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Zhong W, Chang P, Gan L, Zhong L, Yang Z. A T-cell-dependent antibody response (TDAR) method in BALB/c mice based on a cytometric bead array. J Immunotoxicol 2022; 19:34-40. [PMID: 35477374 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2022.2067273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most current methods to assess T-cell-dependent antibody responses (TDAR) are semi-quantitative and based on measures of antibody titer generated against a standard antigen like keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The precision, sensitivity, and convenience of TDAR assays might be improved by applying rapid, sensitive, specific cytometric bead assays (CBA). In the study here, KLH antigen was covalently coupled onto the surface of cytometric beads using immune microsphere technology, and IgM antibody capture spheres were prepared for use in pretreatment processing of samples. The working parameters associated with this novel TDAR-CBA system were optimized in orthogonal experiments. The optimal concentration of the KLH coating solution in this system was 160 μg/ml, that of the anti-KLH IgG capture spheres 6.0 × 105/ml, and the optimal dilution of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated Affini-Pure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H + L) was 60 μg/ml. Repeated tests indicated that this approach yielded good linearity (r2 = 0.9937) method, with a within-run precision of 3.1-4.9%, and a between-run precision of 4.4-4.9%. This new approach had a limit of detection of 113.43 ng/ml (linear range = 390.63-50 000), and an interference rate of just 0.04-3.51%. Based on these findings, it seems that a new mouse TDAR assay based on CBA can be developed that would appear to be more sensitive, accurate, and precise than the current TDAR assay approaches based on traditional ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhong
- Hainan Medical University, Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Penghuan Chang
- Haikou Municipal People's Hospital and Xiangya Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Nursing Department, Haikou, China
| | - Lianfang Gan
- Hainan Medical University, Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Lifan Zhong
- Hainan Medical University, Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Zhaoxin Yang
- Hainan Medical University, Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
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King A, King G, Weiss C, Dunbar S, Das S. Detection of IgG Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and Neutralizing Capabilities Using the Luminex ® xMAP ® SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen IgG Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2511:257-271. [PMID: 35838966 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2395-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Serological assays have been a useful tool for detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic. These assays are used for epidemiology and serosurveillance to monitor the progression of the pandemic, to identify and differentiate individuals who have developed antibodies from natural infection versus vaccine-induced immunity, and to identify potential donors of convalescent plasma for therapeutic purposes. In this chapter, we describe a commercially available bead-based serological assay, the Luminex® xMAP® SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen IgG Assay, that detects and identifies antibodies against three SARS-CoV-2 antigens. In addition to the assay principle and workflow, we describe modifications that may be used to evaluate alternate sample types, antibody isotypes, and potential neutralizing antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbe King
- Luminex Corporation, A DiaSorin Company, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gregory King
- Luminex Corporation, A DiaSorin Company, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Christy Weiss
- Luminex Corporation, A DiaSorin Company, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sherry Dunbar
- Luminex Corporation, A DiaSorin Company, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Shubhagata Das
- Luminex Corporation, A DiaSorin Company, Austin, TX, USA.
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Frey BS, Damon DE, Badu-Tawiah AK. Emerging trends in paper spray mass spectrometry: Microsampling, storage, direct analysis, and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:336-370. [PMID: 31491055 PMCID: PMC7875099 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the sensitivity of chemical instrumentation have led to increased interest in the use of microsamples for translational and biomedical research. Paper substrates are by far the most widely used media for biofluid collection, and mass spectrometry is the preferred method of analysis of the resultant dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Although there have been a variety of review papers published on DBS, there has been no attempt to unify the century old DBS methodology with modern applications utilizing modified paper and paper-based microfluidics for sampling, storage, processing, and analysis. This critical review will discuss how mass spectrometry has expanded the utility of paper substrates from sample collection and storage, to direct complex mixture analysis to on-surface reaction monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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4
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Polymethacrylate Sphere-Based Assay for Ultrasensitive miRNA Detection. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/7310657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as increasingly important target analytes, their biorecognition remains challenging due to their small size, high sequence homology, and low abundance in clinical samples. Nanospheres and microspheres have also gained increasing attention in biosensor applications due to their high specific surface area and the wide variety of compositions available. In this study, chemically designed and synthesized microspheres with active functional groups were used to promote effective miRNA immobilization resulting in better biorecognition. Upon conjugation with fluorescence-labeled complimentary probes, acylate-based spheres have indirectly detected MiR159, offering significantly enhanced analytical sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy while yielding a considerably low limit of detection (LOD) of 40 picomolar. Furthermore, MiR159 presence, which is known to be inversely correlated to breast cancer incidence and progression, was successfully detected in a competitive assay, which is promising for upgrading the current assay to clinical use.
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Chard AN, Trinies V, Moss DM, Chang HH, Doumbia S, Lammie PJ, Freeman MC. The impact of school water, sanitation, and hygiene improvements on infectious disease using serum antibody detection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006418. [PMID: 29659574 PMCID: PMC5919668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence from recent studies assessing the impact of school water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions on child health has been mixed. Self-reports of disease are subject to bias, and few WASH impact evaluations employ objective health measures to assess reductions in disease and exposure to pathogens. We utilized antibody responses from dried blood spots (DBS) to measure the impact of a school WASH intervention on infectious disease among pupils in Mali. Methodology/Principal findings We randomly selected 21 beneficiary primary schools and their 21 matched comparison schools participating in a matched-control trial of a comprehensive school-based WASH intervention in Mali. DBS were collected from 20 randomly selected pupils in each school (n = 807). We analyzed eluted IgG from the DBS using a Luminex multiplex bead assay to 28 antigens from 17 different pathogens. Factor analysis identified three distinct latent variables representing vector-transmitted disease (driven primarily by dengue), food/water-transmitted enteric disease (driven primarily by Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae), and person-to-person transmitted enteric disease (driven primarily by norovirus). Data were analyzed using a linear latent variable model. Antibody evidence of food/water-transmitted enteric disease (change in latent variable mean (β) = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.53, -0.13) and person-to-person transmitted enteric disease (β = -0.17; 95% CI: -0.42, -0.04) was lower among pupils attending beneficiary schools. There was no difference in antibody evidence of vector-transmitted disease (β = 0.11; 95% CI: -0.05, 0.33). Conclusions/Significance Evidence of enteric disease was lower among pupils attending schools benefitting from school WASH improvements than students attending comparison schools. These findings support results from the parent study, which also found reduced incidence of self-reported diarrhea among pupils of beneficiary schools. DBS collection was feasible in this resource-poor field setting and provided objective evidence of disease at a low cost per antigen analyzed, making it an effective measurement tool for the WASH field. Trial registration The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01787058) Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in schools is promoted as an intervention to improve child health in low-resource settings. However, evidence of the impact of school WASH interventions on child health is mixed. One reason could be that most studies rely on self-reported disease symptoms, which are prone to bias. In order to objectively measure evidence of disease, we collected dried blood spots (DBS) from pupils attending schools participating in an impact evaluation of a comprehensive school WASH intervention in Mali, and analyzed the DBS for antibody responses to 28 antigens from 17 different pathogens. We found that evidence of enteric disease was lower among pupils attending beneficiary schools compared to pupils attending comparison schools. These results are consistent with those from the parent study, which also found reduced self-reported diarrhea among pupils attending beneficiary schools. Our results support WASH in schools as an effective intervention to improve child health. Further, DBS are a feasible measurement tool for the WASH field to provide objective evidence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N. Chard
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria Trinies
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Delynn M. Moss
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Howard H. Chang
- Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Patrick J. Lammie
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Freeman
