Low-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: current research evidence and its translation. Br J Nutr. 2015;114:999-1012. [PMID: 26228057 PMCID: PMC4579563 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515002093]

Multifunctional dietary approach reduces intestinal inflammation in relation with changes in gut microbiota composition in subjects at cardiometabolic risk: the SINFONI project

The development of cardiometabolic (CM) diseases is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, partly linked to alterations of the gut microbiota (GM) and reduced intestinal integrity. The SINFONI project investigates a multifunctional (MF) nutritional strategy's impact combining different bioactive compounds on inflammation, GM modulation and CM profile. In this randomized crossover-controlled study, 30 subjects at CM-risk consumed MF cereal-products, enriched with polyphenols, fibers, slowly-digestible starch, omega-3 fatty acids or Control cereal-products (without bioactive compounds) for 2 months. Metabolic endotoxemia (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein over soluble cluster of differentiation-14 (LBP/sCD14), systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk markers, intestinal inflammation, CM profile and response to a one-week fructose supplementation, were assessed at fasting and post mixed-meal. GM composition and metabolomic analysis were conducted. Mixed linear models were employed, integrating time (pre/post), treatment (MF/control), and sequence/period. Compared to control, MF intervention reduced intestinal inflammation (fecal calprotectin, p = 0.007) and endotoxemia (fasting LPS, p < 0.05), without alteration of systemic inflammation. MF decreased serum branched-chain amino acids compared to control (p < 0.05) and increased B.ovatus, B.uniformis, A.butyriciproducens and unclassified Christensenellaceae.CAG-74 (p < 0.05). CM markers were unchanged. A 2-month dietary intervention combining multiple bioactive compounds improved intestinal inflammation and induced GM modulation. Such strategy appears as an effective strategy to target low-grade inflammation through multi-target approach.

The prognostic value of the neutrophil-percentage-to-albumin ratio for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease stages G3a to G5: insights from NHANES 2003-2018

BACKGROUND

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages G3a to G5 frequently experience heightened systemic inflammation and nutritional loss. Identifying laboratory-accessible, cost-effective markers that can effectively predict the prognosis of CKD stages G3a to G5 is crucial.

METHODS

This prospective cohort study included 3,331 patients with CKD stages G3a to G5 who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003 to 2018. Multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models and restricted cubic spline analyses were used to assess the associations of neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR) levels with all-cause mortality, CVD, and non-CVD mortality.

RESULTS

The cohort study encompassed data from 3,331 participants for analysis. Nonlinear J-shaped associations were observed between NPAR levels and the risk of all-cause, CVD, and non-CVD mortality in patients with CKD stages G3a to G5. High levels NPAR exhibited a significantly elevated risk of both all-cause and CVD mortality in the fully adjusted model. The respective hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality were 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05-1.44], and for CVD mortality, 1.513 (95% CI, 1.131-2.024).

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated NPAR can predict both all-cause and CVD deaths in advanced CKD patients. Individuals with high NPAR levels face an elevated risk of mortality and exhibit a decreased survival rate in the context of CKD. This finding offers evidence supporting the timely evaluation and intervention for inflammation and nutritional status in individuals with CKD stages G3a to G5.

Tea polyphenol EGCG enhances the improvements of calorie restriction on hepatic steatosis and obesity while reducing its adverse outcomes in obese rats

BACKGROUND

Currently, calorie restriction (CR) is popular among young people as a way to lose weight and prevent obesity. However, CR can also cause a series of side effects, such as weight regain after resuming free eating. Tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been widely recognized as antiobesity effects. However, whether EGCG can enhance the antiobesity effect of CR and reduce its adverse outcomes is still unclear.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to explore the enhancing effect and molecular mechanism of EGCG supplementation on CR in improving hepatic steatosis and obesity.

METHODS

The enhancing effect and molecular mechanism of EGCG supplementation on CR in alleviating hepatic steatosis and obesity were explored using a leptin receptor-knockout (LepR KO) rat model by performing biochemical, histochemistry, qPCR, plasma lipidomic, and gut microbiota analysis.

RESULTS

Our results showed that CR plus EGCG exhibited enhanced preventive effects in reducing blood glucose, insulin, TC, TG, LDL-C, and FFA levels in plasma, and protection against hepatic steatosis in LepR KO rats than CR alone. In addition, CR plus EGCG remarkably reduced oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory responses in LepR KO rats. Moreover, the combined intervention showed an enhanced improvement effect on the homeostasis of gut microbiota than CR alone, including increasing gut microbiota diversity and modulating microbiota composition. Plasma lipidomics analysis showed that CR plus EGCG significantly improved glycerophospholipid, glycerolipid and sphingolipid metabolism in LepR KO rats. Mechanistic studies showed that CR combined EGCG enhanced SIRT6 and suppressed SREBP1 and FAS expression in the livers of LepR KO rats than CR alone, thereby improving host lipid metabolism.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that EGCG enhance the improvements of CR on hepatic steatosis and obesity in LepR KO rats, and reduce its adverse outcomes, especially in reducing hepatic lipogenesis and maintaining homeostasis of gut microbiota. This study provides a dietary strategy for preventing weight rebound following the transition from CR to a free diet by supplementing EGCG, suggesting that CR plus EGCG may offer a promising therapy for managing obesity in humans.

Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Ulcerative Colitis: a case-control study

INTRODUCTION

Diet plays a crucial role in the activity and onset of ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to comprehensively explore the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and UC.

METHODS

Participants completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire to obtain data on their dietary intake. Individual DII scores were calculated to assess inflammatory potential of each participant's diet. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlation between the DII and UC activity, including the active and remission phases.

RESULTS

In this study, 100 controls and 106 patients with UC were enrolled, including 50 patients in remission and 56 patients with active UC. Dietary nutrient intake was generally slightly lower in patients with UC than in the controls, including energy, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, folic acid, fat, monosaturated fatty acids, and n-3 fatty acids (P < 0.05). Compared with the low pro-inflammatory potential diet, patients with higher DII had a higher correlation with UC before and after adjustment for relevant confounders. In consecutive DII, the correlation with UC increased with each 1 increase in DII. No significant correlation was observed between DII and UC activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Diets with a high inflammatory index are correlated with UC. Therefore, consuming a diet with a low inflammatory index may be beneficial for patients with UC.

Rosuvastatin restores liver tissue-resident NK cell activation in aged mice by improving mitochondrial function

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Aging has an impact on Natural Killer (NK) cells surveillance against tumors and infections. Our study aims to assess the aging effects on metabolic and mitochondrial markers influencing NK cell activity.

METHODS

C57BL/6 J mice aged 12, 24, 48, and 72 weeks were used. Liver injury serum and histological markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines [IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6] and chemoattractant markers [CCL2, CXCL8] were assessed. Moreover, cholesterol metabolic markers [HMG-CoA synthetase, HMG-CoA reductase, mevalonate kinase], mitochondrial biogenesis [PGC1α] and functional gene markers [TFAM, HSPA9, Seahorse, apoptosis] in liver trNK cells, were assessed by RT-PCR. Senescence [p16, p21], exhaustion [PD-1, TIGIT, LAG3], activation [CD107a, NKp46], and chemokine receptor [CCR2, CXCR1] markers were assessed in trNK cells using flow cytometry. Liver trNK cells of aged mice were treated with Rosuvastatin [10μM] for 12 h.

RESULTS

Data showed a linear increase in liver injury markers, pro-inflammatory and chemotaxis along aging. These results were associated with reductions in liver trNK cell counts and activations with a noticeable decrease in their chemoattractant receptor expressions. TrNK cells of aged mice exhibited elevated markers of senescence and exhaustion with a gradual increase in cholesterol accumulation. Mitochondrial biogenesis and functional gene markers showed a decrease in their expressions in aged mice while ameliorated following rosuvastatin treatment. Results were correlated with a decrease in cholesterol metabolism and restoring their NK cell activity.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates age-related cholesterol accumulation in trNK cells correlated with senescence and functional impairment. Rosuvastatin is suggested to boost, rejuvenate and recover NK cell functionality.

Association between cheese consumption but not other dairy products and lower obesity risk in adults

INTRODUCTION

Some studies have associated dairy consumption with a lower risk of obesity. However, these studies are concentrated in developed countries with high dairy consumption. In developing countries, the evidence is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the consumption of different types of dairy products and obesity in Chilean adults.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study, stratified by sex and age, was carried out using a validated online survey to assess the consumption of dairy products among adults living in Chile. Dairy product consumption was then classified into tertiles. Obesity was determined based on self-reported body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between dairy consumption and obesity, adjusting for several confounding variables.

RESULTS

In total, 2008 participants were included in the analyses. Forty-seven percent, 39% and 14% belonged to the <35 years, 35-60 years, and ≥60-year groups, respectively. 55% were female, 86% had a low-medium socioeconomic level. Cow-derived cheese, milk, and yogurt were the most commonly consumed dairy products. Obese participants had a lower total consumption of dairy products (17.1%) than normal-weight subjects (25.7%, p<0.05). Higher cheese intake was significantly associated with a lower obesity risk (ORadj: 0.70; 95%CI 0.51-0.96, p<0.05). Other types of dairy products and total consumption of dairy products were not significantly associated.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Habitual cheese consumption, but not other dairy products, was associated with a lower risk of obesity in this sample of Chilean adults.

