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Lauden L, Boukouaci W, Borlado LR, López IP, Sepúlveda P, Tamouza R, Charron D, Al-Daccak R. Allogenicity of human cardiac stem/progenitor cells orchestrated by programmed death ligand 1. Circ Res 2012; 112:451-64. [PMID: 23243206 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.276501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Transplantation of allogeneic cardiac stem/progenitor cells (CPC) in experimental myocardial infarction promoted cardiac regeneration and improved heart function. Although this has enhanced prospects of using allogeneic CPC for cardiac repair, the mechanisms regulating the behavior of these allogeneic cells, which are central to clinical applications, remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE T cells orchestrate the allogeneic adaptive immune response. Therefore, to provide insight into the mechanisms regulating the immunologic behavior of human CPC (hCPC), we investigated the allogeneic T-cell response elicited by cryopreserved c-kit-selected hCPC. METHODS AND RESULTS By using an experimental model of allogeneic stimulation, we demonstrate that, whether under inflammatory conditions or not, hCPC do not trigger conventional allogeneic Th1 or Th2 type responses but instead induce proliferation and selective expansion of suppressive CD25(high)CD127(low)human leukocyte antigen-DR(+)FoxP3(high) effector regulatory T cells. The regulatory T-cell proliferation and amplification were dependent on the interaction with the B7 family member programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is substantially expressed on hCPC and increased under inflammatory conditions. Thus, hCPC in allogeneic settings acquire the capacity to downregulate an ongoing immune response, which was dependent on PD-L1. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data reveal that hCPC in allogeneic settings have a tolerogenic immune behavior, promoting a contact PD-L1-dependent regulatory response and a PD-L1-dependent allogeneic-driven immunomodulation. Our study attributes an important role for PD-L1 in the immune behavior of allogeneic hCPC and raises the possibility of using PD-L1 expression as a marker to identify and select low-risk high-benefit allogeneic cardiac repair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lauden
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS940, Institut Universitaire d’Hématologie, Université Paris-Diderot and Laboratoire d’Immunologie et d’Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
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Taflin C, Charron D, Glotz D, Mooney N. Immunological function of the endothelial cell within the setting of organ transplantation. Immunol Lett 2011; 139:1-6. [PMID: 21641935 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In organ transplantation, development of immunosuppressive treatment and improved diagnosis of allograft rejection has resulted in increased allograft survival in recent years. Nevertheless, rejection remains a major cause of graft loss and a better understanding of the characteristics of the allo-immune response is required to identify new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The allogeneic immune response depends upon a major family of antigenic targets: the Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules (MHC) which are present on donor cells. These molecules are targets of both the humoral and cellular arms of the graft recipient's immune system: T lymphocytes which are implicated in acute cellular rejection and antibodies which are implicated in antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Allo-recognition of allograft MHC antigens by either T cells or allo-antibodies is the primary event which can ultimately lead to graft rejection. Although immunosuppressive strategies have mainly focused on the T cell response and acute cellular rejection has therefore become relatively rare, antibody mediated rejection (AMR) remains resistant to conventional immunosuppressive treatment and results in frequent graft loss. Damage to the endothelium is a prominent histological feature of AMR underlining the involvement of endothelial cells in initiating the allo-immune response. Furthermore, endothelial cells express both HLA class I and class II molecules in the context of organ transplantation endowing them with the capacity to present antigen to the recipient T cells. The endothelium should therefore be viewed both as a stimulator of, and as a target for allo-immune responses. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge about the implication of endothelial cells in the allo-immune response in the context of organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Taflin
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche Santé 940, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, 75010 Paris, France
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3
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Human endothelial cells generate Th17 and regulatory T cells under inflammatory conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2891-6. [PMID: 21282653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1011811108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation represents a unique therapeutic option for irreparable organ dysfunction and rejection of transplants results from a breakdown in operational tolerance. Although endothelial cells (ECs) are the first target in graft rejection following kidney transplantation, their capacity to alloactivate and generate particular T lymphocyte subsets that could intervene in this process remains unknown. By using an experimental model of microvascular endothelium, we demonstrate that, under inflammatory conditions, human ECs induced proliferation of memory CD4(+)CD45RA(-) T cells and selectively amplified proinflammatory Th17 and suppressive CD45RA(-)HLA-DR(+)FoxP3(bright) regulatory CD4(+) T lymphocytes (Tregs). Although HLA-DR expression on resting microvascular ECs was sufficient to induce proliferation of memory CD4(+) T cells, Treg amplification was dependent on the interaction with CD54, highly expressed only under inflammatory conditions. Moreover, expansion of Th17 cells was dependent on IL-6 and STAT-3, and inhibition of either specifically impaired Th17, without altering Treg expansion. Collectively these data reveal that the HLA-DR(+) ECs regulate the local inflammatory allogeneic response, promoting either an IL-6/STAT-3-dependent Th17 response or a contact-CD54-dependent regulatory response according to the cytokine environment. Finally, these data open therapeutic perspectives in human organ transplantation based on targeting the IL-6/STAT-3 pathway and/or promoting CD54 dependent Treg proliferation.
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Truong DQ, Bourdeaux C, Wieërs G, Saussoy P, Latinne D, Reding R. The immunological monitoring of kidney and liver transplants in adult and pediatric recipients. Transpl Immunol 2009; 22:18-27. [PMID: 19800003 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the last half century, kidney and liver transplantation have been recognized as the treatment of choice for adult and children with end-stage renal or liver failure. Infants present a relative naïve immune system, but they are capable of mounting both cellular and humoral immune responses to the foreign antigens presented by the allograft. Immune monitoring is a way of measuring functional and molecular correlates of immune reactivity which may provide clinically useful information for identifying patients who have an increase risk of acute rejection prior to clinical symptoms or develop transplant tolerance. However, although numerous assays have been shown to predict rejection, to date no assays have been demonstrated to detect or predict transplantation tolerance. This is a summary of the published literature on promising antigen-specific and non-antigen-specific assays used for immunological monitoring in solid organ transplantation. This work also attempts to review their applicability to pediatric transplantation, specifically, pediatric kidney and liver recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Quang Truong
- Pediatric Surgery and Transplant Unit, Saint-Luc University Clinics, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Due to the dominance of Th1 cytokines in rejection and the ability of Th2 cytokines, particularly IL-4, to inhibit Th1 responses, it has long been held that Th2 cytokines can improve transplant outcomes. Although there is some support for this, there is mounting evidence that IL-4 and Th2 cytokines can promote graft dysfunction. These disparate effects are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS The role of Th2 cytokines in graft dysfunction is not necessarily due to promotion of humoral immunity, but is due to their ability to drive T-cell and non-T-cell responses including alternative activation of macrophages. Alternatively, activated macrophages compete with classically activated macrophages for arginine and they are mutually exclusive, analogous to mutual competition between Th1 and Th2 cells. Recent findings also point to two subsets of regulatory T cells (Tregs), each dependent on either Th1 or Th2 cytokines. In addition to its effects on bone marrow-derived cells, IL-4 affects parenchymal cells by signalling through the type II receptor, which consists of the IL-4R alpha chain (IL-4Ralpha) and the IL-13Ralpha1, which also binds IL-13. SUMMARY The effects of Th2 cytokines in transplantation depend on their cellular targets, the timing and form of administration and on Th2 cytokine-dependent Tregs.
