations were conducted during intralesional treatments, a significant reduction of recurrences (from 10 out of 19, or 53%, of sites in vector-immunized rabbits to 3 out of 20, or 15%, of sites in viral-DNA-immunized rabbits) was observed. DNA vaccination without intralesional treatments had a minimal effect on preexisting papillomas. These data indicated that treatment with a combination of antiviral compounds and specific immune stimulation may lead to long-term cures of lesions without the ensuing problem of papilloma recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N D Christensen
- Pathology, The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Smahel M, Síma P, Ludvíková V, Vonka V. Modified HPV16 E7 Genes as DNA Vaccine against E7-Containing Oncogenic Cells. Virology 2001; 281:231-8. [PMID: 11277695 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines against tumors associated with human papillomaviruses (HPV) should elicit cellular immune responses against early HPV antigens, primarily the oncoproteins E7 and E6. Because of safety concerns, the direct use of an unmodified oncogene is impossible in human DNA vaccination. Therefore, we introduced three point mutations into the pRb-binding site of HPV16 E7 oncogene to eliminate its transformation potential. The resultant gene was denoted E7GGG. The rates of expression and the cellular localization of E7 and E7GGG proteins were comparable. In immunization-challenge experiments, the efficacy of plasmids containing the E7, E7GGG, or fusion genes of HPV16 E7, viz. L1DeltaCE7(1-60) (M. Muller et al., 1997, Virology 234, 93-111), and Sig/E7/LAMP-1 (T. C. Wu et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11671-11675), was compared. While tumors developed in all animals immunized with the wild-type E7 gene, a significant proportion of mice remained tumor-free after vaccination with the E7GGG gene. The fusion gene L1DeltaCE7(1-60) induced negligible protection, but Sig/E7/LAMP-1 conferred the highest protection. Intradermal immunization by gene gun proved superior to i.m. inoculation. In "therapeutic" experiments, a 1-day delay between inoculation of oncogenic cells and the start of DNA immunization resulted in partial therapeutic effect, but a 3-day delay produced a substantially lower immunization effect. A combination of Sig/E7/LAMP-1 and E7GGG genes did not enhance the immune response. These results demonstrate a significant enhancement of HPV16 E7 immunogenicity after mutagenesis of the pRb-binding site, but the mutated E7 gene did not excel the Sig/E7/LAMP-1 fusion gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Smahel
- Department of Experimental Virology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Han R, Cladel NM, Reed CA, Peng X, Budgeon LR, Pickel M, Christensen ND. DNA vaccination prevents and/or delays carcinoma development of papillomavirus-induced skin papillomas on rabbits. J Virol 2000; 74:9712-6. [PMID: 11000243 PMCID: PMC112403 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.20.9712-9716.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant progression is a life-threatening consequence of human papillomavirus-associated lesions. In this study, we tested the efficacy of papillomavirus early-gene-based vaccines for prevention of carcinoma development of papillomavirus-induced skin papillomas on rabbits. Rabbit skin papillomas were initiated by infection with cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV). The papillomas were allowed to grow for 3 months without any treatment intervention. Rabbits were then immunized by gene gun-mediated intracutaneous administration of four DNA plasmids encoding CRPV E1, E2, E6, and E7 genes, respectively. All eight control rabbits receiving vector alone developed invasive carcinoma within 8 to 13 months. In contrast, only two of eight vaccinated rabbits developed carcinoma at 12 and 15 months, respectively. Papilloma growth was suppressed in the majority of vaccinated rabbits but not completely eradicated. These results indicate that gene gun-mediated immunization with papillomavirus early genes may be a promising strategy for prevention of malignant progression of human papillomavirus-associated lesions in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Han