The empirical pattern of dietary inflammation is unrelated to nutritional status in college students

Introduction

Introduction: food contains both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory components. The higher the concentration of inflammatory components, the greater the likelihood of developing obesity and other chronic conditions linked to low-grade chronic inflammation. Consequently, various indices have been developed to quantify dietary inflammation, such as the Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern (EDIP-SP), which has been validated in Brazil. This study aimed to examine the potential association between EDIP-SP and the nutritional status of college students. Methodology: the study involved 97 undergraduate nutrition students from Fortaleza, Ceará, in Northeast Brazil. Participants completed a food frequency questionnaire to assess their intake of EDIP-SP components, including processed meats, vegetables, fruits, rice, and beans. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, and waist circumference) were taken to calculate body mass index (BMI) and to categorize nutritional status and abdominal adiposity. Results: the diet consumed by the participants was primarily anti-inflammatory, with a mean score of -1.57 ± 0.69. Most participants were not classified as overweight (59.79 %) and did not exhibit abdominal adiposity (91.75 %). No significant association was observed between EDIP-SP scores and BMI (r = -0.11; p = 0.297) or waist circumference (r = -0.07; p = 0.489). However, a weak but direct association was found between the inflammatory score of processed meat intake and abdominal adiposity in female participants (r = 0.27; p = 0.019). Conclusion: the Empirical Dietary Inflammation Pattern (EDIP-SP) does not appear to significantly influence the nutritional status of students. Nevertheless, the inflammatory impact of processed meat intake may contribute to excess abdominal adiposity, particularly among women.

[Effects of intermittent fasting and sports performance: a narrative review]

Introduction

Recently, fasted exercise has generated interest for its potential to stimulate metabolic and performance adaptations. The present study aims to analyze the effects of fasting and fasted training on performance and metabolism, acutely and chronically. The databases Medline (PubMed), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Cochrane, and Google Scholar were searched. In total, 767 studies were identified. Of those, 51 studies were finally included. Acutely, exercise on fasting promotes fat oxidation at low and moderate intensities, while protein catabolism is not increased. Performance is not affected in efforts lower than 1 hour. Chronically, fasting generates greater efficiency in fat metabolism and the ability to regulate blood glucose in the long term, although it has not been possible to determine whether these findings improve sports performance. More research is needed in elite athletes, with high training loads and with a periodized approach to fasting.

Exploring the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and different types of skin cancer: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 1999-2018

BACKGROUND

The potential role of diet-related inflammatory responses in skin carcinogenesis is gaining increasing recognition. This study investigated the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and different types of skin cancer in the United States general population.

METHODS

The study analyzed cross-sectional data on 45,409 participants in the 1999-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The association between the DII and different types of skin cancer was estimated using weighted multivariable logistic regression, and its non-linearity was examined using restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression. Subgroup analyses were stratified by age, sex, race, body mass index, hypertension status, diabetes status, and frequency of skin-protecting behaviors.

RESULTS

The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for melanoma were 1.54 (1.02-2.35), 1.67 (1.02-2.73), and 1.55 (0.86-2.80) for the second, third, and fourth DII quartiles, respectively, compared with the first quartile. The adjusted ORs with 95% CIs for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) were 0.90 (0.68-1.19), 0.96 (0.69-1.35), and 1.01 (0.70-1.45) for the second, third, and fourth DII quartiles, respectively, compared with the first quartile. The RCS curves showed no overall or non-linear significant association between DII and melanoma prevalence (P = 0.240, Pnon-linearity = 0.144) or NMSC (P = 0.068, Pnon-linearity = 0.410).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that Compared with participants in DII quartile 1, those in DII quartiles 2 and 3 had a significantly increased risk of melanoma, whereas those in quartile 4 did not. These findings underscore the potential role of dietary inflammation in melanoma etiology and highlight the importance of further research to better understand and mitigate this risk factor.

Ferritin as an Inflammatory Marker in Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Links to Obesity and Liver Ultrasound Alterations

This study analyzed the relationship between obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its individual components, iron metabolism, and hepatic alterations in a pediatric group of patients. We mostly concentrated on the role of serum ferritin as a marker of inflammation. We conducted a retrospective study, in which we determined the presence of MetS and hepatic ultrasound changes in a cohort of 68 pediatric patients and examined the changes in serum iron and ferritin levels. MetS prevalence was significantly higher in obese children (64%) compared to those with average weight (11.1%). Abdominal circumference, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were the most relevant MetS criteria. Serum iron levels were significantly lower, while ferritin levels increased proportionally with MetS number of components. Liver ultrasound findings confirmed a strong association between hepatic steatosis and MetS, with advanced ultrasonographic scores correlating with increased ferritin and serum iron deficiency. These results reinforce the interplay between iron metabolism and inflammation in pediatric MetS. Given this study's unicentric design and limited ethnic diversity, further large-scale, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings and improve early screening strategies for pediatric metabolic complications.

The effect of low-carbohydrate diets, based on changes in intake of dietary saturated fats on circulating TNF-α and interleukin- 6 levels in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) have been associated with inflammation while there is still conflicting evidence regarding the effects of this type of diet on inflammatory markers and the clinical benefit of them remains uncertain. So, we aimed to ascertain the effects of LCDs on serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin- 6 (IL- 6) by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs).

METHODS

The online databases PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus were comprehensively searched up to February 2024, to find pertinent RCTs. Pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effects model.