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Yuan X, Paez-Cortez J, Schmitt-Knosalla I, D'Addio F, Mfarrej B, Donnarumma M, Habicht A, Clarkson MR, Iacomini J, Glimcher LH, Sayegh MH, Ansari MJ. A novel role of CD4 Th17 cells in mediating cardiac allograft rejection and vasculopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:3133-44. [PMID: 19047438 PMCID: PMC2605226 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
T-bet plays a crucial role in Th1 development. We investigated the role of T-bet in the development of allograft rejection in an established MHC class II–mismatched (bm12 into B6) model of chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Intriguingly, and in contrast to IFN-γ−/− mice that are protected from CAV, T-bet−/− recipients develop markedly accelerated allograft rejection accompanied by early severe vascular inflammation and vasculopathy, and infiltration by predominantly IL-17–producing CD4 T cells. Concurrently, T-bet−/− mice exhibit a T helper type 1 (Th1)–deficient environment characterized by profound IFN-γ deficiency, a Th2 switch characterized by increased production of interleukin (IL) 4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 cytokines, as well as increased production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12p40, and IL-17. Neutralization of IL-17 inhibits accelerated allograft rejection and vasculopathy in T-bet−/− mice. Interestingly, CD4 but not CD8 T cell deficiency in T-bet−/− mice affords dramatic protection from vasculopathy and facilitates long-term graft acceptance. This is the first study establishing that in the absence of Th1-mediated alloimmune responses, CD4 Th17 cells mediate an aggressive proinflammatory response culminating in severe accelerated allograft rejection and vasculopathy. These results have important implications for the development of novel therapies to target this intractable problem in clinical solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Yuan
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Davidson C, Verma ND, Robinson CM, Plain KM, Tran GT, Hodgkinson SJ, Hall BM. IL-13 prolongs allograft survival: Association with inhibition of macrophage cytokine activation. Transpl Immunol 2007; 17:178-86. [PMID: 17331844 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2006.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Th2 cytokines, especially IL-4 and IL-10, may facilitate transplant tolerance induction but the role of IL-13, another Th2 cytokine, is not known. This study examined the effects of rat recombinant IL-13 (rIL-13) on alloimmune responses. In vitro effects of rIL-13 were compared in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) on rat lymphocytes cultured with PVG stimulator cells. DA rats grafted with fully allogeneic PVG neonatal heart grafts were treated with 40,000 units of rIL-13 for 10 days and graft survival monitored by ECG. Cytokine mRNA expression in the graft and lymphoid tissues was studied by RT-PCR and alloantibody levels assayed. rIL-13 had no effect on MLC, unlike rIL-4 which enhanced proliferation and induced Th2 and inhibited Th1 cytokines in MLC. rIL-13 inhibited IL-12p35, IL-12p40 and TNF-alpha mRNA induction in dendritic cell cultures. Treatment with rIL-13 prolonged fully allogeneic PVG neonatal heart graft survival to 18-21 (13-27) days (median (range)); compared to 12 (9-15) days in untreated normal rejection (p<0.05) and 14 (10-24) days in sham treated controls (p<0.05). RT-PCR studies on graft tissue identified reduced mRNA expression for the dendritic cell/macrophage molecules iNOS, TNF-alpha and IL-12 compared to normal rejection. rIL-13 treatment did not increase Th2 cytokines as compared to normal rejection, or the Th2 dependent IgG1 alloantibody response, while IL-4 did. These studies demonstrated that rIL-13 can prolong allograft survival associated with inhibition of IL-12, TNF-alpha and iNOS mRNA induction, and suggest IL-13 could modify graft rejection by inhibition of dendritic cell and/or macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Davidson
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Bi EG, Shi W, Zou J, Hao ZH, Li ZH, Cai D, Zhang HQ, Sun B. IL-12p40 is not required for islet allograft rejection. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:1065-70. [PMID: 16867260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether IL-12p40 plays a crucial role in regulating islet allograft rejection in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mouse model. METHODS C57BL/6 and IL-12p40 gene knockout mice were selected as recipient mice, to which the diabetes was induced with a treatment of STZ (150-200 mg/kg) by a single ip injection. BALB/c mice were selected as donor mice and islet cells were isolated from the mice. The 500 islets were transplanted into recipient mice beneath the capsule of the left kidney. Following the islet transplantation the glucose from the mice sera was monitored and the rejection rate of islets was analyzed. RESULTS STZ could induce diabetes in the recipient mice within 1 week. After transplantation of allograft islets, the increased glucose in wild-type (WT) mice returned to normal level and was maintained for 10 d. Unexpectedly, the rejection rate of islet allograft between IL-12p40-deficient mice and WT mice was similar. CONCLUSION The results suggested that, although islet allograft rejection is believed to be Th1-cell predominant, the Th1 response inducer, IL-12 and IL-23 are not essential to induce islet allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Guang Bi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Schmitz V, Neumann UP, Fischer U, Langrehr J, Neuhaus P. Induction of long-term graft acceptance by a combination treatment of donor splenocytes and CTLA4Ig in a high responder rat liver transplantation model. Transpl Int 2005; 18:1187-96. [PMID: 16162106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2005.00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The CTLA4Ig has led to an improved survival rate in various allograft transplantation models. We investigated in a high responder rat model (Dark Agouti to Lewis) of orthotopic liver transplantation (ORLT), whether an additional adoptive cell transfer can enhance the effect of CTLA4Ig. After transplantation, recipients (n = 13/group) were treated with donor or third-party splenocytes alone or in combination with CTLA4Ig. Administration of splenocytes alone had no significant effect on survival (median 13 days, range 9-14) compared with untreated controls (median 10 days, range 8-12). CTLA4Ig monotherapy prolonged survival to a median of 30 days (range 11-150) but resulted in long-term graft rejection. The additional administration of third-party splenocytes showed no significant improvement over CTLA4Ig monotherapy. Only the combination of donor splenocytes with CTLA4Ig led to long-term graft acceptance (>150 days) without clinical and/or histological signs of rejection. A higher rate of apoptosis could be detected in livers at early time-points in long-term survivors receiving CTLA4Ig and donor splenocytes. Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression revealed a decrease of interleukin-2 at early time-points in all groups receiving CTLA4Ig; whereas, interferon-gamma was increased in long-term survivors receiving CTLA4Ig and donor cells or donor cells alone. The combination of CTLA4Ig and donor derived splenocytes is potent to induce long-term survival and graft acceptance. The mechanisms appear to involve the induction of an early inflammatory impulse and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Schmitz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité, Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Platz, Berlin, Germany.
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Tung TH, Mohanakumar T, Mackinnon SE. Th1/Th2 Cytokine Profile of the Immune Response in Limb Component Transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 116:557-66. [PMID: 16079692 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000172888.45875.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to define the cytokine secretion pattern during limb allograft rejection and to determine its correlation to differential tissue antigenicity of limb allograft components. METHODS Twenty-five C57Bl/6 mice (H-2Kb) were randomized to six groups. The experimental groups were recipients of vascularized Balb/c mice (H-2Kd) allografts consisting of skin, muscle, whole limb, or limb with the skin removed or nonvascularized nerve allografts. The unmodified rejection response was studied by histology, flow cytometry, and ELISPOT assay to quantify IFN-gamma (Th1) and IL-4 (Th2) production. RESULTS The greatest Th1 response was seen in the recipients of allografts composed of skin (973.3 +/- 93 spots/million spleen cells; mean +/- SEM), followed by whole limb (961.3 +/- 86/million), nerve (613.3 +/- 245/million), limb with skin removed (483 +/- 246/million), and then muscle (460 +/- 234/million). Recipients of skin, whole limb, and nerve allografts had the highest IFN-gamma:IL-4 ratios, or greatest Th1 deviation, of 3.1 +/- 0.4, 3.0 +/- 0.2, and 2.9 +/- 0.6, respectively. These were significantly greater than those that received muscle (0.9 +/- 0.3) and limb allografts with skin removed (1.0 +/- 0.4) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The skin component produced the greatest Th1 activation of the immune response and appears to be a critical component of the overall antigenicity of the whole limb allograft, as evidenced by the Th2 shift seen when the skin was removed. Muscle produced the least Th1 differentiation, with nerve being intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Tung
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Franceschini N, Cheng O, Zhang X, Ruiz P, Mannon RB. Inhibition of prolyl-4-hydroxylase ameliorates chronic rejection of mouse kidney allografts. Am J Transplant 2003; 3:396-402. [PMID: 12694061 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis and arteriosclerosis are the major components of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN), the leading cause of late graft failure after transplantation. To investigate the mechanism of collagen deposition in CAN, we studied the effects of prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor (PHI), an enzyme essential for collagen formation, using a mouse model of kidney transplantation. Kidneys from H-2b mice were transplanted into MHC-incompatible H-2d recipients (allografts) and at 3 weeks post-transplant, received either PHI or vehicle treatment daily for 3 weeks. At 6 weeks post-transplant, GFR was significantly improved in the allografts receiving PHI (3.3 +/- 0.5 mL/min/kg) compared with those receiving vehicle (1.8 +/- 0.5 mL/min/kg, p < 0.05), while renal function was relatively unimpaired in the nonrejecting isografts (6.45 +/- 0.53 mL/min/kg). Allografts had histologic changes of CAN but the severity was significantly reduced with PHI treatment compared with vehicle, with reductions in interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, TGFâ and connective tissue growth factor mRNA expression was enhanced in both allograft groups compared with the isografts. In conclusion, PHI-treated allografts had improved renal function and reduced the severity of renal injury as a result of CAN. Inhibition of matrix synthesis may be a useful adjunct in ameliorating the development of CAN in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Franceschini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Sho M, Yamada A, Najafian N, Salama AD, Harada H, Sandner SE, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Zheng XX, Strom TB, Sayegh MH. Physiological Mechanisms of Regulating Alloimmunity: Cytokines, CTLA-4, CD25+ Cells, and the Alloreactive T Cell Clone Size. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 169:3744-51. [PMID: 12244168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying physiological regulation of alloimmune responses remain poorly defined. We investigated the roles of cytokines, CTLA-4, CD25(+) T cells, and apoptosis in regulating alloimmune responses in vivo. Two murine cardiac transplant models were used, B10.D2 (minor mismatch) and C57BL/6 (major mismatch), into BALB/c recipients. Recipients were wild type, STAT4(-/-) (Th1 deficient), or STAT6(-/-) (Th2 deficient) mice. Minor mismatched allografts were accepted spontaneously in approximately 70% of wild type and STAT4(-/-) mice. By contrast, there was significantly shorter graft survival in minor mismatched STAT6(-/-) mice. Either the adoptive transfer of STAT4(-/-) splenocytes or the administration of IL-4Fc fusion protein into STAT6(-/-) mice resulted in long term graft survival. Blocking CTLA-4 signaling accelerated the rejection in all recipients, but was more pronounced in the minor combination. This was accompanied by an increased frequency of alloreactive T cells. Furthermore, CTLA-4 blockade regulated CD4(+) or CD8(+) as well as Th1 or Th2 alloreactive T cells. Finally, while anti-CD25 treatment prolonged graft survival in the major mismatched combination, the same treatment accelerated graft rejection in the minor mismatched group. The latter was associated with an increased frequency of alloreactive T cells and inhibition of T cell apoptosis. These data demonstrate that cytokine regulation, CTLA-4 negative signaling, and T cell apoptosis play critical roles in regulating alloimmunity, especially under conditions where the alloreactive T cell clone size is relatively small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Sho
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplantation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Nicolls MR, Coulombe M, Diamond AS, Beilke J, Gill RG. Interferon-gamma is not a universal requirement for islet allograft survival. Transplantation 2002; 74:472-7. [PMID: 12352904 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200208270-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many transplantation studies have implicated a graft-destructive role for T helper (Th)1 cytokines and a graft-protective role for Th2 cytokines, more recent studies have challenged this paradigm by showing that long-term allograft survival can actually require the presence of Th1 cytokines, such as interleukin 2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma. The purpose of this study was to examine the requirement for IFN-gamma in the induction of islet allograft acceptance after monoclonal antibody therapy targeting conceptually distinct molecular pathways: the costimulatory molecule CD154, the CD4 coreceptor, or the beta2 integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 (CD11a). METHODS Diabetic C57Bl/6 (B6; H2b) mice were grafted with fully MHC mismatched BALB/c (H2d) islets, or reciprocally, diabetic BALB/c mice underwent transplantation with B6 islets and were treated with anti-CD154, anti-CD4, or anti-LFA-1. RESULTS When IFN-gamma gene knockout mice were used as graft recipients, the requirement for IFN-gamma in allograft survival was found to be highly conditional, depending on both the host strain and the induction therapy used. In both strain combinations studied, anti-CD154 was effective in the presence or absence of IFN-gamma, whereas anti-CD4 lost therapeutic potential in the absence of this cytokine. Alternatively, the requirement for IFN-gamma for allograft prolongation by anti-LFA-1 therapy was noted only in B6 transplant recipients. CONCLUSIONS IFN-gamma is not always requisite in islet allograft survival but rather varies according to the molecular target of induction therapy and the genetic background of the transplant recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Nicolls
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, UCHSC, 4200 E. 9th Ave., Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Hale DA, Gottschalk R, Umemura A, Maki T, Monaco AP. Immunologic mechanisms in tolerance produced in mice with nonradiation-based lymphoablation and donor-specific bone marrow. Transplantation 2002; 74:477-84. [PMID: 12352905 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200208270-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND These experiments evaluate the mechanisms associated with tolerance in mice treated with sirolimus, antilymphocyte serum (ALS), and donor-specific bone marrow (BM). METHODS Tolerance to fully MHC-incompatible skin allografts was induced as follows: C57Bl/10 (H2b) recipients received 0.5 mL of rabbit anti-mouse polyclonal ALS on days -1, +2, and +5 relative to B10.A (H2k) donor skin grafting on day 0. Sirolimus was given in a single dose (24 mg/kg intraperitoneally) on day 6. Freshly harvested B10.A (H2k) donor-specific BM was administered at a dose of 25 x 10(6) (ALS/BM25/sirolimus) or 150 x 10(6) (ALS/BM150/sirolimus) cells intravenously on day 7. Skin allograft survival was correlated with the recipient's immunologic status. Recipients were assayed for suppressor cell activity (mixed lymphocyte coculture assays), clonal deletion (T-cell receptor Vbeta11 assay), peripheral and thymic chimerism (flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction), and anergy (response to exogenous interleukin 2). RESULTS Mice treated with ALS/BM25/sirolimus showed specifically prolonged but not indefinite allograft survival (median survival time 116 days). Allograft survival correlated with donor-specific clonal deletion and the presence of donor class II mRNA in the recipient's thymus. Mice given the ALS/BM150/sirolimus protocol showed indefinite donor-specific tolerance. Tolerance could not be broken with the administration of high doses of interleukin 2. Splenocytes taken from mice 14 days after tolerance induction inhibited donor-specific and third-party mixed lymphocyte culture proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion. This suppression could be ablated by depleting splenocytes of cells of donor origin before use in coculture. Clonal deletion was detectable 30 days after tolerance induction in mice treated with ALS/BM150/sirolimus and was maintained indefinitely. CONCLUSION Induction of tolerance by ALS, BM, and sirolimus results in a state of donor-specific tolerance, and multilineage chimerism evolves that is permanent and associated with clonal deletion of alloreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Hale
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medcial Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Mannon RB, Griffiths R, Ruiz P, Platt JL, Coffman TM. Absence of donor MHC antigen expression ameliorates chronic kidney allograft rejection. Kidney Int 2002; 62:290-300. [PMID: 12081591 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, we have demonstrated that a subset of mouse kidney allografts has prolonged survival without any immunosuppressive treatment. Chronic rejection (CR) develops in these long surviving grafts. The pathologic features of CR in this model are similar to CR in human kidney grafts. METHODS To explore the role of donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens in the development of CR, we performed vascularized kidney transplants using kidneys from donor mice that lack expression of both MHC class I and II antigens (MHC-/-). RESULTS Survival was significantly improved in recipients of MHC-/- allografts. This enhanced survival was associated with higher glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in MHC-/- allografts (4.92 +/- 0.54 cc/min/kg) compared to controls (2.19 +/- 0.63 cc/min/kg; P = 0.004). The typical histologic features of CR were markedly reduced in MHC-/- allografts. Semiquantitative histopathological scores for MHC-/- grafts (13.3 +/- 2.1) were significantly lower than in control allografts (19.0 +/- 1.0; P = 0.04). Along with this improvement in structural abnormalities, significantly fewer CD4+ T (38.3 cells/mm(2) vs. 75.0 cells/mm(2); P = 0.008), CD8+ T cells (38.7 vs. 96 cells/mm(2), respectively; P = 0.008) and macrophages (60 vs. 134 cells/mm(2), respectively; P = 0.04) infiltrated MHC-/- allografts compared to controls. The levels of intragraft cytokine mRNA expression also were reduced in MHC-/- allografts compared to control allografts. Finally, serum alloantibodies were virtually undetectable in recipients of MHC-/- kidney allografts. CONCLUSIONS Cell surface expression of donor MHC antigens promotes the development of CR. Donor antigen expression promotes the accumulation of infiltrating cells in the graft and the development of donor specific alloantibodies. Abrogation of these responses is associated with improved graft survival and reduced CR in MHC-/- grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn B Mannon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Tsui TY, Jäger MD, Deiwick A, Aselmann H, Neipp M, Fan ST, Schlitt HJ. Delayed low-level calcineurin inhibition promotes allospecific tolerance induction by posttransplantation donor leukocyte infusion. Transplantation 2002; 73:1325-32. [PMID: 11981429 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200204270-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor lymphocytes infused after organ transplantation can have strong immunoregulatory effects. Application of such protocols for transplant tolerance induction in a clinical setting will, however, require combination of specific immunomodulatory strategies with nonspecific immunosuppressive medication for safety reasons. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of immunosuppressive treatment on tolerance induction protocols by posttransplantation donor lymphocyte infusion. METHODS The interaction of postoperative donor leukocyte infusion with different types, dosage, and timing of immunosuppressive drugs were studied in a rat model of heart transplantation. RESULTS Tolerance could be achieved if donor cell infusion was combined with delayed, but not immediate, low-dose cyclosporine treatment, and this was associated with activation and apoptosis of host lymphocytes. In contrast, combinations with an antibody against the interleukin 2 receptor led to long-term graft survival but severe chronic rejection, and combinations with high-dose cyclosporine or sirolimus led to acute rejection. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative donor leukocyte infusion is a potential way for tolerance induction, but the type, dose, and timing of medication are highly critical for its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Yu Tsui
- Klinik für Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Barouch DH, Fu TM, Montefiori DC, Lewis MG, Shiver JW, Letvin NL. Vaccine-elicited immune responses prevent clinical AIDS in SHIV(89.6P)-infected rhesus monkeys. Immunol Lett 2001; 79:57-61. [PMID: 11595290 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the importance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T lymphocytes in controlling HIV-1 replication. We have elicited immune responses in rhesus monkeys utilizing DNA vaccines augmented by the administration of IL-2/Ig, a fusion protein consisting of interleukin-2 and the Fc portion of IgG2. These vaccine-elicited immune responses did not prevent infection following a high-dose intravenous challenge with SHIV(89.6P) but did control viremia to nearly undetectable levels and prevented immunodeficiency and clinical disease. In contrast, control monkeys developed high levels of viremia and exhibited a rapid loss of CD4(+) T cells, significant clinical disease progression, and death in half of the animals by day 140 following challenge. Vaccine approaches that elicit immune responses capable of reducing plasma viral loads, but not capable of inducing sterilizing immunity, may still provide substantial clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Barouch