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Leachman SA, Tigelaar RE, Shlyankevich M, Slade MD, Irwin M, Chang E, Wu TC, Xiao W, Pazhani S, Zelterman D, Brandsma JL. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor priming plus papillomavirus E6 DNA vaccination: effects on papilloma formation and regression in the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus--rabbit model. J Virol 2000; 74:8700-8. [PMID: 10954571 PMCID: PMC116381 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.18.8700-8708.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) E6 DNA vaccine that induces significant protection against CRPV challenge was used in a superior vaccination regimen in which the cutaneous sites of vaccination were primed with an expression vector encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a cytokine that induces differentiation and local recruitment of professional antigen-presenting cells. This treatment induced a massive influx of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive cells. In a vaccination-challenge experiment, rabbit groups were treated by E6 DNA vaccination, GM-CSF DNA inoculation, or a combination of both treatments. After two immunizations, rabbits were challenged with CRPV at low, moderate, and high stringencies and monitored for papilloma formation. As expected, all clinical outcomes were monotonically related to the stringency of the viral challenge. The results demonstrate that GM-CSF priming greatly augmented the effects of CRPV E6 vaccination. First, challenge sites in control rabbits (at the moderate challenge stringency) had a 0% probability of remaining disease free, versus a 50% probability in E6-vaccinated rabbits, and whereas GM-CSF alone had no effect, the interaction between GM-CSF priming and E6 vaccination increased disease-free survival to 67%. Second, the incubation period before papilloma onset was lengthened by E6 DNA vaccination alone or to some extent by GM-CSF DNA inoculation alone, and the combination of treatments induced additive effects. Third, the rate of papilloma growth was reduced by E6 vaccination and, to a lesser extent, by GM-CSF treatment. In addition, the interaction between the E6 and GM-CSF treatments was synergistic and yielded more than a 99% reduction in papilloma volume. Finally, regression occurred among the papillomas that formed in rabbits treated with the E6 vaccine and/or with GM-CSF, with the highest regression frequency occurring in rabbits that received the combination treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Alexander KA, Phelps WC. Recent advances in diagnosis and therapy of human papillomaviruses. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000; 9:1753-65. [PMID: 11060774 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.9.8.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus is extremely common throughout the world. Almost 50% of sexually active young women are infected with human papillomavirus and although most infections are transient, a subset has the potential to progress to invasive cancer. During the last 20 years, our understanding of the human papillomavirus life cycle and the role of human papillomavirus in human cancer has dramatically increased. Recent technological advances in human papillomavirus detection have provided the means to detect the presence of human papillomavirus with great sensitivity. In the context of patient care, there is still substantial debate regarding the optimal diagnostic and prognostic use of information derived from hybrid capture or polymerase chain reaction-based detection. The inventory of available treatment options is growing somewhat slowly. The most promising advances are being made in the clinical evaluation of candidates for prophylactic vaccination. This review is focused on the current status and future directions of prevention, diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Alexander
- GlaxoWellcome, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Han R, Reed CA, Cladel NM, Christensen ND. Immunization of rabbits with cottontail rabbit papillomavirus E1 and E2 genes: protective immunity induced by gene gun-mediated intracutaneous delivery but not by intramuscular injection. Vaccine 2000; 18:2937-44. [PMID: 10825594 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that gene gun-based intracutaneous vaccination of rabbits with a combination of, but not with individual papillomavirus E1, E2, E6 and E7 genes provided complete protection against cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) infection. In the present study, we tested whether vaccination of inbred and outbred rabbits with a combination of CRPV E1 and E2 genes could provide complete protection against virus infection. In the first experiment, gene gun-based intracutaneous vaccination with E1 and E2 genes prevented papilloma formation in the majority of inbred rabbits and promoted systemic papilloma regression in one non-protected rabbit. In contrast, needle-mediated intramuscular injection of E1 and E2 genes did not prevent papilloma formation nor promoted systemic papilloma regression, indicating an absence of strong protective immunity. In the second experiment, six outbred rabbits were immunized by gene gun-based intracutaneous administration of the E1 and E2 genes. Prevention of papilloma formation or systemic papilloma regression was observed in three vaccinated rabbits. Papillomas persisted on the remaining three rabbits, but were significantly smaller than that on control rabbits. These results suggested that gene gun-based intracutaneous vaccination with the combination of papillomavirus E1 and E2 genes induced strong protective antivirus immunity but may be insufficient for complete protection in an outbred population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Han
