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Arango-Londoño MM, López-Osorio S, Rojas-Bermudéz F, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ. The Frequency of Porcine Cysticercosis and Factors Associated with Taenia solium Infection in the Municipality of Tuchín-Córdoba, Colombia. Pathogens 2024; 13:311. [PMID: 38668266 PMCID: PMC11054264 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Taeniasis and cysticercosis are parasitic infections that affect humans and pigs. Their global distribution constitutes a serious public health issue with significant implications for pork production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of porcine cysticercosis in backyard swine from 42 indigenous communities throughout Tuchín-Córdoba, Colombia. Between December 2020 and March 2021, free-range pigs (n = 442) were assessed using the ELISA cysticercosis Ag test; 85 pigs were examined through sublingual visual evaluation, and 4 slaughtered pig carcasses were subjected to standard operation inspection. The collected cysticercus underwent histological and PCR analysis. Furthermore, 192 surveys of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) were used to identify the factors that facilitate infection transmission. Serological investigation revealed that 9.7% (46/472) of the animals were positive for cysticerci Ag. Sublingual inspection identified cysticercus in 28.7% (25/87) of the animals, while PCR analysis indicated that cysticercus corresponded to the T. solium American/African genotype. The factors associated with T. solium infection in the pigs in the surveyed areas numbered 14. The majority are associated with factors that promote the active persistence of Taenia solium's life cycle in an area, such as lack of environmental sanitation, a lack of coverage or care for drinking water and wastewater treatment services, and no solid waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita M. Arango-Londoño
- CIBAV Research Group, Veterinary Medicine School, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (M.M.A.-L.); (S.L.-O.)
| | - Sara López-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group, Veterinary Medicine School, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (M.M.A.-L.); (S.L.-O.)
| | | | - Jenny J. Chaparro-Gutiérrez
- CIBAV Research Group, Veterinary Medicine School, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (M.M.A.-L.); (S.L.-O.)
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Kabululu ML, Johansen MV, Lightowlers M, Trevisan C, Braae UC, Ngowi HA. Aggregation of Taenia solium cysticerci in pigs: Implications for transmission and control. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2023; 22:e00307. [PMID: 37261135 PMCID: PMC10227459 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite aggregation within hosts is a fundamental feature of parasite distributions, whereby the majority of parasites are harboured by a minority of hosts. Parasite aggregation can influence their transmission and hence control. In this narrative review, possible sources of aggregation of Taenia solium cysticerci in pigs are discussed, along with implications for control of the parasite. While heavy T. solium infections in pigs could most likely be associated with ingestion of high doses of infective parasite eggs, consistent with coprophagic behaviour of pigs, lighter infections indicate a role of indirect routes of transmission to pigs, mostly from lower infection doses. Light infections are likely to be missed by commonly used diagnostic methods - tongue examination or meat inspection - and end up in the food chain. Hence, they entail a 'hidden' risk and are of a particular public health concern, especially in areas where meat is consumed raw or undercooked. To be effective and sustainable, control strategies against T. solium likely require a broader understanding of, and consideration for parasite transmission dynamics. More importantly, a holistic One Health approach incorporating interventions on humans, pigs and the environment will likely have a larger, more successful and sustainable impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marshall Lightowlers
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Uffe C. Braae
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Helena A. Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Mananjara DEA, Rakotoarinoro M, Rakotoarison VC, Raliniaina M, Razafindraibe NP, Ravonirina C, Randriamparany T, Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Cardinale E, Lightowlers MW, Donadeu M, Mwape KE. Confirmation by necropsy of a high prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in a rural district of Madagascar. Parasitology 2023; 150:852-857. [PMID: 37496390 PMCID: PMC10478050 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is recognized as an important health issue in the Malagasy population. To date, investigations into prevalence of infection with the causative agent, Taenia solium, in the parasite's natural animal intermediate hosts, have relied on serological methods which have been found to be non-specific. We determined the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis among pigs from a contiguous area of the Betafo and Mandoto administrative districts, Vakinankaratra Region, Madagascar. One hundred and four slaughter-weight pigs were examined by detailed necropsy examination including slicing of the heart, tongue, masseter muscles, diaphragm and carcase musculature. Thirty-seven animals (35.6%) were found infected with T. solium, representing one of the highest rates of infection ever reported, worldwide. These findings highlight the importance of T. solium in Madagascar and support the need for increased efforts to prevent the parasite's transmission to reduce its burden on the health of the Malagasy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Edithe Andria Mananjara
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Mihajamanana Rakotoarinoro
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Valisoa C. Rakotoarison
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Modestine Raliniaina
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | | | - Claudia Ravonirina
- Regional Directorate of Agriculture and Livestock Vakinankaratra, Madagascar
| | - Tantely Randriamparany
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Anosimasina Itaosy, Antananarivo 102, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | - Marshall W. Lightowlers
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Meritxell Donadeu
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
- Initiative for Neglected Animal Diseases (INAND), Constantia Park, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kabemba E. Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
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Mulilo MA, Mwape KE, M’kandawire E, Mkupasi EM. Quantitative risk assessment for human Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis exposure through consumption of pork in Mpwapwa District of Dodoma Region, Tanzania. Vet World 2023; 16:895-911. [PMID: 37576769 PMCID: PMC10420725 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.895-911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Pig farming is a livelihood activity undertaken by many rural communities in Tanzania. However, pigs in rural communities become infected with Taenia solium, a zoonotic parasite leading to porcine cysticercosis (PCC). Thus, routine meat inspection is fundamental in ensuring that the meat consumed is PCC-free. However, routine meat inspection is constrained by low sensitivity as a diagnostic test. Regardless of its low sensitivity, at the local level, no substitute tool would potentially lead to meat being risk-free for human infection. This study aimed at quantifying the risk of humans getting exposed to T. solium taeniasis through the consumption of pork approved safe for human consumption by employing a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) model. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study employing a quantitative risk assessment technique was conducted to quantify the risk of human infection in Mpwapwa District through exposure to T. solium infection through consumption of officially inspected pork. The input parameters in this study were simulated in @risk software to obtain the risk of exposure and the risk factors for exposure to T. solium taeniasis. Results The risk of one getting exposed to T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis (TSTC) through consumption of pork approved for human consumption was found to be 0.018 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.00-0.0250). Likewise, the probability that a cyst is localized in a pork portion was found to be the most influencing input risk factor of getting exposed to TSTC. Furthermore, the probability of developing T. solium taeniasis was estimated to be 0.73605 (95% CI = 0-0.950) when infected undercooked pork portion is consumed and 0.99652 (95% CI = 0.98161-0.99908) from consuming raw pork portion. Likewise, about 47 (95% CI = 42-52) people who consumed undercooked pork and 26 (95% CI = 22-30) who consumed raw pork would get infected in Mpwapwa District per year. Conclusion The results from this study are anticipated to create public awareness of the problem and promote the use of one-health approach in the control and prevention of the consumption of infected pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misheck A. Mulilo
- Livestock Training Agency, Department of Training, Research and Consultancy, Mpwapwa, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Kabemba E. Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ethel M’kandawire
- Department of Disease Control, The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ernatus M. Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Pizzitutti F, Bonnet G, Gonzales-Gustavson E, Gabriël S, Pan WK, Pray IW, Gonzalez AE, Garcia HH, O’Neal SE. Non-local validated parametrization of an agent-based model of local-scale Taenia solium transmission in North-West Peru. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275247. [PMID: 36166462 PMCID: PMC9514638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, is the cause of a preventable zoonotic disease, cysticercosis, affecting both pigs and humans. Continued endemic transmission of T. solium is a major contributor of epilepsy and other neurologic morbidity, and the source of important economic losses, in many rural areas of developing countries. Simulation modelling can play an important role in aiding the design and evaluation of strategies to control or even eliminate transmission of the parasite. In this paper, we present a new agent based model of local-scale T. solium transmission and a new, non-local, approach to the model calibration to fit model outputs to observed human taeniasis and pig cysticercosis prevalence simultaneously for several endemic villages. The model fully describes all relevant aspects of T. solium transmission, including the processes of pig and human infection, the spatial distribution of human and pig populations, the production of pork for human consumption, and the movement of humans and pigs in and out in several endemic villages of the northwest of Peru. Despite the high level of uncertainty associated with the empirical measurements of epidemiological data associated with T. solium, the non-local calibrated model parametrization reproduces the observed prevalences with an acceptable precision. It does so not only for the villages used to calibrate the model, but also for villages not included in the calibration process. This important finding demonstrates that the model, including its calibrated parametrization, can be successfully transferred within an endemic region. This will enable future studies to inform the design and optimization of T. solium control interventions in villages where the calibration may be prevented by the limited amount of empirical data, expanding the possible applications to a wider range of settings compared to previous models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabrielle Bonnet
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases (CMMID), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eloy Gonzales-Gustavson
- Tropical and Highlands Veterinary Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - William K. Pan
- Nicholas School of Environment Durham, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Ian W. Pray
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Armando E. Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima Peru
- Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima, Peru
| | - Seth E. O’Neal
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima Peru
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Idro R, Ogwang R, Barragan A, Raimondo JV, Masocha W. Neuroimmunology of Common Parasitic Infections in Africa. Front Immunol 2022; 13:791488. [PMID: 35222377 PMCID: PMC8866860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.791488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections of the central nervous system are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa. The neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric sequelae of these infections result from a complex interplay between the parasites and the host inflammatory response. Here we review some of the diseases caused by selected parasitic organisms known to infect the nervous system including Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei spp., and Taenia solium species. For each parasite, we describe the geographical distribution, prevalence, life cycle, and typical clinical symptoms of infection and pathogenesis. We pay particular attention to how the parasites infect the brain and the interaction between each organism and the host immune system. We describe how an understanding of these processes may guide optimal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders. Finally, we highlight current gaps in our understanding of disease pathophysiology and call for increased interrogation of these often-neglected disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Idro
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre of Tropical Neuroscience, Kitgum, Uganda.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Ogwang
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre of Tropical Neuroscience, Kitgum, Uganda.,Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph Valentino Raimondo
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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Gulelat Y, Eguale T, Kebede N, Aleme H, Fèvre EM, Cook EAJ. Epidemiology of Porcine Cysticercosis in Eastern and Southern Africa: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:836177. [PMID: 35372187 PMCID: PMC8966092 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.836177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium cysticercosis is the most common cause of acquired epilepsy in pig-raising and pork-consuming parts of Africa, Latin America, and Asia. This review aimed to systematically compile and synthesize data on the epidemiology of porcine cysticercosis in the Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) region. Comprehensive searching strategies were employed to retrieve the studies published or reported between January 1,1997 and March 1, 2021, from Pub Med, Hinari, and Google Scholar databases and search platforms. The identified studies that met the inclusion criteria were then appraised for methodological quality. Finally, 44 studies obtained from nine countries were selected and included in this review. Relevant data were extracted using standardized templates for qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence estimate of porcine cysticercosis in the ESA region was 17% (95% CI: 14-20%). The prevalence level between and within countries showed high variability. The pooled estimate showed high heterogeneity among the reports (the inverse variance index value (I2) of 98.99%, p < 0.05). The meta-analysis sub-grouped by the type of diagnostic test showed the pooled prevalence estimate of 27% (95% CI: 9-50) by carcass dissection; 23% (95% CI: 14-33) by Antibody-based immunodiagnostic techniques; 23% (95% CI: 18-29) by antigen detecting (Ag)-ELISA, 12% (95% CI: 7-18) by meat inspection, and 9% (95% CI: 7-11) by lingual examination. The meta-analysis sub-grouped by region showed a relatively higher pooled prevalence estimate for the Southern region 22% (95% CI: 15-30) compared to 13% (95% CI: 11-15) in the Eastern region. The highest country-based pooled prevalence was obtained from South Africa (33%, 95% CI: 20-48) and Zambia (22%, 95% CI: 16-29), whereas the lowest pooled prevalence was identified in Madagascar (5%, 95% CI: 4-5) and Rwanda (7%, 95% CI: 6-8). The lack of latrine, traditional pig husbandry practices, unprotected water sources, and increase in age were identified as significant risk factors for the occurrence of porcine cysticercosis in the pooled studies. The findings of this review will provide context-specific input to prioritize the possible intervention programs for T. solium control in the ESA region. More sensitive and specific test-based prevalence estimates, detailed risk factor investigations, and financial losses analysis are needed to establish feasible control strategies. Systematic Review Registration http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42021238931.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewubdar Gulelat
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hailelule Aleme
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. J. Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Validating efficacy of Sericocomopsis hildebrandtii, Carissa edulis, and Ximenia americana in treating Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs: A randomized controlled trial. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/exp.2021.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Ethnoveterinary use of plants dates back to ancient times. This study aimed to validate purported efficacy of Sericocomopsis hildebrandtii and a concoction of Carissa edulis and Ximenia americana in treating Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs. Twenty-four infected pigs were randomly allocated to T1, T2, and T0 groups, each with eight pigs. Each T1 pig was provided with 8 g of S. hildebrandtii root powder, whereas each T2 pig was given 8 g of the concoction. T0 was a control. The pigs were slaughtered 16 weeks post treatment and carcase dissections were performed to establish cyst numbers. T1 cyst numbers were significantly lower than those of T0 (p = .004) and T2 (p = .013). No difference was observed between T2 and T0. This study validated efficacy of S. hildebrandtii but not of X. americana and C. edulis. Further studies are necessary for validation and documentation of plants of ethnoveterinary importance.
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Kabululu ML, Johansen MV, Mlangwa JED, Mkupasi EM, Braae UC, Trevisan C, Colston A, Cordel C, Lightowlers MW, Ngowi HA. Performance of Ag-ELISA in the diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis in naturally infected pigs in Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:534. [PMID: 33109255 PMCID: PMC7590492 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium is a zoonotic parasite responsible for neurocysticercosis—a major cause of late-onset acquired epilepsy in humans. Lack of affordable, specific and sensitive diagnostic tools hampers control of the parasite. This study assessed the performance of an antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA) in the diagnosis of viable T. solium cysticercosis in naturally infected slaughter-age pigs in an endemic area in Tanzania. Methods A total of 350 pigs were bled before they were slaughtered and their carcases examined. Serum was analyzed for circulating antigens by using a monoclonal antibody-based B158/B60 Ag-ELISA. Each carcase was examined for the presence of Taenia hydatigena cysticerci and half carcase musculature together with the whole brain, head muscles, tongue, heart and diaphragm were sliced with fine cuts (< 0.5 cm) to reveal and enumerate T. solium cysticerci. Half carcase dissection can detect at least 84% of infected pigs. Prevalence and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated in Stata 12. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios were determined. Results Twenty–nine pigs (8.3%, 95% CI: 5.6–11.7%) had viable T. solium cysticerci while 11 pigs had T. hydatigena cysticerci (3.1%, 95% CI: 1.6–5.5%). No co-infection was observed. Sixty-eight pigs (19.4%, 95% CI: 15.4–20%) tested positive on Ag-ELISA; of these, 24 had T. solium cysticerci and 7 had T. hydatigena cysticerci. Sensitivity and specificity were determined to be 82.7% and 86.3%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 35.2% and 98.2%, respectively. Likelihood ratios for positive and negative Ag-ELISA test results were 6.0 and 0.2, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the titre of circulating antigens and intensity of T. solium cysticerci (r(348) = 0.63, P < 0.001). Conclusions The Ag-ELISA test characteristics reported in this study indicate that the test is more reliable in ruling out T. solium cysticercosis in pigs, than in confirming it. Hence, a negative result will almost certainly indicate that a pig has no infection, but a positive result should always be interpreted with caution. Estimates of T. solium prevalence based on Ag-ELISA results should, therefore, be adjusted for test performance characteristics and occurrence of T. hydatigena.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria V Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - James E D Mlangwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ernatus M Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Uffe C Braae
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angela Colston
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claudia Cordel
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Marshall W Lightowlers
- UVet, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Helena A Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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10
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Kabululu ML, Ngowi HA, Mlangwa JED, Mkupasi EM, Braae UC, Trevisan C, Colston A, Cordel C, Johansen MV. Endemicity of Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs from Mbeya Rural and Mbozi districts, Tanzania. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:325. [PMID: 32883326 PMCID: PMC7470673 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is a disease of substantial economic and public health importance particularly in low-income countries. The disease was reported to be endemic in Mbeya Rural and Mbozi districts, in the southern highlands of Tanzania, the major pig production area in the country. In 2008, using B158/B60 antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA), porcine cysticercosis prevalence of up to 32% was reported in the districts. A number of interventions have been implemented in selected villages including an integrated approach consisting of improving pig confinement and selective treatment of pigs with oxfendazole. Mass drug administration with praziquantel targeting schistosomiasis, with an expected effect on T. solium, was also provided to school-age children in the area. This study aimed at providing an update on prevalence and intensities of porcine cysticercosis; and assessing farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices which could be associated to disease transmission in the area. The study involved a questionnaire survey conducted using face-to-face household interviews with 890 consenting farmers; and carcass dissections performed on 282 pigs randomly selected from the surveyed households. RESULTS Twenty-six pigs (9.2%) were infected with T. solium; of which two-thirds (65.4%) had light to moderate infection intensities (1-1000 cysticerci), and one-third (34.6%) had heavy intensities (> 1000 cysticerci). Questionnaire results showed that only 5.7% of the respondents perceived T. solium cysticercosis to be an important disease in pigs. About 18.5% of the respondents were aware of T. solium taeniasis, but 32% of them were unaware of how the infection is acquired. Half of the respondents had seen cysticerci in pork, of whom 61% were not aware that consumption of infected pork could cause taeniasis. Latrines were observed to often (90%) lack doors with 45% considered accessible to pigs. CONCLUSIONS This study provided an evidence that the disease was still endemic in the area. Poor knowledge of farmers, attitudes, and risky practices responsible for disease perpetuation were also revealed. A One Health approach targeting the whole area incorporating improvement of farmer knowledge regarding disease transmission needs to be trialed as a feasible approach to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwemezi L Kabululu
- Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI) - Uyole, Mbeya, Tanzania.
