1
|
Palomer X, Salvador JM, Griñán-Ferré C, Barroso E, Pallàs M, Vázquez-Carrera M. GADD45A: With or without you. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38264852 DOI: 10.1002/med.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The growth arrest and DNA damage inducible (GADD)45 family includes three small and ubiquitously distributed proteins (GADD45A, GADD45B, and GADD45G) that regulate numerous cellular processes associated with stress signaling and injury response. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current literature investigating GADD45A, the first discovered member of the family. We first depict how its levels are regulated by a myriad of genotoxic and non-genotoxic stressors, and through the combined action of intricate transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and even, posttranslational mechanisms. GADD45A is a recognized tumor suppressor and, for this reason, we next summarize its role in cancer, as well as the different mechanisms by which it regulates cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Beyond these most well-known actions, GADD45A may also influence catabolic and anabolic pathways in the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, among others. Not surprisingly, GADD45A may trigger AMP-activated protein kinase activity, a master regulator of metabolism, and is known to act as a transcriptional coregulator of numerous nuclear receptors. GADD45A has also been reported to display a cytoprotective role by regulating inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress in several organs and tissues, and is regarded an important contributor for the development of heart failure. Overall data point to that GADD45A may play an important role in metabolic, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, and also autoimmune-related disorders. Thus, the potential mechanisms by which dysregulation of GADD45A activity may contribute to the progression of these diseases are also reviewed below.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús M Salvador
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (NeuroUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (NeuroUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Broustas CG, Mukherjee S, Shuryak I, Taraboletti A, Angdisen J, Ake P, Fornace AJ, Amundson SA. Impact of GADD45A on Radiation Biodosimetry Using Mouse Peripheral Blood. Radiat Res 2023; 200:296-306. [PMID: 37421415 PMCID: PMC10559452 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00052.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
High-dose-radiation exposure in a short period of time leads to radiation syndromes characterized by severe acute and delayed organ-specific injury accompanied by elevated organismal morbidity and mortality. Radiation biodosimetry based on gene expression analysis of peripheral blood is a valuable tool to detect exposure to radiation after a radiological/nuclear incident and obtain useful biological information that could predict tissue and organismal injury. However, confounding factors, including chronic inflammation, can potentially obscure the predictive power of the method. GADD45A (Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene a) plays important roles in cell growth control, differentiation, DNA repair, and apoptosis. GADD45A-deficient mice develop an autoimmune disease, similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus, characterized by severe hematological disorders, kidney disease, and premature death. The goal of this study was to elucidate how pre-existing inflammation in mice, induced by GADD45A ablation, can affect radiation biodosimetry. We exposed wild-type and GADD45A knockout male C57BL/6J mice to 7 Gy of X rays and 24 h later RNA was isolated from whole blood and subjected to whole genome microarray and gene ontology analyses. Dose reconstruction analysis using a gene signature trained on gene expression data from irradiated wild-type male mice showed accurate reconstruction of either a 0 Gy or 7 Gy dose with root mean square error of ± 1.05 Gy (R^2 = 1.00) in GADD45A knockout mice. Gene ontology analysis revealed that irradiation of both wild-type and GADD45A-null mice led to a significant overrepresentation of pathways associated with morbidity and mortality, as well as organismal cell death. However, based on their z-score, these pathways were predicted to be more significantly overrepresented in GADD45A-null mice, implying that GADD45A deletion may exacerbate the deleterious effects of radiation on blood cells. Numerous immune cell functions and quantities were predicted to be underrepresented in both genotypes; however, differentially expressed genes from irradiated GADD45A knockout mice predicted an increased deterioration in the numbers of T lymphocytes, as well as myeloid cells, compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, an overrepresentation of genes associated with radiation-induced hematological malignancies was associated with GADD45A knockout mice, whereas hematopoietic and progenitor cell functions were predicted to be downregulated in irradiated GADD45A knockout mice. In conclusion, despite the significant differences in gene expression between wild-type and GADD45A knockout mice, it is still feasible to identify a panel of genes that could accurately distinguish between irradiated and control mice, irrespective of pre-existing inflammation status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G. Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sanjay Mukherjee
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexandra Taraboletti
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jerry Angdisen
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Pelagie Ake
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Sally A. Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Akama-Garren EH, Miller P, Carroll TM, Tellier M, Sutendra G, Buti L, Zaborowska J, Goldin RD, Slee E, Szele FG, Murphy S, Lu X. Regulation of immunological tolerance by the p53-inhibitor iASPP. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:84. [PMID: 36746936 PMCID: PMC9902554 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of immunological homeostasis between tolerance and autoimmunity is essential for the prevention of human diseases ranging from autoimmune disease to cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that p53 can mitigate phagocytosis-induced adjuvanticity thereby promoting immunological tolerance following programmed cell death. Here we identify Inhibitor of Apoptosis Stimulating p53 Protein (iASPP), a negative regulator of p53 transcriptional activity, as a regulator of immunological tolerance. iASPP-deficiency promoted lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis, while iASPP-deficient mice were less susceptible to autoimmune disease. Immune responses to iASPP-deficient tumors exhibited hallmarks of immunosuppression, including activated regulatory T cells and exhausted CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, iASPP-deficient tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, CD4+, and γδ T cells expressed elevated levels of PD-1H, a recently identified transcriptional target of p53 that promotes tolerogenic phagocytosis. Identification of an iASPP/p53 axis of immune homeostasis provides a therapeutic opportunity for both autoimmune disease and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Paul Miller
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Thomas M Carroll
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Michael Tellier
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Gopinath Sutendra
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Ludovico Buti
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Charles River Laboratories, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Justyna Zaborowska
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Robert D Goldin
- Centre for Pathology, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Elizabeth Slee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Shona Murphy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Xin Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Q, Liu Y, Liao J, Wu R, Zhan Y, Zhang P, Luo S. Deficiency of p53 Causes the Inadequate Expression of miR-1246 in B Cells of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1492-1498. [PMID: 36165173 PMCID: PMC9527209 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Underexpression of p53 is considered the leading cause of the decreased miR-1246 expression in B cells of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, yet the exact mechanism of action still remains unclear. To further explore the molecular mechanism of p53 upregulating miR-1246 expression, we targeted the methylation and acetylation of histone H3 in the miR-1246 promoter region of SLE B cells. We found that increased histone H3 trimethylation at Lys27 (H3K27me3) and decreased histone H3 acetylation at Lys9 and Lys14 (H3K9/K14ac) in the miR-1246 promoter region are essential for the low expression of miR-1246 in SLE B cells. p53 can promote miR-1246 transcription by recruiting Jumonji domain-containing protein 3 (JMJD3), E1A-binding protein p300 (EP300), and CREB-binding protein (CBP) to bind to the miR-1246 promoter, downregulating H3K27me3 and upregulating H3K9/K14ac. Furthermore, early B cell factor 1 (EBF1), CD40, CD38, and X box binding protein-1 (XBP-1) expression levels in SLE B cells transfected with p53 expression plasmid were significantly decreased, whereas autoantibody IgG production in autologous CD4+ T cells cocultured with overexpressed p53 SLE B cells was reduced. Collectively, our data suggest that the reduction of p53 decreases miR-1246 expression via upregulation of H3K27me3 and downregulation of H3K9/14ac, which in turn results in SLE B cell hyperactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jieyue Liao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruifang Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Zhan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuangyan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Harley ITW, Allison K, Scofield RH. Polygenic autoimmune disease risk alleles impacting B cell tolerance act in concert across shared molecular networks in mouse and in humans. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953439. [PMID: 36090990 PMCID: PMC9450536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most B cells produced in the bone marrow have some level of autoreactivity. Despite efforts of central tolerance to eliminate these cells, many escape to periphery, where in healthy individuals, they are rendered functionally non-responsive to restimulation through their antigen receptor via a process termed anergy. Broad repertoire autoreactivity may reflect the chances of generating autoreactivity by stochastic use of germline immunoglobulin gene segments or active mechanisms may select autoreactive cells during egress to the naïve peripheral B cell pool. Likewise, it is unclear why in some individuals autoreactive B cell clones become activated and drive pathophysiologic changes in autoimmune diseases. Both of these remain central questions in the study of the immune system(s). In most individuals, autoimmune diseases arise from complex interplay of genetic risk factors and environmental influences. Advances in genome sequencing and increased statistical power from large autoimmune disease cohorts has led to identification of more than 200 autoimmune disease risk loci. It has been observed that autoantibodies are detectable in the serum years to decades prior to the diagnosis of autoimmune disease. Thus, current models hold that genetic defects in the pathways that control autoreactive B cell tolerance set genetic liability thresholds across multiple autoimmune diseases. Despite the fact these seminal concepts were developed in animal (especially murine) models of autoimmune disease, some perceive a disconnect between human risk alleles and those identified in murine models of autoimmune disease. Here, we synthesize the current state of the art in our understanding of human risk alleles in two prototypical autoimmune diseases – systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) along with spontaneous murine disease models. We compare these risk networks to those reported in murine models of these diseases, focusing on pathways relevant to anergy and central tolerance. We highlight some differences between murine and human environmental and genetic factors that may impact autoimmune disease development and expression and may, in turn, explain some of this discrepancy. Finally, we show that there is substantial overlap between the molecular networks that define these disease states across species. Our synthesis and analysis of the current state of the field are consistent with the idea that the same molecular networks are perturbed in murine and human autoimmune disease. Based on these analyses, we anticipate that murine autoimmune disease models will continue to yield novel insights into how best to diagnose, prognose, prevent and treat human autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T. W. Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rheumatology Section, Medicine Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Isaac T. W. Harley,
| | - Kristen Allison
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative (HI3), Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Medical/Research Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Broustas CG, Mukherjee S, Pannkuk EL, Laiakis EC, Fornace AJ, Amundson SA. Effect of the p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Cascade on Radiation Biodosimetry. Radiat Res 2022; 198:18-27. [PMID: 35353886 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00240.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation biodosimetry based on transcriptomic analysis of peripheral blood is a valuable tool to detect radiation exposure after a radiological/nuclear event and obtain useful biological information that could predict tissue and organismal injury. However, confounding factors, including chronic inflammation or immune suppression, can potentially obscure the predictive power of the method. Members of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family respond to pro-inflammatory signals and environmental stresses, whereas genetic ablation of the p38 signaling pathway in mice leads to reduced susceptibility to collagen-induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis that model human rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, respectively. p38 is normally regulated by the MAP3K-MAP2K pathway in mammalian cells. However, in T cells there is an alternative pathway for p38 activation that plays an important role in antigen-receptor-activated T cells and participates in immune and inflammatory responses. To examine the role of p38 in response to radiation, we used two mouse models expressing either a p38α dominant negative (DN) mutation that globally suppresses p38 signaling or a p38αβ double-knock-in (DKI) mutant, which inhibits specifically T-cell receptor activation. We exposed p38 wild-type (p38WT) and mutant male mice to 7 Gy X rays and 24 h later whole blood was isolated subjected to whole-genome microarray and gene ontology analysis. Irradiation of p38WT mice led to a significant overrepresentation of pathways associated with morbidity and mortality, as well as organismal cell death. In contrast, these pathways were significantly underrepresented in p38DN and p38DKI mutant mice, suggesting that p38 attenuation may protect blood cells from the deleterious effects of radiation. Furthermore, radiation exposure in p38 mutant mice resulted in an enrichment of phagocytosis-related pathways, suggesting a role for p38 signaling in restricting phagocytosis of apoptotic cells after irradiation. Finally, despite the significant changes in gene expression, it was still feasible to identify a panel of genes that could accurately distinguish between irradiated and control mice, irrespective of p38 status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sanjay Mukherjee
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Evan L Pannkuk
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Evagelia C Laiakis
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Sally A Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
p21 restricts influenza A virus by perturbing the viral polymerase complex and upregulating type I interferon signaling. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010295. [PMID: 35180274 PMCID: PMC8920271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellular genes and networks induced in human lung epithelial cells infected with the influenza virus remain uncharacterized. Here, we find that p21 levels are elevated in response to influenza A virus (IAV) infection, which is independent of p53. Silencing, pharmacological inhibition or deletion of p21 promotes virus replication in vitro and in vivo, indicating that p21 is an influenza restriction factor. Mechanistically, p21 binds to the C-terminus of IAV polymerase subunit PA and competes with PB1 to limit IAV polymerase activity. Besides, p21 promotes IRF3 activation by blocking K48-linked ubiquitination degradation of HO-1 to enhance type I interferons expression. Furthermore, a synthetic p21 peptide (amino acids 36 to 43) significantly inhibits IAV replication in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings reveal that p21 restricts IAV by perturbing the viral polymerase complex and activating the host innate immune response, which may aid the design of desperately needed new antiviral therapeutics. Influenza A virus (IAV) poses a continuous threat to public health and economic stability. The ribonucleoprotein (RNP) of IAV is responsible for the transcription and replication of the viral RNA. These processes require interplay between host factors and RNP components. Here, we report that p21 can be activated by IAV infection and is controlled by a p53-independent pathway. We demonstrate that p21 directly binds to the viral polymerase acidic protein and limits IAV polymerase activity through disrupting the formation of the ribonucleoprotein complex. Additionally, p21 activation promotes IRF3 activation by blocking K48-linked polyubiquitination degradation of HO-1, thereby activating the type I interferon pathway. We further identify an 8-amino-acid peptide of p21 as the minimum motif that effectively inhibits IAV replication and presents therapeutic efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our studies not only identify p21 as an antiviral protein, but also provide mechanistic insight to facilitate drug development.
Collapse
|
8
|
GADD45A induces neuropathic pain by activating P53 apoptosis pathway in mice. Genes Genomics 2022; 44:1051-1060. [PMID: 35167054 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain is a common condition with current heights of varying etiology. The therapeutic drugs are also poorly work and often limited by side effects such as dizziness. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the function mechanism of GADD45A in neuropathic pain. METHODS The DEGs in neuropathic pain mouse model chip were screened by bioinformatics analysis. The expression of GADD45A in SNL model was determined by RT-qPCR and Immunofluorescence assay. The protein expression of p53-apoptosis pathway proteins was determined by western blotting. RESULTS Combination analysis of bioinformatics methods revealed that the expression of GADD45A was upregulated in SNL. The results of RT-qPCR assay and Immunofluorescence assay revealed that GADD45A was overexpressed in all of time points SNL model. Furthermore, knockdown of GADD45A in SNL remarkably antagonized the malignance phenotype compared with the Ad-GFP treated SNL. In addition, knockdown of GADD45A downregulated the expression of p53 and reduced the apoptosis of spinal cord nerve cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that GADD45A may be a biomarker in the neuropathic pain of mice.
Collapse
|
9
|
Patel K, Murray MG, Whelan KA. Roles for GADD45 in Development and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1360:23-39. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Schmitz I. Gadd45 Proteins in Immunity 2.0. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1360:69-86. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
11
|
Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible proteins (GADD45) in psoriasis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14579. [PMID: 34272424 PMCID: PMC8285512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between T cells, dendritic cells and keratinocytes is crucial for the development and maintenance of inflammation in psoriasis. GADD45 proteins mediate DNA repair in different cells including keratinocytes. In the immune system, GADD45a and GADD45b regulate the function and activation of both T lymphocytes and dendritic cells and GADD45a links DNA repair and epigenetic regulation through its demethylase activity. Here, we analyzed the expression of GADD45a and GADD45b in the skin, dendritic cells and circulating T cells in a cohort of psoriasis patients and their regulation by inflammatory signals. Thirty patients (17 male/13 female) with plaque psoriasis and 15 controls subjects (7 male/8 female), were enrolled. Psoriasis patients exhibited a lower expression of GADD45a at the epidermis but a higher expression in dermal infiltrating T cells in lesional skin. The expression of GADD45a and GADD45b was also higher in peripheral T cells from psoriasis patients, although no differences were observed in p38 activation. The expression and methylation state of the GADD45a target UCHL1 were evaluated, revealing a hypermethylation of its promoter in lesional skin compared to controls. Furthermore, reduced levels of GADD45a correlated with a lower expression UCHL1 in lesional skin. We propose that the demethylase function of GADD45a may account for its pleiotropic effects, and the complex and heterogeneous pattern of expression observed in psoriatic disease.