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Antwi E, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Browne JL, Schielen PC, Koram KA, Agyepong IA, Grobbee DE. Improved prediction of gestational hypertension by inclusion of placental growth factor and pregnancy associated plasma protein-a in a sample of Ghanaian women. Reprod Health 2018; 15:56. [PMID: 29587776 PMCID: PMC5870183 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-018-0492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed whether adding the biomarkers Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) and Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) to maternal clinical characteristics improved the prediction of a previously developed model for gestational hypertension in a cohort of Ghanaian pregnant women. METHODS This study was nested in a prospective cohort of 1010 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in two public hospitals in Accra, Ghana. Pregnant women who were normotensive, at a gestational age at recruitment of between 8 and 13 weeks and provided a blood sample for biomarker analysis were eligible for inclusion. From serum, biomarkers PAPP-A and PlGF concentrations were measured by the AutoDELFIA immunoassay method and multiple of the median (MoM) values corrected for gestational age (PAPP-A and PlGF) and maternal weight (PAPP-A) were calculated. To obtain prediction models, these biomarkers were included with clinical predictors maternal weight, height, diastolic blood pressure, a previous history of gestational hypertension, history of hypertension in parents and parity in a logistic regression to obtain prediction models. The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) was used to assess the predictive ability of the models. RESULTS Three hundred and seventy three women participated in this study. The area under the curve (AUC) of the model with only maternal clinical characteristics was 0.75 (0.64-0.86) and 0.89(0.73-1.00) for multiparous and primigravid women respectively. The AUCs after inclusion of both PAPP-A and PlGF were 0.82 (0.74-0.89) and 0.95 (0.87-1.00) for multiparous and primigravid women respectively. CONCLUSION Adding the biomarkers PAPP-A and PlGF to maternal characteristics to a prediction model for gestational hypertension in a cohort of Ghanaian pregnant women improved predictive ability. Further research using larger sample sizes in similar settings to validate these findings is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Antwi
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. .,Ghana Health Service, P.M.B, Ministries, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana.
| | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joyce L Browne
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter C Schielen
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Kwadwo A Koram
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Irene A Agyepong
- Ghana Health Service, P.M.B, Ministries, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Hosseini S, Aeinehvand MM, Uddin SM, Benzina A, Rothan HA, Yusof R, Koole LH, Madou MJ, Djordjevic I, Ibrahim F. Microsphere integrated microfluidic disk: synergy of two techniques for rapid and ultrasensitive dengue detection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16485. [PMID: 26548806 PMCID: PMC4637926 DOI: 10.1038/srep16485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of microfluidic devices in diagnostic systems is well-established in contemporary research. Large specific surface area of microspheres, on the other hand, has secured an important position for their use in bioanalytical assays. Herein, we report a combination of microspheres and microfluidic disk in a unique hybrid platform for highly sensitive and selective detection of dengue virus. Surface engineered polymethacrylate microspheres with carefully designed functional groups facilitate biorecognition in a multitude manner. In order to maximize the utility of the microspheres' specific surface area in biomolecular interaction, the microfluidic disk was equipped with a micromixing system. The mixing mechanism (microballoon mixing) enhances the number of molecular encounters between spheres and target analyte by accessing the entire sample volume more effectively, which subsequently results in signal amplification. Significant reduction of incubation time along with considerable lower detection limits were the prime motivations for the integration of microspheres inside the microfluidic disk. Lengthy incubations of routine analytical assays were reduced from 2 hours to 5 minutes while developed system successfully detected a few units of dengue virus. Obtained results make this hybrid microsphere-microfluidic approach to dengue detection a promising avenue for early detection of this fatal illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Hosseini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad M. Aeinehvand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Shah M. Uddin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Abderazak Benzina
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Hussin A. Rothan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohana Yusof
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leo H. Koole
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Marc J. Madou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 92697, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 92697, United States
| | - Ivan Djordjevic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
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Hosseini S, Ibrahim F, Djordjevic I, Rothan HA, Yusof R, van der Marel C, Benzina A, Koole LH. Synthesis and characterization of methacrylic microspheres for biomolecular recognition: Ultrasensitive biosensor for Dengue virus detection. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Birkhead GS, Eidson M, Dewar D, Nasca P, Morse DL, Shah NR. Integrating Public Health Education in a Public Health Practice Setting. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2014; 20:278-84. [DOI: 10.1097/phh.0b013e31829a4d73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Sharma A, Jaiswal S, Shukla M, Lal J. Dried blood spots: Concepts, present status, and future perspectives in bioanalysis. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:399-414. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhisheak Sharma
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Swati Jaiswal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Mahendra Shukla
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
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11
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Bera LK, Soo OK, Zheng WZ. Fabrication of concentric microarrays for self-assembly and manipulation of particle distribution. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03767g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of a micropatterned surface composed of a concentric circular array of SiO2 and Si layers to distribute particles from edge to centre and reduce the coffee stain effect from a colloidal or suspended solution droplet after natural evaporation by self assembly over the array.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. K. Bera
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- , Singapore 117602
| | - Ong Kian Soo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- , Singapore 117602
| | - Wong Zheng Zheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
- , Singapore 117602
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Christopher-Hennings J, Araujo KPC, Souza CJH, Fang Y, Lawson S, Nelson EA, Clement T, Dunn M, Lunney JK. Opportunities for bead-based multiplex assays in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:671-91. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713507256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bead-based multiplex assays (BBMAs) are applicable for high throughput, simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in solution (from several to 50–500 analytes within a single, small sample volume). Currently, few assays are commercially available for veterinary applications, but they are available to identify and measure various cytokines, growth factors and their receptors, inflammatory proteins, kinases and inhibitors, neurobiology proteins, and pathogens and antibodies in human beings, nonhuman primates, and rodent species. In veterinary medicine, various nucleic acid and protein-coupled beads can be used in, or for the development of, antigen and antibody BBMAs, with the advantage that more data can be collected using approximately the same amount of labor as used for other antigen and antibody assays. Veterinary-related BBMAs could be used for detection of pathogens, genotyping, measurement of hormone levels, and in disease surveillance and vaccine assessment. It will be important to evaluate whether BBMAs are “fit for purpose,” how costs and efficiencies compare between assays, which assays are published or commercially available for specific veterinary applications, and what procedures are involved in the development of the assays. It is expected that many veterinary-related BBMAs will be published and/or become commercially available in the next few years. The current review summarizes the BBMA technology and some of the currently available BBMAs developed for veterinary settings. Some of the human diagnostic BBMAs are also described, providing an example of possible templates for future development of new veterinary-related BBMAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Karla P. C. Araujo
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Carlos J. H. Souza
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Ying Fang
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Steven Lawson
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Eric A. Nelson
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Travis Clement
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Michael Dunn
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
| | - Joan K. Lunney
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Christopher-Hennings, Fang, Lawson, Nelson, Clement, Dunn)
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD (Araujo, Souza, Lunney)
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corp. (EMBRAPA), Pecuaria Sul, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Souza)
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Domestic cat microsphere immunoassays: detection of antibodies during feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J Immunol Methods 2013; 396:74-86. [PMID: 23954271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microsphere immunoassays (MIAs) allow rapid and accurate evaluation of multiple analytes simultaneously within a biological sample. Here we describe the development and validation of domestic cat-specific MIAs for a) the quantification of total IgG and IgA levels in plasma, and b) the detection of IgG and IgA antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) capsid (CA) and surface (SU) proteins, and feline CD134 in plasma. These assays were used to examine the temporal antibody response of domestic cats infected with apathogenic and pathogenic FIVs, and domestic cats infected with parental and chimeric FIVs of varying pathogenicity. The results from these studies demonstrated that a) total IgG antibodies increase over time after infection; b) α-CA and α-SU IgG antibodies are detectable between 9 and 28 days post-infection and increase over time, and these antibodies combined represent a fraction (1.8 to 21.8%) of the total IgG increase due to infection; c) measurable α-CD134 IgG antibody levels vary among individuals and over time, and are not strongly correlated with viral load; d) circulating IgA antibodies, in general, do not increase during the early stage of infection; and e) total IgG, and α-CA and α-SU IgG antibody kinetics and levels vary with FIV viral strain/pathogenicity. The MIAs described here could be used to screen domestic cats for FIV infection, and to evaluate the FIV-specific or total antibody response elicited by various FIV strains/other diseases.