RESULTS

This meta-analysis of 33 studies assessed a total of 2106 adults irrespective of their health status. Compared with control group, participants on LCDs experienced a decline in IL- 6 levels (WMD: - 0.31 pg/mL; 95% CI: - 0.49 to - 0.12; P = 0.001). However, no significant effect was revealed for TNF-α (WMD: - 0.02 pg/mL; 95% CI: - 0.08 to - 0.03; P = 0.449). Stratification analyses indicated that beneficial effects of LCDs on inflammatory cytokines (WMD: - 0.28 pg/mL; 95% CI: - 0.47 to - 0.10; P = 0.003, WMD: - 0.26 pg/mL; 95% CI: - 0.48 to - 0.03; P = 0.027, for TNF-α and IL- 6, respectively) were stronger when carbohydrate intake was < 10%. The results of Meta-regression analyses suggested that baseline level of both markers remained as a strong predictor of the effect size (P = 0.038 and P = 0.001 for TNF-α and IL- 6, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Adherence to LCDs appeared to be effective at improving inflammatory cytokines particularly, when carbohydrate intake was restricted to less than 10% of total energy. Nevertheless, further rigorously designed clinical trials considering factors such as race and genetic, the sources and quality of dietary carbohydrates, protein, and fat are required to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of LCDs on inflammatory markers.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO, registration no: CRD42023387452.

Mind-body therapies and their interplay with the immune system in children and adolescents: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Chronic inflammation is a critical public health concern that, in children and adolescents, increases the long-term risk of a variety of different health issues. While mind-body therapies like yoga, meditation, and acupuncture have shown promise in modulating immune responses in adults, their safety and effectiveness in pediatric populations remain underexplored. This protocol outlines the methodology for a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at evaluating the effects of mind-body therapies on immune modulation in children and adolescents.

METHODS

This systematic review and meta-analysis will follow PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We will include randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies that examine the relationship between mind-body therapies and immune markers in pediatric populations. Electronic searches will be conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, supplemented by trial registries. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 1), the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I), and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Two independent reviewers will screen studies, extract data, and assess study quality, with a third reviewer resolving any discrepancies. Results will be synthesized both narratively and through meta-analysis using R software.

DISCUSSION

The review will evaluate the effectiveness and safety of mind-body therapies on immune markers in children and adolescents. The synthesized evidence will guide clinical practice and public health policies in integrating mind-body therapies into pediatric care. The findings will also provide a foundation for future research and policymaking in this area.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42024546585.

Food-based indexes and their association with dietary inflammation

Chronic inflammation is associated with an increased risk of noncommunicable diseases, prompting an intensified interest in the diet-disease relationship for modulating inflammation. Diet quality indexes are widely used to quantify dietary patterns. However, the optimal tool for assessing dietary quality in relation to chronic inflammation remains unclear. The objective of this study was to synthesize the literature on food-based diet quality indexes and their association with chronic inflammation. A systematic scoping review of scientific databases was conducted from inception to March 2024. Studies describing the development and validation of original dietary inflammatory indexes or assessed associations between established indexes and inflammatory biomarkers were included. Studies that predominantly focused on nutrient-based indexes were excluded. Forty-three food-based indexes, evaluated across 65 studies, were categorized into 4 distinct groups based on dietary patterns (n = 18), dietary guidelines (n = 14), dietary inflammatory potential (n = 6), and therapeutic diets (n = 5). Established indexes based on the Mediterranean diet and dietary guidelines were the most extensively utilized, demonstrating inverse associations with several inflammatory biomarkers across diverse populations. The Anti-Inflammatory Diet Index, Dietary Inflammation Score, and Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index were identified as robust, empirically derived indexes to assess diet quality based on their inflammatory potential. The dietary composition of the evaluated indexes ranged from 4 to 28 dietary components, with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes consistently classified as favorable, whereas red/processed meats and added sugars were unfavorable. This scoping review identified several promising food-based indexes for assessing inflammation-related diet quality. Methodological variations and inconsistencies in algorithms underscore the need for further validation across diverse populations. Future research should consider the scoring methods, dietary composition, and validated inflammatory biomarkers when selecting indexes to evaluate diet-inflammation associations. Understanding the characteristics that underpin these indexes informs their application in nutrition research and clinical practice.

Novel Dietary Inflammatory Score and Risk of Incident CKD

Key Points

Inflammation is relevant for CKD. Dietary intake influences inflammation. In 9814 individuals, our study found that concordance to a proinflammatory diet was associated with greater risk of CKD. Our results suggest that clinicians should consider recommending reducing dietary patterns high in inflammatory potential.

Background

Inflammation contributes to the onset of CKD. Diet is a modifiable risk factor for CKD; however, it remains unknown if the inflammatory potential of the diet is prospectively associated with CKD risk in healthy individuals.

Methods

In 9814 participants (mean age: 60 years) free of CKD in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study at visit 3 (1993–1995), we developed a novel empirically derived, food-based, dietary inflammatory score (Comprehensive Dietary Inflammation Index [CDII]) from a random two-thirds sample (N =6,542, discovery) and validated in the remaining one-third sample (N =3,272, validation). Reduced rank regression with 13 inflammatory biomarkers as the response variables and 31 food groups as the independent variables was used to develop the CDII. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals and test the association between the CDII and incident CKD, adjusting for important confounders.

