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Bharathi JK, Suresh P, Prakash MAS, Muneer S. Exploring recent progress of molecular farming for therapeutic and recombinant molecules in plant systems. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37634. [PMID: 39309966 PMCID: PMC11416299 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
An excellent technique for producing pharmaceuticals called "molecular farming" enables the industrial mass production of useful recombinant proteins in genetically modified organisms. Protein-based pharmaceuticals are rising in significance because of a variety of factors, including their bioreactivity, precision, safety, and efficacy rate. Heterologous expression methods for the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products have been previously employed using yeast, bacteria, and animal cells. However, the high cost of mammalian cell system, and production, the chance for product complexity, and contamination, and the hurdles of scaling up to commercial production are the limitations of these traditional expression methods. Plants have been raised as a hopeful replacement system for the expression of biopharmaceutical products due to their potential benefits, which include low production costs, simplicity in scaling up to commercial manufacturing levels, and a lower threat of mammalian toxin contaminations and virus infections. Since plants are widely utilized as a source of therapeutic chemicals, molecular farming offers a unique way to produce molecular medicines such as recombinant antibodies, enzymes, growth factors, plasma proteins, and vaccines whose molecular basis for use in therapy is well established. Biopharming provides more economical and extensive pharmaceutical drug supplies, including vaccines for contagious diseases and pharmaceutical proteins for the treatment of conditions like heart disease and cancer. To assess its technical viability and the efficacy resulting from the adoption of molecular farming products, the following review explores the various methods and methodologies that are currently employed to create commercially valuable molecules in plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothi Kanmani Bharathi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Preethika Suresh
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil-Nadu, India
- Department of Horticulture and Food Science, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Muthu Arjuna Samy Prakash
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowbiya Muneer
- Department of Horticulture and Food Science, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil-Nadu, India
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Pu J, Chen D, Tian G, He J, Huang Z, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, Luo J, Luo Y, Yan H, Yu B. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Attenuates Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus-Induced Inflammation in IPEC-J2 Cells via Suppressing the RLRs/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:734171. [PMID: 35173714 PMCID: PMC8841732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.734171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection can cause transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), especially in suckling piglets, resulting in a significant economic loss for the global pig industry. The pathogenesis of TGEV infection is closely related to intestinal inflammation. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has anti-inflammatory activity and immunomodulatory properties, but it is unclear whether ATRA can attenuate the inflammatory response induced by TGEV. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of ATRA on TGEV-induced inflammatory injury in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. The results showed that TGEV infection triggered inflammatory response and damaged epithelial barrier integrity in IPEC-J2 cells. However, ATRA attenuated TGEV-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. ATRA also significantly reversed the reduction of ZO-1 and Occludin protein levels induced by TGEV infection and maintained epithelial barrier integrity. Moreover, ATRA treatment significantly prevented the upregulation of IкBα and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation levels and the nuclear translocation of NF-кB p65 induced by TGEV. On the other hand, treatment of TGEV-infected IPEC-J2 cells with the NF-κB inhibitors (BAY11-7082) significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, ATRA treatment significantly downregulated the mRNA abundance and protein levels of TLR3, TLR7, RIG-I and MDA5, and downregulated their downstream signaling molecules TRIF, TRAF6 and MAVS mRNA expressions in TGEV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. However, the knockdown of RIG-I and MDA5 but not TLR3 and TLR7 significantly reduced the NF-κB p65 phosphorylation level and inflammatory cytokines levels in TGEV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. Our results indicated that ATRA attenuated TGEV-induced IPEC-J2 cells damage via suppressing inflammatory response, the mechanism of which is associated with the inhibition of TGEV-mediated activation of the RLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education/Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Monreal-Escalante E, Sández-Robledo C, León-Gallo A, Roupie V, Huygen K, Hori-Oshima S, Arce-Montoya M, Rosales-Mendoza S, Angulo C. Alfalfa Plants (Medicago sativa L.) Expressing the 85B (MAP1609c) Antigen of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Elicit Long-Lasting Immunity in Mice. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:424-436. [PMID: 33649932 PMCID: PMC7920848 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00307-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of Paratuberculosis, a contagious, untreatable, and chronic granulomatous enteritis that results in diarrhea, emaciation, and death in farmed ruminants (i.e., cattle, sheep, and goats). In this study, the Ag85B antigen from MAP was expressed in transgenic alfalfa as an attractive vaccine candidate. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation allowed the rescue of 56 putative transformed plants and transgenesis was confirmed in 19 lines by detection of the Ag85B gene (MAP1609c) by PCR. Line number 20 showed the highest Ag85B expression [840 ng Ag85B per gram of dry weight leaf tissue, 0.062% Total Soluble Protein (TSP)]. Antigenicity of the plant-made Ag85B was evidenced by its reactivity with a panel of sera from naturally MAP-infected animals, whereas immunogenicity was assessed in mice immunized by either oral or subcutaneous routes. The plant-made Ag85B antigen elicited humoral responses by the oral route when co-administered with cholera toxin as adjuvant; significant levels of anti-85B antibodies were induced in serum (IgG) and feces (IgA). Long-lasting immunity was evidenced at day 180 days post-first oral immunization. The obtained alfalfa lines expressing Ag85B constitute the first model of a plant-based vaccine targeting MAP. The initial immunogenicity assessment conducted in this study opens the path for a detailed characterization of the properties of this vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, Mexico
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava Num. 6, Zona Universitaria., San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, 78210, Mexico
| | - Cristhian Sández-Robledo
- Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, Mexico
| | - Amalia León-Gallo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava Num. 6, Zona Universitaria., San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, 78210, Mexico
| | - Virginie Roupie
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Institute, VAR-CODA-CERVA, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Huygen
- Scientific Service Immunology, Scientific Institute of Public Health WIV-ISP (Site Ukkel), 642 Engelandstraat, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sawako Hori-Oshima
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera San Felipe Km. 3.5, Fraccionamiento Laguna Campestre, Mexicali, Baja California, 21387, Mexico
| | - Mario Arce-Montoya
- Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava Num. 6, Zona Universitaria., San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, 78210, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 23096, Mexico.