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Kaminski RW, Clarkson K, Kordis AA, Oaks EV. Multiplexed immunoassay to assess Shigella-specific antibody responses. J Immunol Methods 2013; 393:18-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Viruses are common causes of foodborne outbreaks. Viral diseases have low fatality rates but transmission to humans via food is important due to the high probability of consuming fecally contaminated food or water because of poor food handling. Because of the low infectious doses of some foodborne viruses, there is a need for standardization and the development of new sensitive methods for detecting viruses. The focus is on molecular and non-molecular approaches, and emerging methods for the detection of foodborne viruses. The detection of noroviruses, hepatitis A and E viruses, rotaviruses and adenoviruses will be discussed. The chapter will conclude with insights into future research directions.
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Namekar M, Kumar M, O'Connell M, Nerurkar VR. Effect of serum heat-inactivation and dilution on detection of anti-WNV antibodies in mice by West Nile virus E-protein microsphere immunoassay. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45851. [PMID: 23049879 PMCID: PMC3457982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunopathogenesis studies employing West Nile virus (WNV) mice model are important for the development of antivirals and vaccines against WNV. Since antibodies produced in mice early during WNV infection are essential for clearing virus from the periphery, it is important to detect early and persistent anti-WNV antibodies. ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization tests are traditionally used for detection of anti-WNV antibodies and WNV-neutralizing antibodies, respectively. Although these assays are sensitive and specific, they are expensive and time consuming. Microsphere immunoassays (MIA) are sensitive, specific, allow for high throughput, are cost effective, require less time to perform than other methods, and require low serum volumes. Several assay parameters such as serum heat-inactivation (HI) and dilution can alter WNV MIA sensitivity. We examined the effect of these parameters on WNV E-protein MIA (WNV E-MIA) for the enhanced detection of anti-WNV IgM and IgG antibodies. WNV E-MIA was conducted using serial dilutions of HI and non-HI (NHI) serum collected at various time points from mice inoculated with WNV. HI significantly enhanced detection of IgM and IgG antibodies as compared to NHI serum. WNV IgM and IgG antibodies in HI sera were detected earlier at day 3 and IgM antibodies persisted up to day 24 after infection. HI serum at 1∶20 dilution was found to be optimal for detection of both IgM and IgG antibodies as compared to higher-serum dilutions. Further, addition of exogenous complement to the HI serum decreased the WNV E-MIA sensitivity. These results suggest that serum-HI and optimal dilution enhance WNV E-MIA sensitivity by eliminating the complement interference, thereby detecting low-titer anti-WNV antibodies during early and late phases of infection. This improved MIA can also be readily employed for detection of low-titer antibodies for detection of other infectious agents and host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Namekar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Maile O'Connell
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Vivek R. Nerurkar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Fang F, Shi C, Zhang X, Liu L, Li J, Zhou X, Yao J, Kang X. Evaluation of a method for the simultaneous detection of multiple tumor markers using a multiplex suspension bead array. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:1394-8. [PMID: 22820436 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To achieve higher tumor detection efficiency, we evaluated a multiplex assay for TM analysis based on the Luminex-100 multiplex suspension bead array. DESIGN The assay simultaneously determined the concentrations of nine TMs in 1114 human serum specimens (546 patients with tumors, 158 patients with non-tumor inflammatory diseases, and 410 normal controls). The nine TMs were AFP, CEA, CA125, CYFRA 21-1, CA242, f-PSA, t-PSA, NSE and free β-hCG. The multiplex suspension bead assays were compared with conventional methods used in clinical laboratories. RESULTS The Luminex assay has the same levels of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in the prediction of positive tumor specimens as conventional methods. CONCLUSION Multiplex suspension bead arrays have promising applications in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Medical Research, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, PR China
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Development of a multiplex bead-based assay for detection of hepatitis C virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:802-6. [PMID: 21346054 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00265-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major burden to public health worldwide, affecting approximately 3% of the human population. Although HCV detection is currently based on reliable tests, the field of medical diagnostics has a growing need for inexpensive, accurate, and quick high-throughput assays. By using the recombinant HCV antigens NS3, NS4, NS5, and Combined, we describe a new bead-based multiplex test capable of detecting HCV infection in human serum samples. The first analysis, made in a singleplex format, showed that each antigen coupled to an individual bead set presented high-level responses for anti-HCV-positive reference serum pools and lower-level responses for the HCV-negative pools. Our next approach was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of each antigen by testing 93 HCV-positive and 93 HCV-negative sera. When assayed in the singleplex format, the NS3, NS4, and NS5 antigens presented lower sensitivity values (50.5%, 51.6%, and 55.9%, respectively) than did the Combined antigen, which presented a sensitivity of 93.5%. All antigens presented 100% specificity. These antigens were then multiplexed in a 4-plex assay, which resulted in increased sensitivity and specificity values, performing with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The positive and negative predictive values for the 4-plex assay were 100%. Although preliminary, this 4-plex assay showed robust results that, aligned with its small-sample-volume requirements and also its cost- and time-effectiveness, make it a reasonable alternative to tests currently used for HCV screening of potentially infected individuals.