| | - Helena A Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - James E D Mlangwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ernatus M Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Uffe C Braae
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angela Colston
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claudia Cordel
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Maria V Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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11
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Lightowlers MW. Diagnosis of Porcine Cysticercosis at Necropsy: When Is Enough, Enough? Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:575-578. [PMID: 32376114 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the incidence of porcine cysticercosis is used commonly in the assessment of efforts to control the transmission of Taenia solium, the cause of human neurocysticercosis. Although cysticerci may occasionally occur in tissues other than the striated muscles, particularly the brain, infection in pigs can be diagnosed reliably by assessment of muscle tissue alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall W Lightowlers
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, UVet Clinical Centre, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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12
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Bustos JA, Ninaquispe BE, Rodriguez S, Castillo Y, Yang SY, Gilman RH, Dorny P, Gabriël S, García HH, Gonzalez AE, For The Cysticercosis Working Group In Peru. Performance of a Sandwich Antigen-Detection ELISA for the Diagnosis of Porcine Taenia solium Cysticercosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:604-608. [PMID: 30652670 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pig is the natural intermediate host of Taenia solium, a parasite causing significant burden of disease in both humans and pigs. Porcine cysticercosis is traditionally detected via tongue palpation and slaughterhouse meat inspection, both with limited sensitivity. Serum antibody detection has a better performance; however, it does not discriminate past from present infection. Serum antigen detection can demonstrate viable infection and gives a good estimate of parasitic load. This study evaluated a sandwich antigen-detection ELISA using monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) 158C11 and 60H8 for the diagnosis of viable cysticercosis in pigs. Serum samples were used from 35 naturally T. solium cysticerci-infected pigs, 31 cysticercosis-negative pigs, and 22 pigs with Taenia hydatigena infection (to assess cross-reactions). Positive cysticercosis samples were subcategorized at necropsy according to parasitic burden as mild (1-10 viable cysts, n = 10), moderate (11-100 cysts, n = 5), or severe infection (more than 100 cysts, n = 20). This Ag-ELISA showed a sensitivity of 82.9% and a specificity of 96.8% when not considering cross-reactions with T. hydatigena. Hundred percentage of severely infected, 80% of moderately infected, and 50% of mildly T. solium-infected pigs tested positive. Twenty of 22 pigs with only T. hydatigena infections were positive, with 13 reaching saturating levels in the ELISA. The Ag-ELISA revealed the presence of live cysts and is, thus, a fairly reliable test to monitor experimental infection, response to treatment, and follow-up in animal models of cysticercosis. It should, however, be carefully interpreted when used in regions where T. hydatigena is endemic in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Bustos
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences and Center for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Silvia Rodriguez
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Yesenia Castillo
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Susan Y Yang
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Héctor H García
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru.,Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences and Center for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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13
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Accurate diagnosis of lesions suspected of being caused by Taenia solium in body organs of pigs with naturally acquired porcine cysticercosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007408. [PMID: 31237878 PMCID: PMC6592510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The definitive method for diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis is the detection of cysticerci at necropsy. Cysts are typically located in the striated muscle and brain. Until recently Taenia solium cysticerci have not been definitively identified in other tissue locations, despite several comprehensive investigations having been undertaken which included investigation of body organs other than muscle and brain. Recently a study conducted in Zambia reported 27% infection with T. solium in the liver of pigs with naturally acquired porcine cysticercosis, as well as some T. solium infection in the lungs and spleen of some animals. We investigated the cause of lesions in sites other than the muscle or brain in a total of 157 pigs from T. solium endemic regions of Uganda and Nepal which were subjected to extensive investigations at necropsy. Lesions which had the potential to be caused by T. solium were characterised by macroscopic and microscopic examination, histology as well as DNA characterisation by PCR-RFLP and sequencing. Lesions were confirmed as being caused by Taenia hydatigena (both viable and non-viable), by T. asiatica and Echinococcus granulosus (in Nepal) and nematode infections. No T. solium-related lesions or cysticerci were identified in any tissue other than muscle and brain. It is recommended that future evaluations of porcine cysticercosis in aberrant tissue locations include DNA analyses that take appropriate care to avoid the possibility of contamination of tissue specimens with DNA from a different tissue location or a different animal. The use of appropriate control samples to confirm the absence of cross-sample contamination is also recommended.
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14
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Ngowi HA, Winkler AS, Braae UC, Mdegela RH, Mkupasi EM, Kabululu ML, Lekule FP, Johansen MV. Taenia solium taeniosis and cysticercosis literature in Tanzania provides research evidence justification for control: A systematic scoping review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217420. [PMID: 31166983 PMCID: PMC6550401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis (TSTC) having been put high on the global agenda of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), which over the last years has received a lot of attention, there has been no control programmes in place in sub-Saharan Africa, a highly endemic region. This could be attributed to lack of awareness of many stakeholders on the burden and impact of T. solium. This information is essential in guiding TSTC policies, practices and research agendas as well as encouraging cross-sectoral collaboration in the control of this important zoonotic parasite using a One Health approach. National elimination of the parasite is the foundation for global eradication. This will require that substantial country-level information is provided to all key stakeholders. We have mapped out TSTC research evidence in Tanzania to inform on disease burden and potential for integrated control measures. Methodology/Principal findings A scoping review of all TSTC studies undertaken in Tanzania and published up to December 2018 was conducted. The articles were searched from PUBMED, AJOL, Google Scholar and Google in general. Fifty-one (51) articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Prevalence of taeniosis of 2.3% - 5.2% was estimated based on copro-antigen ELISA while human cysticercosis of >16% was estimated based on serum antigen ELISA (Ag-ELISA) or IgG Western Blot. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) contributed significantly to epilepsy in adults. Farm prevalence of porcine cysticercosis were 6.0% - 17.4% (lingual examination) and 1.5% - 33.3% (Ag-ELISA). Slaughter-slab prevalence were 0% - 18.2% (routine meat inspection). Lacking latrines, watering pigs with river or pond water, and feeding pigs with potato peels were associated with porcine cysticercosis prevalence. Washing hands by dipping method increased the risk of human cysticercosis. In 2012, the number of DALYs/1000 person-years for NCC-associated epilepsy was 0.7 (95% UI, 0.2–1.6), around 5 million USD (95% UI, 797,535–16,933,477) were spent due to NCC-associated epilepsy and nearly 3 million USD (95% UI, 1,095,960–5,366,038) were potentially lost due to porcine cysticercosis. Three rounds of annual treatment of school-age children with praziquantel significantly reduced prevalence of taeniosis and porcine cysticercosis. Health education was efficacious in improving knowledge and attitudes favourable for control of TSTC while a single dose of oxfendazole 30 mg/kg body weight was efficacious in eliminating T. solium cysticerci from pig musculature. Conclusions/Significance The observed high burden of TSTC and the significant contribution of NCC to epilepsy in Tanzania warrant urgent interventions. Evaluation of best control options should make use of disease transmission dynamics models such as cystiSim, taking into account findings from the field based intervention studies. In addition, locally adapted management guidelines for people suffering from NCC are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Aminiel Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Uffe Christian Braae
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ernatus Martin Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | - Faustin Peter Lekule
- Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Maria Vang Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Assana E, Awah-Ndukum J, Djonmaïla JD, Zoli AP. Prevalence of porcine Taenia solium and Taenia hydatigena cysticercosis in Cameroon. Prev Vet Med 2019; 169:104690. [PMID: 31311631 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Taenia solium, a zoonotic tapeworm species of human and pigs, has been targeted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for elimination in endemic areas of Africa, Latin America and some parts of Asia. Unfortunately, the assessment of control measures against T. solium is complicated by the lack of specificity of current immunodiagnostic techniques for diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis. Many authors have concluded that the prevalence of T. hydatigena in pigs in Africa is low and extensive epidemiological studies on T. solium cysticercosis in pigs have been carried out using serological tests that cannot differentiate the taeniid species. To estimate and compare the prevalence of T. solium and T. hydatigena in pigs in Cameroon, we examined 416 slaughtered pigs at a pig abattoir in Yaoundé city with the animals originating from several parts of the country. At post-mortem inspection, 35 pigs (8.4%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 5.9-11.5 %) were found infected exclusively with T. solium and 27 (6.5%; 95% CI, 4.3-9.3 %) infected exclusively with T. hydatigena metacestodes. One animal was infected with T. solium and T. hydatigena. A stochastic simulation model which took into account the sensitivity of dissection of the tongue, external masseters and heart for diagnosis of T. solium porcine cysticercosis (TMH dissection test) and examination of mesentery, surfaces of the intestines and liver to identify T. hydatigena cysticerci in slaughtered pigs was developed to estimate the prevalence of these taeniid species. The results revealed that the actual prevalence of T. solium and T. hydatigena in Cameroon were 24.8% (95% CI, 20.1-30.5%) and 19.2% (95% CI, 15.1-24.1%), respectively. This study reports the highest porcine T. hydatigena prevalence ever in Africa and adjusted the prevalence of porcine T. solium infection obtained with genus-specific Ag-ELISA (Dorny et al., 2000) in Cameroon due to the presence of T. hydatigena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Assana
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
| | - Julius Awah-Ndukum
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon; University of Dschang, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 222 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Justin D Djonmaïla
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - André Pagnah Zoli
- University of Ngaoundéré, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
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16
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Adesokan HK, Adeoye FA. Porcine cysticercosis in slaughtered pigs and factors related to Taenia solium transmission amongst abattoir workers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 32:145. [PMID: 31308860 PMCID: PMC6610151 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.32.145.10695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION porcine cysticercosis is under-reported particularly in Nigeria, despite the reportedly high prevalence of epilepsy and associated life-threatening health implications. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis and factors related to Taenia solium transmission to humans. METHODS slaughtered pigs at a major abattoir, south-western Nigeria were randomly inspected and questionnaire was administered to pig workers/consumers while the data were analysed using Stata 12.0. RESULTS a 4.4% (11/250) prevalence of porcine cysticercosis was obtained; the age, breed, sex and body conditions of pigs were not significant for infection (p < 0.05). Further, none (0.0%) of the respondents knew that T. solium could cause epilepsy in man and 39.5% often defaecated on neighbouring open fields and farmlands. Respondents purchasing pork from home slaughter were about four and ten times less likely to demonstrate good knowledge (OR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.08-0.74) and practice (OR = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.05-0.22) than those purchasing from abattoir. Moreover, those lacking toilet facility were about four and five times less likely to demonstrate good knowledge (OR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.07-0.86) and practice (OR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.08-0.45) than those who had it. Other factors associated with practices related to T. solium transmission included age (p = 0.000), sex (p = 0.000) and duration (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION the increased odds of poor knowledge and practices related to Taenia solium transmission especially among respondents purchasing home slaughter pork and lacking toilet facility provides insights into the parasite epidemiology. Above findings are important in lowering the infection prevalence in pigs and humans in this endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezekiah Kehinde Adesokan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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17