Collapse
|
12
|
Manolakou T, Verginis P, Boumpas DT. DNA Damage Response in the Adaptive Arm of the Immune System: Implications for Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115842. [PMID: 34072535 PMCID: PMC8198144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In complex environments, cells have developed molecular responses to confront threats against the genome and achieve the maintenance of genomic stability assuring the transfer of undamaged DNA to their progeny. DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms may be activated upon genotoxic or environmental agents, such as cytotoxic drugs or ultraviolet (UV) light, and during physiological processes requiring DNA transactions, to restore DNA alterations that may cause cellular malfunction and affect viability. In addition to the DDR, multicellular organisms have evolved specialized immune cells to respond and defend against infections. Both adaptive and innate immune cells are subjected to DDR processes, either as a prerequisite to the immune response, or as a result of random endogenous and exogenous insults. Aberrant DDR activities have been extensively studied in the immune cells of the innate arm, but not in adaptive immune cells. Here, we discuss how the aberrant DDR may lead to autoimmunity, with emphasis on the adaptive immune cells and the potential of therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Manolakou
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Panayotis Verginis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, 700 13 Heraklion, Greece;
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Tolerance, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, 700 13 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T. Boumpas
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- Joint Rheumatology Program, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 124 62 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Burbridge K, Holcombe J, Weavers H. Metabolically active and polyploid renal tissues rely on graded cytoprotection to drive developmental and homeostatic stress resilience. Development 2021; 148:dev197343. [PMID: 33913484 PMCID: PMC8214761 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Body tissues are frequently exposed to stress, from toxic byproducts generated during cellular metabolism through to infection or wounding. Although it is well-established that tissues respond to exogenous injury by rapidly upregulating cytoprotective machinery, how energetically demanding tissues - vulnerable to persistent endogenous insult - withstand stress is poorly understood. Here, we show that the cytoprotective factors Nrf2 and Gadd45 act within a specific renal cell subtype, the energetically and biosynthetically active 'principal' cells, to drive stress resilience during Drosophila renal development and homeostasis. Renal tubules lacking Gadd45 exhibit striking morphogenetic defects (with cell death, inflammatory infiltration and reduced ploidy) and accumulate significant DNA damage in post-embryonic life. In parallel, the transcription factor Nrf2 is active during periods of intense renal physiological activity, where it protects metabolically active renal cells from oxidative damage. Despite its constitutive nature, renal cytoprotective activity must be precisely balanced and sustained at modest sub-injury levels; indeed, further experimental elevation dramatically perturbs renal development and function. We suggest that tissues requiring long-term protection must employ restrained cytoprotective activity, whereas higher levels might only be beneficial if activated transiently pre-emptive to exogenous insult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helen Weavers
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xiao C, Nemazee D, Gonzalez-Martin A. MicroRNA control of B cell tolerance, autoimmunity and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 64:102-107. [PMID: 32522353 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first microRNA (miRNA) in 1993, thousands of miRNAs have been identified in humans and mice and many of them have been shown to control a large variety of cellular processes in different cell types including those composing the immune system. MicroRNAs regulate virtually all aspects of immune cell development, differentiation and function. Studies have shown that these molecules are involved in the maintenance of lymphocyte tolerance and, when dysregulated, promote the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge about the roles of miRNAs in B cell tolerance and their contribution to autoimmunity, highlighting additional roles for some of these miRNAs in T cell tolerance. Finally, we will comment on miRNAs that promote both autoimmunity and lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alicia Gonzalez-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Y, Leslie PL, Zhang Y. Life and Death Decision-Making by p53 and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Cancer 2020; 7:226-239. [PMID: 33199193 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tumor-suppressor protein p53 is mutated in approximately half of all cancers, whereas the p53 signaling network is perturbed in almost all cancers. In response to different stress stimuli, p53 selectively activates genes to elicit a cell survival or cell death response. How p53 makes the decision between life and death remains a fascinating question and an exciting field of research. Understanding how this decision is made has major implications for improving cancer treatments, particularly in recently evolved immune checkpoint inhibition therapy. We highlight progress and challenges in understanding the mechanisms governing the p53 life and death decision-making process, and discuss how this decision is relevant to immune system regulation. Finally, we discuss how knowledge of the p53 pro-survival and pro-death decision node can be applied to optimize immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
| | - Patrick L Leslie
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fang Y, Xu XY, Shen Y, Li J. miR-23a-3p and miR-23a-5p target CiGadd45ab to modulate inflammatory response and apoptosis in grass carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:34-44. [PMID: 31883472 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ctenopharyngodon idella growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 ab (CiGadd45ab) is a subtype of the Gadd45a gene of the Gadd45 family in grass carp. There is increasing evidence that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of inflammatory and apoptotic responses. However, little is known about the regulatory effects of miRNAs on CiGadd45ab expression. In the present study, CiGadd45ab was identified as a target gene of miR-23a-3p and miR-23a-5p, based on miRNA expression profiling and a dual-luciferase reporter assay. In addition, miR-23a-3p and miR-23a-5p were both confirmed to be involved in the inflammatory response following infection with Aeromonas hydrophila by targeting CiGadd45ab. Transfection with miR-23a-3p and miR-23a-5p mimics and inhibitor altered proinflammatory gene expression and apoptosis rate, thereby suggesting that miRNAs regulate immune response and anti-apoptosis by targeting CiGadd45ab in grass carp. Our results provide a theoretical basis for exploring the molecular mechanisms by which miR-23a-3p and miR-23a-5p target CiGadd45ab to regulate inflammation and apoptosis against bacterial infection in grass carp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Piganelli JD, Mamula MJ, James EA. The Role of β Cell Stress and Neo-Epitopes in the Immunopathology of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:624590. [PMID: 33679609 PMCID: PMC7930070 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.624590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their secretory function, β cells are predisposed to higher levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and greater sensitivity to inflammation than other cell types. These stresses elicit changes in β cells that alter their function and immunogenicity, including defective ribosomal initiation, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of endogenous β cell proteins, and alternative splicing. Multiple published reports confirm the presence of not only CD8+ T cells, but also autoreactive CD4+ T cells within pancreatic islets. Although the specificities of T cells that infiltrate human islets are incompletely characterized, they have been confirmed to include neo-epitopes that are formed through stress-related enzymatic modifications of β cell proteins. This article summarizes emerging knowledge about stress-induced changes in β cells and data supporting a role for neo-antigen formation and cross-talk between immune cells and β cells that provokes autoimmune attack - leading to a breakdown in tissue-specific tolerance in subjects who develop type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon D. Piganelli
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mark J. Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Eddie A. James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Eddie A. James,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tang X, Chen Z, Deng M, Wang L, Nie Q, Xiang JW, Xiao Y, Yang L, Liu Y, Li DWC. The Sumoylation Modulated Tumor Suppressor p53 Regulates Cell Cycle Checking Genes to Mediate Lens Differentiation. Curr Mol Med 2019; 18:556-565. [PMID: 30636605 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190111154450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The tumor suppressor p53 is a master regulator of apoptosis and also plays a key role in cell cycle checking. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that p53 directly regulates Bak in mouse JB6 cells and that p53-Bak signaling axis plays an important role in mediating EGCG-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we have recently demonstrated that the same p53-Bak apoptotic signaling axis executes an essential role in regulating lens cell differentiation. In addition, we have also shown that p53 controls both transcription factors, C-Maf and Prox-1 as well as lens crystallin genes, αA, β- and γ-crystallins. Here, we have examined whether p53 also regulates other known target genes during its modulation of lens differentiation. The human and mouse lens epithelial cells, FHL124 and αTN4-1 were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin. METHODS Mice used in this study were handled in compliance with the "Protocol for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" (Sun Yat-sen University). Adult mice were used for the collection of lens cells. These samples were used for extraction of total proteins. A total of 32 embryonic mice {8 at 14.5 ED, 8 at 17.5 ED and 8 newborns for wild type} were used for immunohistochemistry, which were used for co-localization study. The mRNA levels were analysed with qRT-PCR. The protein levels were determined with western blot analysis and quantitated with Image J. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed that both the cell cycle checking genes, p21 and Gadd45α and the apoptotic genes, Bcl-2 and PUMA, display developmental changes associated with p53 during mouse lens development. Knockdown of p53 in the mouse lens epithelial cells caused inhibition of lens differentiation. Associated with this inhibition, the cell cycle genes displayed significant downreglation, the apoptotic genes was also attenuated but to a much less degree. In addition, we found that bFGF can induce dose-dependent upregulation of the upstream kinases, CHK1/2 and ERK1/2, both known to phosphorylate p53 and activate the later. Furthermore, We showed that in both developing lens and human lens epithelial cells, p53 can be co-localized with the catalytic subunit of the protein phoshphatase-1 (PP-1), suggesting that PP-1 regulates p53 phosphorylation status both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that during mouse lens development, p53 activity is regulated by ERK and CHK kinases-mediated activation, and by PP-1-mediated inactivation. p53 can regulate multiple groups of genes to mediate lens differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Mi Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Ling Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Qian Nie