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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18
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Seino KI, Fukao K, Muramoto K, Yanagisawa K, Takada Y, Kakuta S, Iwakura Y, Van Kaer L, Takeda K, Nakayama T, Taniguchi M, Bashuda H, Yagita H, Okumura K. Requirement for natural killer T (NKT) cells in the induction of allograft tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:2577-81. [PMID: 11226281 PMCID: PMC30180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.041608298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of Valpha14 natural killer T (NKT) cells in transplant immunity. The ability to reject allografts was not significantly different between wild-type (WT) and Valpha14 NKT cell-deficient mice. However, in models in which tolerance was induced against cardiac allografts by blockade of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1/intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or CD28/B7 interactions, long-term acceptance of the grafts was observed only in WT but not Valpha14 NKT cell-deficient mice. Adoptive transfer with Valpha14 NKT cells restored long-term acceptance of allografts in Valpha14 NKT cell-deficient mice. The critical role of Valpha14 NKT cells to mediate immunosuppression was also observed in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures in which lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1/intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or CD28/B7 interactions were blocked. Experiments using IL-4- or IFN-gamma-deficient mice suggested a critical contribution of IFN-gamma to the Valpha14 NKT cell-mediated allograft acceptance in vivo. These results indicate a critical contribution of Valpha14 NKT cells to the induction of allograft tolerance and provide a useful model to investigate the regulatory role of Valpha14 NKT cells in various immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Seino
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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19
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Horton PJ, Hawthorne WJ, Walters SN, Patel AT, O'Connell PJ, Chapman JR, Allen RD. Induction of allogeneic islet tolerance in a large-animal model. Cell Transplant 2000; 9:877-87. [PMID: 11202573 DOI: 10.1177/096368970000900614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For islet allotransplantation to become a therapy widely applicable to patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, it will be important to avoid conventional immunosuppression and yet maintain long-term rejection-free islet survival. This possibility was tested in a large-animal model using mixed allogeneic chimeras established using total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) and donor-specific bone marrow transplantation (BMTX). Four recipient sex-mismatched and DLA class II-matched English springer spaniels became chimeric after TLI and donor-specific BMTX. Subsequent donor-specific renal allografts survived for more than a year. Acceptance of a donor-specific skin graft and rejection of a third-party graft demonstrated tolerance with maintenance of immunocompetence. Pancreatic microfragments containing islets were refluxed into the splenic vein of the recipient. Purified islets were placed under the capsule of spleen and liver. After 75 days, recipients underwent total native pancreatectomy. All four chimeric pancreatectomized dogs had functioning islet grafts 75 days after transplantation, evidenced by a prompt rise in serum insulin levels following an IVGTT and histological demonstration of islet tissue at the site of transplantation. After removal of the transplanted islet tissue, no insulin was released after IVGTT. In summary, intrasplenic allogeneic canine islets transplanted into chimeric dogs rendered tolerant to donor MHC survive and function for greater than 75 days in the absence of immunosuppression. This study represents proof of the concept that allogeneic islet transplants have the potential to reverse diabetes without the use of conventional immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Horton
- National Pancreas Transplant Unit, Westmead Hospital, NSW, Australia
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20
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Barouch DH, Santra S, Schmitz JE, Kuroda MJ, Fu TM, Wagner W, Bilska M, Craiu A, Zheng XX, Krivulka GR, Beaudry K, Lifton MA, Nickerson CE, Trigona WL, Punt K, Freed DC, Guan L, Dubey S, Casimiro D, Simon A, Davies ME, Chastain M, Strom TB, Gelman RS, Montefiori DC, Lewis MG, Emini EA, Shiver JW, Letvin NL. Control of viremia and prevention of clinical AIDS in rhesus monkeys by cytokine-augmented DNA vaccination. Science 2000; 290:486-92. [PMID: 11039923 DOI: 10.1126/science.290.5491.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
With accumulating evidence indicating the importance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in containing human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication in infected individuals, strategies are being pursued to elicit virus-specific CTLs with prototype HIV-1 vaccines. Here, we report the protective efficacy of vaccine-elicited immune responses against a pathogenic SHIV-89.6P challenge in rhesus monkeys. Immune responses were elicited by DNA vaccines expressing SIVmac239 Gag and HIV-1 89.6P Env, augmented by the administration of the purified fusion protein IL-2/Ig, consisting of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG), or a plasmid encoding IL-2/Ig. After SHIV-89.6P infection, sham-vaccinated monkeys developed weak CTL responses, rapid loss of CD4+ T cells, no virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses, high setpoint viral loads, significant clinical disease progression, and death in half of the animals by day 140 after challenge. In contrast, all monkeys that received the DNA vaccines augmented with IL-2/Ig were infected, but demonstrated potent secondary CTL responses, stable CD4+ T cell counts, preserved virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses, low to undetectable setpoint viral loads, and no evidence of clinical disease or mortality by day 140 after challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Barouch
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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21
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Mannon RB, Doyle C, Griffiths R, Bustos M, Platt JL, Coffman TM. Altered intragraft immune responses and improved renal function in MHC class II-deficient mouse kidney allografts. Transplantation 2000; 69:2137-43. [PMID: 10852613 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200005270-00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During renal allograft rejection, expression of MHC class II antigens is up-regulated on the parenchymal cells of the kidney. This up-regulation of MHC class II proteins may stimulate the intragraft alloimmune response by promoting their recognition by recipient CD4+ T cells. In previous studies, absence of donor MHC class II antigens did not affect skin graft survival, but resulted in prolonged survival of cardiac allografts. METHODS To further explore the role of MHC class II antigens in kidney graft rejection, we performed vascularized kidney transplants using donor kidneys from A(beta)b-deficient mice that lack MHC class II expression. RESULTS At 4 weeks after transplant, GFR was substantially depressed in control allografts (2.18+/-0.46 ml/min/kg) compared to nonrejecting isografts (7.98+/-1.62 ml/min/kg; P<0.01), but significantly higher in class II- allografts (4.38+/-0.60 ml/min/kg; P<0.05). Despite the improvement in renal function, class II- allograft demonstrated histologic features of acute rejection, not unlike control allografts. However, morphometric analysis at 1 week after transplantation demonstrated significantly fewer CD4+ T cells infiltrating class II- allografts (12.8+/-1.2 cells/mm2) compared to controls (25.5+/-2.6 cells/mm2; P=0.0007). Finally, the intragraft profile of cytokines was altered in class II- allografts, with significantly reduced expression of Th2 cytokine mRNA compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS These results support a role of MHC class II antigens in the kidney regulating immune cells within the graft. Further, effector pathways triggered by class II antigens promote renal injury during rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Mannon
- Department of Medicine, Durham Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Carolina 27705, USA
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22
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Yamagami S, Isobe M, Tsuru T. Characterization of cytokine profiles in corneal allograft with anti-adhesion therapy. Transplantation 2000; 69:1655-9. [PMID: 10836377 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200004270-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytokine profiles of specific immunosuppression after anti-adhesion molecule therapy are unknown in a mouse corneal transplantation model. METHODS Orthotopic mouse corneal transplantation was performed using BALB/c (H-2d) mice as recipients and C3H/He (H-2k) mice as donors. Anti-mouse very late antigen-4 and anti-mouse lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 monoclonal antibodies (each at a dose of 0.25/mg/day) were administered i.p. until day 7. A second corneal transplantation was performed 5 weeks after the first grafting. Delayed hypersensitivity was tested after the second grafting. Corneal cytokine expression was examined immunohistochemically. The cytokine gene transcription level was assessed in the corneas and splenocytes. RESULTS All allografts with anti-adhesion molecule therapy survived for 5 weeks. Two weeks after the second grafts in the fellow eye (7 weeks after the first grafts), 50% of the mice with successful grafts bilaterally had low delayed hypersensitivity responses. Low helper T 1 (interferon-gamma and interleukin-2) cytokine gene and protein expression in corneas was observed in monoclonal antibody-treated mice 3 weeks after the first grafting. The mice with successful second grafts showed low corneal T helper 1 cytokine gene and protein expression. High interleukin-4 gene transcription levels in corneas and splenocytes was obtained in both groups in which the grafts were accepted and rejected after the second grafts. CONCLUSIONS The cytokine profile to differentiate alloantigen-specific acceptance with anti-adhesion therapy to lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 and very late antigen-4 molecules from rejection after the second grafting is local and systemic low T helper 1 cytokine in corneal transplantation. High interleukin-4 cytokine expression in corneas and splenocytes is not associated with achievement of tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamagami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical School, Kawachi, Tochigi, Japan
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23