Results

The CDII included eight food groups (four proinflammatory and four anti-inflammatory), with a higher score representing a more proinflammatory diet. In the validation sample, the CDII was positively correlated with most proinflammatory proteins (C-reactive protein, interferon-γ , IL-8, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and negatively correlated with adiponectin. However, the CDII was positively associated with one anti-inflammatory protein (transforming growth factor-β ). Over a median follow-up of 19 years (mean follow-up of 18 years), 3293 participants developed CKD. A diet that was the most versus least concordant with the CDII (quartile 4 versus quartile 1) had 28% greater risk of incident CKD (hazard ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.43; P trend < 0.001).

Conclusions

A novel diet score, representing its inflammatory potential, was associated with a higher risk of developing CKD. Reducing consumption of proinflammatory diet may be a strategy to prevent CKD.

Unraveling the Hidden Burden of Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Challenges in Children with Fabry Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Fabry Disease (FD) is a multisystem X-linked lysosomal storage disorder that often manifests with nonspecific gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation. These symptoms may appear early in childhood, severely impacting quality of life and delaying diagnosis, and may be linked to nutritional challenges. This systematic review aims to evaluate the prevalence, characteristics, clinical relevance, and nutritional aspects of GI manifestations in pediatric FD patients to aid in early recognition and improve outcomes.

METHODS

A systematic literature search with meta-analysis adhering to PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from inception to November 2024 using fixed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted by two reviewers independently. Disagreements were resolved by consensus; a third reviewer was consulted, when necessary. Pooled analysis was performed by a random-effects model; heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 method. A quality assessment appraisal of the studies was carried out using the ROBINS-I tool.

RESULTS

The review encompassed 18 studies involving 736 pediatric patients. The evaluation of the pooled prevalence of GI symptoms in FD patients was 53% (95% CI 38-68%, I2 90%), with abdominal pain being the most frequent (pooled prevalence of 46% (95% CI 33-60%, I2 86%)). Symptoms often presented early, with a summarized standardized mean difference between the mean age of symptom onset and the mean age at FD diagnosis of 2.07 years (95% CI of 0.56-3.57, I2 42%, p < 0.01). Nutritional issues, including reduced food intake and potential malabsorption, were reported in cases with severe GI symptoms, contributing to growth impairments.

CONCLUSIONS

GI symptoms frequently constitute the earliest clinical manifestation of FD in children. Their nonspecific nature underscores the importance of heightened clinical suspicion for timely diagnosis. Early intervention, including enzyme replacement therapy and tailored nutritional strategies, can alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and prevent disease progression. Multidisciplinary approaches are essential to optimize patient outcomes and further research into the pathophysiology and management of GI symptoms in FD is warranted.

Short-term structured dietary and exercise interventions delay diabetes onset in prediabetic patients: a prospective quasi-experimental study

Hypothesis

Prediabetes indicates an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus. We hypothesized that structured anti-inflammatory and antioxidant dietary and exercise interventions (SAIDEs) can reduce the onset of diabetes in prediabetic patients.

Methods

This study included 542 prediabetic patients who met at least one of the three common criteria for prediabetes: fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-h oral glucose tolerance (2h OGTT), or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C). Patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups using the block randomization method: routine community intervention, dietary intervention, exercise intervention, or SAIDEs for 6 months. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 6 months and 7.5 years, monitoring diabetes-related outcomes, inflammatory markers, and diabetes progression.

Results

At baseline, most tested variables, including age, gender, body weight, blood lipids, blood sugar, β-cell function, blood inflammatory and immunological markers, and energy intake, did not differ among the groups. After 6 months of short-term interventions (diet, exercise, and SAIDEs) and 6 months of follow-up, all intervention groups exhibited reduced total energy intake, body weight, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and glucose levels, along with improved β-cell functions (all p < 0.001). Regardless of time considerations, intervention consistently increased total physical activity (p < 0.001). Short-term interventions also reduced blood IgE, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6, and TNF-α, while increasing blood IL-4 and IL-10 (all p < 0.001). The prevalence of abnormal blood glucose markers-FBG, 2h OGTT, and HbA1C-significantly decreased within each intervention group after short-term intervention and 6 months of follow-up. The time-dependent Cox regression test did not indicate a significant effect of dietary or exercise intervention on diabetes incidence over the 8-year follow-up period. However, the log-rank test revealed significant differences in "survival" distribution among the four intervention groups (χ 2 = 15.63, p = 0.001). The mean survival time before diabetes onset was significantly longer in prediabetic patients who received SAIDEs than in those in other groups.

Conclusions

Short-term intervention with SAIDEs exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity and reduced the prevalence of abnormal blood glucose markers. These benefits persisted even after 6 months of follow-up. However, over the 8-year follow-up period, intensive SAIDEs did not reduce diabetes incidence among prediabetic patients but did delay its onset.

Clinical trial registration

https://www.chictr.org.cn/searchproj.html, identifier ChiCTR-IOR-16008445.