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
He Z, Wlazlo AP, Kowalczyk DW, Cheng J, Xiang ZQ, Giles-Davis W, Ertl HC. Viral recombinant vaccines to the E6 and E7 antigens of HPV-16. Virology 2000; 270:146-61. [PMID: 10772987 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Most cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix are linked to persistent infections with human papillomaviruses (HPV), most notably HPV-16 or -18. Vaccine-induced immune responses to the HPV early antigens E6 and E7, which contribute to cell transformation and are thus expressed in these cervical cancers, could potentially eradicate malignant cells. We generated recombinant vaccines based on E1-deleted adenovirus human strain 5 or on vaccinia virus strain Copenhagen expressing either the E6 or E7 oncoproteins of HPV-16. The different vaccines were compared in two experimental mouse tumor models employing Balb/c or C57Bl/6 mice. Data presented here demonstrate that depending on the model either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells provide protection to tumor cell challenge, resulting in striking differences in the efficacy of the four vaccines under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z He
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4268, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are species- and tissue-specific double-stranded DNA viruses. These viruses cause epithelial tumours in many animals, including man. Typically, the benign warts undergo spontaneous, immune-mediated regression, most likely effected by T-cells (especially CD4, but also CD8 subsets), whereas humoral immunity can prevent new infections. Some papillomavirus infections fail to regress spontaneously and others progress to malignant epithelial tumours. Additionally, the impact of these lesions is greater in immunosuppressed individuals. Many therapies are ineffective, and there is much interest in the potential for immunological intervention in papillomavirus infections of man and animals. Vaccination can be achieved with 'live' virus, formalin-inactivated virus, synthetic virus-like particles, and DNA vaccination. There has been much recent progress in the development of such vaccines for papillomavirus infections in the rabbit, ox and dog. Success in these animal models suggests that similar approaches may prove useful for prophylactic or therapeutic vaccination against the important human papillomaviruses involved in the development of cutaneous and anogenital warts, laryngeal papillomatosis, and cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P K Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are the viral sexually transmitted diseases most frequently diagnosed that include anogenital condylomas and squamous intra-$bepithelial lesions, among which the precursors of invasive carcinomas of the uterine cervix. In animal PV models, vaccination against L1 and/or L2 viral capsid proteins provides an efficient protection against infection, involving virus type-specific neutralizing antibodies. Vaccination against non-structural E1, E2, E6 or E7 viral proteins does not prevent infection, unless administered altogether, but tends to stimulate regression, warranting the design of therapeutic vaccines. Prophylactic vaccines based on the use of virus-like particles (VLPs) obtained by auto-assembly of L1 or L1 and L2 proteins produced by recombinant DNA technology are under phase I/II clinical trials for HPV6/11 associated with condylomas and for HPV16, the most frequent oncogenic genotype. Second generation vaccines are chimeric proteins or VLPs incorporating one of the structural proteins (L1 or L2) fused to a non-structural protein (E6, E7 or E2), which should induce both humoral and cellular immunity. Vaccine valency (number of genotypes), route of administration (humoral versus local immunity), vaccinees (children, young adults, gender) and forms of vaccines (recombinant $LSalmonella typhimurium*I$L, edible plants expressing L1 and L2 proteins, DNA vaccines, synthetic antigenic peptides) are under study. End points to evaluate vaccine efficacy in phase III trials should include viral DNA detection and typing, and screening for low or high grade intraepithelial lesions. Therapeutic vaccines based on recombinant HPV E6 and/or E7 vaccinia virus, L2-E7 fusion proteins or E7 peptides corresponding to cytotoxic T cell epitopes are currently tested (phase I/II trials) in patients with cervical carcinomas of advanced clinical stages or high grade intraepithelial lesions. Animal studies, phase I/II clinical trials and implementation of the community support that HPV vaccines will constitute an efficient means to prevent carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Breitburd