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Barouch DH, Craiu A, Kuroda MJ, Schmitz JE, Zheng XX, Santra S, Frost JD, Krivulka GR, Lifton MA, Crabbs CL, Heidecker G, Perry HC, Davies ME, Xie H, Nickerson CE, Steenbeke TD, Lord CI, Montefiori DC, Strom TB, Shiver JW, Lewis MG, Letvin NL. Augmentation of immune responses to HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccines by IL-2/Ig plasmid administration in rhesus monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:4192-7. [PMID: 10759543 PMCID: PMC18194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.050417697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential utility of plasmid DNA as an HIV-1 vaccination modality currently is an area of active investigation. However, recent studies have raised doubts as to whether plasmid DNA alone will elicit immune responses of sufficient magnitude to protect against pathogenic AIDS virus challenges. We therefore investigated whether DNA vaccine-elicited immune responses in rhesus monkeys could be augmented by using either an IL-2/Ig fusion protein or a plasmid expressing IL-2/Ig. Sixteen monkeys, divided into four experimental groups, were immunized with (i) sham plasmid, (ii) HIV-1 Env 89.6P and simian immunodeficiency virus mac239 Gag DNA vaccines alone, (iii) these DNA vaccines and IL-2/Ig protein, or (iv) these DNA vaccines and IL-2/Ig plasmid. The administration of both IL-2/Ig protein and IL-2/Ig plasmid induced a significant and sustained in vivo activation of peripheral T cells in the vaccinated monkeys. The monkeys that received IL-2/Ig plasmid generated 30-fold higher Env-specific antibody titers and 5-fold higher Gag-specific, tetramer-positive CD8+ T cell levels than the monkeys receiving the DNA vaccines alone. IL-2/Ig protein also augmented the vaccine-elicited immune responses, but less effectively than IL-2/Ig plasmid. Augmentation of the immune responses by IL-2/Ig was evident after the primary immunization and increased with subsequent boost immunizations. These results demonstrate that the administration of IL-2/Ig plasmid can substantially augment vaccine-elicited humoral and cellular immune responses in higher primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Barouch
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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24
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Nicolls MR, Coulombe M, Yang H, Bolwerk A, Gill RG. Anti-LFA-1 therapy induces long-term islet allograft acceptance in the absence of IFN-gamma or IL-4. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:3627-34. [PMID: 10725719 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
mAb therapy directed against a variety of cell surface accessory molecules has been effectively utilized to prolong allograft acceptance in various models of tissue and organ transplantation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether transient therapy directed against the adhesion molecule LFA-1 (CD11a) was sufficient to induce donor-specific tolerance to pancreatic islet allografts. Anti-LFA-1 monotherapy was found to be efficacious in inducing long-term islet allograft acceptance in multiple donor-recipient strain combinations. Graft acceptance following anti-LFA-1 therapy was not simply due to clonal ignorance of donor Ags in that the majority of recipients bearing established islet allografts resisted rejection induced by immunization with donor-type APCs. Furthermore, donor-specific tolerance from anti-LFA-1-treated animals could be transferred to secondary immune-deficient animals. Taken together, these results indicated that transient anti-LFA-1 monotherapy resulted in donor-specific tolerance. In vitro, functionally tolerant animals retained normal anti-donor reactivity as assessed by proliferative, cytotoxic, and cytokine release assays that demonstrated that tolerance was not secondary to general clonal deletion or anergy of donor-reactive T cells. Finally, anti-LFA-1 treatment was effective in both IL-4-deficient and IFN-gamma-deficient recipients, indicating that neither of these cytokines are universally required for allograft acceptance. These results suggest that anti-adhesion-based therapy can induce a nondeletional form of tolerance that is not overtly dependent on the prototypic Th1 and Th2 cytokines, IFN-gamma and IL-4, respectively, in contrast to results in other transplantation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences University, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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25
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T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 paradigm in the acquisition of peripheral graft tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2000. [DOI: 10.1097/00075200-200003000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Li XC, Ima A, Li Y, Zheng XX, Malek TR, Strom TB. Blocking the common gamma-chain of cytokine receptors induces T cell apoptosis and long-term islet allograft survival. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:1193-9. [PMID: 10640730 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The common gammac-chain is an essential signaling component shared by all known T cell growth factor (TCGF) receptors (i.e., IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15). In the present study, we have studied the effect of gammac-chain blockade on T cell activation and allograft rejection. Treatment of B6AF1 (H-2b/d.k) recipient mice with anti-gammac mAbs induced long-term survival of DBA/2 (H-2d) islet allografts (>150 days, n = 8), whereas control Ab-treated mice rejected the islet allografts within 17 days (n = 6). The state of engraftment induced by the anti-gammac mAbs was remarkably stable, as recipient mice bearing the primary islet allografts accepted a second DBA/2 islet allograft without further immunosuppression and systemic administration of high doses of IL-2Ig fusion protein failed to provoke rejection. Blocking the gammac-chain inhibited T cell proliferation and induced T cell apoptosis by repressing expression of Bcl-2. Our data suggest that one means of inducing T cell apoptosis and stable allograft survival can be achieved via gammac-chain blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- X C Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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27
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Dai Z, Lakkis FG. The role of cytokines, CTLA-4 and costimulation in transplant tolerance and rejection. Curr Opin Immunol 1999; 11:504-8. [PMID: 10508707 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(99)00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cell costimulation and cytokine production play an important role in generating the alloimmune responses that lead to allograft rejection. Recent data, however, provide evidence that costimulatory molecules, such as B7-1 and B7-2, and T cell activating cytokines, such as IFN-gamma and IL-2, also trigger negative feedback mechanisms in T lymphocytes which limit alloimmune responses. These feedback mechanisms are essential for the induction of long-term allograft acceptance and, in certain situations, transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Dai
- Renal Division, Emory University and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road - 151N, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
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28
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Li XC, Li Y, Dodge I, Wells AD, Zheng XX, Turka LA, Strom TB. Induction of Allograft Tolerance in the Absence of Fas-Mediated Apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Using certain immunosuppressive regimens, IL-2 knockout (KO) mice, in contrast to wild-type (wt) controls, are resistant to the induction of allograft tolerance. The mechanism by which IL-2 regulates allograft tolerance is uncertain. As IL-2 KO mice have a profound defect in Fas-mediated apoptosis, we hypothesized that Fas-mediated apoptosis of alloreactive T cells may be critical in the acquisition of allograft tolerance. To definitively study the role of Fas in the induction of transplantation tolerance, we used Fas mutant B6.MRL-lpr mice as allograft recipients of islet and vascularized cardiac transplants. Alloantigen-stimulated proliferation and apoptosis of Fas-deficient cells were also studied in vivo. Fas mutant B6.MRL-lpr (H-2b) mice rapidly rejected fully MHC-mismatched DBA/2 (H-2d) islet allografts and vascularized cardiac allografts with a tempo that is comparable to wt control mice. Both wt and B6.MRL-lpr mice transplanted with fully MHC-mismatched islet allografts or cardiac allografts can be readily tolerized by either rapamycin or combined costimulation blockade (CTLA-4Ig plus anti-CD40L mAb). Despite the profound defect of Fas-mediated apoptosis, Fas-deficient T cells can still undergo apoptotic cell death in vivo in response to alloantigen stimulation. Our study suggests that: 1) Fas is not necessarily essential for allograft tolerance, and 2) Fas-mediated apoptosis is not central to the IL-2-dependent mechanism governing the acquisition of allograft tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Chang Li
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Yongsheng Li
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Ingrid Dodge
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Andrew D. Wells
- †Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xin Xiao Zheng
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Laurence A. Turka
- †Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Terry B. Strom
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215; and
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Simeonovic CJ, Townsend MJ, Karupiah G, Wilson JD, Zarb JC, Mann DA, Young IG. Analysis of the Th1/Th2 paradigm in transplantation: interferon-gamma deficiency converts Th1-type proislet allograft rejection to a Th2-type xenograft-like response. Cell Transplant 1999; 8:365-73. [PMID: 10478716 DOI: 10.1177/096368979900800404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rejection mechanisms for fetal proislet allografts and pig proislet xenografts in mice are characterized by different intragraft cytokine mRNA profiles and cellular responses. Allograft rejection is predominantly CD8 T-cell-dependent and is associated with a Th1-type cytokine pattern (i.e., IFN-gamma, IL-2 but no IL-4 or IL-5 mRNA). In contrast, xenograft rejection is CD4 T-cell-dependent and is accompanied by a strong Th2-type response (i.e., enhanced expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA) and by marked eosinophil accumulation at the graft site. We have now examined and compared the regulatory role of IFN-gamma in both proislet allograft and xenograft rejection processes. The histopathology and intragraft cytokine mRNA profile of BALB/c (H-2d) proislet allografts were examined in IFN-gamma-deficient and wild-type C57BL/6J recipient mice. The survival of pig proislet xenografts was also assessed in IFN-gamma -/- and wild-type hosts. Both proislet allografts and xenografts were acutely rejected in IFN-gamma -/- and wild-type mice. Unlike the conventional allograft reaction, which lacks eosinophil infiltration, the rejection of proislet allografts in IFN-gamma-deficient hosts correlated with intragraft expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA (i.e., a Th2-type response) and eosinophil recruitment. The rejection of proislet allografts and xenografts can therefore occur by IFN-gamma-independent pathways; IFN-gamma, however, regulates the pathology of the allograft reaction but not the xenograft response. The immune destruction of proislet allografts is not prevented by Th2 cytokine gene expression; instead, the latter correlated with the recruitment of unconventional inflammatory cells (eosinophils), which may play an accessory role in effecting graft injury. Significantly, the Th1-to-Th2-like switch resulted in the novel conversion of an allograft rejection reaction into a xenograft-like rejection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Simeonovic
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT.