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Jia-Wen Xiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Lan Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - David Wan-Cheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, #7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tirosh I, Spielman S, Barel O, Ram R, Stauber T, Paret G, Rubinsthein M, Pessach IM, Gerstein M, Anikster Y, Shukrun R, Dagan A, Adler K, Pode-Shakked B, Volkov A, Perelman M, Greenberger S, Somech R, Lahav E, Majmundar AJ, Padeh S, Hildebrandt F, Vivante A. Whole exome sequencing in childhood-onset lupus frequently detects single gene etiologies. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2019; 17:52. [PMID: 31362757 PMCID: PMC6668194 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-019-0349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) comprise a diverse range of clinical manifestations. To date, more than 30 single gene causes of lupus/lupus like syndromes in humans have been identified. In the clinical setting, identifying the underlying molecular diagnosis is challenging due to phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. METHODS We employed whole exome sequencing (WES) in patients presenting with childhood-onset lupus with severe and/or atypical presentations to identify cases that are explained by a single-gene (monogenic) cause. RESULTS From January 2015 to June 2018 15 new cases of childhood-onset SLE were diagnosed in Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital. By WES we identified causative mutations in four subjects in five different genes: C1QC, SLC7A7, MAN2B1, PTEN and STAT1. No molecular diagnoses were established on clinical grounds prior to genetic testing. CONCLUSIONS We identified a significant fraction of monogenic SLE etiologies using WES and confirm the genetic locus heterogeneity in childhood-onset lupus. These results highlight the importance of establishing a genetic diagnosis for children with severe or atypical lupus by providing accurate and early etiology-based diagnoses and improving subsequent clinical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irit Tirosh
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dDepartment of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 5265601 Ramat Gan, Israel ,0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dRheumatology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shiri Spielman
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dRheumatology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ortal Barel
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dThe Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Reut Ram
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dDepartment of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 5265601 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tali Stauber
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dDepartment of Pediatrics A Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gideon Paret
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dIntensive care unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina Rubinsthein
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dIntensive care unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Itai M. Pessach
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dIntensive care unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Gerstein
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dDepartment of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 5265601 Ramat Gan, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yair Anikster
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dMetabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Shukrun
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dDepartment of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 5265601 Ramat Gan, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Dagan
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dDepartment of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 5265601 Ramat Gan, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Katerina Adler
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dThe Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ben Pode-Shakked
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dDepartment of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 5265601 Ramat Gan, Israel ,0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dMetabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Alexander Volkov
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dPathology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina Perelman
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dPathology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shoshana Greenberger
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dDepartment of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Raz Somech
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dDepartment of Pediatrics A Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Einat Lahav
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dDepartment of Pediatrics A Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel ,0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dNephrology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 5265601 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amar J. Majmundar
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Shai Padeh
- 0000 0001 2107 2845grid.413795.dDepartment of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 5265601 Ramat Gan, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Asaf Vivante
- Department of Pediatrics B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 5265601, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,Nephrology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 5265601, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li RN, Lin YZ, Pan YC, Lin CH, Tseng CC, Sung WY, Wu CC, Ou TT, Tsai WC, Yen JH. GADD45a and GADD45b Genes in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060801. [PMID: 31195707 PMCID: PMC6617344 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: GADD45 genes are stress sensors in response to cellular stress response, activated signal pathways leading to the stimulation of inflammatory cytokines. This study is to examine the associations of GADD45a and GADD45b genes with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Methods: 230 patients of RA, 140 patients of SLE, and 191 healthy controls were enrolled. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and gene polymorphisms were genotyped by TaqMan assay. RNA expression was quantitated with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The RNA expression of the GADD45b gene was significantly lower in RA patients than the control cases (p = 0.03). The odds ratio of GADD45a genotype -589 CC (rs581000) was significantly low (OR = 0.36, 95% CI, 0.15–0.87) in DR4-negative RA patients. The odds ratio of GADD45b genotype -712CT (rs3795024) in DR4-negative RA patients was 0.41 (95% CI, 0.18–0.95). In clinical manifestation, the odds ratio of GADD45b -712CT genotype with anti-RNP antibody was 4.14 (95% CI, 1.10–15.63) in SLE patients. GADD45a genotype -589GG+GC was associated with rheumatoid factor (RF) in SLE patients. Conclusions: Genotypes GADD45a -589CC and GADD45b -712CT were shown to be less susceptible to RA and related to the disease state in SLE patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Nian Li
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Zhao Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Chun Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hui Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Chun Tseng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Yu Sung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chin Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Tsan-Teng Ou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chan Tsai
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Hsien Yen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Repository corticotropin injection reverses critical elements of the TLR9/B cell receptor activation response in human B cells in vitro. Clin Immunol 2019; 201:70-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
22
|
Differential expression of vitamin D associated genes in the aorta of coronary artery disease patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202346. [PMID: 30138371 PMCID: PMC6107153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D has an important role in the immune system, and has been linked to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and coronary artery disease (CAD). The exact mechanisms by which vitamin D is involved in these processes are still unclear. Therefore, we wanted to search for differences in expression of genes involved in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation pathway and genes that are known to alter upon vitamin D stimulation, in the aortic adventitia of CAD patients with and without RA. Methods Affymetrix microarray was used to determine gene expression profile in surgical specimens from the adventitia of the ascending aorta of CAD patients with RA (n = 8) and without RA (n = 8) from the Feiring Heart Biopsy Study. Results We identified three vitamin D associated genes that were differentially expressed between RA and non-RA patients: Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein 45 alpha (GADD45A) (FC = 1.47; p = 0.006), Nuclear Receptor Co-repressor 1 (NCOR1) (FC = 1,21; p = 0.005) and paraoxonases 2 (PON2) (FC = -1.37; p = 0.01). High expression of GADD45A in RA tissues was confirmed by real-time qRT-PCR. GADD45A expression correlated with plasma levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 (rs = 0.69; p = 0.003). Conclusions Microarray analyses revealed higher expression of GADD45A and NCOR1; and lower expression of PON2 in the aortic adventitia of RA than non-RA patients. Further studies are needed to elucidate if and how GADD45A, NCOR1 and PON2 are involved in the development of accelerated atherosclerosis in RA. In theory, some of these factors might have proatherogenic effects whereas others might reflect an underlying vascular pathology promoting atherogenesis (such as vascular stress).