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Barbee KD, Hsiao AP, Roller EE, Huang X. Multiplexed protein detection using antibody-conjugated microbead arrays in a microfabricated electrophoretic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:3084-93. [PMID: 20820631 PMCID: PMC3092535 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00044b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a microfabricated electrophoretic device for assembling high-density arrays of antibody-conjugated microbeads for chip-based protein detection. The device consists of a flow cell formed between a gold-coated silicon chip with an array of microwells etched in a silicon dioxide film and a glass coverslip with a series of thin gold counter electrode lines. We have demonstrated that 0.4 and 1 μm beads conjugated with antibodies can be rapidly assembled into the microwells by applying a pulsed electric field across the chamber. By assembling step-wise a mixture of fluorescently labeled antibody-conjugated microbeads, we incorporated both spatial and fluorescence encoding strategies to demonstrate significant multiplexing capabilities. We have shown that these antibody-conjugated microbead arrays can be used to perform on-chip sandwich immunoassays to detect test antigens at concentrations as low as 40 pM (6 ng/mL). A finite element model was also developed to examine the electric field distribution within the device for different counter electrode configurations over a range of line pitches and chamber heights. This device will be useful for assembling high-density, encoded antibody arrays for multiplexed detection of proteins and other types of protein-conjugated microbeads for applications such as the analysis of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher D. Barbee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0412
| | - Alexander P. Hsiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0412
| | - Eric E. Roller
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0412
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0412
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Ji NY, Kang YH, Park MY, Lee CI, Kim MK, Kim DG, Kim JW, Song EY. Development of a fluorescent microsphere immunoassay for cystatin B (CSTB) in serum of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 49:151-5. [PMID: 20961191 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum cystatin B (CSTB) concentrations have been reported to be increased in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma compared to concentrations seen in normal subjects. In this study, we developed a "fluorescent microsphere immunoassay" (FMI) capable of specifically detecting CSTB in serum. METHODS The FMI used a microparticle conjugated polyclonal antibody to CSTB and biotinylated monoclonal antibody as capture protein and probe protein, respectively. The results were obtained using the Bio-Plex(200) system. RESULTS The dose-response relationship between CSTB and fluorescent intensity showed linearity in the range 0-1000 pg/mL and 7 pg/mL, sensitivity lower than 11.2 pg/mL. This result revealed that the FMI system was more sensitive than enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Additionally, the FMI system used smaller sample volumes compared to ELISA. CONCLUSIONS We measured CSTB with both the FMI and an ELISA procedure and compared the two methods. The CSTB concentrations in serum specimens as measured with the FMI assay system were similar to those measured with ELISA. Thus, the new FMI using the Bio-Plex system may be useful for detection of CSTB in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Young Ji
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dajeon, Korea
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Janik DK, Lindau-Shepard B, Comeau AM, Pass KA. A multiplex immunoassay using the Guthrie specimen to detect T-cell deficiencies including severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Clin Chem 2010; 56:1460-5. [PMID: 20660143 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.144329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) fulfills many of the requirements for addition to a newborn screening panel. Two newborn screening SCID pilot studies are now underway using the T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assay, a molecular technique. Here we describe an immunoassay with CD3 as a marker for T cells and CD45 as a marker for total leukocytes that can be used with the Guthrie specimen. METHODS The multiplexing capabilities of the Luminex platform were used. Antibody pairs were used to capture and detect CD3 and CD45 from a single 3-mm punch of the Guthrie specimen. The assay for each biomarker was developed separately in identical buffers and then combined to create a multiplex assay. RESULTS Using calibrators made from known amounts of leukocytes, a detection limit of 0.25 x 10(6) cells/mL for CD3 and 0.125 x 10(6) cells/mL for CD45 was obtained. Affinity tests showed no cross-reactivity between the antibodies to CD3 and CD45. The multiplex assay was validated against 8 coded specimens of known clinical status and linked to results from the TREC assay that had identified them. All were correctly identified by the CD345 assay. CONCLUSIONS The performance parameters of the CD345 assay met the performance characteristics generally accepted for immunoassays. Our assay classifications of positive specimens concur with previous TREC results. This CD345 assay warrants evaluation as a viable alternative or complement to the TREC assay as a primary screening tool for detecting T-cell immunodeficiencies, including SCID, in Guthrie specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Janik
- Biggs Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, Department of Health, NYS, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
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Xie S, Moya C, Bilgin B, Jayaraman A, Walton SP. Emerging affinity-based techniques in proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2010; 6:573-83. [PMID: 19811078 DOI: 10.1586/epr.09.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteomes of interest, such as the human proteome, have such complexity that no single technique is adequate for the complete analysis of the constituents. Depending on the goal (e.g., identification of a novel protein vs measurement of the level of a known protein), the tools required can vary significantly. While existing methods provide valuable information, their limitations drive the development of complementary, innovative methods to achieve greater breadth of coverage, dynamic range or specificity of analysis. We will discuss affinity-based methods and their applications, focusing on their unique advantages. In addition, we will describe emerging methods with potential value to proteomics, as well as the challenges that remain for proteomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1226, USA
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Lindau-Shepard BA, Pass KA. Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis by use of a multiplex immunoassay. Clin Chem 2009; 56:445-50. [PMID: 20040620 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.132480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since its beginnings, newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) using an assay for immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) has been plagued by a high rate of false-positive results (screen positive, diagnosis negative), despite attempts to reduce this rate by use of altered cutoffs and second-tier DNA testing. IRT exists as 2 isoforms: IRT1 and IRT2, with IRT2 being more closely aligned with pancreatic disease, including CF. Assay standardization between programs is a continuing problem because the IRT assays currently in use variously recognize either 1 or both isoforms. Here we report the development of a multiplexed assay for both forms of IRT simultaneously. METHODS Using 2 different Luminex bead sets, we developed assays for each IRT isoform separately and then combined them. Using the sum of IRT1 and IRT2 values (IRT1+IRT2), we compared the results with a CF kit currently in use. RESULTS In a sample set consisting of 16 cases confirmed positive for CF, we established a cutoff at >97 microg/L total IRT. Seven of 8 carriers with 1 CF mutation screen-positive by the standard method were also screen-positive by IRT1+IRT2. Of 32 cases screen-positive by standard IRT, 11 were screen-negative by IRT1+IRT2. None of these 11 cases had CF mutations identified by the screening program. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the multiplex method with specificity for 2 isoforms of IRT has performance comparable to that of a standard IRT method and the advantage of improved standardization by detection of the 2 isoforms.