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Poudel I, Sah K, Subedi S, Kumar Singh D, Kushwaha P, Colston A, Gauci CG, Donadeu M, Lightowlers MW. Implementation of a practical and effective pilot intervention against transmission of Taenia solium by pigs in the Banke district of Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006838. [PMID: 30802248 PMCID: PMC6405169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium is a zoonotic cestode parasite which causes human neurocysticercosis. Pigs transmit the parasite by acting as the intermediate host. An intervention was implemented to control transmission of T. solium by pigs in Dalit communities of Banke District, Nepal. Every 3 months, pigs were vaccinated with the TSOL18 recombinant vaccine (Cysvax, IIL, India)) and, at the same time, given an oral treatment with 30mg/kg oxfendazole (Paranthic 10% MCI, Morocco). The prevalence of porcine cysticercosis was determined in both an intervention area as well as a similar no intervention control area, among randomly selected, slaughter-age pigs. Post mortem assessments were undertaken both at the start and at the end of the intervention. Participants conducting the post mortem assessments were blinded as to the source of the animals being assessed. At the start of the intervention the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis was 23.6% and 34.5% in the control and intervention areas, respectively. Following the intervention, the prevalence of cysticercosis in pigs from the control area was 16.7% (no significant change), whereas no infection was detected after complete slicing of all muscle tissue and brain in animals from the intervention area (P = 0.004). These findings are discussed in relation to the feasibility and sustainability of T. solium control. The 3-monthly vaccination and drug treatment intervention in pigs used here is suggested as an effective and practical method for reducing T. solium transmission by pigs. The results suggest that applying the intervention over a period of years may ultimately reduce the number of tapeworm carriers and thereby the incidence of NCC. Neurocysticercosis is a disease caused by a parasitic infection of the brain. The parasite responsible, Taenia solium, is transmitted by pigs where human sanitation is poor and pigs roam freely. Neurocysticercosis is responsible for many cases of epilepsy in people living in poor, developing countries. The feasibility and sustainability of implementing control measures have been major impediments to reducing the incidence of neurocysticercosis. Recently, two new commercial products have become available which together offer the possibility of interrupting the parasite’s transmission by pigs–the TSOL18 vaccine (Cysvax, IIL, India) and an oxfendazole formulation (Paranthic 10%, MCI, Morocco) licensed for use in pigs for the treatment of cysticercosis. Here we describe the impact of implementing vaccination plus drug treatment of pigs in the Banke district of Nepal. The intervention eliminated the risk of transmission of T. solium by the animals vaccinated and treated during the trial. Application of the vaccination and drug treatment program used here, possibly with strategic use of anthelmintics also in the human population, is an effective option for reducing the incidence of neurocysticercosis in Nepal and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishab Poudel
- Heifer International, Kathmandu, Nepal
- * E-mail: (IP); (MWL)
| | | | | | - Dinesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pathology and Clinics (HOD), Tribhuvan University, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Rampur Campus, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Peetambar Kushwaha
- GALVmed, Unit 118 & 120 B, Jasola District Centre, Jasola, New Delhi, India
| | - Angela Colston
- GALVmed, Galana Plaza, Galana Road, Kilimani, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles G. Gauci
- Veterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee Victoria, Australia
| | - Meritxell Donadeu
- Veterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee Victoria, Australia
| | - Marshall W. Lightowlers
- Veterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (IP); (MWL)
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Meester M, Swart A, Deng H, van Roon A, Trevisan C, Dorny P, Gabriël S, Vieira-Pinto M, Johansen MV, van der Giessen J. A quantitative risk assessment for human Taenia solium exposure from home slaughtered pigs in European countries. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:82. [PMID: 30755275 PMCID: PMC6371533 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taenia solium, a zoonotic tapeworm, is responsible for about a third of all preventable epilepsy human cases in endemic regions. In Europe, adequate biosecurity of pig housing and meat inspection practices have decreased the incidence of T. solium taeniosis and cysticercosis. Pigs slaughtered at home may have been raised in suboptimal biosecurity conditions and slaughtered without meat inspection. As a result, consumption of undercooked pork from home slaughtered pigs could pose a risk for exposure to T. solium. The aim of this study was to quantify the risk of human T. solium exposure from meat of home slaughtered pigs, in comparison to controlled slaughtered pigs, in European countries. A quantitative microbial risk assessment model (QMRA) was developed and porcine cysticercosis prevalence data, the percentage of home slaughtered pigs, meat inspection sensitivity, the cyst distribution in pork and pork consumption in five European countries, Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, Romania and Spain, were included as variables in the model. This was combined with literature about cooking habits to estimate the number of infected pork portions eaten per year in a country. RESULTS The results of the model showed a 13.83 times higher prevalence of contaminated pork portions from home slaughtered pigs than controlled slaughtered pigs. This difference is brought about by the higher prevalence of cysticercosis in pigs that are home raised and slaughtered. Meat inspection did not affect the higher exposure from pork that is home slaughtered. Cooking meat effectively lowered the risk of exposure to T. solium-infected pork. CONCLUSIONS This QMRA showed that there is still a risk of obtaining an infection with T. solium due to consumption of pork, especially when pigs are reared and slaughtered at home, using data of five European countries that reported porcine cysticercosis cases. We propose systematic reporting of cysticercosis cases in slaughterhouses, and in addition molecularly confirming suspected cases to gain more insight into the presence of T. solium in pigs and the risk for humans in Europe. When more data become available, this QMRA model could be used to evaluate human exposure to T. solium in Europe and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Meester
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arno Swart
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Huifang Deng
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Annika van Roon
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animale Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Vang Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Joke van der Giessen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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19
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Singh SP, Singh BB, Kalambhe DG, Pathak D, Aulakh RS, Dhand NK. Prevalence and distribution of Taenia solium cysticercosis in naturally infected pigs in Punjab, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006960. [PMID: 30439944 PMCID: PMC6264866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium (T. solium) cysticercosis remains a neglected zoonotic disease in India. The current study was planned to estimate the prevalence of T. solium porcine cysticercosis in the Punjab state of India, to compare this prevalence with the disease prevalence in pigs reared outside Punjab and to assess the distribution of the parasite in pig carcasses. Methods Two slaughter shops were selected in each of the 22 districts of Punjab. Pigs slaughtered on the day/s of inspection were post-mortem inspected to identify the presence of T. solium cysts. Estimated true prevalence was estimated by taking into account the diagnostic sensitivity (38%) and specificity (100%) of post-mortem inspection using the Rogan-Gladen estimator. Positive carcasses were purchased and brought to the laboratory to assess the tissue distribution of T. solium cysts and to conduct PCR targeting large subunit rRNA gene, internal transcribed spacer 1 gene, ITS1 gene and Cytochrome oxidase I gene. The selected PCR products were submitted for sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Findings We contacted 71 shop owners to achieve a sample of 44 shops for the study. We inspected 642 pigs reared in Punjab and 450 imported from other states at these slaughter shops. In addition, we sampled 40 pigs from an abattoir located in the state capital. Of the 642 pigs reared in Punjab, 9 had T. solium cysts with an apparent prevalence of 1·40% (95% CI: 0·74%, 2·64%) and the estimated true prevalence of 3.69% (95% CI: 1·95%, 6·95%). Pigs imported from outside the state had a significantly higher prevalence (odds ratio: 2·58; 95% CI: 1·12, 5·98; p-value: 0·026) as 15 of the 450 imported pigs were positive (apparent prevalence: 3.33%; 95% CI: 2.03%, 5.43%; estimated true prevalence: 8.77%; 95% CI: 5.34%, 14.28%). None of samples was positive from the pigs sampled at the abattoir in the state capital. The PCR confirmed T. solium cysts from all the 24 positive samples. We counted a median of 897 (range 526–1964) cysts per infected pig from the 19 infected pig carcasses inspected. The phylogenetic tree based on the alignment of partial cytochrome oxidase 1 sequences indicated all positive samples to be clustered with the T. solium Asian genotype. The analysis did not indicate the presence of T. asiatica in the slaughter pigs. Conclusions Despite the underestimation of the prevalence due to missing mildly-infected carcasses, low participation and lack of representative sampling, the presence of heavily infected carcasses containing viable cysts, particularly those imported from outside the state, indicates that T. solium cysticercosis is an important food safety concern for pork consumers in Punjab, India. Measures should be taken to reduce the disease prevalence in pigs to reduce the disease burden in the public. Taenia solium cysticercosis is a neglected zoonosis and severely affects pork production and public health in India. The current study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and distribution of T. solium porcine cysticercosis in the Punjab state of India and to compare the disease prevalence in pigs reared within and outside Punjab. Overall, 24 of the 1132 inspected pigs had viable cysts. Imported pigs had significantly higher prevalence than the pigs produced locally. The analysis did not indicate the presence of T. asiatica in the slaughter pigs. The study confirms the endemic nature of T. solium cysticercosis in Punjab state of India and provides suggestions about reducing the disease burden in pigs and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinder Pal Singh
- School of Public Health & Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Balbir Bagicha Singh
- School of Public Health & Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Deepali G. Kalambhe
- School of Public Health & Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Devendra Pathak
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Rabinder Singh Aulakh
- School of Public Health & Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet K. Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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20
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21
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Gomez-Puerta LA, Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE. Experimental porcine cysticercosis using infected beetles with Taenia solium eggs. Acta Trop 2018; 183:92-94. [PMID: 29626435 PMCID: PMC5935534 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Beetles are intermediate hosts for human and animal parasites, and several beetle species have been shown to carry Taenia eggs. An experimental porcine cysticercosis infection model was developed using beetles (Ammophorus rubripes) infected with Taenia solium eggs and then using these beetles for oral pig challenge. A total of 18 three months-old Landrace pigs were divided in four groups. Pigs from groups 1, 2, and 3 (n = 6 pigs per group) were challenged with one, three, and six beetles infected with T. solium eggs, containing approximately 52, 156 or 312 eggs respectively. Pigs were necropsied 12 weeks after infection to assess the presence of T. solium metacestode. Porcine cysticercosis by T. solium was produced in 17 out of 18 pigs (94.4%) challenged with infected beetles, all infected pigs had viable cysts. Only one pig from group 1 was negative to the presence of cysts. The median number of metacestodes per pig in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 2 (range 0-71), 26 (range 5-33) and 40 cysts (range 4-111), respectively. Experimental porcine cysticercosis infection is consistently obtained using beetles as mechanical vectors for T. solium eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Gomez-Puerta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Cysticercosis Elimination Program and Center for Global Health Tumbes, Cayetano Heredia University, Tumbes, Peru; Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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22
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Dorbek-Kolin E, Åhlberg T, Tummeleht L, Tappe D, Johansen MV, Lassen B. Prevalence of cysticercosis in Estonian pigs and cattle. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:591-595. [PMID: 29230579 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Taenia solium has been ranked as the most important foodborne parasite and Taenia saginata as the most commonly found human Taenia tapeworm worldwide. The last official reports of taeniosis from Estonia were in 2003 for T. solium and 2012 for T. saginata. By law, all animal cases of cysticercosis must be registered and reported when found. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of cysticercosis in Estonia caused by T. solium in pigs and T. saginata in cattle. The four slaughterhouses participating in the study slaughter between them approximately 80% of pigs and cattle in Estonia annually. Sampling spanned from February to April 2014, visiting the slaughterhouses five times per week. Visual inspection, palpation, and incisions at predilection sites were used to find cysts in both species. The sites inspected in both species were the external masseter, tongue, heart, and diaphragm. In addition, the internal masseter in pigs was examined, and the internal pterygoid muscle and esophagus in cattle. DNA was extracted from the cysts and used for PCR amplification of the cox1-gene for Taenia genus and species identification. A total of 564 cattle and 1217 pigs were examined. Cysts were found in 0.36% (n = 2; CI 0.06-1.17) of cattle and in 0.08% (n = 1; CI 0.004-0.40) of pigs. Cestode PCR was negative from all cysts. Results should be considered taking into account the low sensitivity and specificity of finding cysts. Results reflect the situation in larger slaughterhouses, and the possibility that the situation in smaller slaughterhouses is different should not be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Dorbek-Kolin