Targeting Inflammatory Imbalance in Chronic Kidney Disease: Focus on Anti-Inflammatory and Resolution Mediators

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition caused by the gradual decline of renal function that approximatively affects 10-12% of the world population, thus representing a public health priority. In CKD patients, chronic and systemic low-grade inflammation is observed, and it significantly contributes to disease development and progression, especially for patients with advanced disease. It also results in CKD-associated complications and increased mortality. The low-grade inflammation is due to different factors, such as the decline of glomerular filtration rate, increased immune system activation, reactive oxygen species release, and intestinal homeostasis. Therefore, the possibility to control chronic low-grade inflammation in CKD deserves great attention. In this review, we will examine the current possible pharmacological approaches to counteract the inflammatory state in CKD, focusing our attention both on the pro-inflammatory factors and the pro-resolving mediators involved in CKD inflammatory state.

Dietary inflammatory index and brain disorders: a Large Prospective Cohort study

There is emerging evidence that diet plays a key contributor to brain health, however, limited studies focused on the association of dietary inflammatory potential with brain disorders. This study aimed to examine the association of dietary inflammation with brain disorders in the UK biobank. The prospective cohort study used data from 2006 to 2010 from the UK Biobank, with the median follow-up duration for different outcomes ranging between 11.37 to 11.38. Dietary inflammatory index and Energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index [DII and EDII] were assessed through plausible dietary recalls. Outcomes included brain disorders (all-cause dementia [ACD], Alzheimer's disease [AD], Parkinson's disease [PD], stroke, sleep disorder, anxiety and depression disorder) and brain magnetic resonance imaging measures. Cox proportional-hazard models, restricted cubic spline model [RCS], Ordinary least squares regressions, and structural equation models were used to estimate associations. Of 164,863 participants with available and plausible dietary recalls, 87,761 (53.2%) were female, the mean (SD) age was 58.97 (8.05) years, and the mean (SD) education years was 7.49 (2.97) years. Vegetables and fresh fruits show significant anti-inflammatory properties, while low-fiber bread and animal fats show pro-inflammatory properties. The nonlinear associations of DII and EDII scores with ACD, AD, sleep disorder, stroke, anxiety, and depression were observed. Multivariable-adjusted HRs for participants in highest DII score VS lowest DII score were 1.165 (95% CI 1.038-1.307) for ACD, 1.172 (95% CI 1.064-1.291) for sleep disorder, 1.110 (95% CI 1.029-1.197) for stroke, 1.184 (95% CI 1.111-1.261) for anxiety, and 1.136 (95% CI 1.057-1.221) for depression. Similar results were observed with regard to EDII score. Compared with the lowest EDII score group, the highest group showed a higher risk of anxiety, depression, sleep disorder, stroke and dementia. Results from sensitivity analyses and multivariable analyses were similar to the main results. Pro-inflammatory diets were associated with a higher risk of brain disorders. Our findings suggest a potential means of diet to lower risk of anxiety, depression, sleep disorder, stroke, and dementia.

Effect of Supplemental Essential Oils Blend on Broiler Meat Quality, Fatty Acid Profile, and Lipid Quality

This investigation evaluates the impact of the EOB on chicken growth performance, meat quality, and lipid metabolism. Two hundred and fifty-six one-day-old, white-feathered broilers were randomly allocated to four groups. Each group was subdivided into eight replicates, each with eight unsexed chicks, including the control group (CON), EOB150, EOB250, and EOB350, with 0, 150, 250, and 350 mg/L of the EOB added to the drinking water, respectively. The expression levels of genes associated with antioxidants and lipid metabolism were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Additionally, the FA profile of the breast muscle was determined using gas chromatography. The data displayed that those birds in the EOB250 group had a higher breast muscle index compared to the CON group. The breast meat in the EOB groups showed that there is increased yellowness, water holding capacity (WHC), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), while cooking losses, drip losses, and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were reduced compared to the CON. The application of supplements for the EOB250 and EOB350 groups increased antioxidant indices as well as the expression of antioxidant-related genes in the liver and muscles. However, these groups decreased the concentrations of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) in serum and liver compared to the EOB150 and CON groups. These EOB groups downregulated expression of some genes linked to liver FA synthesis and elevated the expressions of lipid β-oxidation-related genes compared to the CON. It can be concluded that the supplementation with 250 mg/L of the EOB has the potential as an alternative water additive in the broiler industry.

Nonnutritive sweetener consumption, metabolic risk factors, and inflammatory biomarkers among Adults in the Cancer Prevention Study-3 Diet Assessment Sub-Study

BACKGROUND

Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) are widely used to replace added sugars, yet their role in metabolic health and chronic disease prevention is debated.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to examine associations between NNS consumption, metabolic risk factors, and inflammatory biomarkers.

METHODS

This cross-sectional analysis included 624 adults in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study-3 Diet Assessment Substudy (DAS). Consumption of NNS, including aspartame, saccharin, sucralose, and acesulfame-potassium, was estimated using the mean quantities reported in 6 24-h dietary recalls over 1 y. Fasting insulin, C-peptide, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured in fasting blood samples collected twice, 6 mo apart. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations between NNS consumption and the mean levels of each metabolic or inflammatory biomarker. Base models were adjusted for age, sex, race, education, smoking, and physical activity; full models were further adjusted for body mass index (BMI), diet quality (Healthy Eating Index 2020), and energy intake.