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Lico C, Santi L, Baschieri S, Noris E, Marusic C, Donini M, Pedrazzini E, Maga G, Franconi R, Di Bonito P, Avesani L. Plant Molecular Farming as a Strategy Against COVID-19 - The Italian Perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:609910. [PMID: 33381140 PMCID: PMC7768017 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has killed more than 37,000 people in Italy and has caused widespread socioeconomic disruption. Urgent measures are needed to contain and control the virus, particularly diagnostic kits for detection and surveillance, therapeutics to reduce mortality among the severely affected, and vaccines to protect the remaining population. Here we discuss the potential role of plant molecular farming in the rapid and scalable supply of protein antigens as reagents and vaccine candidates, antibodies for virus detection and passive immunotherapy, other therapeutic proteins, and virus-like particles as novel vaccine platforms. We calculate the amount of infrastructure and production capacity needed to deal with predictable subsequent waves of COVID-19 in Italy by pooling expertise in plant molecular farming, epidemiology and the Italian health system. We calculate the investment required in molecular farming infrastructure that would enable us to capitalize on this technology, and provide a roadmap for the development of diagnostic reagents and biopharmaceuticals using molecular farming in plants to complement production methods based on the cultivation of microbes and mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lico
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Biotechnologies and Agroindustry Division, Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Santi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Selene Baschieri
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Biotechnologies and Agroindustry Division, Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Noris
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council IPSP-CNR, Turin, Italy
| | - Carla Marusic
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Biotechnologies and Agroindustry Division, Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Donini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Biotechnologies and Agroindustry Division, Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pedrazzini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council IBBA-CNR, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza,”Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosella Franconi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Health Technologies Division, Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Di Bonito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Hepatitis, Oncoviruses and Retroviruses (EVOR) Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Avesani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Shanmugaraj B, I. Bulaon CJ, Phoolcharoen W. Plant Molecular Farming: A Viable Platform for Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Production. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070842. [PMID: 32635427 PMCID: PMC7411908 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The demand for recombinant proteins in terms of quality, quantity, and diversity is increasing steadily, which is attracting global attention for the development of new recombinant protein production technologies and the engineering of conventional established expression systems based on bacteria or mammalian cell cultures. Since the advancements of plant genetic engineering in the 1980s, plants have been used for the production of economically valuable, biologically active non-native proteins or biopharmaceuticals, the concept termed as plant molecular farming (PMF). PMF is considered as a cost-effective technology that has grown and advanced tremendously over the past two decades. The development and improvement of the transient expression system has significantly reduced the protein production timeline and greatly improved the protein yield in plants. The major factors that drive the plant-based platform towards potential competitors for the conventional expression system are cost-effectiveness, scalability, flexibility, versatility, and robustness of the system. Many biopharmaceuticals including recombinant vaccine antigens, monoclonal antibodies, and other commercially viable proteins are produced in plants, some of which are in the pre-clinical and clinical pipeline. In this review, we consider the importance of a plant- based production system for recombinant protein production, and its potential to produce biopharmaceuticals is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Shanmugaraj
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Christine Joy I. Bulaon
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-218-8359; Fax: +66-2-218-8357
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Abstract
Plants and their rich variety of natural compounds are used to maintain and to improve health since the earliest stages of civilization. Despite great advances in synthetic organic chemistry, one fourth of present-day drugs have still a botanical origin, and we are currently living a revival of interest in new pharmaceuticals from plant sources. Modern biotechnology has defined the potential of plants to be systems able to manufacture not only molecules naturally occurring in plants but also newly engineered compounds, from small to complex protein molecules, which may originate even from non-plant sources. Among these compounds, pharmaceuticals such as vaccines, antibodies and other therapeutic or prophylactic entities can be listed. For this technology, the term plant molecular farming has been coined with reference to agricultural applications due to the use of crops as biofactories for the production of high-added value molecules. In this perspective, edible plants have also been thought as a tool to deliver by the oral route recombinant compounds of medical significance for new therapeutic strategies. Despite many hurdles in establishing regulatory paths for this “novel” biotechnology, plants as bioreactors deserve more attention when considering their intrinsic advantages, such as the quality and safety of the recombinant molecules that can be produced and their potential for large-scale and low-cost production, despite worrying issues (e.g. amplification and diffusion of transgenes) that are mainly addressed by regulations, if not already tackled by the plant-made products already commercialized. The huge benefits generated by these valuable products, synthesized through one of the safest, cheapest and most efficient method, speak for themselves. Milestone for plant-based recombinant protein production for human health use was the approval in 2012 by the US Food and Drug Administration of plant-made taliglucerase alfa, a therapeutic enzyme for the treatment of Gaucher’s disease, synthesized in carrot suspension cultures by Protalix BioTherapeutics. In this review, we will go through the various approaches and results for plant-based production of proteins and recent progress in the development of plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs) for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. An analysis on acceptance of these products by public opinion is also tempted.
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Protein-Based Bioproducts. PLANT BIOPRODUCTS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7121387 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8616-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant proteins can be used for the production of a variety of bioproducts, including films and coatings, adhesives, fibres and pharmaceuticals. Proteins derived from plant production systems have many advantages: they are safe, low-cost and rapidly deployable, allow for simple product storage and result in proteins that are properly folded, assembled and post-translationally modified. While plant-derived protein-based products are natural, renewable, biodegradable and environmentally friendly, they tend to be lower in strength and elasticity than their corresponding synthetic products. Current research in this area is focused on overcoming challenges in plant production platforms related to yield, purification, regulatory approval and customer acceptance.
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Krimmling T, Beineke A, Schwegmann-Weßels C. Infection of porcine precision cut intestinal slices by transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus demonstrates the importance of the spike protein for enterotropism of different virus strains. Vet Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28622850 PMCID: PMC7117111 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Porcine precision cut intestinal slices can be used to analyze virus infection. TGEV strains differ in their ability to infect cells of the jejunal epithelium. Enterotropism of TGEV is determined by its spike protein S.
TGEV is a coronavirus that is still widely spread in pig farming. On molecular level this virus has been studied in detail. However, studying TGEV infection within the complexity of the porcine intestinal epithelium reveals difficulties due to limiting infection models. Here we established a new ex vivo model to analyze the enterotropism of TGEV in porcine intestinal tissue. Precision cut intestinal slices (PCIS) were produced and ATP level was measured to proof vitality of the slices. ATP measurements and HE staining revealed living tissue in culture for up to 24 h. PCIS were infected with three different TGEV strains. TGEV PUR 46-MAD is a commonly used TGEV strain that is known to be attenuated. TGEV Miller was passaged in piglets several times to reveal high infection. Finally, TGEV GFP is a recombinant strain that obtained its main body from TGEV PUR 46-MAD, but its spike protein from TGEV PUR-C11 that showed high mortality in piglets in vivo. Our results were in complete consensus of these statements. TGEV Miller mildly and TGEV GFP extensively infected the cells in the jejunum based on the amount of positive stained epithelial cells. However, for TGEV PUR 46-MAD no nucleocapsid protein was detected in the epithelial cells of the tissue. This shows that differences in TGEV strains and their infectious potential are highly dependent on their S protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Krimmling
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christel Schwegmann-Weßels
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Adhikari N, Baidya SK, Saha A, Jha T. Structural Insight Into the Viral 3C-Like Protease Inhibitors: Comparative SAR/QSAR Approaches. VIRAL PROTEASES AND THEIR INHIBITORS 2017. [PMCID: PMC7150231 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809712-0.00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV), is a dreadful infection worldwide having economic and medical importance and a global threat for health. It was turned into an epidemic in South China followed by a chain of infections across three generations. A number of pathogeneses in human may occur due to the virus. This infection has not been taken into account before the SARS outbreak, and still it is a neglected one. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop small molecule antivirals to combat the SARS-CoV. No vaccines are available till date though a number of SARS-CoV 3C-like and 3C protease inhibitors were reported. In this chapter, quantitative structure–activity relationship technique is used for development of anti-SARS and anti-HRV drugs and outcome discussed in details. This approach may be a useful strategy to design novel and potential anti-SARS drugs to combat these dreadful viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tarun Jha
- Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Retinoic acid facilitates inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus induction of CD8(+) T-cell migration to the porcine gut. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24152. [PMID: 27080036 PMCID: PMC4832189 DOI: 10.1038/srep24152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive tract is the entry site for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). TGEV transmission can be prevented if local immunity is established with increased lymphocytes. The current parenteral mode of vaccination stimulates systemic immunity well, but it does not induce sufficient mucosal immunity. Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in the induction of cells that imprint gut-homing molecules. We examined whether RA assist parenteral vaccination of pigs could improve mucosal immunity. We demonstrated that elevated numbers of gut-homing CD8+ T cells (which express α4β7 and CCR9 molecules) were presented in porcine inguinal lymph nodes and were recruited to the small intestine by RA. Intestinal mucosal immunity (IgA titre) and systemic immunity (serum IgG titre) were enhanced by RA. Therefore, we hypothesized that RA could induce DCs to form an immature mucosal phenotype and could recruit them to the small intestinal submucosa. Porcine T-cells expressed β7 integrin and CCR9 receptors and migrated to CCL25 by a mechanism that was dependent of activation by RA-pretreated DCs, rather than direct activation by RA. Together, our results provide powerful evidence that RA can assist whole inactivated TGEV (WI-TGEV) via subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization to generate intestinal immunity, and offer new vaccination strategies against TGEV.