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Åhlberg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lea Tummeleht
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Vang Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Brian Lassen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51014, Tartu, Estonia. .,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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23
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Chembensofu M, Mwape KE, Van Damme I, Hobbs E, Phiri IK, Masuku M, Zulu G, Colston A, Willingham AL, Devleesschauwer B, Van Hul A, Chota A, Speybroeck N, Berkvens D, Dorny P, Gabriël S. Re-visiting the detection of porcine cysticercosis based on full carcass dissections of naturally Taenia solium infected pigs. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:572. [PMID: 29145875 PMCID: PMC5693468 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium is a neglected zoonotic parasite. The performances of existing tools for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis need further assessment, and their shortcomings call for alternatives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of tongue palpation and circulating antigen detection for the detection of porcine cysticercosis in naturally infected pigs of slaughter age compared to full carcass dissections (considered the gold standard). Additionally, alternative postmortem dissection procedures were investigated. A total of 68 rural pigs of slaughter age randomly selected in the Eastern Province of Zambia were dissected. Dissections were conducted on full carcasses (or half carcass in case cysticerci were already detected in the first half), including all the organs. Total cysticercus counts, location and stages were recorded and collected cysticerci were identified morphologically and molecularly. All sera were analysed with the B158/B60 antigen detecting ELISA (Ag-ELISA). Results Key findings were the high occurrence of T. solium infected pigs (56%) and the presence of T. solium cysticerci in the livers of 26% of infected animals. More than half of the infected carcasses contained viable cysticerci. Seven carcasses had T. hydatigena cysticerci (10%), out of which five carcasses were co-infected with T. hydatigena and T. solium; two carcasses (3%) had only T. hydatigena cysticerci. Compared to full carcass dissection, the specificity of the Ag-ELISA to detect infected carcasses was estimated at 67%, the sensitivity at 68%, increasing to 90% and 100% for the detection of carcasses with one or more viable cysticerci, and more than 10 viable cysts, respectively. Tongue palpation only detected 10% of the cases, half carcass dissection 84%. Selective dissection of the diaphragm, tongue and heart or masseters can be considered, with an estimated sensitivity of 71%, increasing to 86% in carcasses with more than 10 cysticerci. Conclusions Depending on the aim of the diagnosis, a combination of Ag-ELISA and selective dissection, including investigating the presence of T. hydatigena, can be considered. Full carcass dissection should include the dissection of the liver, kidneys, spleen and lungs, and results should be interpreted carefully, as small cysticerci can easily be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwelwa Chembensofu
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - K E Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - I Van Damme
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Hobbs
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St Kitts, Saint Kitts and Nevis.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 25, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - I K Phiri
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - M Masuku
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - G Zulu
- District Medical Office, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 30205, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - A Colston
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, P.O. Box 52773 - 00100, Valley Arcade, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A L Willingham
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St Kitts, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - B Devleesschauwer
- Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Van Hul
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 25, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Chota
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - N Speybroeck
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), School of Public Health, 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Berkvens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 25, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Dorny
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 25, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Gabriël
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Thomas LF, de Glanville WA, Cook EAJ, Bronsvoort BMDC, Handel I, Wamae CN, Kariuki S, Fèvre EM. Modelling the risk of Taenia solium exposure from pork produced in western Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005371. [PMID: 28212398 PMCID: PMC5333911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tapeworm Taenia solium is the parasite responsible for neurocysticercosis, a neglected tropical disease of public health importance, thought to cause approximately 1/3 of epilepsy cases across endemic regions. The consumption of undercooked infected pork perpetuates the parasite’s life-cycle through the establishment of adult tapeworm infections in the community. Reducing the risk associated with pork consumption in the developing world is therefore a public health priority. The aim of this study was to estimate the risk of any one pork meal in western Kenya containing a potentially infective T. solium cysticercus at the point of consumption, an aspect of the parasite transmission that has not been estimated before. To estimate this, we used a quantitative food chain risk assessment model built in the @RISK add-on to Microsoft Excel. This model indicates that any one pork meal consumed in western Kenya has a 0.006 (99% Uncertainty Interval (U.I). 0.0002–0.0164) probability of containing at least one viable T. solium cysticercus at the point of consumption and therefore being potentially infectious to humans. This equates to 22,282 (99% U.I. 622–64,134) potentially infective pork meals consumed in the course of one year within Busia District alone. This model indicates a high risk of T. solium infection associated with pork consumption in western Kenya and the work presented here can be built upon to investigate the efficacy of various mitigation strategies for this locality. Taenia solium is a serious zoonotic helminth which is thought to be responsible for approximately 1/3rd of epilepsy cases in the developing world. The work presented in this paper aimed to understand what the risk is of acquiring T. solium taeniosis from pork slaughtered and consumed in western Kenya. In order to do this we built a stochastic risk assessment model to investigate the safety of pork reaching the consumer in terms of the risk of having viable T. solium cysts in any one portion of meat consumed. We found that pork represents a high risk product in this study area and therefore control strategies are urgently needed to reduce the public health risk posed by this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian F. Thomas
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Infection, Immunology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, Scotland
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - William A. de Glanville
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Infection, Immunology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, Scotland
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A. J. Cook
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Infection, Immunology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, Scotland
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Barend M. De C. Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Claire N. Wamae
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
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Lightowlers MW, Garcia HH, Gauci CG, Donadeu M, Abela-Ridder B. Monitoring the outcomes of interventions against Taenia solium: options and suggestions. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:158-69. [PMID: 26538513 PMCID: PMC4819694 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in reducing the incidence of human neurocysticercosis, caused by infection with the larval stage of Taenia solium. Several intervention trials are currently assessing various options for control of T. solium transmission. A critical aspect of these trials will be the evaluation of whether the interventions have been successful. However, there is no consensus about the most appropriate or valuable methods that should be used. Here, we undertake a critical assessment of the diagnostic tests which are currently available for human T. solium taeniasis and human and porcine cysticercosis, as well as their suitability for evaluation of intervention trial outcomes. Suggestions are made about which of the measures that are available for evaluation of T. solium interventions would be most suitable, and which methodologies are the most appropriate given currently available technologies. Suggestions are also made in relation to the most urgent research needs in order to address deficiencies in current diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Lightowlers
- Veterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - H H Garcia
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.,Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Centre for Global Health-Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - C G Gauci
- Veterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - M Donadeu
- Veterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - B Abela-Ridder
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Genève 27, Switzerland
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26
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Dermauw V, Ganaba R, Cissé A, Ouedraogo B, Millogo A, Tarnagda Z, Van Hul A, Gabriël S, Carabin H, Dorny P. Taenia hydatigena in pigs in Burkina Faso: A cross-sectional abattoir study. Vet Parasitol 2016; 230:9-13. [PMID: 27884445 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Taenia hydatigena is a non-zoonotic cestode that has canines as definitive hosts and ruminants and pigs as intermediate hosts. In pigs, its presence causes cross-reactivity in serological testing for Taenia solium cysticercosis. Therefore, knowledge on the occurrence of T. hydatigena is paramount for validly estimating the seroprevalence of T. solium cysticercosis in pigs. In a cross-sectional abattoir study, we estimated the prevalence of T. hydatigena in pigs slaughtered in Koudougou, Burkina Faso. Carcasses of 452 pigs were examined by investigators for perceived and suspected T. hydatigena cysticercus lesions in the abdominal cavity or on the surface of abdominal organs. Routine meat inspection was performed by local inspectors to identify T. solium cysticerci. All lesions were subjected to PCR-RFLP analysis in order to differentiate Taenia spp. Additionally, individual blood samples were examined for the presence of circulating cysticercus antigens using the B158/B60 Ag-ELISA. Perceived T. hydatigena cysticerci were found in 13 pigs, whereas meat inspectors found seven carcasses infected with T. solium cysticerci. All were confirmed by molecular analysis. Of pigs with other suspected lesions, mostly located in the liver, 27 and six were found to harbour T. hydatigena and T. solium cysticerci, respectively. Overall, 8.8% of pigs (40/452) were found infected with T. hydatigena and 2.9% (13/452) with T. solium. Of these positive pigs, one was found infected with both Taenia spp. (0.2%, 1/452). Blood samples of 48.5% of pigs (219/452) were positive in the Ag-ELISA. Pigs with confirmed cysts of T. hydatigena and T. solium had a positive Ag-ELISA result in 57.5% (23/40) and 61.5% (8/13) of cases, respectively. The observed T. hydatigena prevalence in this study is relatively high in comparison to other studies in Africa. Estimates of the occurrence of active porcine T. solium infection using the B158/B60 Ag-ELISA should therefore be adjusted for the presence of T. hydatigena. The low level of T. solium infection detected upon meat inspection in this study is likely an underestimation of the true prevalence since routine meat inspection shows poor sensitivity and pigs perceived to be infected based on tongue palpation are rarely sent to official abattoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Dermauw
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Assana Cissé
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Avenue de la Liberté, BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Zékiba Tarnagda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Avenue de la Liberté, BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Anke Van Hul
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium.,Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hélène Carabin
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
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Morphological characterization of Cysticercus cellulosae in naturally infected pigs in Punjab (India). J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:237-9. [PMID: 27413285 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine cysticercosis is an important medical and veterinary concern in the developing world. The present study was carried out to determine the morphological characteristics of Cysticercus cellulosae, so as to differentiate the C. viscerotropica (larval form of T. asiatica) which is having only rudimentary hooks on their rostellum. Morphological analysis was conducted on 22 Cysticercus positive samples. Measurements for number of hooks (large and small), the total length and blade length of large and small hooks per rostellum were carried out as per previous studies. Microscopic examination of all the cysts showed typical characteristic of T. solium i.e. presence of hooks in all the cysts. The results indicated absence of T. asiatica from naturally infected pigs in Punjab (India).