Collapse
|
23
|
Benko AL, McAloose CA, Becker PM, Wright D, Sunyer T, Kawasawa YI, Olsen NJ, Kovacs WJ. Repository corticotrophin injection exerts direct acute effects on human B cell gene expression distinct from the actions of glucocorticoids. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 192:68-81. [PMID: 29205315 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Repository corticotrophin injection (RCI, H.P Acthar® gel) has been approved for use in the management of multiple autoimmune and inflammatory diseases for more than a half-century, but its mechanism of action is not well understood. We used RNA-Seq methods to define RCI-regulated mRNAs in cultured human B cells under conditions of activation by interleukin (IL)-4 and CD40 ligand. Following IL-4/CD40L activation and RCI treatment we found up-regulation of 115 unique mRNA transcripts and down-regulation of 80 unique mRNAs. The effect on these RNA levels was dose-dependent for RCI and was distinct from changes in mRNA expression induced by treatment with a potent synthetic glucocorticoid. RCI down-regulated mRNAs were observed to include a significant over-representation of genes critical for B cell proliferation under activating conditions. These data confirm that RCI exerts direct effects on human B cells to modulate mRNA expression in specific pathways of importance to B cell function and that, at the molecular level, the effects of RCI are distinct from those exerted by glucocorticoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Benko
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - C A McAloose
- Division of Rheumatology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - P M Becker
- Science and Technology, Mallinckrodt ARD, Inc., Hampton, NJ, USA
| | - D Wright
- Science and Technology, Mallinckrodt ARD, Inc., Hampton, NJ, USA
| | - T Sunyer
- Science and Technology, Mallinckrodt ARD, Inc., Hampton, NJ, USA
| | - Y I Kawasawa
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - N J Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - W J Kovacs
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Salvador-Bernáldez M, Mateus SB, Del Barco Barrantes I, Arthur SC, Martínez-A C, Nebreda AR, Salvador JM. p38α regulates cytokine-induced IFNγ secretion via the Mnk1/eIF4E pathway in Th1 cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:814-823. [PMID: 28611474 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory processes. We used p38α-conditional, p38β-deficient and p38α/β double-null mouse models to address the role of these two p38 MAPK in CD4+ T cells, and found that p38α deficiency causes these cells to hyperproliferate. Our studies indicate that both p38α and p38β are dispensable for T helper cell type 1 (Th1) differentiation but, by controlling interferon (IFN)γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α production, are critical for normal Th1 effector function. We found that both p38α and p38β modulate T-cell receptor-induced IFNγ and TNFα production, whereas only p38α regulates cytokine-induced IFNγ production. The lack of p38α and p38β did not affect transcription and mRNA stability of Ifng. However, the absence of p38α in Th1 cells resulted in a decreased MNK1 phosphorylation after cytokine activation, and MNK1 inhibition blocked IFNγ production. Our results indicate that p38α regulates IFNγ secretion through the activation of the MNK1/eIF4E pathway of translation initiation and identify specific functions for p38α and p38β in T-cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara B Mateus
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Del Barco Barrantes
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simon C Arthur
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Carlos Martínez-A
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel R Nebreda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. LLuis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús M Salvador
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Petersen F, Yue X, Riemekasten G, Yu X. Dysregulated homeostasis of target tissues or autoantigens - A novel principle in autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:602-611. [PMID: 28411168 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Monogenic autoimmune disorders provide a powerful tool for our understanding of the principles of autoimmunity due to the obvious impact of a single gene on the disease. So far, approximately 100 single gene defects causing murine monogenic autoimmune disorders have been reported and the functional characterization of these genes will provide significant progress in understanding the nature of autoimmunity. According to their function, genes leading to monogenic autoimmune disorders can be categorized into two groups. An expectable first group contains genes involved in the homeostasis of the immune system, including homeostasis of immune organs and immune cells. Intriguingly, the second group consists of genes functionally involved in the homeostasis of target tissues or autoantigens. According to our novel hypothesis, we propose that autoimmunity represents a consequence of a dysregulated homeostasis of the immune system and/or its targets including autoantigens and target tissues. In this review we refer to both aspects of homeostasis in autoimmunity with a highlight on the role of the homeostasis of target tissues and autoantigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Petersen
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Xiaoyang Yue
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23845 Borstel, Germany; Department of Rheumatology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23845 Borstel, Germany; Xiamen-Borstel Joint Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Self-reactive B cells are tolerized at various stages of B-cell development and differentiation, including the immature B-cell stage (central tolerance) and the germinal center (GC) B-cell stage, and B-cell tolerance involves various mechanisms such as deletion, anergy, and receptor editing. Self-reactive B cells generated by random immunoglobulin variable gene rearrangements are tolerized by central tolerance and anergy in the periphery, and these processes involve apoptosis regulated by Bim, a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, and regulation of B-cell signaling by various phosphatases, including SHIP-1 and SHP-1. Self-reactive B cells generated by somatic mutations during GC reaction are also eliminated. Fas is not directly involved in this process but prevents persistence of GC reaction that allows generation of less stringently regulated B cells, including self-reactive B cells. Defects in self-tolerance preferentially cause lupus-like disease with production of anti-nuclear antibodies, probably due to the presence of a large potential B-cell repertoire reactive to nucleic acids and the presence of nucleic acid-induced activation mechanisms in various immune cells, including B cells and dendritic cells. A feed-forward loop composed of anti-nuclear antibodies produced by B cells and type 1 interferons secreted from nucleic acid-activated dendritic cells plays a crucial role in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsubata
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Choubey D, Panchanathan R. Absent in Melanoma 2 proteins in SLE. Clin Immunol 2017; 176:42-48. [PMID: 28062222 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-α/β)-inducible PYRIN and HIN domain-containing protein family includes Absent in Melanoma 2 (murine Aim2 and human AIM2), murine p202, and human PYRIN-only protein 3 (POP3). The generation of Aim2-deficient mice indicated that the Aim2 protein is essential for inflammasome activation, resulting in the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and cell death by pyroptosis. Further, Aim2-deficiency also increased constitutive expression of the IFN-β and expression of the p202 protein. Notably, an increased expression of p202 protein in female mice associated with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE in patients is characterized by a constitutive increase in serum levels of IFN-α and an increase in the expression IFN-stimulated genes. Recent studies indicate that p202 and POP3 proteins inhibit activation of the Aim2/AIM2 inflammasome and promote IFN-β expression. Therefore, we discuss the role of Aim2/AIM2 proteins in the suppression of type I IFNs production and lupus susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divaker Choubey
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, P. O. Box-670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States; Research Service, ML-151, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States.
| | - Ravichandran Panchanathan
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, P. O. Box-670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States; Research Service, ML-151, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gudkov AV, Komarova EA. p53 and the Carcinogenicity of Chronic Inflammation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a026161. [PMID: 27549311 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a major cancer predisposition factor. Constitutive activation of the inflammation-driving NF-κB pathway commonly observed in cancer or developed in normal tissues because of persistent infections or endogenous tissue irritating factors, including products of secretion by senescent cells accumulating with age, markedly represses p53 functions. In its turn, p53 acts as a suppressor of inflammation helping to keep it within safe limits. The antagonistic relationship between p53 and NF-κB is controlled by multiple mechanisms and reflects cardinal differences in organismal responses to intrinsic and extrinsic cell stresses driven by these two transcription factors, respectively. This provides an opportunity for developing drugs to treat diseases associated with inappropriate activity of either p53 or NF-κB through targeting the opposing pathway. Several drug candidates of this kind are currently in clinical testing. These include anticancer small molecules capable of simultaneous suppression of p53 and activation of NF-κB and NF-κB-activating biologics that counteract p53-mediated pathologies associated with systemic genotoxic stresses such as acute radiation syndrome and side effects of cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Gudkov
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Elena A Komarova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
AbdulHameed MDM, Ippolito DL, Stallings JD, Wallqvist A. Mining kidney toxicogenomic data by using gene co-expression modules. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:790. [PMID: 27724849 PMCID: PMC5057266 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by drug and toxicant ingestion is a serious clinical condition associated with high mortality rates. We currently lack detailed knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms and biological networks associated with AKI. In this study, we carried out gene co-expression analyses using DrugMatrix—a large toxicogenomics database with gene expression data from rats exposed to diverse chemicals—and identified gene modules associated with kidney injury to probe the molecular-level details of this disease. Results We generated a comprehensive set of gene co-expression modules by using the Iterative Signature Algorithm and found distinct clusters of modules that shared genes and were associated with similar chemical exposure conditions. We identified two module clusters that showed specificity for kidney injury in that they 1) were activated by chemical exposures causing kidney injury, 2) were not activated by other chemical exposures, and 3) contained known AKI-relevant genes such as Havcr1, Clu, and Tff3. We used the genes in these AKI-relevant module clusters to develop a signature of 30 genes that could assess the potential of a chemical to cause kidney injury well before injury actually occurs. We integrated AKI-relevant module cluster genes with protein-protein interaction networks and identified the involvement of immunoproteasomes in AKI. To identify biological networks and processes linked to Havcr1, we determined genes within the modules that frequently co-express with Havcr1, including Cd44, Plk2, Mdm2, Hnmt, Macrod1, and Gtpbp4. We verified this procedure by showing that randomized data did not identify Havcr1 co-expression genes and that excluding up to 10 % of the data caused only minimal degradation of the gene set. Finally, by using an external dataset from a rat kidney ischemic study, we showed that the frequently co-expressed genes of Havcr1 behaved similarly in a model of non-chemically induced kidney injury. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that co-expression modules and co-expressed genes contain rich information for generating novel biomarker hypotheses and constructing mechanism-based molecular networks associated with kidney injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3143-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Diwan M AbdulHameed
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Danielle L Ippolito
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jonathan D Stallings
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 504 Scott Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Muñoz-Fontela C, Mandinova A, Aaronson SA, Lee SW. Emerging roles of p53 and other tumour-suppressor genes in immune regulation. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:741-750. [PMID: 27667712 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-suppressor genes are indispensable for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Recently, several of these genes, including those encoding p53, PTEN, RB1 and ARF, have been implicated in immune responses and inflammatory diseases. In particular, the p53 tumour- suppressor pathway is involved in crucial aspects of tumour immunology and in homeostatic regulation of immune responses. Other studies have identified roles for p53 in various cellular processes, including metabolism and stem cell maintenance. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of p53 and other tumour-suppressor genes in tumour immunology, as well as in additional immunological settings, such as virus infection. This relatively unexplored area could yield important insights into the homeostatic control of immune cells in health and disease and facilitate the development of more effective immunotherapies. Consequently, tumour-suppressor genes are emerging as potential guardians of immune integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz-Fontela
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Mandinova
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sam W Lee
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rackov G, Hernández-Jiménez E, Shokri R, Carmona-Rodríguez L, Mañes S, Álvarez-Mon M, López-Collazo E, Martínez-A C, Balomenos D. p21 mediates macrophage reprogramming through regulation of p50-p50 NF-κB and IFN-β. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3089-103. [PMID: 27427981 DOI: 10.1172/jci83404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes, which mediate proinflammatory and antiinflammatory functions, respectively, represent the extremes of immunoregulatory plasticity in the macrophage population. This plasticity can also result in intermediate macrophage states that support a balance between these opposing functions. In sepsis, M1 macrophages can compensate for hyperinflammation by acquiring an M2-like immunosuppressed status that increases the risk of secondary infection and death. The M1 to M2 macrophage reprogramming that develops during LPS tolerance resembles the pathological antiinflammatory response to sepsis. Here, we determined that p21 regulates macrophage reprogramming by shifting the balance between active p65-p50 and inhibitory p50-p50 NF-κB pathways. p21 deficiency reduced the DNA-binding affinity of the p50-p50 homodimer in LPS-primed and -rechallenged macrophages, impairing their ability to attenuate IFN-β production and acquire an M2-like hyporesponsive status. High p21 levels in sepsis patients correlated with low IFN-β expression, and p21 knockdown in human monocytes corroborated its role in IFN-β regulation. The data demonstrate that p21 adjusts the equilibrium between p65-p50 and p50-p50 NF-κB pathways to mediate macrophage plasticity in LPS tolerance. Identifying p21-related pathways involved in monocyte reprogramming may lead to potential targets for sepsis treatment.