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Hsu HY, Joos TO, Koga H. Multiplex microsphere-based flow cytometric platforms for protein analysis and their application in clinical proteomics â from assays to results. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:4008-19. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Krishhan VV, Khan IH, Luciw PA. Multiplexed microbead immunoassays by flow cytometry for molecular profiling: Basic concepts and proteomics applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2009; 29:29-43. [PMID: 19514901 DOI: 10.1080/07388550802688847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry was originally established as an automated method for measuring optical or fluorescence characteristics of cells or particles in suspension. With the enormous increase in development of reliable electronics, lasers, micro-fluidics, as well as many advances in immunology and other fields, flow cytometers have become user-friendlier, less-expensive instruments with an increasing importance for both basic research and clinical applications. Conventional uses of flow cytometry include immunophenotyping of blood cells and the analysis of the cell cycle. Importantly, methods for labeling microbeads with unique combinations of fluorescent spectral signatures have made multiplex analysis of soluble analytes (i.e. the ability to detect multiple targets in a single test sample) feasible by flow cytometry. The result is a rapid, high-throughput, sensitive, and reproducible detection technology for a wide range of biomedical applications requiring detection of proteins (in cells and biofluids) and nucleic acids. Thus, novel methods of flow cytometry are becoming important for diagnostic purposes (e.g. identifying multiple clinical biomarkers for a wide range of diseases) as well as for developing novel therapies (e.g. elucidating drug mechanisms and potential toxicities). In addition, flow cytometry for multiplex analysis, coupled with automated sample handling devices, has the potential to significantly enhance proteomics research, particularly analysis of post-translational modifications of proteins, on a large scale. Inherently, flow cytometry methods are strongly rooted in the laws of the physics of optics, fluidics, and electromagnetism. This review article describes principles and early sources of flow cytometry, provides an introduction to the multiplex microbead technology, and discusses its applications and advantages in comparison to other methods. Anticipated future directions, particularly for translational research in medicine, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Krishhan
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.
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Jarquin R, Hanning I, Ahn S, Ricke SC. Development of rapid detection and genetic characterization of salmonella in poultry breeder feeds. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:5308-23. [PMID: 22346699 PMCID: PMC3274138 DOI: 10.3390/s90705308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, with poultry and poultry products being a primary source of infection to humans. Poultry may carry some Salmonella serovars without any signs or symptoms of disease and without causing any adverse effects to the health of the bird. Salmonella may be introduced to a flock by multiple environmental sources, but poultry feed is suspected to be a leading source. Detecting Salmonella in feed can be challenging because low levels of the bacteria may not be recovered using traditional culturing techniques. Numerous detection methodologies have been examined over the years for quantifying Salmonella in feeds and many have proven to be effective for Salmonella isolation and detection in a variety of feeds. However, given the potential need for increased detection sensitivity, molecular detection technologies may the best candidate for developing rapid sensitive methods for identifying small numbers of Salmonella in the background of large volumes of feed. Several studies have been done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and commercial kits to detect Salmonella spp. in a wide variety of feed sources. In addition, DNA array technology has recently been utilized to track the dissemination of a specific Salmonella serotype in feed mills. This review will discuss the processing of feeds and potential points in the process that may introduce Salmonella contamination to the feed. Detection methods currently used and the need for advances in these methods also will be discussed. Finally, implementation of rapid detection for optimizing control methods to prevent and remove any Salmonella contamination of feeds will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Jarquin
- Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA; E-Mail:
- Research and Development, Cobb-Vantress Incorporated, P.O. BOX 1030, Siloam Springs, AR 72761, USA
| | - Irene Hanning
- Dept. of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Soohyoun Ahn
- Food Science and Technology Program, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA; E-Mail:
- Dept. of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA; E-Mail:
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Lee J, Kim O, Jung J, Na K, Heo P, Hyun J. Simple fabrication of a smart microarray of polystyrene microbeads for immunoassay. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 72:173-80. [PMID: 19410434 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple method to fabricate an array of polystyrene microbeads (PS microbeads) conjugated with an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) on a glass surface using a removable polymer template (RPT). A thin layer of adhesive was spun-cast on glass and cured by UV radiation. Micropatterns of an RPT were then transferred onto the surface by microcontact printing. The adhesion of PS microbeads on the surface depended on the adhesion performance of the adhesive layer, which could be adjusted by irradiation time. An array of PS microbeads conjugated with ELP was used for a smart immunoassay of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a cancer marker. By controlling the phase transition of ELP molecules, PSA molecules were selectively adhered or released from the bead surface. The selective and reversible binding of PSA molecules on the bead surface was characterized with fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwan Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Apweiler R, Aslanidis C, Deufel T, Gerstner A, Hansen J, Hochstrasser D, Kellner R, Kubicek M, Lottspeich F, Maser E, Mewes HW, Meyer HE, Müllner S, Mutter W, Neumaier M, Nollau P, Nothwang HG, Ponten F, Radbruch A, Reinert K, Rothe G, Stockinger H, Tarnok A, Taussig MJ, Thiel A, Thiery J, Ueffing M, Valet G, Vandekerckhove J, Verhuven W, Wagener C, Wagner O, Schmitz G. Approaching clinical proteomics: current state and future fields of application in fluid proteomics. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:724-44. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Liu N, Su P, Gao Z, Zhu M, Yang Z, Pan X, Fang Y, Chao F. Simultaneous detection for three kinds of veterinary drugs: Chloramphenicol, clenbuterol and 17-beta-estradiol by high-throughput suspension array technology. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 632:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Achour M, Zeghal D, Kochbati L, Kahla S, Zouari F, Maâlej M, Oueslati R. Antibody Response for L1, E6, E7 HPV 16, and HPV 18 Antigens in Tunisian Women with Cervical Cancer. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2008; 30:82-96. [DOI: 10.1080/15321810802569543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Achour M, Zeghal D, Kochbati L, Kahla S, Zouari F, Maâlej M, Oueslati R. Antibody Response for L1, E6 and E7 HPV 16 and HPV 18 Antigens in Tunisian Women with Cervical Cancer and Controls. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2008; 29:266-80. [DOI: 10.1080/15321810802119638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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McDade TW, Williams S, Snodgrass JJ. What a drop can do: dried blood spots as a minimally invasive method for integrating biomarkers into population-based research. Demography 2008; 44:899-925. [PMID: 18232218 DOI: 10.1353/dem.2007.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Logistical constraints associated with the collection and analysis of biological samples in community-based settings have been a significant impediment to integrative, multilevel bio-demographic and biobehavioral research. However recent methodological developments have overcome many of these constraints and have also expanded the options for incorporating biomarkers into population-based health research in international as well as domestic contexts. In particular using dried blood spot (DBS) samples-drops of whole blood collected on filter paper from a simple finger prick-provides a minimally invasive method for collecting blood samples in nonclinical settings. After a brief discussion of biomarkers more generally, we review procedures for collecting, handling, and analyzing DBS samples. Advantages of using DBS samples-compared with venipuncture include the relative ease and low cost of sample collection, transport, and storage. Disadvantages include requirements for assay development and validation as well as the relatively small volumes of sample. We present the results of a comprehensive literature review of published protocols for analysis of DBS samples, and we provide more detailed analysis of protocols for 45 analytes likely to be of particular relevance to population-level health research. Our objective is to provide investigators with the information they need to make informed decisions regarding the appropriateness of blood spot methods for their research interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W McDade