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Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis in Madagascar: Comparison of immuno-diagnostic techniques and estimation of the prevalence in pork carcasses traded in Antananarivo city. Vet Parasitol 2016; 219:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Thomas LF, Harrison LJS, Toye P, de Glanville WA, Cook EAJ, Wamae CN, Fèvre EM. Prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs entering the food chain in western Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 48:233-8. [PMID: 26581436 PMCID: PMC4710655 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred forty-three pigs slaughtered and marketed in western Kenya were subjected to lingual examination and HP10 Ag-ELISA for the serological detection of Taenia solium antigen. When estimates were adjusted for the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic assays, prevalence of T. solium cysticercosis estimated by lingual exam and HP10 Ag-ELISA was between 34.4 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 19.4–49.4 %) and 37.6 % (95 % CI 29.3–45.9 %), respectively. All pigs, however, were reported to have passed routine meat inspection. Since T. solium poses a serious threat to public health, these results, if confirmed, indicate that the introduction of control strategies may be appropriate to ensure the safety of pork production in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Francesca Thomas
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Labs, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - William Anson de Glanville
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Labs, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth Anne Jesse Cook
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Labs, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Claire Njeri Wamae
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,School of Health Sciences, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Eric Maurice Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya. .,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.
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Lightowlers MW, Assana E, Jayashi CM, Gauci CG, Donadeu M. Sensitivity of partial carcass dissection for assessment of porcine cysticercosis at necropsy. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:815-8. [PMID: 26385439 PMCID: PMC4655835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Taenia solium cyst distribution was determined in the carcass musculature of 209 naturally exposed pigs. 81% of the infected animals had cysts in the tongue, masticatory muscles and/or heart muscles. Dissection of a limited proportion of the muscles of pigs could be used to assess the outcomes of cysticercosis control.
Many interventions against Taenia solium are evaluated by assessing changes in the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis ascertained by carcass dissection. Financial and logistical difficulties often prohibit dissection of entire pig carcasses. We assessed 209 pigs from rural areas of Cameroon and Peru for the presence of T. solium cysticerci and determined the distribution of parasites within the musculature of infected animals. Considering the presence of cysts in the tongue, masticatory muscles and heart, 31 of the 38 (81%) naturally infected animals were identified as having cysts. Dissection of only the tongue, masticatory muscles and heart provides a relatively sensitive and highly specific method for diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Lightowlers
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary Clinical Centre, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
| | - E Assana
- The University of Ngaoundere, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - C M Jayashi
- The University of Queensland, AIBN, Building 75, Cnr College Road & Old Cooper Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - C G Gauci
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary Clinical Centre, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - M Donadeu
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary Clinical Centre, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
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Porphyre V, Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Rakotoarimanana A, Rasamoelina O, Bernard C, Jambou R, Cardinale E. Spatio-temporal prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Madagascar based on meat inspection. Parasit Vectors 2015. [PMID: 26204952 PMCID: PMC4513394 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium cysticercosis is a parasitic meat-borne disease that is highly prevalent in pigs and humans in Africa, but the burden is vastly underestimated due to the lack of official control along the pork commodity chain, which hampers long-term control policies. Methods The apparent and corrected prevalences of T. solium cysticercosis were investigated in pork carcasses slaughtered and retailed in Antananarivo (Madagascar), thanks to a 12-month monitoring plan in two urban abattoirs. Results Overall apparent prevalence was estimated at 4.6 % [4.2 – 5.0 %]. The corrected overall prevalence defined as the estimated prevalence after accounting for the sensitivity of meat inspection was 21.03 % [19.18- 22.87 %]. Significant differences among geoclimatic regions were observed only for indigenous pigs, with an apparent prevalence estimated at 7.9 % [6.0 – 9.9 %] in the northern and western regions, 7.3 % [6.0 – 8.6 %] in the central region, and 6.2 % [4.7 – 7.8 %] in the southern region. In the central region, where both exotic and indigenous pigs were surveyed, indigenous pigs were 8.5 times [6.7 – 10.7] more likely to be infected than exotic improved pigs. Urban consumers were more likely to encounter cysticercosis in pork in the rainy season, which is a major at risk period, in particular in December. Differences between abattoirs were also identified. Conclusion Our results underline the need for improved surveillance and control programmes to limit T. solium cysticercosis in carcasses by introducing a risk-based meat inspection procedure that accounts for the origin and breed of the pigs, and the season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ony Rasamoelina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Claire Bernard
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France. .,CRVOI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | | | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France. .,CRVOI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
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Braae UC, Saarnak CFL, Mukaratirwa S, Devleesschauwer B, Magnussen P, Johansen MV. Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis and the co-distribution with schistosomiasis in Africa. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:323. [PMID: 26065414 PMCID: PMC4465723 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to map the distribution of Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis and the co-distribution with schistosomiasis in Africa. These two major neglected tropical diseases are presumed to be widely distributed in Africa, but currently the level of co-distribution is unclear. Methods A literature search on T. solium taeniosis/cysticercosis was performed to compile all known studies on the presence of T. solium and apparent prevalence of taeniosis and porcine cysticercosis in Africa. Studies were geo-referenced using an online gazetteer. A Bayesian framework was used to combine the epidemiological data on the apparent prevalence with external information on test characteristics to estimate informed district-level prevalence of taeniosis and porcine cysticercosis. Districts with T. solium taeniosis/cysticercosis presence were cross-referenced with the Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Database for schistosomiasis presence. Results The search strategies identified 141 reports of T. solium in Africa from 1985 to 2014 from a total of 476 districts in 29 countries, 20 with porcine cysticercosis, 22 with human cysticercosis, and 16 with taeniosis, in addition to 2 countries identified from OIE reports. All 31 countries were considered, on national scale, to have co-distribution with schistosomiasis. Presence of both parasites was confirmed in 124 districts in 17 countries. The informed prevalence of taeniosis and porcine cysticercosis were estimated for 14 and 41 districts in 10 and 13 countries, respectively. Conclusions With the paucity of data, T. solium infection is grossly under-reported and expected to be more widespread than this study suggests. In areas where co-distribution occurs there is a need for increased emphasis on evaluation of integrated intervention approaches for these two helminth infections and allocation of resources for evaluating the extent of adverse effects caused by mass drug administration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0938-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uffe Christian Braae
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Christopher F L Saarnak
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium. .,Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Pascal Magnussen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark. .,Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1353, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Maria Vang Johansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Epidemiological Survey on Porcine Cysticercosis in Nay Pyi Taw Area, Myanmar. J Vet Med 2015; 2015:340828. [PMID: 26464951 PMCID: PMC4590850 DOI: 10.1155/2015/340828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional surveys were conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs within Nay Pyi Taw area, Myanmar. Meat inspection in three slaughterhouses, ELISA test, and questionnaire surveys were conducted in this study. Three hundred pigs were inspected in slaughterhouses and 364 pigs were randomly selected and examined from 203 households from three townships in Nay Pyi Taw area. The prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in meat inspection was 23.67% (71/300). Seroprevalence of T. solium cysticercosis in pigs in the study area was 15.93% (58/364). Significant associated risk factors with T. solium cysticercosis were gender (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.7–5.4), increased age (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.2–4.2), husbandry system (OR = 5.1; 95% CI = 2.4–11.2), feed type (OR = 16.9; 95% CI = 2.3–124.3), not using anthelmintics in pigs (OR = 11.9; 95% CI = 5.0–28.5), not using anthelmintics in owner (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.4–4.4), no hand-washing before feeding (OR = 31.5; 95% CI = 4.3–230.9), and pork consumption of owner (OR = 37.4; 95% CI = 9.0–156.1) in the study area. This is the first report of porcine cysticercosis in Myanmar.