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Lin J, Tu C, Mou C, Chen X, Yang Q. CpG DNA facilitate the inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus in enhancing the local and systemic immune response of pigs via oral administration. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 172:1-8. [PMID: 27032496 PMCID: PMC7112793 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) replicates in the small intestine and induces enteritis and watery diarrhea. Establishment of local immunity in the intestine would thus prevent TGEV transmission. CpG DNA has been reported as a promising mucosal adjuvant in some animals. The effects of oral immunization of CpG DNA together with inactivated TGEV (ITGEV) were investigated in this study. Pigs (6 weeks old) were orally immunized with ITGEV plus CpG DNA. The TGEV-specific IgA level in the intestinal tract and the TGEV-specific IgG level in serum significantly increased following immunization with ITGEV plus CpG DNA (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, populations of IgA-secreting cells, CD3+ T lymphocytes and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), in the intestine increased significantly after immunization with ITGEV plus CpG DNA (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of IL-6, IL-12 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in ligated intestine segments increased significantly after injection with ITGEV plus CpG DNA (P ≤ 0.05). Taken together, these data suggest that oral immunization of ITGEV plus CpG DNA elicits a local immune response. Further studies are required to determine whether this immunity provides protection against TGEV in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chongzhi Tu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Immunogenicity of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) M gene delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium in mice. Virus Genes 2016; 52:218-27. [PMID: 26837896 PMCID: PMC7088643 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) was selected as a transgenic vehicle for the development of live mucosal vaccines against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) based on the M gene. An approximate 1.0 kb DNA fragment, encoding for glycoprotein M, was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pVAX1. The recombinant plasmid pVAX-M was transformed by electroporation into attenuated S. typhimurium SL7207, and the expression and translation of the pVAX-M delivered by recombinant S. typhimurium SL7207 (pVAX-M) was detected both in vitro and in vivo. BALB/c mice were inoculated orally with SL7207 (pVAX-M) at different dosages to evaluate safety of the vaccines. The bacterium was safe to mice at a dosage of 2 × 109 CFU, almost eliminated from the spleen and liver at week 4 post-immunization and eventually cleared at week 6. Mice immunized with 1 × 109 CFU of SL7207 (pVAX-M) elicited specific anti-TGEV local mucosal and humoral responses including levels of IgA, IgG, IL-4, and IFN-γ as measured by indirect ELISA assay. Moreover, the control groups (pVAX group, PBS group) maintained at a normal level during week 4–8 post-immunization. The results indicated that attenuated S. typhimurium could be used as a delivery vector for oral immunization of TGEV M gene vaccine.
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Takeyama N, Kiyono H, Yuki Y. Plant-based vaccines for animals and humans: recent advances in technology and clinical trials. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2015; 3:139-54. [PMID: 26668752 DOI: 10.1177/2051013615613272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been about 30 years since the first plant engineering technology was established. Although the concept of plant-based pharmaceuticals or vaccines motivates us to develop practicable commercial products using plant engineering, there are some difficulties in reaching the final goal: to manufacture an approved product. At present, the only plant-made vaccine approved by the United States Department of Agriculture is a Newcastle disease vaccine for poultry that is produced in suspension-cultured tobacco cells. The progress toward commercialization of plant-based vaccines takes much effort and time, but several candidate vaccines for use in humans and animals are in clinical trials. This review discusses plant engineering technologies and regulations relevant to the development of plant-based vaccines and provides an overview of human and animal vaccines currently under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Takeyama
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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14
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Liang W, He L, Ning P, Lin J, Li H, Lin Z, Kang K, Zhang Y. (+)-Catechin inhibition of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus in swine testicular cells is involved its antioxidation. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:28-33. [PMID: 26679792 PMCID: PMC7111882 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), especially in newborn piglets, which severely threatens the worldwide pig industry. In this study, (+)-catechin was evaluated for its antiviral effect against TGEV in vitro. Viability assays revealed that (+)-catechin treatment exerted a dose-dependent rescue effect in TGEV-infected ST cells, and this result was only obtained with the post-treatment application of (+)-catechin. The viral yields in (+)-catechin-treated cultures were reduced by almost three log10 units. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the TGEV genome revealed that TGEV RNA replication was restricted after (+)-catechin treatment. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection showed that (+)-catechin alleviated ROS conditions induced by TGEV infection. Our results showed that (+)-catechin exerts an inhibitory effect on TGEV proliferation in vitro and is involved its antioxidation. (+)-Catechin has anti-TGEV effect. Anti-TGEV effect was working after TGEV infection. (+)-Catechin could relieve CPE caused by TGEV in ST cells. TGEV proliferation was decreased after (+)-catechin incubation. Antioxidation of (+)-catechin is related to its antiviral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulong Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Lei He
- Animal Disease and Public Security Academician Workstation of Henan Province, The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Security, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China
| | - Pengbo Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jihui Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Helin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhi Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Kai Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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15
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Permyakova NV, Uvarova EA, Deineko EV. State of research in the field of the creation of plant vaccines for veterinary use. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY: A COMPREHENSIVE RUSSIAN JOURNAL ON MODERN PHYTOPHYSIOLOGY 2015; 62:23-38. [PMID: 32214753 PMCID: PMC7089518 DOI: 10.1134/s1021443715010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants as an alternative of costly systems of recombinant immunogenic protein expression are the source for the production of cheap and highly efficient biotherapeuticals of new generation, including plant vaccines. In the present review, possibilities of plant system application for the production of recombinant proteins for veterinary use are considered, the history of the "edible vaccine" concept is briefly summarized, advantages and disadvantages of various plant systems for the expression of recombinant immunogenic proteins are discussed. The list of recombinant plant vaccines for veterinary use, which are at different stages of clinical trials, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Permyakova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Rusian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, pr. Lavrent’eva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - E. A. Uvarova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Rusian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, pr. Lavrent’eva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - E. V. Deineko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Rusian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, pr. Lavrent’eva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
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16
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Mucosal Vaccines from Plant Biotechnology. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [PMCID: PMC7158328 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of plants for production of recombinant proteins has evolved over the past 25 years. The first plant-based vaccines were expressed in stably transgenic plants, with the idea to conveniently deliver “edible vaccines” by ingestion of the antigen-containing plant material. These systems provided a proof of concept that oral delivery of vaccines in crude plant material could stimulate antigen-specific serum and mucosal antibodies. Transgenic grains like rice in particular provide a stable and robust vehicle for antigen delivery. However, some issues exist with stably transgenic plants, including relatively low expression levels and regulatory issues. Thus, many recent studies use transient expression with plant viral vectors to achieve rapid high expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, followed by purification of antigen and intranasal delivery for effective stimulation of mucosal immune responses.