Collapse
|
32
|
Lee YH, Rho YH, Choi SJ, Ji JD, Song GG. The functional p53 codon 72 polymorphism is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2016; 14:842-5. [PMID: 16302680 DOI: 10.1191/0961203305lu2224oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate whether the functional p53 codon 72 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to SLE and its clinical features. A polymerase chain reaction of genomic DNA-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to determine genotypes of the p53 codon 72 in 90 SLE patients and 114 healthy controls. Clinical/serological manifestations were analysed in each patient and correlated with the genotypes. The OR of the association of the Pro allele with SLE was 1.70 (95% CI, 1.15-2.53, P = 0.0079) and the OR of the Pro/Pro (a recessive model) was significantly increased (OR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.24-5.39, P = 0.0093). The Armitage’s trend test indicated a significant dosage effect of the Pro allele for SLE (OR = 1.73, chi-square = 7.08, P = 0.0078). However, there was no significant association of the polymorphism with clinical/serological manifestations studied here. In conclusion, our finding suggests the functional p53 codon 72 polymorphism may be associated with SLE susceptibility, suggesting individuals who carry the Pro allele may have a higher risk to SLE susceptibility than those with the Arg allele. Further studies for replications are needed to confirm that the p53 polymorphism contributes to SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Ku, Seoul, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
The microRNA miR-148a functions as a critical regulator of B cell tolerance and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:433-40. [PMID: 26901150 PMCID: PMC4803625 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells have critical roles in a large diversity of autoimmune diseases, but the molecular pathways that control these cells remain poorly understood. We performed an in vivo functional screen of a lymphocyte-expressed microRNA library and identified miR-148a as a potent regulator of B cell tolerance. Elevated miR-148a expression impaired B cell tolerance by promoting the survival of immature B cells after engagement of the B cell antigen receptor by suppressing the expression of the autoimmune suppressor Gadd45α, the tumor suppressor PTEN and the pro-apoptotic protein Bim. Furthermore, increased expression of miR-148a, which occurs frequently in patients with lupus and lupus-prone mice, facilitated the development of lethal autoimmune disease in a mouse model of lupus. Our studies demonstrate a function for miR-148a as a regulator of B cell tolerance and autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
34
|
Cañas CA, Cañas F, Bonilla-Abadía F, Ospina FE, Tobón GJ. Epigenetics changes associated to environmental triggers in autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2015; 49:1-11. [PMID: 26369426 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2015.1086996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are chronic conditions initiated by the loss of immunological tolerance to self-antigens and represent a heterogeneous group of disorders that affect specific target organs or multiple organs in different systems. While the pathogenesis of AID remains unclear, its aetiology is multifunctional and includes a combination of genetic, epigenetic, immunological and environmental factors. In AIDs, several epigenetic mechanisms are defective including DNA demethylation, abnormal chromatin positioning associated with autoantibody production and abnormalities in the expression of RNA interference (RNAi). It is known that environmental factors may interfere with DNA methylation and histone modifications, however, little is known about epigenetic changes derived of regulation of RNAi. An approach to the known environmental factors and the mechanisms that alter the epigenetic regulation in AIDs (with emphasis in systemic lupus erythematosus, the prototype of systemic AID) are showed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Cañas
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology , Fundación Valle del Lili , Cali , Colombia and
| | - Felipe Cañas
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali , CES University School of Medicine , Medellín, Cali , Colombia
| | - Fabio Bonilla-Abadía
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology , Fundación Valle del Lili , Cali , Colombia and
| | - Fabio E Ospina
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology , Fundación Valle del Lili , Cali , Colombia and
| | - Gabriel J Tobón
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology , Fundación Valle del Lili , Cali , Colombia and
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Crampton SP, Morawski PA, Bolland S. Linking susceptibility genes and pathogenesis mechanisms using mouse models of systemic lupus erythematosus. Dis Model Mech 2015; 7:1033-46. [PMID: 25147296 PMCID: PMC4142724 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) represents a challenging autoimmune disease from a clinical perspective because of its varied forms of presentation. Although broad-spectrum steroids remain the standard treatment for SLE, they have many side effects and only provide temporary relief from the symptoms of the disease. Thus, gaining a deeper understanding of the genetic traits and biological pathways that confer susceptibility to SLE will help in the design of more targeted and effective therapeutics. Both human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and investigations using a variety of mouse models of SLE have been valuable for the identification of the genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis. In this Review, we link human susceptibility genes for SLE with biological pathways characterized in mouse models of lupus, and discuss how the mechanistic insights gained could advance drug discovery for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve P Crampton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Peter A Morawski
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gergics P, Brinkmeier ML, Camper SA. Lhx4 deficiency: increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor expression and pituitary hypoplasia. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:597-612. [PMID: 25668206 PMCID: PMC4399274 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the Lhx4, Lhx3, and Pitx2 genes can cause combined pituitary hormone deficiency and pituitary hypoplasia in both humans and mice. Not much is known about the mechanism underlying hypoplasia in these mutants beyond generally increased cell death and poorly maintained proliferation. We identified both common and unique abnormalities in developmental regulation of key cell cycle regulator gene expression in each of these three mutants. All three mutants exhibit reduced expression of the proliferative marker Ki67 and the transitional marker p57. We discovered that expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1a (Cdkn1a or p21) is expanded dorsally in the pituitary primordium of both Lhx3 and Lhx4 mutants. Uniquely, Lhx4 mutants exhibit reduced cyclin D1 expression and have auxiliary pouch-like structures. We show evidence for indirect and direct effects of LHX4 on p21 expression in αT3-1 pituitary cells. In summary, Lhx4 is necessary for efficient pituitary progenitor cell proliferation and restriction of p21 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gergics
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kim KJ, Lee S, Kim WU. Applications of systems approaches in the study of rheumatic diseases. Korean J Intern Med 2015; 30:148-60. [PMID: 25750554 PMCID: PMC4351319 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2015.30.2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex interaction of molecules within a biological system constitutes a functional module. These modules are then acted upon by both internal and external factors, such as genetic and environmental stresses, which under certain conditions can manifest as complex disease phenotypes. Recent advances in high-throughput biological analyses, in combination with improved computational methods for data enrichment, functional annotation, and network visualization, have enabled a much deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying important biological processes by identifying functional modules that are temporally and spatially perturbed in the context of disease development. Systems biology approaches such as these have produced compelling observations that would be impossible to replicate using classical methodologies, with greater insights expected as both the technology and methods improve in the coming years. Here, we examine the use of systems biology and network analysis in the study of a wide range of rheumatic diseases to better understand the underlying molecular and clinical features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Jo Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Saseong Lee
- POSTECH-CATHOLIC BioMedical Engineering Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- POSTECH-CATHOLIC BioMedical Engineering Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Daszkiewicz L, Vázquez-Mateo C, Rackov G, Ballesteros-Tato A, Weber K, Madrigal-Avilés A, Di Pilato M, Fotedar A, Fotedar R, Flores JM, Esteban M, Martínez-A C, Balomenos D. Distinct p21 requirements for regulating normal and self-reactive T cells through IFN-γ production. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7691. [PMID: 25573673 PMCID: PMC4287747 DOI: 10.1038/srep07691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Self/non-self discrimination characterizes immunity and allows responses against pathogens but not self-antigens. Understanding the principles that govern this process is essential for designing autoimmunity treatments. p21 is thought to attenuate autoreactivity by limiting T cell expansion. Here, we provide direct evidence for a p21 role in controlling autoimmune T cell autoreactivity without affecting normal T cell responses. We studied C57BL/6, C57BL/6/lpr and MRL/lpr mice overexpressing p21 in T cells, and showed reduced autoreactivity and lymphadenopathy in C57BL/6/lpr, and reduced mortality in MRL/lpr mice. p21 inhibited effector/memory CD4(+) CD8(+) and CD4(-)CD8(-) lpr T cell accumulation without altering defective lpr apoptosis. This was mediated by a previously non-described p21 function in limiting T cell overactivation and overproduction of IFN-γ, a key lupus cytokine. p21 did not affect normal T cell responses, revealing differential p21 requirements for autoreactive and normal T cell activity regulation. The underlying concept of these findings suggests potential treatments for lupus and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, without compromising normal immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Daszkiewicz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Vázquez-Mateo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorjana Rackov