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30
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Abstract
Gene targeting, the manipulation of gene in the mouse genome using homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, is a powerful experimental tool that has been widely utilized in a number of disciplines. The ability to precisely alter genes in this way provides an avenue for investigating the role of a gene product in normal and pathological processes in the intact animal, with a precision and efficacy not possible using pharmacological agents, antibodies or engineered proteins. In transplant research, gene targeting provides a unique tool for discriminating the contributions of gene expression in donor versus recipient tissues. This review focuses on several areas in transplantation research where gene targeting has made useful contributions. These include studies of the role of donor and recipient multiple histocompatibility complex antigens in regulating rejection responses, the role of CD4+ T cell in mediating acute rejection, and the functions of cytokines during rejection and tolerance induction. These studies highlight the unique advantages of gene targeting in studies of complex processes in whole animals and illustrate the contributions of this technique to understanding the pathogenesis of allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Mannon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
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31
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Bushell A, Niimi M, Morris PJ, Wood KJ. Evidence for Immune Regulation in the Induction of Transplantation Tolerance: A Conditional but Limited Role for IL-4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Most experimental models of allograft tolerance depend on manipulation of immune responses at the time of transplant. In such systems, the graft itself probably plays an important role in the induction of unresponsiveness but as a consequence may suffer immune mediated damage. Ideally, recipients would be made specifically unresponsive before transplant such that the graft is protected from the outset. In this report, we demonstrate that CBA mice pretreated with donor-specific transfusion plus anti-CD4 Ab 28 days before transplant accept cardiac allografts indefinitely without further intervention. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from mice with long term surviving grafts results in donor-specific graft acceptance in naive secondary recipients, indicating that tolerance in this system involves immuneregulation. Regulation develops as a result of the pretreatment protocol alone, since transfer of cells from pretreated but untransplanted mice to naive recipients also leads to prolonged allograft survival without additional therapy. Neutralizing IL-4 at the time of tolerance induction had no effect on graft outcome in primary recipients. However, removal of IL-4 from the adoptive transfer donors at the time of tolerance induction prevented long term engraftment in the majority of secondary recipients. Our data demonstrate that pretreatment of transplant recipients can establish immune regulation powerful enough to override the responses of an intact immune repertoire and that under stringent conditions at least, development of this regulatory population may in part be dependent on IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bushell
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Masanori Niimi
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Morris
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn J. Wood
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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32
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Abstract
The potential suppressive effects of allospecific anergic T cells were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Allospecific T cells were rendered unresponsive in vitro using immobilized anti-CD3 mAb. These anergic T cells profoundly inhibited proliferation of responsive T cells in an antigen-specific manner. The observed inhibition did not appear to be due to the release of inhibitory cytokines in that secretion of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta was greatly reduced following the induction of anergy, and neutralizing mAb specific for IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta failed to reverse the inhibition. Furthermore, the suppression mediated by anergic T cells required cell to cell contact. In vivo, adoptive transfer of anergic T cells into recipients of allogeneic skin grafts led to prolonged skin graft survival. Consistent with the lack of inhibitory cytokine production by the anergic cells, prolongation of skin allograft rejection was not influenced by the simultaneous administration of a neutralizing anti-IL-4 antibody. These results indicate that anergic T cells can function as antigen-specific suppressor cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Chai
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, GB
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33
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Abstract
In the second half of the 20th century, the transplantation of replacement organs and tissues to cure disease has become a clinical reality. Success has been achieved as a direct result of progress in understanding the cellular and molecular biology of the immune system. This understanding has led to the development of immunosuppressive pharmaceuticals that are part of nearly every transplantation procedure. All such drugs are toxic to some degree, however, and their chronic use, mandatory in transplantation, predisposes the patient to the development of infection and cancer. In addition, many of them may have deleterious long-term effects on the function of grafts. New immunosuppressive agents are constantly under development, but organ transplantation remains a therapy that requires patients to choose between the risks of their primary illness and its treatment on the one hand, and the risks of life-long systemic immunosuppression on the other. Alternatives to immunosuppression include modulation of donor grafts to reduce immunogenicity, removal of passenger leukocytes, transplantation into immunologically privileged sites like the testis or thymus, encapsulation of tissue, and the induction of a state of immunologic tolerance. It is the last of these alternatives that has, perhaps, the most promise and most generic applicability as a future therapy. Recent reports documenting long-term graft survival in the absence of immunosuppression suggest that tolerance-based therapies may soon become a clinical reality. Of particular interest to our laboratory are transplantation strategies that focus on the induction of donor-specific T-cell unresponsiveness. The basic biology, protocols, experimental outcomes, and clinical implications of tolerance-based transplantation are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Rossini
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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34
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Kim YS, Maslinski W, Zheng XX, Schachter AD, Strom TB. Immunoglobulin-cytokine fusion molecules: the new generation of immunomodulating agents. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:4031-6. [PMID: 9865287 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of genetic engineering, protein expression, and Ig function have come together to allow for the rapid synthesis and production of a novel generation of potent immunomodulating reagents. Selective approaches that allow the isolation of desired specificities will be elucidated through meticulous engineering techniques. This, in turn, may eventually result in the fulfillment of the tremendous potential of engineered proteins for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Kim
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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35
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Mottram P, Murray-Segal LJ, Li YQ, Han WR, Sandrin M, McKenzie IF. Effect of IL-4 deletion on cardiac allograft survival in the BALB/c to 129Sv x C57BL/6 strain combination. Immunol Cell Biol 1998; 76:563-5. [PMID: 9893036 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1998.00784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of IL-4 deletion on cardiac allograft survival, vascularized BALB/c cardiac allografts were placed in C57BL/6, 129Sv x C57BL/6 (IL-4 +/+) or 129Sv x C57BL/6 IL-4 knockout mice (IL-4-/-). Untreated recipients rejected allografts in < 15 days while isografts survived indefinitely (> 100 days). Treatment with anti-CD4 (GK1.5) for 4 days at the time of allografting increased mean survival to > 100 days in C57BL/6, 90+/-16 days in 129Sv x C57BL/6 (IL-4 +/+) and 68 +/- 36 days in 129Sv x C57BL/6 (IL-4-/-) recipients. Although there was a trend towards shorter survival times in the IL-4-/- mAb-treated mice, survival in the three recipient groups was not significantly different (P = 0.07). A 30-day course of anti-CD4 did not further prolong BALB/c heart survival. All long-surviving hearts had histological evidence of parenchymal damage and transplant vascular disease. None of these recipients developed antigen-specific tolerance, since both donor and third party skin graft challenges were rejected when challenged at > 60 days post-graft and all primary grafts failed by 120 days. Thus the effects of IL-4 deletion were subtle and were seen only with low doses of immunosuppression in this high responder strain combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mottram
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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36