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17
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Thanavala Y, Huang Z, Mason HS. Plant–derived vaccines: a look back at the highlights and a view to the challenges on the road ahead. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 5:249-60. [PMID: 16608424 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The sobering reality is that each year, 33 million children remain unvaccinated for vaccine-preventable diseases. Universal childhood vaccination would have profound effects on leveling the health inequities in many parts of the world. As an alternative to administration of vaccines by needle and syringe, oral vaccines offer significant logistical advantages, as the polio eradication campaign has demonstrated. Over the past decade, the expression of subunit vaccine antigens in plants has emerged as a convenient, safe and potentially economical platform technology, with the potential to provide a novel biotechnological solution to vaccine production and delivery. As this technology has come of age, many improvements have been made on several fronts, as a growing number of research groups worldwide have extensively investigated plants as factories for vaccine production. This review attempts to highlight some of the achievements over the past 15 years, identify some of the potential problems and discuss the promises that this technology could fulfill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Thanavala
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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18
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An Oral Vaccine for TGEV Immunization of Pigs. COMMERCIAL PLANT-PRODUCED RECOMBINANT PROTEIN PRODUCTS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7120389 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43836-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a commercially important pathogen of hog farms and causes contagious, lethal diarrhea in piglets. While orally and parenterally administered vaccines made from inactivated or attenuated TGEV are commercially available, they require individual administration to piglets, which is time and labor intensive, and run the risk of reversion to pathogenicity. Also, parenteral vaccines produce neutralizing serum antibodies which may be less effective against an orally transmitted pathogen, compared to an oral vaccine that would induce the production of mucosal antibodies. There has been an effort to produce subunit vaccines in an edible form in plants for convenient administration through feed. These efforts towards the expression of the S-antigen of TGEV in maize seed, its effectiveness at inducing neutralizing antibody production in the colostrum of gilts, and its efficacy in protecting piglets against challenge by virulent TGEV are summarized here.
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19
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Guan ZJ, Guo B, Huo YL, Guan ZP, Dai JK, Wei YH. Recent advances and safety issues of transgenic plant-derived vaccines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:2817-40. [PMID: 23447052 PMCID: PMC7080054 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plant-derived vaccines comprise a new type of bioreactor that combines plant genetic engineering technology with an organism's immunological response. This combination can be considered as a bioreactor that is produced by introducing foreign genes into plants that elicit special immunogenicity when introduced into animals or human beings. In comparison with traditional vaccines, plant vaccines have some significant advantages, such as low cost, greater safety, and greater effectiveness. In a number of recent studies, antigen-specific proteins have been successfully expressed in various plant tissues and have even been tested in animals and human beings. Therefore, edible vaccines of transgenic plants have a bright future. This review begins with a discussion of the immune mechanism and expression systems for transgenic plant vaccines. Then, current advances in different transgenic plant vaccines will be analyzed, including vaccines against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic parasites. In view of the low expression levels for antigens in plants, high-level expression strategies of foreign protein in transgenic plants are recommended. Finally, the existing safety problems in transgenic plant vaccines were put forward will be discussed along with a number of appropriate solutions that will hopefully lead to future clinical application of edible plant vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-jun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, Shanxi 044000 China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-lin Huo
- Centre of Biological and Chemical Exiperiment, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, Shanxi 044000 China
| | - Zheng-ping Guan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangshu 210095 China
| | - Jia-kun Dai
- Enzyme Engineering Institute of Shaanxi, Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710600 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-hui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
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20
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Gellért Á, Salánki K, Tombácz K, Tuboly T, Balázs E. A cucumber mosaic virus based expression system for the production of porcine circovirus specific vaccines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52688. [PMID: 23285149 PMCID: PMC3527602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid protein epitopes, suitable for expression on the surface of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) particles were determined by a thorough analysis of the predicted PCV capsid protein structure. The ab initio protein structure prediction was carried out with fold recognition and threading methods. The putative PCV epitopes were selected on the basis of PCV virion models and integrated into the plant virus coat protein, after amino acid position 131. The recombinants were tested for infectivity and stability on different Nicotiana species and stable recombinant virus particles were purified. The particles were tested for their ability to bind to PCV induced porcine antibodies and used for specific antibody induction in mice and pigs. The results showed that PCV epitopes expressed on the CMV surface were recognized by the porcine antibodies and they were also able to induce PCV specific antibody response. Challenge experiment with PCV2 carried out in immunized pigs showed partial protection against the infection. Based on these results it was concluded that specific antiviral vaccine production for the given pathogen was feasible, offering an inexpensive way for the mass production of such vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Gellért
- Department of Applied Genomics, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462 Martonvásár, Brunszvik, Hungary
| | - Katalin Salánki
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, H-2100 Gödöllő, Szent-Györgyi Albert, Hungary
| | - Kata Tombácz
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Szent István University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tuboly
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Szent István University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ervin Balázs
- Department of Applied Genomics, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462 Martonvásár, Brunszvik, Hungary
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21
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Chai W, Burwinkel M, Wang Z, Palissa C, Esch B, Twardziok S, Rieger J, Wrede P, Schmidt MFG. Antiviral effects of a probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain against transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. Arch Virol 2012. [PMID: 23188495 PMCID: PMC7086644 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enteropathogenic coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes severe disease in young piglets. We have studied the protective effects of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 (E. faecium), which is approved as a feed additive in the European Union, against TGEV infection. E. faecium was added to swine testicle (ST) cells before, concomitantly with, or after TGEV infection. Viability assays revealed that E. faecium led to a dose-dependent rescue of viability of TGEV-infected cells reaching nearly to complete protection. Virus yields of the E. faecium–treated cultures were reduced by up to three log10 units. Western blot analysis of purified TGEV revealed that the levels of all viral structural proteins were reduced after E. faecium treatment. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed attachment of TGEV particles to the surface of E. faecium which might be a means to trap virus and to prevent infection. Increased production of nitric oxide in the cells treated with E. faecium and elevated expression of interleukin 6 and 8 pointed to stimulated cellular defense as a mechanism to fight TGEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Chai
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Miller T, Fanton M, Nickelson S, Mason H, Webb S. Safety and immunogenicity of bacterial and tobacco plant cell line derived recombinant native and mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin in chickens. Avian Pathol 2012; 41:441-9. [PMID: 22928883 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.709606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The safety and immunogenicity of the mammalian mucosal adjuvants, Escherichia coli wild-type heat-labile holotoxin (LT) and E. coli mutant LT (LTA-K63/LTB), were examined in 1-day-old chicks and 10-day-old to 21-day-old broilers. Biologically active, E. coli recombinant wild-type LT and recombinant LTA-K63/LTB produced in a transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (NT-1) tobacco cell line (SLT102) were tested for safety and antigenicity following various routes of administration. Safety was assessed by clinical signs, body weight gain, gross organ pathology and wet organ weight, and histopathology. Antigenicity was assessed using LT-B-specific serum IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Parenteral administration of E. coli recombinant wild-type LT did not have any discernible effect on bird health and was well tolerated at levels up to 400 µg per dose. Recombinant, SLT102-derived mutant LT derived from SLT102 cells retained in vitro ganglioside binding and was safe and antigenic following repeated mucosal administration to birds. The highest systemic LT-B-specific IgG titres were detected in birds that received three on-feed doses of SLT102-derived mutant LT. Among the various SLT102-derived mutant LT preparations tested, whole, wet cells or whole cell lysates were the most antigenic. These results demonstrate for the first time that E. coli-derived recombinant, wild-type LT holotoxin is well tolerated following multiple administrations to young birds at body weight doses previously reported to be enteropathogenic and toxic in mammalian species. Moreover, these data also demonstrate the feasibility of using recombinant wild-type and mutant LT produced in transgenic NT-1 tobacco cells as safe and potent vaccine adjuvants in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Miller
- Benchmark BioLabs, Inc., Lincoln, NE 68528-1574, USA.