- Unite@a3 des Papillomavirus, Unite@a3 Mixte Institut Pasteur/INSERM U190, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, 75015, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Han R, Cladel NM, Reed CA, Peng X, Christensen ND. Protection of rabbits from viral challenge by gene gun-based intracutaneous vaccination with a combination of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus E1, E2, E6, and E7 genes. J Virol 1999; 73:7039-43. [PMID: 10400806 PMCID: PMC112793 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.8.7039-7043.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, cottontail rabbit papillomavirus infection of domestic rabbits was used as an animal model to develop papillomavirus early gene-based vaccines. Groups of rabbits were intracutaneously vaccinated with single papillomavirus early genes E1, E2, E6, and E7 or with a combination of these four genes. Only a fraction of rabbits were protected from subsequent viral challenge when vaccinated with the E1 or E6 gene. Viral tumor growth in those rabbits vaccinated with the E1 or E2 gene was suppressed compared to that in controls. In contrast, seven of nine rabbits vaccinated with the combination of the E1, E2, E6, and E7 genes were completely protected against viral challenge. These data indicated that intracutaneous genetic vaccination with the combination of the E1, E2, E6, and E7 genes can be an effective strategy for immunoprophylaxis of papillomavirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Han
- Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Onon TS, Kitchener HC. The use of vaccines in treating cervical cancer: present status and future prospects. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1999; 9:265-278. [PMID: 11240779 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1438.1999.99022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HPV types are carcinogenic agents in cervical cancer. This view is supported by epidemiological and biological evidence. The oncogenic products and capsid proteins of high risk HPV types are potential targets against which effective immunity may be generated by vaccination. Both therapeutic and prophlylactic immunisation are potential strategies to deal with the widespread problem of HPV infection and possibly established cervical neoplasia. Clinical trials are now underway to evaluate candidate vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Onon
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Worldwide, cancer of the cervix is the second leading cause of cancer death in women: each year, an estimated 500,000 cases are newly diagnosed. Among populations, there are large differences in incidence rates of invasive cervical cancer: these reflect the influence of environmental factors, screening Papanicolaou (Pap) tests, and treatment of pre-invasive lesions. The high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes 16, 18, 31, 33, and 51 have been recovered from more than 95% of cervical cancers. We have made great strides in understanding the molecular mechanism of oncogenesis of this virus, focusing on the action of the E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins. These oncoproteins function by inactivating cell cycle regulators p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb), thus providing the initial event in progression to malignancy. Cervical cancers develop from precursor lesions, which are termed squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and are graded as high or low, depending on the degree of disruption of epithelial differentiation. Viral production occurs in low-grade lesions and is restricted to basal cells. In carcinomas, viral DNA is found integrated into the host genome, but no viral production is seen. The well-defined pre-invasive stages, as well as the viral factors involved at the molecular level, make cervical carcinoma a good model for investigating immune therapeutic alternatives or adjuvants to standard treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W M Schoell
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
van Driel WJ, Kenter GG, Fleuren GJ, Melief CJ, Trimbos BJ. Immunotherapeutic strategies for cervical squamous carcinoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1999; 13:259-73. [PMID: 10080080 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(05)70164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Progress in developing preventive and therapeutic vaccines for HPV-associated diseases has been made in the last few years, but continued studies are needed to evaluate the clinical feasibility of different vaccination approaches and to determine a clinically effective and safe one. The perfect HPV vaccine will have both preventive and therapeutic capabilities, and because it is likely to be used world-wide, especially in developing countries, it must also have low production costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J van Driel
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|