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Hall BM, Fava L, Chen J, Plain KM, Boyd RA, Spicer ST, Berger MF. Anti-CD4 Monoclonal Antibody-Induced Tolerance to MHC-Incompatible Cardiac Allografts Maintained by CD4+ Suppressor T Cells That Are Not Dependent upon IL-4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.10.5147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Anti-CD4 mAb-induced tolerance to transplanted tissues has been proposed as due to down-regulation of Th1 cells by preferential induction of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-4. This study examined the role of CD4+ cells and cytokines in tolerance to fully allogeneic PVG strain heterotopic cardiac allografts induced in naive DA rats by treatment with MRC Ox38, a nondepleting anti-CD4 mAb. All grafts survived >100 days but had a minor mononuclear cell infiltrate that increased mRNA for the Th1 cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-β, but not for Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-6 or the cytolytic molecules perforin and granzyme A. These hosts accepted PVG skin grafts but rejected third-party grafts, which were not blocked by anti-IL-4 mAb. Cells from these tolerant hosts proliferated in MLC and produced IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-4 at levels equivalent to naive cells. Unfractionated and CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, transferred specific tolerance to irradiated heart grafted hosts and inhibited reconstitution of rejection by cotransferred naive cells. This transfer of tolerance was associated with normal induction of IL-2 and delayed induction of IFN-γ, but not with increased IL-4 or IL-10 mRNA. Transfer of tolerance was also not inhibited by anti-IL-4 mAb. This study demonstrated that tolerance induced by a nondepleting anti-CD4 mAb is maintained by a CD4+ suppressor T cell that is not associated with preferential induction of Th2 cytokines or the need for IL-4; nor is it associated with an inability to induce Th1 cytokines or anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M. Hall
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa Fava
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juchuan Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karren M. Plain
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rochelle A. Boyd
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S. Timothy Spicer
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Manuela F. Berger
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
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37
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Li XC, Zand MS, Li Y, Zheng XX, Strom TB. On Histocompatibility Barriers, Th1 to Th2 Immune Deviation, and the Nature of the Allograft Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In the present study, we have sought to determine the basis for the frequent failure of Th1 to Th2 immune deviation to blunt the severity of allograft rejection, as such immune deviation has proven highly effective in the treatment of several T cell-dependent autoimmune states. Our study demonstrates that treating islet allograft recipient mice with anti-IL-12 mAb is highly effective in producing Th1 to Th2 immune deviation in several model systems (i.e., fully MHC, partially MHC, or multiple minor Ag barriers). Nevertheless, anti-IL-12 failed to prolong the engraftment of fully MHC-mismatched islet allografts. However, anti-IL-12-treated recipients carrying MHC-matched but multiple minor Ag-mismatched allografts experienced prolonged engraftment; allograft tolerance was frequently achieved in the DBA/2J (H-2d) to BALB/c (H-2d) strain combination. In another model, in which the host response was dominated by CD4+ T cells responding to donor allopeptides presented upon host APCs in the context of self MHC class II molecules, anti-IL-12 treatment proved to be extremely potent. Thus, Th1 to Th2 immune deviation produces prolonged engraftment as compared with recipients of MHC-mismatched allografts when rejection is dependent upon indirectly presented allogeneic peptides and a reduced mass of responding alloreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Chang Li
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Martin S. Zand
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Xin Xiao Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Terry B. Strom
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
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38
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Barouch DH, Santra S, Steenbeke TD, Zheng XX, Perry HC, Davies ME, Freed DC, Craiu A, Strom TB, Shiver JW, Letvin NL. Augmentation and Suppression of Immune Responses to an HIV-1 DNA Vaccine by Plasmid Cytokine/Ig Administration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.4.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of cytokines has shown promise as an approach for amplifying vaccine-elicited immune responses, but the application of these immunomodulatory molecules in this setting has not been systematically explored. In this report we investigate the use of protein- and plasmid-based cytokines to augment immune responses elicited by an HIV-1 gp120 plasmid DNA vaccine (pV1J-gp120) in mice. We demonstrate that immune responses elicited by pV1J-gp120 can be either augmented or suppressed by administration of plasmid cytokines. A dicistronic plasmid expressing both gp120 and IL-2 induced a surprisingly weaker gp120-specific immune response than did the monocistronic pV1J-gp120 plasmid. In contrast, systemic delivery of soluble IL-2/Ig fusion protein following pV1J-gp120 vaccination significantly amplified the gp120-specific immune response as measured by Ab, proliferative, and CTL levels. Administration of plasmid IL-2/Ig had different effects on the DNA vaccine-elicited immune response that depended on the temporal relationship between Ag and cytokine delivery. Injection of plasmid IL-2/Ig either before or coincident with pV1J-gp120 suppressed the gp120-specific immune response, whereas injection of plasmid IL-2/Ig after pV1J-gp120 amplified this immune response. To maximize immune responses elicited by a DNA vaccine, therefore, it appears that the immune system should first be primed with a specific Ag and then amplified with cytokines. The data also show that IL-2/Ig is more effective than native IL-2 as a DNA vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin X. Zheng
- †Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Helen C. Perry
- ‡Department of Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486
| | - Mary-Ellen Davies
- ‡Department of Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486
| | - Daniel C. Freed
- ‡Department of Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486
| | | | - Terry B. Strom
- †Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - John W. Shiver
- ‡Department of Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486
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39
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Mottram PL, Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Glysing-Jensen T, Stein-Oakley AN, Russell2 ME. Cardiac Allografts from IL-4 Knockout Recipients: Assessment of Transplant Arteriosclerosis and Peripheral Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.2.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To study the role of IL-4 in tolerance induction and transplant arteriosclerosis, BALB/c hearts were transplanted into C57BL/6J wild-type or IL-4 knockout (IL-4−/−) recipients. A 30-day course of anti-CD4/8 mAb was used to induce long term graft survival. Primary graft survival was 50% (5 of 10) in IL-4−/− recipients comparable to 63% (5 of 8) in wild-type recipients. Mice with allografts surviving >80 days were tested for tolerance by challenge with a second donor or third party (CBA) heart. Secondary donor-strain heart grafts survived >30 days, but showed histologic evidence of ongoing alloimmune response. Third party hearts rejected rapidly. Although immunostaining and 32P RT-PCR assays showed no differences in the mononuclear cell infiltration and T cell activation between IL-4−/− and wild-type tolerant recipients, some monokines (IL-12, TNF-α, and allograft inflammatory factor-1) were up-regulated in grafts from IL-4−/− recipients. Computer-assisted analysis of elastin-stained vessels revealed that the severity of vascular thickening (percentage of luminal occlusion, mean ± SD, n = 329) was similar in grafts from IL-4−/− (63.7 ± 16.9%) and wild-type (69.5 ± 17.6%) recipients. Thus, IL-4 deficiency did not alter primary or secondary graft survival, infiltration, or vascular thickening. The selective alterations in monokine expression suggests that alternative pathways are activated and may compensate in IL-4−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Mottram
- *University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Mary E. Russell2
- †Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, Harvard School of Public Health, and
- ‡Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
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40
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Li XC, Roy-Chaudhury P, Hancock WW, Manfro R, Zand MS, Li Y, Zheng XX, Nickerson PW, Steiger J, Malek TR, Strom TB. IL-2 and IL-4 Double Knockout Mice Reject Islet Allografts: A Role for Novel T Cell Growth Factors in Allograft Rejection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.2.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T cell growth factors (TCGFs) play a critical role in allograft rejection by promoting the activation and proliferation of alloreactive T cells. To determine whether IL-2 and IL-4 are of quintessential importance in allograft rejection and to identify possible alternative TCGFs, we have bred IL-2−/− and IL-4−/− double knockout (DKO) mice and studied islet allograft rejection using the DKO mice as allograft recipients. Although mononuclear leukocytes from DKO mice did not mount a proliferative response in vitro in response to anti-CD3 stimulation, crude islet allografts were vigorously rejected by DKO mice (mean survival time 17 ± 7, n = 8) as compared with wild-type controls (mean survival time 13 ± 4, n = 7). Treatment of DKO mice with anti-CD3 or rapamycin markedly prolonged the islet allograft survival. An analysis of intragraft cytokine gene transcripts showed robust expression of IL-7 and IL-15. In contrast, intragraft IL-9 gene transcripts were not detected in either wild-type or DKO mice. Provision of exogenous IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, or IL-15, but not IL-9, supports the proliferation of anti-CD3 activated DKO splenic leukocytes in vitro. Blocking the common γc of IL-2 receptor, a shared essential signaling component by receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15, prolonged the survival of islet allografts in DKO mice. Hence, a T cell dependent allograft rejection enabled by rapamycin-sensitive signals or signals mediated by binding of the γc chain occurs in the absence of both IL-2 and IL-4. Non-T cell-derived TCGFs, especially IL-7 and IL-15, may play an active role in supporting allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Chang Li