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23
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Loc NH, Thinh LT, Yang MS, Kim TG. Highly expressed cholera toxin B subunit in the fruit of a transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Loza-Rubio E, Rojas-Anaya E. Vaccine production in plant systems--an aid to the control of viral diseases in domestic animals: a review. Acta Vet Hung 2010; 58:511-22. [PMID: 21087920 DOI: 10.1556/avet.58.2010.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plants have been identified as promising expression systems for the commercial production of vaccines because of the possibility of introducing exogenous genes into them, which permits the development of a new generation of biological products called edible vaccines. The advantages of oral vaccines of this new type are that they induce mucosal, humoral, cellular and protective immunity, they are cheaper, easier to store, distribute and administer, they do not require cold chain management, and some species can be stored for long periods of time without any spoilage and may be administered as purified proteins. Owing to these benefits, plant-produced vaccines represent a valuable option for animal health. The aim of this paper is to present a review of plant-produced vaccines against viruses affecting domestic animals. Some aspects of the feasibility of their use and the immune response elicited by such vaccines are also discussed, as the balance between tolerance and immunogenicity is a major concern for the use of plant-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Loza-Rubio
- 1 INIFAP Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Microbiología Animal Carretera México Toluca Km 15.5 Colonia Palo Alto CP 05110 Mexico
| | - Edith Rojas-Anaya
- 1 INIFAP Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Microbiología Animal Carretera México Toluca Km 15.5 Colonia Palo Alto CP 05110 Mexico
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25
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Chia MY, Hsiao SH, Chan HT, Do YY, Huang PL, Chang HW, Tsai YC, Lin CM, Pang VF, Jeng CR. Immunogenicity of recombinant GP5 protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus expressed in tobacco plant. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 135:234-42. [PMID: 20053461 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of the ORF5-encoded major envelop glycoprotein 5 (GP5) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) expressed in tobacco plant as a potential pig oral vaccine in protection against PRRSV infection. Six-week-old PRRSV-free pigs were fed four times orally with 50g of chopped fresh GP5 transgenic tobacco leaves (GP5-T) (GP5 reaching 0.011% of total soluble protein) or wild-type tobacco leaves (W-T) each on days 0, 14, 28, and 42. Samples of serum, saliva, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected on days -1, 6, 13, 20, 27, 34, 41, and 48 after the initial oral vaccination. A similar vaccination-dependent gradual increase in the responses of serum and saliva anti-PRRSV total IgG and IgA, respectively, and in the levels of PRRSV-specific blastogenic response of PBMCs was seen in GP5-T-treated pigs; all statistically significant elevations occurred after the 2nd vaccination and were revealed after 20 days post-initial oral vaccination (DPIOV). Pigs fed on GP5-T also developed serum neutralizing antibodies to PRRSV at a titer of 1:4-1:8 after the 4th vaccination by 48 DPIOV. No detectable anti-PRRSV antibody responses and PRRSV-specific blastogenic response were seen in W-T-treated pigs. The present study has demonstrated that pigs fed on GP5-T could develop specific mucosal as well as systemic humoral and cellular immune responses against PRRSV. The results also support that transgenic plant as GP5-T can be an effective system for oral delivery of recombinant subunit vaccines in pigs.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Base Sequence
- Bioreactors
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/genetics
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/immunology
- Saliva/immunology
- Sus scrofa
- Swine
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Vaccines, Edible/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Edible/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yuan Chia
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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26
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Floss DM, Mockey M, Zanello G, Brosson D, Diogon M, Frutos R, Bruel T, Rodrigues V, Garzon E, Chevaleyre C, Berri M, Salmon H, Conrad U, Dedieu L. Expression and immunogenicity of the mycobacterial Ag85B/ESAT-6 antigens produced in transgenic plants by elastin-like peptide fusion strategy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:274346. [PMID: 20414351 PMCID: PMC2855997 DOI: 10.1155/2010/274346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored a novel system combining plant-based production and the elastin-like peptide (ELP) fusion strategy to produce vaccinal antigens against tuberculosis. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing the mycobacterial antigens Ag85B and ESAT-6 fused to ELP (TBAg-ELP) were generated. Purified TBAg-ELP was obtained by the highly efficient, cost-effective, inverse transition cycling (ICT) method and tested in mice. Furthermore, safety and immunogenicity of the crude tobacco leaf extracts were assessed in piglets. Antibodies recognizing mycobacterial antigens were produced in mice and piglets. A T-cell immune response able to recognize the native mycobacterial antigens was detected in mice. These findings showed that the native Ag85B and ESAT-6 mycobacterial B- and T-cell epitopes were conserved in the plant-expressed TBAg-ELP. This study presents the first results of an efficient plant-expression system, relying on the elastin-like peptide fusion strategy, to produce a safe and immunogenic mycobacterial Ag85B-ESAT-6 fusion protein as a potential vaccine candidate against tuberculosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cattle
- Cell Growth Processes/genetics
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Elastin/genetics
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
- Peptides/genetics
- Plant Leaves/chemistry
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Spleen/cytology
- Swine
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Vaccines, Synthetic/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Manuela Floss
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Galliano Zanello
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, 37380, Nouzilly (Tours), France
| | - Damien Brosson
- Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement” (LMGE), Equipe Interactions Hôtes-Parasites, 24, avenue des landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Marie Diogon
- Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement” (LMGE), Equipe Interactions Hôtes-Parasites, 24, avenue des landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | | | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, 37380, Nouzilly (Tours), France
| | | | | | - Claire Chevaleyre
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, 37380, Nouzilly (Tours), France
| | - Mustapha Berri
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, 37380, Nouzilly (Tours), France
| | - Henri Salmon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, 37380, Nouzilly (Tours), France
| | - Udo Conrad
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Plant-derived biologicals for use in animal health are becoming an increasingly important target for research into alternative, improved methods for disease control. Although there are no commercial products on the market yet, the development and testing of oral, plant-based vaccines is now beyond the proof-of-principle stage. Vaccines, such as those developed for porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus, have the potential to stimulate both mucosal and systemic, as well as, lactogenic immunity as has already been seen in target animal trials. Plants are a promising production system, but they must compete with existing vaccines and protein production platforms. In addition, regulatory hurdles will need to be overcome, and industry and public acceptance of the technology are important in establishing successful products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Hammond
- USDA-ARS, BARC-West, Rm.252, Bldg. 011, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Karg SR, Kallio PT. The production of biopharmaceuticals in plant systems. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:879-894. [PMID: 19647060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals present the fastest growing segment in the pharmaceutical industry, with an ever widening scope of applications. Whole plants as well as contained plant cell culture systems are being explored for their potential as cheap, safe, and scalable production hosts. The first plant-derived biopharmaceuticals have now reached the clinic. Many biopharmaceuticals are glycoproteins; as the Golgi N-glycosylation machinery of plants differs from the mammalian machinery, the N-glycoforms introduced on plant-produced proteins need to be taken into consideration. Potent systems have been developed to change the plant N-glycoforms to a desired or even superior form compared to the native mammalian N-glycoforms. This review describes the current status of biopharmaceutical production in plants for industrial applications. The recent advances and tools which have been utilized to generate glycoengineered plants are also summarized and compared with the relevant mammalian systems whenever applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia R Karg
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Pauli T Kallio
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Yang H, Cao S, Huang X, Liu J, Tang Y, Wen X. Intragastric administration of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium harbouring transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) DNA vaccine induced specific antibody production. Vaccine 2009; 27:5035-40. [PMID: 19573642 PMCID: PMC7126841 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium was selected as a transgenic vehicle for the development of live mucosal vaccines against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). A 2.2kb DNA fragment, encoding for N-terminal domain glycoprotein S of TGEV, was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pVAX1. The recombinant plasmid pVAX-S was transformed by electroporation into attenuated S. typhimurium SL7207, the expression and translation of the pVAX-S delivered by recombinant S. typhimurium SL7207 (pVAX-S) was detected in vitro and in vivo respectively. BALB/c mice were inoculated orally with SL7207 (pVAX-S) at different dosages, the bacterium was safe to mice at dosage of 2x10(9)CFU and eventually eliminated from the spleen and liver at week 4 post-immunization. Mice immunized with different dosages of SL7207 (pVAX-S) elicited specific anti-TGEV local mucosal and humoral responses as measured by indirect ELISA assay. Moreover, the immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine was highly dependent on the dosage of the attenuated bacteria used for oral administration, 10(9)CFU dosage group showed higher antibody response than 10(8)CFU and 10(7)CFU dosages groups during week 4-8 post-immunization. The results indicated that attenuated S. typhimurium could be used as a delivery vector for oral immunization of TGEV DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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Tiwari S, Verma PC, Singh PK, Tuli R. Plants as bioreactors for the production of vaccine antigens. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:449-67. [PMID: 19356740 PMCID: PMC7126855 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants have been identified as promising expression systems for commercial production of vaccine antigens. In phase I clinical trials several plant-derived vaccine antigens have been found to be safe and induce sufficiently high immune response. Thus, transgenic plants, including edible plant parts are suggested as excellent alternatives for the production of vaccines and economic scale-up through cultivation. Improved understanding of plant molecular biology and consequent refinement in the genetic engineering techniques have led to designing approaches for high level expression of vaccine antigens in plants. During the last decade, several efficient plant-based expression systems have been examined and more than 100 recombinant proteins including plant-derived vaccine antigens have been expressed in different plant tissues. Estimates suggest that it may become possible to obtain antigen sufficient for vaccinating millions of individuals from one acre crop by expressing the antigen in seeds of an edible legume, like peanut or soybean. In the near future, a plethora of protein products, developed through ‘naturalized bioreactors’ may reach market. Efforts for further improvements in these technologies need to be directed mainly towards validation and applicability of plant-based standardized mucosal and edible vaccines, regulatory pharmacology, formulations and the development of commercially viable GLP protocols. This article reviews the current status of developments in the area of use of plants for the development of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rakesh Tuli
- Corresponding author. National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001 (U.P.) India. Tel.: +91 522 2205848; fax: +91 522 2205839.