- Northwestern University, Department of Anthropology and Cells to Society (C2S): The Center on Social Disparities and Health at the Institute for Policy Research, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Derveaux S, Stubbe BG, Roelant C, Leblans M, De Geest BG, Demeester J, De Smedt SC. Layer-by-layer coated digitally encoded microcarriers for quantification of proteins in serum and plasma. Anal Chem 2008; 80:85-94. [PMID: 18052131 DOI: 10.1021/ac071212i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The "layer-by-layer" (LbL) technology has been widely investigated for the coating of flat substrates and capsules with polyelectrolytes. In this study, LbL polyelectrolyte coatings applied at the surface of digitally encoded microcarriers were evaluated for the quantitative, sensitive, and simultaneous detection of proteins in complex biological samples like serum, plasma, and blood. LbL coated microcarriers were therefore coupled to capture antibodies, which were used as capture agents for the detection of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), P24, and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). It was found that the LbL coatings did not disassemble upon incubating the microcarriers in serum and plasma. Also, nonspecific binding of target analytes to the LbL coating was not observed. We showed that the LbL coated microcarriers can reproducibly detect TNF-alpha, P24, and FSH down to the picogram per milliliter level, not only in buffer but also in serum and plasma samples. Microcarrier-to-microcarrier intratube variations were less then 30%, and interassay variations less than 8% were observed. This paper also shows evidence that the LbL coated digitally encoded microcarriers are ideally suited for assaying proteins in "whole" blood in microfluidic chips, which are of high interest for "point-of-care" diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan Derveaux
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Parallel processing in microbiology: Detection of infectious pathogens by Luminex xMAP multiplexed suspension array technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Earle CD, King EM, Tsay A, Pittman K, Saric B, Vailes L, Godbout R, Oliver KG, Chapman MD. High-throughput fluorescent multiplex array for indoor allergen exposure assessment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:428-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Deregt D, Furukawa-Stoffer TL, Tokaryk KL, Pasick J, Hughes KMB, Hooper-McGrevy K, Baxi S, Baxi MK. A microsphere immunoassay for detection of antibodies to avian influenza virus. J Virol Methods 2006; 137:88-94. [PMID: 16837068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A microsphere immunoassay (MIA) was developed for the detection of serum antibodies to avian influenza virus. A recombinant influenza A nucleoprotein expressed in baculovirus was conjugated to microspheres and incubated with antibodies. High median fluorescent intensities (MFIs) were obtained with a monoclonal antibody and positive chicken sera. Chickens were inoculated with 10 strains of avian influenza virus representing different subtypes, including high and low pathogenic H5 and H7 subtypes. Three hundred and fifty-four samples from experimentally infected chickens and controls were tested with a competitive ELISA (cELISA) and the MIA. MFIs were converted to positive/negative (PN) ratios. The results of both tests, as percentage inhibition and PN ratio, showed a high correlation (R2 = 0.77). From the comparison data, a ratio of > or =4.5 was selected as the cut-off value for positivity in the MIA. Using this cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of the MIA relative to the cELISA when all discordant experimental samples were retested was 99.3 and 93.1%, respectively. The relative specificity increased to 94.7% when additional negative sera (n = 68) were tested. The MIA may be useful for surveillance testing and as a screening test for flocks infected with low pathogenic avian influenza virus and could be expanded for simultaneous detection of antibodies against other avian infectious disease agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Deregt
- Virology Section, Lethbridge Laboratory (Animal Diseases Research Institute), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, P.O. Box 640, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 3Z4, Canada.
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Faucher S, Martel A, Sherring A, Bogdanovic D, Malloch L, Kim JE, Bergeron M, Sandstrom P, Mandy FF. A combined HIV-1 protein bead array for serology assay and T-cell subset immunophenotyping with a hybrid flow cytometer: a step in the direction of a comprehensive multitasking instrument platform for infectious disease diagnosis and monitoring. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2006; 70:179-88. [PMID: 16615079 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new generation of bench-top flow cytometers with digital signal processing to perform suspension array technology (SAT) based bead array assays as well as leukocyte immunophenotyping is now available. These hybrid instruments provide an opportunity for the development of a more cost effective multitasking platform to support infectious disease treatment in resource limited countries. METHODS We report the development and testing of two modules compatible with the hybrid flow cytometers. The first module is an eleven HIV-1 protein bead array (PBA) for the detection of circulating antibodies and the second is a cell based T-cell enumeration assay. RESULTS The HIV-1 PBA was tested in parallel with two enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for the detection of plasma antibodies from 4 HIV-1 seroconversion panels and a low antibody titer panel. The PBA as well as the two EIAs performed equally for the detection of antibody positive samples from all seroconversion panels. One antibody positive sample from the low antibody titer panel was missed by the PBA together with one of the two EIAs tested. A parallel analysis of the HIV-1 PBA with Western blot (a confirmatory test for HIV infection) using plasma from nine HIV-1(+) individuals showed that the HIV-1 PBA detected more of the gp41 and gp120 antibody positive samples. Preliminary CD4 T-cell immunophenotyping results from 14 HIV(+) and 10 HIV(-) whole blood specimens with the hybrid flow cytometer platform compared well to conventional flow cytometry data. CONCLUSION The successful combination of bead and cell based assays on a single hybrid instrument demonstrated the potential utility of a multitasking platform. The results presented are providing groundwork for future development of more cost effective modular architecture for a flexible flow cytometry based platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Faucher
- National HIV Immunology Laboratory, National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
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Deregt D, Gilbert SA, Dudas S, Pasick J, Baxi S, Burton KM, Baxi MK. A multiplex DNA suspension microarray for simultaneous detection and differentiation of classical swine fever virus and other pestiviruses. J Virol Methods 2006; 136:17-23. [PMID: 16690139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An oligonucleotide suspension microarray (Luminex microsphere system) was developed for detection and differentiation of animal pestiviruses: classical swine fever virus (CSFV), bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2 (BVDV1 and BVDV2), and border disease virus (BDV). Species-specific and pestivirus-common oligonucleotide probes were designed to the 5' UTR region and conjugated to individual color-coded Luminex carboxy beads (probe beads). Target pestivirus sequences were amplified by asymmetric PCR using a biotinylated reverse primer and a forward and reverse primer ratio of 1:5. The biotinylated products were hybridized to eight probe beads in a multiplex assay and analyzed using streptavidin conjugated to a fluorescent reporter molecule. The assay was able to detect and differentiate all 40 strains of CSFV, BVDV1, BVDV2 and BDV tested. The analytical sensitivity was determined to be 0.2-10 TCID50/ml. The major advantages of the DNA-microsphere suspension microarray, as a low density array, are its ease of handling and ability to simultaneously detect and type multiple infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Deregt
- Virology Section, Lethbridge Laboratory, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Alta., Canada T1J 3Z4.