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Muma JB, Gabriël S, Munyeme M, Munang'andu HM, Victor B, Dorny P, Nalubamba KS, Siamudaala V, Mwape KE. Taenia spp. infections in wildlife in the Bangweulu and Kafue flood plains ecosystems of Zambia. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:375-8. [PMID: 25090953 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Taenia spp. have an indirect life cycle, cycling between a definitive and an intermediate host with zoonotic species causing public health problems in many developing countries. During the course of 2 separate surveys in Zambia (2004 and 2009), the presence of Taenia larval stages (cysticerci) was examined in Kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis), Black lechwe (Kobus leche smithermani) and other wildlife species from the Kafue and Bangweulu flood plains. Examinations involved post-mortem inspection and serum specific antigen detection. The recovered cysts from seven carcasses were characterised using PCR and DNA sequence analysis. The overall proportion of infection in wildlife on post-mortem examination was 19.0% (95% CI: 9.1-29.0%). The proportion of infected wildlife based on post-mortem examinations in the Kafue flood plains was estimated at 28.6% (95% CI: 13.3-43.9%), while the seroprevalence was estimated at 25.0% (95% CI: 2.9-47.1%). The seroprevalence for cattle in the Kafue flood plains was estimated at 61.5% (95% CI: 42.0-81.0%) while that of Kafue lechwe in the same ecosystem was estimated at 66.6% (95% CI: 45.6-85.7%). Infection rates were higher in Kafue lechwe than in Black lechwe suggesting differences in the exposure patterns. The sequencing results indicated that none of the recovered cysts were either Taenia solium or Taenia saginata. We therefore conclude they most likely belong to a less studied (wildlife) Taenia species that requires further characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - S Gabriël
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - H M Munang'andu
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Sciences, Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Ullevålsveien 72, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - B Victor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - K S Nalubamba
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Sciences, Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Ullevålsveien 72, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - V Siamudaala
- KAZA TFCA Secretariat, Plot 2951, Madiba Shopping Complex, P.O. Box 821, Kasane, Botswana
| | - K E Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
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Goussanou JSE, Kpodekon MT, Youssao AKI, Farougou S, Korsak N. Epidemiological tools for effective surveillance of porcine cysticercosis in Africa. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.125-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Jayashi CM, Gonzalez AE, Castillo Neyra R, Rodríguez S, García HH, Lightowlers MW. Validity of the Enzyme-linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot (EITB) for naturally acquired porcine cysticercosis. Vet Parasitol 2014; 199:42-9. [PMID: 24183647 PMCID: PMC5448663 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Enzyme-linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot (EITB) has been used widely as a screening test for Taenia solium cysticercosis in swine. However, the relation between seropositivity and infection in pig populations from endemic areas has not been well defined. The aim of this study is to relate EITB seropositivity with infection and infection burden, analyse the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity with various cut-off points for the EITB assay, and finally describe the serology changes in a cohort of rural pigs raised under natural conditions. A group of 107 pigs that were used as controls during a vaccination field trial in Peru was our study population. The prevalence of porcine cysticercosis determined by necropsy examination was 16.82% (18/107) in these animals. Using EITB reactivity to ≥ 1 band as a cut-off point for the assay, the sensitivity was 88.89% (65.29-98.62, 95% CI) and the specificity was 48.31% (37.59-59.16, 95% CI). Comparing other cut-off points, involving up to as many as 7 reactive bands, a reactivity of ≥ 3 bands provided the best trade-offs in sensitivity and specificity. Using this cut-off point for the assay, the sensitivity was 77.77% (52.36-93.59, 95% CI) and the specificity was 76.40% (66.22-84.76, 95% CI). A significant association was found between cyst counts over 100 cysts and reactivity to ≥ 3 bands in the EITB assay (Fisher's exact test, p<0.05). The results of this study suggest that the use of the EITB assay to study porcine cysticercosis may require setting different cut-offs under field and experimental conditions, and depending upon the objective of the screening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- César M Jayashi
- Veterinary Clinical Centre, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Djurković-Djaković O, Bobić B, Nikolić A, Klun I, Dupouy-Camet J. Pork as a source of human parasitic infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:586-94. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Singh AK, Singh SK, Prasad KN, Singh A, Bajpai A, Rahman M, Rai RP, Gupta RK, Tripathi M, Husain N. Evaluation of ELISA, neck muscle, tongue and eyelid examinations for the diagnosis of swine cysticercosis in a highly endemic area of north India. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:313-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wilson RT, Swai E. A review of pig pathology in Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 45:1269-75. [PMID: 23733144 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The approximately 1.58 million pigs in Tanzania represent 3.7% of the national population of quadruped meat-producing animals. Pigs are kept mainly by small producers who own 99.5% of the national stock in units that average 3.04 animals (range 2-48). Government policy has had little practical application. African swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease and Cysticercosis are important diseases. The first two are notifiable diseases under Tanzania legislation; the last has widespread distribution and relevance as a major zoonosis. Ascariasis (Ascaris suum), hydatidosis (Echinococcus granulosus), leptospirosis (Leptospira interrogans) and thermophilic Campylobacter are other zoonoses associated with pigs. Gastrointestinal helminths and external parasites, especially Sarcoptes scabiei, are common. Risk factors associated with cysticercosis for humans working with pigs or eating their meat include the free-range or semi-confined management systems, the use of rivers or ponds as a source of water, lack of household sanitation, informal home slaughter, pork not being inspected at slaughter slabs and undercooked and barbecued meat. Pigs are a minor component of Tanzania's livestock sector but there is potential for increasing their contribution to human welfare. Prospects are enhanced by the shorter life cycle, greater number of young produced per year and the possibility of producing high-quality animal protein at a lower cost than meat produced by cattle and small ruminants.
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Mwanjali G, Kihamia C, Kakoko DVC, Lekule F, Ngowi H, Johansen MV, Thamsborg SM, Willingham AL. Prevalence and risk factors associated with human Taenia solium infections in Mbozi District, Mbeya Region, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2102. [PMID: 23516650 PMCID: PMC3597471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium cysticercosis/taeniosis is emerging as a serious public health and economic problem in many developing countries. This study was conducted to determine prevalence and risk factors of human T. solium infections in Mbeya Region, Tanzania. Methods and Findings A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 13 villages of Mbozi district in 2009. Sera of 830 people (mean 37.9±11.3 years (SD); 43% females) were tested for circulating cysticerci antigen (Ag-ELISA) and antibody (Ab-ELISA). A subset of persons found seropositive by Ag-ELISA underwent computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain for evidence of neurocysticercosis. Stool samples from 820 of the same participants were tested for taeniosis by copro-antigens (copro-Ag-ELISA) and formol-ether concentration technique. Cases of T. solium taeniosis were confirmed serologically by EITB assay (rES38). A questionnaire was used for identification of risk factors. Active cysticercosis by positive Ag-ELISA was found in 139 (16.7%) persons while anti-cysticercal antibodies were detected in 376 (45.3%) persons by Ab-ELISA. Among 55 persons positive for Ag-ELISA undergoing CT scan, 30 (54.6%) were found to have structures in the brain suggestive of neurocysticercosis. Using faecal analysis, 43 (5.2%) stool samples tested positive for taeniosis by copro-Ag-ELISA while Taenia eggs were detected in 9 (1.1%) stool samples by routine coprology. Antibodies specifically against adult T. solium were detected in 34 copro-Ag-ELISA positive participants by EITB (rES38) indicating T. solium taeniosis prevalence of 4.1%. Increasing age and hand washing by dipping in contrast to using running water, were found associated with Ag-ELISA seropositivity by logistic regression. Gender (higher risk in females) and water source were risk factors associated with Ab-ELISA seropositivity. Reported symptoms of chronic severe headaches and history of epileptic seizures were found associated with positive Ag-ELISA (p≤0.05). Conclusion The present study indicates T. solium infection in humans is highly endemic in the southern highlands of Tanzania. Cysticercosis caused by the zoonotic pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, is emerging as a serious public health and agricultural problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Surveys have shown cysticercosis in pigs to be highly prevalent in multiple foci in Tanzania, and a hospital-based study in the northern highlands indicated neurocysticercosis as an important cause of epileptic seizures in humans. We present here a cross-sectional community-based survey on the prevalence and risk factors of human cysticercosis and taeniosis conducted in the southern highlands – the major pig-producing area of the country. The most striking findings were that more than 15% of people surveyed were found to have active cysticercosis and nearly half of them were found to have been exposed to larval T. solium indicating a high level of environmental contamination with T. solium eggs. This was supported by finding over 4% of people having had T. solium tapeworms. A subset of persons found positive serologically for active cysticercosis underwent brain scanning and more than half of them were found to have neurocysticercosis. This strong evidence that T. solium cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis/taeniosis is highly endemic in the southern highlands of Tanzania demands urgent attention of regional and national authorities to combat the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Mwanjali
- School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles Kihamia
- School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Faustin Lekule
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Helena Ngowi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Maria Vang Johansen
- Section for Parasitology, Health and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Section for Parasitology, Health and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Arve Lee Willingham
- Section for Parasitology, Health and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Conlan JV, Vongxay K, Khamlome B, Dorny P, Sripa B, Elliot A, Blacksell SD, Fenwick S, Thompson RCA. A cross-sectional study of Taenia solium in a multiple taeniid-endemic region reveals competition may be protective. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:281-91. [PMID: 22855759 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted cross-sectional surveys for taeniasis and cysticercosis in humans, pigs, and dogs in four northern provinces of Laos. Human cysticercosis and taeniasis prevalence was 2.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-3.0%) and 8.4% (95% CI = 6.9-9.9%), respectively. Eating uncooked beef, being male, province of residence, age, and ethnicity were significant risk factors for taeniasis and only province of residence was a significant risk factor for cystiercosis. Thirty-five human tapeworms were recovered during the survey and 33 (94.3%) and 2 (5.7%) were identified as Taenia saginata and T. solium, respectively. Maximum-likelihood adjusted prevalence of T. solium and T. hydatigena in pigs was 4.2% (95% CI = 0.5-7.9%) and 55.9% (95% CI = 47.5-64.3%), respectively, and T. hydatigena taeniasis in dogs was 4.8% (95% CI = 0.0-11.3%). Taenia hydatigena and T. saginata were the most prevalent taeniids in the respective pig and human populations and together may suppress T. solium transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Conlan