RESULTS

More than half (55%) of participants reported consuming NNS (mean daily NNS consumption 7, 38, and 221 mg across tertiles). NNS consumption was positively associated with leptin (P-trend = 0.0006) and CRP (P-trend = 0.02), but associations were attenuated after adjustment for BMI, diet quality, and energy intake. NNS consumption was not associated with insulin, C-peptide, HbA1c, adiponectin, TNF-α, or IL-10. In analyses stratified by BMI, NNS consumption was positively associated with IL-6 among participants with BMI ≥25kg/m2 but not BMI <25kg/m2.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings in the full sample were null after adjustment for energy intake and BMI, but NNS consumption was positively associated with IL-6 among participants with overweight or obesity. Investigation of mechanisms through which NNS consumption may impact inflammatory pathways is warranted.

Effects of green tea supplementation on antioxidant status and inflammatory markers in adults: a grade-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Green tea, a plant rich in bioactive compounds, has been highlighted for its beneficial effects. In the present systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), the impact of green tea on inflammatory and oxidative markers is investigated. Using pre-defined keywords, online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar) were searched for relevant articles, published from inception up to February 2024. The outcomes included C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Analyses of subgroups, linear, and non-linear associations were also carried out. Out of 1264 records initially retrieved, 38 RCTs were included. Supplementation with green tea improved the following indicators: IL-1β (weighted mean difference (WMD): -0.10 pg/mL; 95% CI: -0.15, -0.06), MDA (WMD: -0.40 mcmol/L; 95 % CI: -0.63, -0.18), TAC (WMD: 0.09 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.13), SOD (WMD: 17.21 u/L; 95% CI: 3.24, 31.19), and GPX (WMD: 3.90 u/L; 95% CI: 1.85, 5.95); but failed to improve others, including CRP (WMD: 0.01 mg/L; 95% CI: -0.14, 0.15), IL-6 (WMD: -0.34 pg/mL; 95% CI:-0.94, 0.26), and TNF-α (WMD: -0.07 pg/mL; 95% CI: -0.42, 0.28). Supplementation with green tea can improve the body's oxidative status. However, the results showed no significant effect of green tea on inflammatory markers, except for IL-1β. Further studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of green tea, particularly on inflammatory status.

Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Biomarkers Associated With Longevity

The dynamic balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory networks decreases as individuals age, and intestinal dysbiosis can initiate and maintain low-grade systemic inflammation. Interactions between the microbiota and humans occur from the beginning of life and, in general, the diversity of microbiota decreases with aging. The microbiome produces different metabolites with systemic effects, including immune system regulation. This understanding will be useful in controlling inflammation and preventing metabolic changes. Therefore, this review aims to identify the main metabolites synthesized by the intestinal microbiota to be used as biomarkers associated with longevity. This is a narrative review using scientific articles published in the last 10 years in the following databases: PubMed, Scielo, and Lilacs, using the Boolean operators "and" or "or." For this review, we identified 5 articles. The main metabolites described in the literature to date are organic acids, bile acids (BAs), short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and derivatives of tryptophan and indole. Among these, the only ones not yet well characterized in studies on longevity were BAs and TMAO. Glutamate and p-cresol were also highlighted in the literature, with a negative association with longevity. The others showed an association, mostly positive, and can be used as potential biomarkers correlated with healthy aging and, if better studied, as targets for intervention to promote health and well-being.

The Modulatory Role of Bioactive Compounds in Functional Foods on Inflammation and Metabolic Pathways in Chronic Diseases

Chronic diseases are major contributors to global morbidity and mortality. More than 70% of deaths worldwide are caused by chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. These diseases are characterised by chronic low-grade inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Incorporating functional foods into daily diet has been suggested as a complementary strategy to promote health and lower the risk of non-communicable diseases. Functional foods, known as foods that confer health benefits beyond basic nutrition, have been reported to exhibit preventive and therapeutic benefits such as anti-inflammatory properties for human health. Therefore, the aim of this state-of-the-art review will synthesise the findings from recent and high-quality studies that investigated the modulatory role of some commonly reported bioactive active compounds, such as polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics, and prebiotics, in inflammation and metabolic pathways.

A Perceived Dissociation Between Systemic Chronic Inflammation, Age, and the Telomere/Telomerase System in Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Chronic inflammation is associated with leukocyte telomere length (LTL) shortening and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The latter is also associated with LTL shortening, while the three variables are associated with aging. Objective: It is tempting to test whether inflammation, age, or both are behind the telomere system aberrations in diabetic patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, blood samples collected from 118 T2D patients were analyzed via ELISA to estimate the plasma levels of four inflammatory markers, IL6, IL8, TREM1, and uPAR, and the telomerase enzyme (TE). Moreover, the extracted DNA was used for the LTL estimation via qPCR and for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) genotyping of TE genes (TERT, TERC, and ACYP2) via rtPCR. Results: The results showed no correlation between the levels of all tested inflammatory markers and the LTL, TE level, and age. There were no significant differences between the marker levels in diabetic patients in the four quartiles of the LTL and TE levels. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the levels of the markers between carriers of the different TE genotypes. Conclusions: There were no associations between the tested inflammatory markers' levels and the LTL, TE plasma levels, or age in T2D. Explanations for the dissociation between the above-known associations in T2D were proposed; however, the subject is worth further investigation.