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Kuller L, Watanabe R, Anderson D, Grant R. Development of a whole-virus multiplex flow cytometric assay for antibody screening of a specific pathogen-free primate colony. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 53:185-93. [PMID: 16243475 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to determine if a multiplex technique using a fluorescent bead-based flow cytometric assay could yield results comparable to traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in terms of sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity, and throughput. We applied both techniques to serologic screening of specific pathogen-free macaques, for type D simian retrovirus, simian T-lymphotropic virus, Cercopithicine herpesvirus 1, and simian immunodeficiency virus, and found a high correlation between the bead-based multiplex assay and ELISA. The multiplex assay demonstrated greater sensitivity with no loss in specificity when compared to the ELISA. A lower false-positive rate with the multiplex assay decreased the number of confirmatory Western blots required. Using the multiplex assay, we were able to screen samples for 4 viruses simultaneously in the time it took to perform a single-virus ELISA, resulting in a faster turnaround time and higher throughput. The multiplexed assay provided greater sensitivity, increased stability, and better performance than ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Box 357331, Seattle, 98195, USA
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Skogstrand K, Thorsen P, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Schendel DE, Sørensen LC, Hougaard DM. Simultaneous Measurement of 25 Inflammatory Markers and Neurotrophins in Neonatal Dried Blood Spots by Immunoassay with xMAP Technology. Clin Chem 2005; 51:1854-66. [PMID: 16081507 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.052241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory reactions and other events in early life may be part of the etiology of late-onset diseases, including cerebral palsy, autism, and type 1 diabetes. Most neonatal screening programs for congenital disorders are based on analysis of dried blood spot samples (DBSS), and stored residual DBSS constitute a valuable resource for research into the etiology of these diseases. The small amount of blood available, however, limits the number of analytes that can be determined by traditional immunoassay methodologies.
Methods: We used new multiplexed sandwich immunoassays based on flowmetric Luminex® xMAP technology to measure inflammatory markers and neutrophins in DBSS.
Results: The high-capacity 25-plex multianalyte method measured 23 inflammatory and trophic cytokines, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1), and C-reactive protein in two 3.2-mm punches from DBSS. It also measured 26 cytokines and TREM-1 in serum. Standards Recovery in the 25-plex method were 90%–161% (mean, 105%). The low end of the working range for all 25 analytes covered concentrations found in DBSS from healthy newborns. Mean recovery of exogenous analytes added at physiologic concentrations in DBSS models was 174%, mean intra- and interassay CVs were 6.2% and 16%, respectively, and the mean correlation between added and measured analytes was r2 = 0.91. In DBSS routinely collected on days 5–7 from 8 newborns with documented inflammatory reactions at birth, the method detected significantly changed concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. Measurements on DBSS stored at −24 °C for >20 years showed that most cytokines are detectable in equal concentrations over time.
Conclusions: The method can reliably measure 25 inflammatory markers and growth factors in DBSS. It has a large potential for high-capacity analysis of DBSS in epidemiologic case–control studies and, with further refinements, in neonatal screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Skogstrand
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Waterboer T, Sehr P, Michael KM, Franceschi S, Nieland JD, Joos TO, Templin MF, Pawlita M. Multiplex human papillomavirus serology based on in situ-purified glutathione s-transferase fusion proteins. Clin Chem 2005; 51:1845-53. [PMID: 16099939 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.052381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 100 different human papillomaviruses (HPVs) can cause proliferative diseases, many of which are malignant, such as cervical cancer. HPV serology is complex because infection and disease lead to distinct type-specific antibody responses. Using bead-based technology, we have developed an assay platform that allows the simultaneous detection of antibodies against up to 100 in situ affinity-purified recombinant HPV proteins. METHODS Twenty-seven HPV proteins were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins and affinity-purified in one step by incubation of glutathione-displaying beads in bacterial lysate. Spectrally distinct bead sets, each carrying one particular antigen, were mixed, incubated with serum, and differentiated in a flow cytometer-like analyzer (xMAP; Luminex Corp). Antibodies bound to the antigens were detected via fluorescent secondary reagents. We studied 756 sera from 2 case-control studies of cervical cancer. RESULTS Glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins bound with high affinity to glutathione-displaying beads (Kd = 6.9 x 10(-9) mol/L). The dynamic range of multiplex serology covered 1.5 orders of magnitude, and antibodies were detected at serum dilutions >1:1,000,000. Imprecision (median CV) was < or = 5.4%, and assay reproducibility was high (R2 = 0.97). Results on clinical samples showed high concordance with ELISA (kappa = 0.846), but multiplex serology exhibited increased detection of weak antibody responses. Antibodies to the E6 oncoproteins of the rare HPV types 52 and 58 were associated with cervical cancer (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Multiplex serology enables antibody analyses of large numbers of sera against up to 100 antigens in parallel and has the potential to replace ELISA technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Waterboer
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Song EY, VanDunk C, Kuddo T, Nelson PG. Measurement of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide using a Competitive Fluorescent Microsphere Immunoassay or ELISA in human blood samples. J Immunol Methods 2005; 300:63-73. [PMID: 15894328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) as measured by recycling immunoaffinity chromatography (RIC) has been reported to be elevated in the blood of patients with autism as compared with normal subjects. In this study, we have developed a "Competitive Fluorescent Microsphere Immunoassay" (cFMI) in which VIP competes with biotinylated VIP in binding to polyclonal antibodies on microspheres. The results were obtained using the Luminex100 system. We measured VIP in serum, plasma, and material eluted from dried blood spots on filter paper with both the cFMI and an ELISA procedure. We found that a purification procedure was necessary for obtaining useful results from plasma and serum, however, a preincubation step was required with the blood eluates. This newly developed cFMI was more sensitive (2.5 vs. 20.0 pg/ml), and more reproducible than the ELISA. To get accurate measurements of VIP in eluted material high sensitivity is especially important. Thus, the cFMI using the Luminex system has definite advantages over a conventional ELISA including the possibility that samples can be assayed at higher dilutions. We have determined that the VIP concentrations of serum, plasma, and dried blood spot eluate specimens as measured with the cFMI assay system were similar to those measured with ELISA. Thus, the new cFMI using Luminex system may be useful for detection of VIP in human blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Song
- LDN, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 31 Room 2 A 25, Bethesda, MD 20892-4480, USA
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Poetz O, Schwenk JM, Kramer S, Stoll D, Templin MF, Joos TO. Protein microarrays: catching the proteome. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:161-70. [PMID: 15610775 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2004.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
After the completion of the human genome sequencing project, DNA microarrays and sophisticated bioinformatics platforms give scientists a global view of biological systems. In today's proteome era, efforts are undertaken to adapt microarray technology in order to analyse the expression of a large number of proteins simultaneously and screen entire genomes for proteins that interact with particular factors, catalyse particular reactions, act as substrates for protein-modifying enzymes and/or as targets of autoimmune responses. In this review, we will summarise the current stage of protein microarray technology. We will focus on the latest fields of application for the simultaneous determination of a variety of parameters from a minute amount of sample. Future challenges of this cutting-edge technology will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Poetz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