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31
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Kim YS, Kim MY, Kim TG, Yang MS. Expression and Assembly of Cholera Toxin B Subunit (CTB) in Transgenic Carrot (Daucus carota L.). Mol Biotechnol 2008; 41:8-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-008-9086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Enjuanes L, Dediego ML, Alvarez E, Deming D, Sheahan T, Baric R. Vaccines to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-induced disease. Virus Res 2008; 133:45-62. [PMID: 17416434 PMCID: PMC2633062 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An important effort has been performed after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 to diagnose and prevent virus spreading. Several types of vaccines have been developed including inactivated viruses, subunit vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs), DNA vaccines, heterologous expression systems, and vaccines derived from SARS-CoV genome by reverse genetics. This review describes several aspects essential to develop SARS-CoV vaccines, such as the correlates of protection, virus serotypes, vaccination side effects, and bio-safeguards that can be engineered into recombinant vaccine approaches based on the SARS-CoV genome. The production of effective and safe vaccines to prevent SARS has led to the development of promising vaccine candidates, in contrast to the design of vaccines for other coronaviruses, that in general has been less successful. After preclinical trials in animal models, efficacy and safety evaluation of the most promising vaccine candidates described has to be performed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enjuanes
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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33
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Joensuu JJ, Niklander-Teeri V, Brandle JE. Transgenic plants for animal health: plant-made vaccine antigens for animal infectious disease control. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2008; 7:553-577. [PMID: 32214922 PMCID: PMC7089046 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-008-9088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A variety of plant species have been genetically modified to accumulate vaccine antigens for human and animal health and the first vaccine candidates are approaching the market. The regulatory burden for animal vaccines is less than that for human use and this has attracted the attention of researchers and companies, and investment in plant-made vaccines for animal infectious disease control is increasing. The dosage cost of vaccines for animal infectious diseases must be kept to a minimum, especially for non-lethal diseases that diminish animal welfare and growth, so efficient and economic production, storage and delivery are critical for commercialization. It has become clear that transgenic plants are an economic and efficient alternative to fermentation for large-scale production of vaccine antigens. The oral delivery of plant-made vaccines is particularly attractive since the expensive purification step can be avoided further reducing the cost per dose. This review covers the current status of plant-produced vaccines for the prevention of disease in animals and focuses on barriers to the development of such products and methods to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Joensuu
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON Canada N5V 4T3
| | - V. Niklander-Teeri
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. E. Brandle
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON Canada N5V 4T3
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Peng SY, Lv N, Zhang Y, Bi CM, Cao JW, Li ZY, Zhang SQ, He XN. Immune response induced by spike protein from transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus expressed in mouse mammary cells. Virus Res 2007; 128:52-7. [PMID: 17532081 PMCID: PMC7114266 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study is undertaken to investigate the immune response that was induced by the recombinant spike (S) protein from swine-transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) expressed in mouse mammary cells. A mammary-specific expression vector pEBS containing the full-length cDNA of S gene was constructed and expressed in the mouse mammary cells (EMT6). The recombinant S protein from culture supernatant of transgenic EMT6 was harvested and immunized BALB/c mice. The results demonstrated recombinant S protein was expressed at high levels in mammary cells by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection. The antibody titer in BALB/c mice following immunization with recombinant S protein was detectable after the first immunization. Maximum titers of antibody (8.86 ± 0.19 ng/ml of serum) were attained after the second immunization. In conclusion, the recombinant S protein expressed in mammary cells was able to elicit substantial immunological response against TGEV. This lays the basis for using mammary gland bioreactor generating edible vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, NO. 3 TaiCheng Road, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Ning Lv
- Institute of Biotechnology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, NO. 3 TaiCheng Road, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, NO. 3 TaiCheng Road, Yangling 712100, PR China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 29 87080085; fax: +86 29 87080085.
| | - Cong-Ming Bi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, NO. 3 TaiCheng Road, Yangling 712100, PR China
- Department of Veterinary Science, Jinzhou Medical University, 40/3 SongPo Road, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Jun-Wei Cao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, NO. 3 TaiCheng Road, Yangling 712100, PR China
- College of Bioengineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306, Zhao Wu Da Street, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yan Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, NO. 3 TaiCheng Road, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Shi-Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, NO. 3 TaiCheng Road, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ning He
- Institute of Biotechnology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, NO. 3 TaiCheng Road, Yangling 712100, PR China
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Rice J, Ainley WM, Shewen P. Plant-made vaccines: biotechnology and immunology in animal health. Anim Health Res Rev 2007; 6:199-209. [PMID: 16583782 DOI: 10.1079/ahr2005110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe use of plants as production systems for vaccine antigens has been actively investigated over the last 15 years. The original research focused on the value of this expression system for oral delivery based on the hypothesis that plant-expressed antigens would be more stable within the digestive tract and would allow for the use of the oral route of administration to stimulate a mucosal immune response. However, while first conceived for utility via the oral route, plant-made antigens have also been studied as classical immunogens delivered via a needle to model animal systems. Antigens have been expressed in a number of whole plant and cell culture systems. Several alternative expression platforms have been developed to increase expression of antigens or to elicit preferred immunological responses. The biotechnological advances in plant expression and the immunological testing of these antigens will be reviewed in this paper focusing primarily on diseases of livestock and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rice
- Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
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36
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Molecular farming for antigen (vaccine) production in plants. IMPROVEMENT OF CROP PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL END USES 2007. [PMCID: PMC7120765 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5486-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and proteomic approaches to the study of fundamental cell mechanisms are rapidly contributing to broaden our knowledge on metabolic pathways for the optimal exploitation of the cell as a factory. In the last few years this knowledge has led to important advances in the large scale production of diagnostic and therapeutic proteins in heterologous hosts (bacteria, yeasts, mammalian and insect cells or transgenic animals and plants), allowing the comparison of the most efficient methods in terms of costs, product quality and safety.