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Roberto Manfro
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Martin S. Zand
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Yongsheng Li
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Xin Xiao Zheng
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Peter W. Nickerson
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jurg Steiger
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Thomas R. Malek
- ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101
| | - Terry B. Strom
- *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
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41
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Kim YS, Maslinski W, Zheng XX, Stevens AC, Li XC, Tesch GH, Kelley VR, Strom TB. Targeting the IL-15 Receptor with an Antagonist IL-15 Mutant/Fcγ2a Protein Blocks Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.12.5742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Owing to shared receptor components, the biologic activities of IL-15 are similar to those of IL-2. However, the patterns of tissue expression of IL-2/IL-2Rα and IL-15/IL-15Rα differ. The development of agents targeting the receptor and signaling elements of IL-15 may provide a new perspective for treatment of diseases associated with expression of IL-15/IL-15R. We designed, genetically constructed, and expressed a receptor site-specific IL-15 antagonist by mutating glutamine residues within the C terminus of IL-15 to aspartic acid and genetically linked this mutant IL-15 to murine Fcγ2a. These mutant IL-15 proteins specifically bind to the IL-15R, competitively inhibit IL-15-triggered cell proliferation, and do not activate the STAT-signaling pathway. Because the receptor site-specific antagonist IL-15 mutant/Fcγ2a fusion proteins had a prolonged t1/2 in vivo and the potential for destruction of IL-15R+ leukocytes, we examined the immunosuppressive activity of this agent. An IL-15 mutant/Fcγ2a fusion protein markedly attenuated Ag-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and decreased leukocyte infiltration within the delayed-type hypersensitivity sites. These findings suggest that 1) IL-15/IL-15R+ cells are crucial to these T cell-dependent immune responses, and 2) treatment with IL-15 mutant/Fcγ2a protein may ameliorate T cell-dependent immune/inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yon Su Kim
- * Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Divisions of
- †Immunology and
| | | | - Xin Xiao Zheng
- * Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Divisions of
- †Immunology and
| | - A. Christopher Stevens
- * Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Divisions of
- ‡Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and
| | - Xian Chang Li
- * Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Divisions of
- †Immunology and
| | - Gregory H. Tesch
- * Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Divisions of
- §Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Vicki R. Kelley
- * Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Divisions of
- §Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Terry B. Strom
- * Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Divisions of
- †Immunology and
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42
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Markees TG, Phillips NE, Gordon EJ, Noelle RJ, Shultz LD, Mordes JP, Greiner DL, Rossini AA. Long-term survival of skin allografts induced by donor splenocytes and anti-CD154 antibody in thymectomized mice requires CD4(+) T cells, interferon-gamma, and CTLA4. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:2446-55. [PMID: 9616216 PMCID: PMC508834 DOI: 10.1172/jci2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with one transfusion of BALB/c spleen cells and anti-CD154 (anti-CD40-ligand) antibody permits BALB/c islet grafts to survive indefinitely and BALB/c skin grafts to survive for approximately 50 d without further intervention. The protocol induces long-term allograft survival, but the mechanism is unknown. We now report: (a) addition of thymectomy to the protocol permitted skin allografts to survive for > 100 d, suggesting that graft rejection in euthymic mice results from thymic export of alloreactive T cells. (b) Clonal deletion is not the mechanism of underlying long-term graft survival, as recipient thymectomized mice were immunocompetent and harbor alloreactive T cells. (c) Induction of skin allograft acceptance initially depended on the presence of IFN-gamma, CTLA4, and CD4(+) T cells. Addition of anti-CTLA4 or anti-IFN-gamma mAb to the protocol was associated with prompt graft rejection, whereas anti-IL-4 mAb had no effect. The role of IFN-gamma was confirmed using knockout mice. (d) Graft survival was associated with the absence of IFN-gamma in the graft. (e) Long-term graft maintenance required the continued presence of CD4(+) T cells. The results suggest that, with modification, our short-term protocol may yield a procedure for the induction of long-term graft survival without prolonged immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Markees
- Diabetes Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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43
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Sirak JH, Orosz CG, Roopenian DC, Wakely E, VanBuskirk AM. Cardiac allograft tolerance: failure to develop in interleukin-4-deficient mice correlates with unusual allosensitization patterns. Transplantation 1998; 65:1352-6. [PMID: 9625018 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199805270-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of long-term allograft survival and understanding the mechanism(s) by which it is induced are major goals of experimental transplantation. Studies by several different investigators have provided conflicting evidence for the role of interleukin (IL)-4 in the process of allograft rejection or long-term allograft survival. These studies examine the role of IL-4 in experimental cardiac allograft rejection and in inducing long-term allograft survival. A possible mechanism for long-term allograft maintenance via alternative allosensitization is discussed. METHODS Adult IL-4-intact or IL-4-deficient (knockout, KO) C57BL/6 (B6) mice were transplanted with heterotopic DBA/2 cardiac allografts and immunosuppressed either with gallium nitrate (GN), or the anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody, GK1.5. Cellular allosensitization was assessed by testing the allograft recipients for donor-reactive delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. The presence of antigen-driven suppressive mechanisms was assessed using a linked unresponsiveness (bystander suppression) DTH assay. RESULTS In general, the results were the same with either GN or GK1.5. We observed that (1) IL-4 is not required for acute allograft rejection or allogeneic DTH responses in nonsuppressed mice, (2) IL-4 is required for long-term allograft survival in immunosuppressed mice, (3) immunosuppression creates a requirement for IL-4 in major histocompatibility complex self-restricted, but not allorestricted, DTH responses, and (4) the development of alloantigen-dependent linked DTH unresponsiveness (bystander suppression) in allograft recipients requires IL-4. CONCLUSION In summary, these studies demonstrate a common requirement for IL-4 during the development of long-term allograft survival and the concurrent development of alloantigen-dependent DTH down-regulation in cardiac allograft recipients after immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Sirak
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210, USA
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Basadonna GP, Auersvald L, Khuong CQ, Zheng XX, Kashio N, Zekzer D, Minozzo M, Qian H, Visser L, Diepstra A, Lazarovits AI, Poppema S, Strom TB, Rothstein DM. Antibody-mediated targeting of CD45 isoforms: a novel immunotherapeutic strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:3821-6. [PMID: 9520451 PMCID: PMC19921 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD45 is a family of transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatases exclusively expressed by hematopoietic cells and critically involved in the regulation of T cell activation signals. We now demonstrate that three 100-microg doses of anti-CD45RB mAb MB23G2 can induce long-term engraftment of islets into major histcompatibility complex-disparate chemically diabetic mice. Long-term graft survivors (>120 days) were tolerant to new islet allografts from the original donor strain. MB23G2 induced a temporary decrease in number circulating leukocytes but had no effect on leukocyte number in other lymphoid compartments. Histologic examination of allografts from treated and untreated recipients revealed a similar peri-islet infiltration on day 6. Eleven days after transplant, the peri-islet infiltrate in treated animals persisted, but in marked contrast to untreated control animals, there was no insulitis and islet integrity was preserved. The peri-islet infiltrate from treated animals showed a mild increase in CD4 cells, a decrease in CD8 cells, and decreased intensity of CD45RB expression. Treatment of naive animals with anti-CD45RB (MB23G2) resulted in a shift in CD45 isoform expression on T cells with a loss of higher molecular weight isoforms and increased expression of lower molecular weight (CD45R0) isoform. This shift in CD45 isoform expression from CD45RBHi to CD45RBLo was associated with an increase in the intragraft expression of transcripts for interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-10, consistent with the expected activity of this distinct immunoregulatory T cell subset. Antibody-mediated targeting of CD45 may induce tolerance through novel mechanisms and have direct applicability to clinical transplantation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Basadonna
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Porter
- Gene Targeting Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
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Nickerson P, Steiger J, Zheng XX, Steele AW, Steurer W, Roy-Chaudhury P, Strom TB. Manipulation of cytokine networks in transplantation: false hope or realistic opportunity for tolerance? Transplantation 1997; 63:489-94. [PMID: 9047139 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199702270-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Nickerson
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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