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - André Ballesteros-Tato
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kathrin Weber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Madrigal-Avilés
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arun Fotedar
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rati Fotedar
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Juana M Flores
- Animal Biology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-A
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dimitrios Balomenos
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Alam MS, Gaida MM, Ogawa Y, Kolios AGA, Lasitschka F, Ashwell JD. Counter-regulation of T cell effector function by differentially activated p38. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1257-70. [PMID: 24863062 PMCID: PMC4042639 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade that phosphorylates p38 on the activation loop, T cell receptor (TCR) signaling results in phosphorylation on Tyr-323 (pY323, alternative pathway). Using mice expressing p38α and p38β with Y323F substitutions, we show that alternatively but not MAPK cascade-activated p38 up-regulates the transcription factors NFATc1 and IRF4, which are required for proliferation and cytokine production. Conversely, activation of p38 with UV or osmotic shock mitigated TCR-mediated activation by phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of NFATc1. Notably, UVB treatment of human psoriatic lesions reduced skin-infiltrating p38 pY323(+) T cell IRF4 and IL-17 production. Thus, distinct mechanisms of p38 activation converge on NFATc1 with opposing effects on T cell immunity, which may underlie the beneficial effect of phototherapy on psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Alam
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research; Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthias M Gaida
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research; Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research; Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Antonios G A Kolios
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland Laboratory of Applied Immunobiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan D Ashwell
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research; Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Salvador JM, Brown-Clay JD, Fornace AJ. Gadd45 in stress signaling, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 793:1-19. [PMID: 24104470 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8289-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The first identified Gadd45 gene, Gadd45a, encodes a ubiquitously expressed protein that is often induced by DNA damage and other stress signals associated with growth arrest and apoptosis. This protein and the other two members of this small gene family, Gadd45b and Gadd45g, have been implicated in a variety of the responses to cell injury including cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis, and DNA repair. In vivo, many of the prominent roles for the Gadd45 proteins are associated with signaling mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Gadd45 proteins can contribute to p38 activation either by activation of upstream kinase(s) or by direct interaction. In vivo, there are important tissue and cell-type-specific differences in the roles for Gadd45 in MAPK signaling. In addition to being p53-regulated, Gadd45a has been found to contribute to p53 activation via p38. Like other stress and signaling proteins, Gadd45 proteins show complex regulation and numerous effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Salvador
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, (CNB-CSIC) Lab 417, c/Darwin n 3, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pereira-Lopes S, Celhar T, Sans-Fons G, Serra M, Fairhurst AM, Lloberas J, Celada A. The exonuclease Trex1 restrains macrophage proinflammatory activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:6128-35. [PMID: 24218451 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The three-prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) is the most abundant exonuclease in mammalian cells. Mutations in Trex1 gene are being linked to the development of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, an inflammatory disease of the brain, and systemic lupus erythematosus. In clinical cases and in a Trex1-deficient murine model, chronic production of type I IFN plays a pathogenic role. In this study, we demonstrate that Trex1(-/-) mice present inflammatory signatures in many different organs, including the brain. Trex1 is highly induced in macrophages in response to proinflammatory stimuli, including TLR7 and TLR9 ligands. Our findings show that, in the absence of Trex1, macrophages displayed an exacerbated proinflammatory response. More specifically, following proinflammatory stimulation, Trex1(-/-) macrophages exhibited an increased TNF-α and IFN-α production, higher levels of CD86, and increased Ag presentation to CD4(+) T cells, as well as an impaired apoptotic T cell clearance. These results evidence an unrevealed function of the Trex1 as a negative regulator of macrophage inflammatory activation and demonstrate that macrophages play a major role in diseases associated with Trex1 mutations, which contributes to the understanding of inflammatory signature in these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selma Pereira-Lopes
- Grupo Biología del Macrófago, Departamento de Fisiología e Inmunología, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kawashima H, Takatori H, Suzuki K, Iwata A, Yokota M, Suto A, Minamino T, Hirose K, Nakajima H. Tumor suppressor p53 inhibits systemic autoimmune diseases by inducing regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3614-23. [PMID: 24006461 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in tumor suppression by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and DNA repair. In addition to the antitumor functions of p53, accumulating evidence using systemic p53-deficient mice suggests that p53 suppresses autoimmunity. However, it remains unknown how p53 suppresses autoimmunity. In this study, we generated T cell-specific p53-deficient mice (CD4-Cre p53(fl/fl) mice, or p53 conditional knockout [cKO] mice) and found that aged p53-cKO mice spontaneously developed inflammatory lesions in various organs, including lung, liver, stomach, thyroid gland, submandibular gland, and kidney. Additionally, anti-nuclear Abs and autoantibodies against gastric parietal cells were detected in p53-cKO mice but not in control p53(fl/fl) mice (p53 wild-type mice). Importantly, the number of Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the spleen and lung as well as in vitro differentiation of induced Tregs was significantly reduced in p53-cKO mice as compared with that in p53 wild-type mice. Regarding the mechanisms underlying p53-mediated Treg induction, p53 enhanced the transcription of Foxp3 by binding to the promoter and the conserved noncoding DNA sequence-2 of the Foxp3 gene. Taken together, these results suggest that p53 expressed in T cells functions as a suppressor for autoimmunity by inducing Treg differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Kawashima
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tavakoli H, Manoochehri M, Modarres Mosalla SM, Ghafori M, Karimi AA. Dose-dependent and gender-related radiation-induced transcription alterations of Gadd45a and Ier5 inhuman lymphocytes exposed to gamma ray emitted by (60)Co. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2013; 154:37-44. [PMID: 22923252 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncs164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Growth arrest DNA damage-inducible 45a gene (Gadd45a) and immediate early response gene 5 (Ier5) have been emphasised as ideal radiation biomarkers in several reports. However, some aspects of radiation-induced transcriptional alterations of these genes are unknown. In this study, gender-dependency and dose-dependency as two factors that may affect radiation-induced transcription of Gadd45a and Ier5 genes were investigated. Human lymphocyte cells from six healthy voluntary blood donors (three women and three men) were irradiated in vitro with doses of 0.5-4.0 Gy from a (60)Co source and RNA isolated 4 h later using the High Pure RNA Isolation Kit. Dose and gender dependency of radiation-induced transcriptional alterations of Gadd45a and Ier5 genes were studied by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that as a whole, Gadd45a and Ier5 gave responses to gamma rays, while the responses were independent of radiation doses. Therefore, regardless of radiation dose, Gadd45a and Ier5 can be considered potential radiation biomarkers. Besides, although radiation-induced transcriptional alterations of Gadd45a in female and male lymphocyte samples were insignificant at 0.5 Gy, at other doses, their quantities in female samples were at a significantly higher level than in male samples. Radiation-induced transcription of Ier5 of females samples had a reduction in comparison with male samples at 1 and 2 Gy, but at doses of 0.5 and 4 Gy, females were significantly more susceptible to radiation-induced transcriptional alteration of Ier5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Tavakoli