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37
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Yang ZQ, Liu QQ, Pan ZM, Yu HX, Jiao XA. Expression of the fusion glycoprotein of newcasstle disease virus in transgenic rice and its immunogenicity in mice. Vaccine 2007; 25:591-8. [PMID: 17049688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic plant has become an attractive bioreactor to produce high-value medical peptides and proteins in biomedical research. In present study, two expression cassettes, pUNDVF and pGNDVF containing the fusion protein gene of Newcastle disease virus (NDV F) under the control of maize ubiquitin (Ubi) promoter or rice glutelin (Gt1) promoter, respectively, were constructed, and introduced into rice (Oryzy sativa L.) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A total of 12 independent transgenic rice lines were regenerated, and the result from PCR analysis indicated that the T-DNA region containing the NDV F chimeric gene had been integrated into the genome of transgenic rice plants. ELISA and Western-blot analyses revealed that the NDV F protein could be expressed and accumulated in both leaf and seed tissue of several transgenic rice plants. Moreover, the immunogenicity of expressed proteins was tested in a mouse model and the results showed that specific antibodies were elicited in mice immunized intraperitoneally with crude protein extracts from transgenic rice plants. It implied the potential of using transgenic rice-based expression systems as supplementary bioreactor for NDV engineering subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Quan Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
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38
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Rukavtsova EB, Abramikhina TV, Shulga NY, Bykov VA, Bur’yanov YI. Tissue specific expression of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in transgenic plant cells and tissue culture. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY: A COMPREHENSIVE RUSSIAN JOURNAL ON MODERN PHYTOPHYSIOLOGY 2007; 54:770-775. [PMID: 32214751 PMCID: PMC7089057 DOI: 10.1134/s1021443707060088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) carrying the HBsAg gene controlled by (Aocs)3AmasPmas, the hybrid promoter that includes regulatory elements of the agrobacterial octopine and mannopine synthase genes, as well as plants controlled by the same promoter and adh1, maize alcohol dehydrogenase gene intron were obtained. The presence of the adh1 gene intron did not significantly change the level of expression of the HBsAg gene in plants. The analysis of expression of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBs-antigen) in transformed plants expressing the HBsAg under the control of different promoters was made. The level of HBs-antigen in plants carrying the HBsAg gene controlled by (Aocs)3AmasPmas, the hybrid agrobacterium-derived promoter, was the highest in roots and made up to 0.01% of total amount of soluble protein. The level of HBs-antigen in plants carrying the HBsAg gene controlled by the dual 35S RNA cauliflower mosaic virus promoter was the same in all organs of the plant and made up to 0.06% of the total amount of soluble protein. Hairy root and callus cultures of plants carrying the HBsAg gene and expressing the HBs-antigen were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. B. Rukavtsova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Nauki 6, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, 142290 Russia
| | - T. V. Abramikhina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Nauki 6, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, 142290 Russia
| | - N. Ya. Shulga
- All-Russian Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, ul. Grina 7, Moscow, 113628 Russia
| | - V. A. Bykov
- All-Russian Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, ul. Grina 7, Moscow, 113628 Russia
| | - Ya. I. Bur’yanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Nauki 6, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, 142290 Russia
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39
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Companjen AR, Florack DEA, Slootweg T, Borst JW, Rombout JHWM. Improved uptake of plant-derived LTB-linked proteins in carp gut and induction of specific humoral immune responses upon infeed delivery. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 21:251-60. [PMID: 16464614 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral vaccination of fish is an effortless and stress free immunisation method which can be used for almost any age. However, vaccination via the mucosal route does have disadvantages. For example, the vaccine may induce tolerance and has to be protected to escape digestion. Also the vaccine should be efficiently delivered to immune-competent cells in the gut or other lymphoid organs. In addition, it should be cost effective. Here we present a novel fish vaccination model using potato tubers as vaccine production and delivery system. The model vaccines discussed here include fusion proteins consisting of a gut adhesion molecule (LTB) and a viral peptide or green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed in potato tubers. The adhesion molecule mediates binding to and uptake from the gut, whereas the viral peptide or GFP functions as model vaccine antigen provoking the induction of an immune response. We demonstrate that fusion to LTB facilitates an elevated uptake of the model vaccines in carp gut mucosa. The plant-derived fusion proteins also elicit a specific systemic humoral immune response upon oral application of crude tuber material incorporated into a standard dietary feed pellet. The data presented here show the promising potentials of the plant as a production system for oral vaccines in aquaculture and feed mediated immunisation of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Companjen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, PO Box 338, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Yin J, Li G, Ren X, Herrler G. Select what you need: a comparative evaluation of the advantages and limitations of frequently used expression systems for foreign genes. J Biotechnol 2006; 127:335-47. [PMID: 16959350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression of heterologous proteins in microorganisms using genetic recombination is still the high point in the development and exploitation of modern biotechnology. People can produce bioactive proteins from relatively cheap culture medium instead of expensive extraction. Host cell systems for the expression of heterologous genes are generally prokaryotic or eukaryotic systems, both of which have inherent advantages and drawbacks. An optimal expression system can be selected only if the productivity, bioactivity, purpose, and physicochemical characteristics of the interest protein are taken into consideration, together with the cost, convenience and safety of the system itself. Here, we concisely review the most frequently used prokaryotic, yeast, insect and mammalian expression systems, as well as expression in eukaryote individuals. The merits and demerits of these systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechao Yin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, 150030 Harbin, China
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41
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Yin J, Ren X, Tian Z, Li Y. Assembly of pseudorabies virus genome-based transfer vehicle carrying major antigen sites of S gene of transmissible gastroenteritis virus: potential perspective for developing live vector vaccines. Biologicals 2006; 35:55-61. [PMID: 16731004 PMCID: PMC7128284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two severe porcine infectious diseases, pseudorabies (PR) and transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) respectively often result in serious economic loss in animal husbandry worldwide. Vaccination is the important prevention means against both infections. To achieve a PRV genome-based virus live vector, aiming at further TGEV/PRV bivalent vaccine development, a recombinant plasmid pUG was constructed via inserting partial PK and full-length gG genes of PRV strain Bartha K-61 amplified into pUC119 vector. In parallel, another recombinant pHS was generated by introducing a fragment designated S1 encoding the major antigen sites of S gene from TGEV strain TH-98 into a prokaryotic expression vector pPROEX HTc. The SV40 polyA sequence was then inserted into the downstream of S1 fragment of pHS. The continuous region containing S1fragment, SV40 polyA and four single restriction enzyme sites digested from pHS was subcloned into the downstream of gG promoter of pUG. In addition, a LacZ reporter gene was introduced into the universal transfer vector named pUGS-LacZ. Subsequently, a PRV genome-based virus live vector was generated via homologous recombination. The functionally effective vector was purified and partially characterized. Moreover, the potential advantages of this system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechao Yin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, 150030 Harbin, PR China
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42
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Twyman RM, Schillberg S, Fischer R. Transgenic plants in the biopharmaceutical market. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2006; 10:185-218. [PMID: 15757412 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.10.1.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many of our 'small-molecule-drugs' are natural products from plants, or are synthetic compounds based on molecules found naturally in plants. However, the vast majority of the protein therapeutics (or biopharmaceuticals) we use are from animal or human sources, and are produced commercially in microbial or mammalian bioreactor systems. Over the last few years, it has become clear that plants have great potential for the production of human proteins and other protein-based therapeutic entities. Plants offer the prospect of inexpensive biopharmaceutical production without sacrificing product quality or safety, and following the success of several plant-derived technical proteins, the first therapeutic products are now approaching the market. In this review, the different plant-based production systems are discussed and the merits of transgenic plants are evaluated compared with other platforms. A detailed discussion is provided of the development issues that remain to be addressed before plants become an acceptable mainstream production technology. The many different proteins that have already been produced using plants are described, and a sketch of the current market and the activities of the key players is provided. Despite the currently unclear regulatory framework and general industry inertia, the benefits of plant-derived pharmaceuticals are now bringing the prospect of inexpensive veterinary and human medicines closer than ever before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Twyman