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Faucher S, Martel A, Sherring A, Ding T, Malloch L, Kim JE, Bergeron M, Sandstrom P, Mandy FF. Protein bead array for the detection of HIV-1 antibodies from fresh plasma and dried-blood-spot specimens. Clin Chem 2004; 50:1250-3. [PMID: 15229158 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.032995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Faucher
- National HIV Immunology Laboratory, National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Kellar KL, Oliver KG. Multiplexed Microsphere Assays for Protein and DNA Binding Reactions. Methods Cell Biol 2004; 75:409-29. [PMID: 15603435 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(04)75016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Kellar
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Scientific Resources Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Clavijo A, Wright P, Kitching P. Developments in diagnostic techniques for differentiating infection from vaccination in foot-and-mouth disease. Vet J 2004; 167:9-22. [PMID: 14623146 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(03)00087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically significant disease of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and wild ruminant species. The FMD virus genome encodes a unique polyprotein from which the different viral polypeptides are cleaved by viral proteases, including eight different non-structural proteins (NSPs). Both structural and non-structural antigens induce the production of antibodies in infected animals. In contrast, vaccinated animals which have not been exposed to replicating virus will develop antibodies only to the viral antigens in the inactivated material. Vaccination against FMD is a key element in the control of the disease in addition to slaughter and movement restrictions. However, countries that vaccinate in the event of an outbreak will have to re-establish their FMD free status to the satisfaction of their trading partners. Because currently available vaccines stimulate the production of antibodies indistinguishable from those produced by infected animals in response to live virus and because vaccinated animals can be infected and become carriers of FMD virus, efforts have been made to develop diagnostic test that can differentiate vaccinated animals from those that are convalescent and from those that have been vaccinated and become carriers following subsequent contact with live virus. Currently the detection of antibodies to non-structural protein's (NSPs) is the preferred diagnostic method to distinguish virus infected, carrier, animals from vaccinated animals. However this is currently only possible at the herd level because of the great variability in the initiation, specificity and duration of the immune response in individual animals to the NSPs shown in many studies. Considerable effort and attention is now being directed toward the development of new methods and techniques for the rapid and accurate detection of anti-NSP antibodies, harmonization and standardization of current diagnostic techniques, as well as the production of defined reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Clavijo
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Suite T2300, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4.
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Chace DH, Kalas TA, Naylor EW. Use of tandem mass spectrometry for multianalyte screening of dried blood specimens from newborns. Clin Chem 2003; 49:1797-817. [PMID: 14578311 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2003.022178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade laboratories that test for metabolic disorders have introduced tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), which is more sensitive, specific, reliable, and comprehensive than traditional assays, into their newborn-screening programs. MS/MS is rapidly replacing these one-analysis, one-metabolite, one-disease classic screening techniques with a one-analysis, many-metabolites, many-diseases approach that also facilitates the ability to add new disorders to existing newborn-screening panels. METHODS During the past few years experts have authored many valuable articles describing various approaches to newborn metabolic screening by MS/MS. We attempted to document key developments in the introduction and validation of MS/MS screening for metabolic disorders. Our approach used the perspective of the metabolite and which diseases may be present from its detection rather than a more traditional approach of describing a disease and noting which metabolites are increased when it is present. CONTENT This review cites important historical developments in the introduction and validation of MS/MS screening for metabolic disorders. It also offers a basic technical understanding of MS/MS as it is applied to multianalyte metabolic screening and explains why MS/MS is well suited for analysis of amino acids and acylcarnitines in dried filter-paper blood specimens. It also describes amino acids and acylcarnitines as they are detected and measured by MS/MS and their significance to the identification of specific amino acid, fatty acid, and organic acid disorders. CONCLUSIONS Multianalyte technologies such as MS/MS are suitable for newborn screening and other mass screening programs because they improve the detection of many diseases in the current screening panel while enabling expansion to disorders that are now recognized as important and need to be identified in pediatric medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H Chace
- Pediatrix Screening, PO Box 219, 90 Emerson Lane, Bridgeville, PA 15017, USA.
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Eystathioy T, Chan EKL, Mahler M, Luft LM, Fritzler ML, Fritzler MJ. A panel of monoclonal antibodies to cytoplasmic GW bodies and the mRNA binding protein GW182. HYBRIDOMA AND HYBRIDOMICS 2003; 22:79-86. [PMID: 12831532 DOI: 10.1089/153685903321947996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
GW182 is a mRNA binding protein characterized by 60 repeats of glycine (G):tryptophan (W) motifs and is localized in cytoplasmic structures referred to as GW bodies (GWBs). Current evidence suggests that this unique protein plays a role in mRNA processing. To enable a more detailed study of GW182 and GWBs in cells and tissues, including their role in mRNA processing, we developed four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that bind the human recombinant GW182 protein. These MAbs can be used for Western blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on cultured cells and tissues. Of special interest, one of the MAbs, 2D6, can be used to identify GW182 and GWBs in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues after using an antigen retrieval method (ARM). All the MAbs described in this study immunoprecipitate the GW182 protein. Epitope mapping using overlapping 15-mer peptides representing the full-length GW182 showed that the major antibody-binding domains of these MAbs are distinct. These MAbs are valuable tools for cell biologists and pathologists to study the location and function of the novel GW182 protein in tissue culture cells, as well as cryopreserved or archived tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophany Eystathioy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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50
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Opalka D, Lachman CE, MacMullen SA, Jansen KU, Smith JF, Chirmule N, Esser MT. Simultaneous quantitation of antibodies to neutralizing epitopes on virus-like particles for human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16, and 18 by a multiplexed luminex assay. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:108-15. [PMID: 12522048 PMCID: PMC145272 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.1.108-115.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several different methods have been developed to quantitate neutralizing antibody responses to human papillomaviruses (HPVs), including in vivo neutralization assays, in vitro pseudoneutralization assays, competitive radioimmunoassays (cRIAs), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. However, each of these techniques possesses one or more limitations that preclude testing large numbers of patient sera for use in natural history studies and large vaccine clinical trials. We describe here a new multiplexed assay, by using the Luminex Laboratory MultiAnalyte Profiling (LabMAP3) assay system, that can simultaneously quantitate neutralizing antibodies to human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16, and 18 in 50 micro l of serum. The HPV-Luminex competitive immunoassay measures titers of polyclonal antibodies in serum capable of displacing phycoerythrin-labeled detection monoclonal antibodies binding to conformationally sensitive, neutralizing epitopes on the respective virus-like particles. This competitive Luminex immunoassay was found to be as sensitive, accurate, and precise as the currently used cRIAs. An effective HPV vaccine will most likely require several distinct genotypes to protect against multiple cancer causing papillomaviruses. The HPV-Luminex immunoassay should prove to be a useful tool in simultaneously quantitating antibody immune responses to multiple HPV genotypes for natural history infection studies and for monitoring the efficacy of prospective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Opalka
- Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-8630, USA
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