- Applied Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Incorvaia E, Sicouri L, Petersen-Mahrt SK, Schmitz KM. Hormones and AID: Balancing immunity and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.748752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
45
|
Davis SW, Ellsworth BS, Peréz Millan MI, Gergics P, Schade V, Foyouzi N, Brinkmeier ML, Mortensen AH, Camper SA. Pituitary gland development and disease: from stem cell to hormone production. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 106:1-47. [PMID: 24290346 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of pituitary development have become better understood in the past two decades. The signaling pathways regulating pituitary growth and shape have emerged, and the balancing interactions between the pathways are now appreciated. Markers for multipotent progenitor cells are being identified, and signature transcription factors have been discovered for most hormone-producing cell types. We now realize that pulsatile hormone secretion involves a 3D integration of cellular networks. About a dozen genes are known to cause pituitary hypoplasia when mutated due to their essential roles in pituitary development. Similarly, a few genes are known that predispose to familial endocrine neoplasia, and several genes mutated in sporadic pituitary adenomas are documented. In the next decade, we anticipate gleaning a deeper appreciation of these processes at the molecular level, insight into the development of the hypophyseal portal blood system, and evolution of better therapeutics for congenital and acquired hormone deficiencies and for common craniopharyngiomas and pituitary adenomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The vertebrate immune system protects the host against invading pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and parasites. It consists of an innate branch and an adaptive branch that provide immediate and long-lasting protection, respectively. As the immune system is composed of different cell types and distributed throughout the whole body, immune cells need to communicate with each other. Intercellular communication in the immune system is mediated by cytokines, which bind to specific receptors on the cell surface and activate intracellular signalling networks. Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (Gadd45) proteins are important components of these intracellular signalling networks. They are induced by a number of cytokines and by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Within the innate immune system, Gadd45 proteins are crucial for the differentiation of myeloid cells as well as for the function of granulocytes and macrophages. Moreover, Gadd45β regulates autophagy, a catabolic pathway that also degrades intracellular pathogens. Regarding adaptive immunity, Gadd45 proteins are especially well characterized in T cells. For instance, Gadd45β and Gadd45γ regulate cytokine expression and Th1 differentiation, while Gadd45α inhibits p38 kinase activation downstream of the T cell receptor. Due to their many functions in the immune system, deficiency in Gadd45 proteins causes autoimmune diseases and less efficient tumour immunosurveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schmitz
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Outer membrane vesicles of a human commensal mediate immune regulation and disease protection. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 12:509-20. [PMID: 22999859 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Commensal bacteria impact host health and immunity through various mechanisms, including the production of immunomodulatory molecules. Bacteroides fragilis produces a capsular polysaccharide (PSA), which induces regulatory T cells and mucosal tolerance. However, unlike pathogens, which employ secretion systems, the mechanisms by which commensal bacteria deliver molecules to the host remain unknown. We reveal that Bacteroides fragilis releases PSA in outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that induce immunomodulatory effects and prevent experimental colitis. Dendritic cells (DCs) sense OMV-associated PSA through TLR2, resulting in enhanced regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. OMV-induced signaling in DCs requires growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein (Gadd45α). DCs treated with PSA-containing OMVs prevent experimental colitis, whereas Gadd45α(-/-) DCs are unable to promote regulatory T cell responses or suppress proinflammatory cytokine production and host pathology. These findings demonstrate that OMV-mediated delivery of a commensal molecule prevents disease, uncovering a mechanism of interkingdom communication between the microbiota and mammals.
Collapse
|
48
|
Ding Y, Chen M, Liu Z, Ding D, Ye Y, Zhang M, Kelly R, Guo L, Su Z, Harris SC, Qian F, Ge W, Fang H, Xu X, Tong W. atBioNet--an integrated network analysis tool for genomics and biomarker discovery. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:325. [PMID: 22817640 PMCID: PMC3443675 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large amounts of mammalian protein-protein interaction (PPI) data have been generated and are available for public use. From a systems biology perspective, Proteins/genes interactions encode the key mechanisms distinguishing disease and health, and such mechanisms can be uncovered through network analysis. An effective network analysis tool should integrate different content-specific PPI databases into a comprehensive network format with a user-friendly platform to identify key functional modules/pathways and the underlying mechanisms of disease and toxicity. Results atBioNet integrates seven publicly available PPI databases into a network-specific knowledge base. Knowledge expansion is achieved by expanding a user supplied proteins/genes list with interactions from its integrated PPI network. The statistically significant functional modules are determined by applying a fast network-clustering algorithm (SCAN: a Structural Clustering Algorithm for Networks). The functional modules can be visualized either separately or together in the context of the whole network. Integration of pathway information enables enrichment analysis and assessment of the biological function of modules. Three case studies are presented using publicly available disease gene signatures as a basis to discover new biomarkers for acute leukemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, and breast cancer. The results demonstrated that atBioNet can not only identify functional modules and pathways related to the studied diseases, but this information can also be used to hypothesize novel biomarkers for future analysis. Conclusion atBioNet is a free web-based network analysis tool that provides a systematic insight into proteins/genes interactions through examining significant functional modules. The identified functional modules are useful for determining underlying mechanisms of disease and biomarker discovery. It can be accessed at: http://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch/BioinformaticsTools/ucm285284.htm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Ding
- ICF International at FDA's National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Immunoregulatory molecules are master regulators of inflammation during the immune response. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2897-2905. [PMID: 22819828 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling is critical to maintain the immune homeostasis under physiological conditions as well as for the control of inflammation in different pathological settings. Recent progress in the signalling pathways that control this balance has led to the development of novel therapeutic agents for diseases characterized by alterations in the activation/suppression of the immune response. Different molecules have a key role in the regulation of the immune system, including the receptors PD-1 (Programmed cell Death 1), CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4) and galectins; or the intracellular enzyme IDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase). In addition, other molecules as CD69, AhR (Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor), and GADD45 (Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-inducible 45) family members, have emerged as potential targets for the regulation of the activation/suppression balance of immune cells. This review offers a perspective on well-characterized as well as emergent negative immune regulatory molecules in the context of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
50
|
Campbell HG, Mehta R, Neumann AA, Rubio C, Baird M, Slatter TL, Braithwaite AW. Activation of p53 following ionizing radiation, but not other stressors, is dependent on the proline-rich domain (PRD). Oncogene 2012; 32:827-36. [PMID: 22484427 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein, p53 is one of the most important cellular defences against malignant transformation. In response to cellular stressors p53 can induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest or senescence as well as aid in DNA repair. Which p53 function is required for tumor suppression is unclear. The proline-rich domain (PRD) of p53 (residues 58-101) has been reported to be essential for the induction of apoptosis. To determine the importance of the PRD in tumor suppression in vivo we previously generated a mouse containing a 33-amino-acid deletion (residues 55-88) in p53 (mΔpro). We showed that mΔpro mice are protected from T-cell tumors but not late-onset B-cell tumors. Here, we characterize the functionality of the PRD and show that it is important for mediating the p53 response to DNA damage induced by γ-radiation, but not the p53-mediated responses to Ha-Ras expression or oxidative stress. We conclude that the PRD is important for receiving incoming activating signals. Failure of PRD mutants to respond to the activating signaling produced by DNA damage leads to impaired downstream signaling, accumulation of mutations, which potentially leads to late-onset tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H G Campbell
- Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|