- University of York, Department of Biology, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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43
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Huang LK, Liao SC, Chang CC, Liu HJ. Expression of avian reovirus sigmaC protein in transgenic plants. J Virol Methods 2006; 134:217-22. [PMID: 16488486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) structural protein, sigmaC encoded by S1 genome segment, is the prime candidate to become a vaccine against ARV infection. Two plant nuclear expression vectors with expression of sigmaC-encoding gene driven by CaMV 35S promoter and rice actin promoter were constructed, respectively. Agrobacterium containing the S1 expression constructs were used to transform alfalfa, and transformants were selected using hygromysin. The integration of S1 transgene in alfalfa chromosome was confirmed by PCR and histochemical GUS staining. Western blot analysis using antiserum against sigmaC was carried out to determine the expression of sigmaC protein in transgenic alfalfa cells. The highest expression levels of sigmaC protein in the cellular extracts of selected p35S-S1 and pAct1-S1 transgenic alfalfa lines were 0.008% and 0.007% of the total soluble protein, respectively. The transgenic alfalfa cells with expression of sigmaC protein pave the way for the development of edible vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Kai Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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44
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Ashraf S, Singh P, Yadav DK, Shahnawaz M, Mishra S, Sawant SV, Tuli R. High level expression of surface glycoprotein of rabies virus in tobacco leaves and its immunoprotective activity in mice. J Biotechnol 2005; 119:1-14. [PMID: 16038998 PMCID: PMC7114349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic gene coding for the surface glycoprotein (G protein) of rabies virus was strategically designed to achieve high-level expression in transgenic plants. The native signal peptide was replaced by that of the pathogenesis related protein, PR-S of Nicotiana tabacum. An endoplasmic reticulum retention signal was included at C-terminus of the G protein. Tobacco plants were genetically engineered by nuclear transformation. Selected transgenic lines expressed the chimeric G protein at 0.38% of the total soluble leaf protein. Mice immunized intraperitoneally with the G protein purified from tobacco leaf microsomal fraction elicited high level of immune response as compared to the inactivated commercial viral vaccine. The plant-derived G protein induced complete protective immunity in mice against intracerebral lethal challenge with live rabies virus. The results establish that plants can provide a safe and effective production system for the expression of immunoprotective rabies virus surface protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadma Ashraf
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - P.K. Singh
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Dinesh K. Yadav
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Md. Shahnawaz
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Satish Mishra
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Samir V. Sawant
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rakesh Tuli
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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Piller KJ, Clemente TE, Jun SM, Petty CC, Sato S, Pascual DW, Bost KL. Expression and immunogenicity of an Escherichia coli K99 fimbriae subunit antigen in soybean. PLANTA 2005; 222:6-18. [PMID: 15609046 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) cause acute diarrhea in humans and farm animals, and can be fatal if the host is left untreated. As a potential alternative to traditional needle vaccination of cattle, we investigated the feasibility of expressing the major K99 fimbrial subunit, FanC, in soybean (Glycine max) for use as an edible subunit vaccine. As a first step in this developmental process, a synthetic version of fanC was optimized for expression in the cytosol and transferred to soybean via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Western analysis of T(0) events revealed the presence of a peptide with the expected mobility for FanC in transgenic protein extracts, and immunofluorescense confirmed localization to the cytosol. Two T(0) lines, which accumulated FanC to levels near 0.5% of total soluble protein, were chosen for further molecular characterization in the T(1) and T(2) generations. Mice immunized intraperitoneally with protein extract derived from transgenic leaves expressing synthetic FanC developed significant antibody titers against bacterially derived FanC and produced antigen-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes, demonstrating the ability of transgenic FanC to function as an immunogen. These experiments are the first to demonstrate the expression and immunogenicity of a model subunit antigen in the soybean system, and mark the first steps toward the development of a K99 edible vaccine to protect against ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Piller
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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Pogrebnyak N, Golovkin M, Andrianov V, Spitsin S, Smirnov Y, Egolf R, Koprowski H. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) S protein production in plants: development of recombinant vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:9062-7. [PMID: 15956182 PMCID: PMC1157057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503760102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of a recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), there is a high demand for production of a vaccine to prevent this disease. Recent studies indicate that SARS-coronavirus (CoV) spike protein (S protein) and its truncated fragments are considered the best candidates for generation of the recombinant vaccine. Toward the development of a safe, effective, and inexpensive vaccine candidate, we have expressed the N-terminal fragment of SARS-CoV S protein (S1) in tomato and low-nicotine tobacco plants. Incorporation of the S1 fragment into plant genomes as well as its transcription was confirmed by PCR and RT-PCR analyses. High levels of expression of recombinant S1 protein were observed in several transgenic lines by Western blot analysis using specific antibodies. Plant-derived antigen was evaluated to induce the systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice. Mice showed significantly increased levels of SARS-CoV-specific IgA after oral ingestion of tomato fruits expressing S1 protein. Sera of mice parenterally primed with tobacco-derived S1 protein revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-specific IgG as detected by Western blot and ELISA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pogrebnyak
- Biotechnology Foundation Laboratories, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA
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Abstract
Transgenic plant-derived vaccines offer a new strategy for the development of safe, inexpensive vaccines against diarrhoeal diseases. In animal and Phase I clinical studies, these vaccines have been safe and immunogenic without the need for a buffer or vehicle other than the plant cell. This review examines some early attempts to develop oral transgenic plant vaccines against enteric infections such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection, cholera and norovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol O Tacket
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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Mason HS, Chikwamba R, Santi L, Mahoney RT, Arntzen CJ. Transgenic Plants for Mucosal Vaccines. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [PMCID: PMC7150293 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Kang TJ, Kang KH, Kim JA, Kwon TH, Jang YS, Yang MS. High-level expression of the neutralizing epitope of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by a tobacco mosaic virus-based vector. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 38:129-35. [PMID: 15477091 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute enteritis in pigs of all ages and is often fatal for neonates. A tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based vector was utilized for the expression of a core neutralizing epitope of PEDV (COE) for the development of a plant-based vaccine. In this study, the coding sequence of a COE gene was optimized based on the modification of codon usage in tobacco plant genes and the removal of mRNA-destabilizing sequences. The native and synthetic COE genes were cloned into TMV-based vectors and expressed in tobacco plants. The recombinant COE protein constituted up to 5.0% of the total soluble protein in the leaves of tobacco plants infected with the TMV-based vector containing synthetic COE gene, which was approximately 30-fold higher than that in tobacco plants infected with TMV-based vector containing a native COE gene. Therefore, this result indicates that the plant viral expression system with a synthetic gene optimized for plant expression is suitable to produce a large amount of antigen for the development of plant-based vaccine rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Kang
- Institute of Basic Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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