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
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Eom KS, Chai JY, Yong TS, Min DY, Rim HJ, Kihamia C, Jeon HK. Morphologic and genetic identification of Taenia tapeworms in Tanzania and DNA genotyping of Taenia solium. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2011; 49:399-403. [PMID: 22355207 PMCID: PMC3279678 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Species identification of Taenia tapeworms was performed using morphologic observations and multiplex PCR and DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial cox1 gene. In 2008 and 2009, a total of 1,057 fecal samples were collected from residents of Kongwa district of Dodoma region, Tanzania, and examined microscopically for helminth eggs and proglottids. Of these, 4 Taenia egg positive cases were identified, and the eggs were subjected to DNA analysis. Several proglottids of Taenia solium were recovered from 1 of the 4 cases. This established that the species were T. solium (n = 1) and T. saginata (n = 3). One further T. solium specimen was found among 128 fecal samples collected from Mbulu district in Arusha, and this had an intact strobila with the scolex. Phylegenetic analysis of the mtDNA cox1 gene sequences of these 5 isolates showed that T. saginata was basal to the T. solium clade. The mitochondrial cox1 gene sequences of 3 of these Tanzanian isolates showed 99% similarity to T. saginata, and the other 2 isolates showed 100% similarity to T. solium. The present study has shown that Taenia tapeworms are endemic in Kongwa district of Tanzania, as well as in a previously identified Mbulu district. Both T. solium isolates were found to have an "African/Latin American" genotype (cox1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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Willingham AL, Wu HW, Conlan J, Satrija F. Combating Taenia solium Cysticercosis in Southeast Asia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2010; 72:235-66. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(10)72009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gomes AB, Soares KA, Bueno EC, Espindola NM, Iha AH, Maia AAM, Peralta RHS, Vaz AJ. Comparative evaluation of different immunoassays for the detection of Taenia solium cysticercosis in swine with low parasite burden. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102:725-31. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007005000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kyvsgaard NC, Johansen MV, Carabin H. Simulating transmission and control of Taenia solium infections using a Reed-Frost stochastic model. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:547-58. [PMID: 17250839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The transmission dynamics of the human-pig zoonotic cestode Taenia solium are explored with both deterministic and stochastic versions of a modified Reed-Frost model. This model, originally developed for microparasitic infections (i.e. bacteria, viruses and protozoa), assumes that random contacts occur between hosts and that hosts can be either susceptible, infected or 'recovered and presumed immune'. Transmission between humans and pigs is modelled as susceptible roaming pigs scavenging on human faeces infected with T. solium eggs. Transmission from pigs to humans is modelled as susceptible humans eating under-cooked pork meat harbouring T. solium metacestodes. Deterministic models of each scenario were first run, followed by stochastic versions of the models to assess the likelihood of infection elimination in the small population modelled. The effects of three groups of interventions were investigated using the model: (i) interventions affecting the transmission parameters such as use of latrines, meat inspection, and cooking habits; (ii) routine interventions including rapid detection and treatment of human carriers or pig vaccination; and (iii) treatment interventions of either humans or pigs. It is concluded that mass-treatment can result in a short term dramatic reduction in prevalence, whereas interventions targeting interruption of the life cycle lead to long-term reduction in prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Kyvsgaard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Silva M, Cortez A, Aquino-Cortez A, Valente M, Toniolli R. Cisticercose suína, teníase e neurocisticercose humana no município de Barbalha, Ceará. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352007000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Em Barbalha, Ceará, foram realizados levantamentos de casos de cisticercose suína, teníase e neurocisticercose humana causadas por Taenia solium, e realizou-se uma pesquisa quanto aos sistemas de criação de suínos na região. De 85 suínos abatidos em abatedouro local 4,7% apresentavam cisticercose, a maioria dos cisticercos localizava-se na língua e coração. Entre 2001 e 2004, das 302 criações de suínos denunciadas à vigilância sanitária, 96,6% eram chiqueiros. A teníase, entre 1998 e 2003, correspondeu a 1,1% das verminoses diagnosticadas pela Secretária de Saúde Municipal. Entre 2001 e 2003, os casos de neurocisticercose humana corresponderam a 5% das tomografias de crânio requisitadas nos hospitais da região.
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Phiri IK, Dorny P, Gabriel S, Willingham AL, Sikasunge C, Siziya S, Vercruysse J. Assessment of routine inspection methods for porcine cysticercosis in Zambian village pigs. J Helminthol 2007; 80:69-72. [PMID: 16469176 DOI: 10.1079/joh2005314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe value of tongue and meat inspection as diagnostic tools for porcine cysticercosis was assessed in 65 Zambian village pigs by comparing the results with carcass dissections. In addition, the intensity of infections, distribution and viability of cysts in infected pigs were measured. Five pigs (7.7%) were positive on tongue examination, while routine meat inspection showed 12 (18.5%) positives. However, carcass dissections detected cysticerci in 31 (47.7%) pigs. The range in number of cysticerci was 1 to 14,662 per carcass. Cysticerci were distributed throughout the carcass with the highest concentration in the heart, tongue and hind legs. In one animal 13 viable cysts were detected only in the brain. Fourteen pigs had more than 100 viable cysts, six between 2 and 100, and four had single cyst infections. Seven animals harboured only calcified cysts. These findings demonstrate the serious shortcomings of routine detection methods for porcine cysticercosis. While the specificity of tongue palpation and meat inspection was 100%, these tests failed to detect the infection in 83.9% and 61.3% of infected pigs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Phiri
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.
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Willingham AL, Engels D. Control of Taenia solium cysticercosis/taeniosis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2006; 61:509-66. [PMID: 16735172 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(05)61012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cysticercosis is emerging as a serious public health and agricultural problem in many poorer countries of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Caused by the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, this zoonotic disease forms larval cysts in humans and pigs that can lead to epilepsy and death in humans, reduces the market value of pigs and makes pork unsafe to eat. It occurs where pigs range freely, sanitation is poor, and meat inspection is absent or inadequate, and is thus strongly associated with poverty and smallholder farming. Although theoretically easy to control and declared eradicable cysticercosis remains neglected in most endemic countries due to lack of information and awareness about the extent of the problem, suitable diagnostic and management capacity, and appropriate prevention and control strategies. Human neurocysticercosis occurs when the larval cysts develop in the brain. It is considered to be the most common parasitic infection of the human nervous system and the most frequent preventable cause of epilepsy in the developing world. Thus far the infection has not been eliminated from any region by a specific program, and no national control programs are yet in place. We consider the tools available for combating cysticercosis and suggest simple packages of interventions, which can be conducted utilizing existing services and structures in the endemic countries to provide appropriate and sustainable control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arve Lee Willingham
- WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Parasitic Zoonoses, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Sommerfelt IE, Santillán G, Mira G, Ribicich M, Betti A, De Torres R. Toxocara canis infections in a pig model: immunological, haematological and blood biochemistry responses. J Helminthol 2006; 80:73-7. [PMID: 16469177 DOI: 10.1079/joh2005324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The immunological, haematological and enzymatic responses to the inoculation in pigs of 100,000 embryonated eggs of Toxocara canis were studied. Fifteen females were inoculated and three remained as controls. Haematological values were analysed from day 7 p.i. until day 126 p.i. In the inoculated group, white blood cells were raised on day 14 p.i. and eosinophil values on days 7, 14, 21, 35 and 49 p.i. showing significant differences compared with controls (P < 0.05). Absolute eosinophil counts (per ml) presented two rises, the first on days 7, 14 and 21 p.i. and the second on days 35 and 49 p.i. Blood biochemistry was maintained within normal values. Serological examination by ELISA to determine antibody levels against Toxocara canis L2/L3 excretory-secretory (ES) antigens showed values higher than the positive cut-off (1:32) from day 7 p.i. and until the end of the study on day 126 p.i., presenting two peaks: one on day 28 p.i. and the second covering days 49 to 56 p.i. Western blots of sera of inoculated animals presented, from day 7 p.i., two polypeptide bands of 55 and 70 kDa MW and, from day 56 p.i., an additional band of 120 kDa MW, all of which persisted until the end of the study. Immunological responses were sustained over time. No direct correlation was observed between the rise in eosinophils and antibody titres. To validate the conclusions, more studies are required on the polypeptide bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Sommerfelt
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, 1427, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Carabin H, Krecek RC, Cowan LD, Michael L, Foyaca-Sibat H, Nash T, Willingham AL. Estimation of the cost of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2006; 11:906-16. [PMID: 16772013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a comprehensive estimate of the societal costs of Taenia solium cysticercosis for the Eastern Cape Province (ECP), South Africa, as an objective measure of its impact in this endemic area. METHODS Epidemiological data on the prevalence of epilepsy, proportion of epilepsy cases due to neurocysticercosis (NCC) and consequences of cysticercosis were gathered from published and unpublished sources. Economical data were mostly obtained from governmental sources. Three methods were used for estimating productivity losses. Monte Carlo sampling was used to represent the uncertainty of the estimates with 95% Credible Intervals (95% CI). The estimation is for 1 year using a societal approach. All costs are reported in 2004 US Dollars. RESULTS Overall, there were an estimated 34 662 (95% CI: 17 167-54 068) NCC-associated cases of epilepsy in ECP in 2004. The overall monetary burden (in million of US Dollars) was estimated to vary from US Dollars 18.6 (95% CI: US Dollars 9.0-32.9) to US Dollars 34.2 (95% CI: US Dollars 12.8-70.0) depending on the method used to estimate productivity losses. The agricultural sector contributed an average of Dollars 5.0 million. The prevalence of epilepsy, proportion of productivity reduction and the proportion of epilepsy cases attributable to NCC had the largest impact on the overall estimates. CONCLUSION This preliminary estimate suggests that T. solium cysticercosis results in considerable monetary costs to a region that is already economically constrained. Because this infection is preventable, these results could guide stakeholders in deciding where to invest scarce health and agricultural resources in their countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Carabin
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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