Association of composite dietary antioxidant index with high risk of prostate cancer in middle-aged and elderly men: insights from NHANES

Objectives

In the US, the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men is prostate cancer (PCa). Food and lifestyle factors may influence the risk of developing prostate cancer. Therefore, research on dietary components associated with prostate cancer is essential for its prevention. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2003 and 2010 was used for this cross-sectional investigation involving 5,658 middle-aged and older American men.

Methods

Dietary antioxidant vitamins A, C, E, total carotenoids, zinc, and selenium were subtracted from the total mean, divided by the standard deviation, respectively, and then summed to become the CDAI. Participants were categorized as high risk for PCa if they had tPSA greater than 10 ng/mL or tPSA levels between 4 and 10 ng/mL with f/t PSA ratios of 25% or below; the remaining subjects were classified as being at low risk for PCa.

Results

The sample represented approximately 75,984,602 American men. After multivariate logistic regression, dose-effect analysis and stratified analysis, CDAI was significantly and linearly negatively associated with a high risk of prostate cancer (OR=0.95, P=0.002, P for linear=0.0021). Age moderation analysis showed a significant effect on the inverse relationship between CDAI and prostate cancer risk (B = -0.0097, SE = 0.0034, t = -2.85, P = 0.004). Among the independent effects of CDAI components, zinc and selenium were more strongly negatively associated with prostate cancer (zinc, OR = 0.80, P = 0.008; selenium, OR = 0.78, P< 0.001).

Conclusions

CDAI serves as a dietary indicator of prostate cancer risk in middle-aged and older men, and high dietary antioxidant intake has a significant protective effect on prostate cancer risk, especially in the older population of men.

The Potential of Superoxide Dismutase-Rich Tetraselmis chuii as a Promoter of Cellular Health

Tetraselmis chuii (T. chuii) is a green, marine, eukaryotic, microalgae that was authorized in the European Union (EU) as a novel food for human consumption in 2014, and as a food supplement in 2017. This narrative review will provide an overview of preclinical and clinical trials assessing the efficacy of a T. chuii-derived ingredient, characterized by a high superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (SOD-rich T. chuii), to improve various aspects of cellular health. Collectively, results from in vitro, and more importantly in vivo research, support SOD-rich T. chuii as a potential promoter of cellular health. Principally, the ingredient appears to function as an indirect antioxidant by boosting intracellular antioxidant systems. Moreover, it can positively modulate inflammatory status by up-regulating anti-inflammatory and down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and factors. In addition, SOD-rich T. chuii appears to promote cellular health though protecting from DNA damage, boosting immune function, strengthening cell structure and integrity, and positively modulating cell signaling pathways. There is also some evidence to suggest that SOD-rich T. chuii may improve aspects of mitochondrial function through the up-regulation of genes linked to mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP synthesis. From the trials conducted to date, transcriptional activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) appear to be important in mediating the effects of SOD-rich T. chuii on cellular health. These exciting preliminary observations suggest that SOD-rich T. chuii may represent a natural blue food supplement with the potential to enhance various aspects of cellular health.

The Influence of Dietary Patterns on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Management in Women: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials with and Without an Isocaloric Dietary Design

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that causes cardiometabolic and reproductive disorders in women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS are more likely to have obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. There is an inconclusive consensus on which dietary modification could be most effective in PCOS prevention and treatment. This review aimed to examine the effects of diverse dietary patterns on PCOS in women according to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with and without an isocaloric dietary design. A literature search was performed in the PubMed®®/MEDLINE®® database up to 14 November 2024. A total of 21 RCTs were reviewed after screening the records, including 15 RCTs with a calorie-restricted dietary design and 6 RCTs with a non-calorie-restricted dietary design. This review found beneficial effects of the calorie-restricted Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on weight loss and glucose control in women with PCOS in four RCTs with an isocaloric dietary design. The calorie-restricted low-glycemic index (GI) diets from three RCTs and high-protein diets from four RCTs with an isocaloric dietary design showed no significant differences in anthropometric parameters, glucose control, lipids, and gonadal parameters compared with the control diet in women with PCOS. Non-calorie-restricted low-carbohydrate diets from four RCTs with an isocaloric dietary design showed similar results to the calorie-restricted low-GI diets and high-protein diets. However, the existing number of RCTs is insufficient to conclude the association between dietary patterns and PCOS in women. Further, well-designed dietary intervention studies are needed to assess the role of dietary patterns in PCOS beyond calorie restriction.

Dietary inflammatory potential and the risk of cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

OBJECTIVE

Dietary inflammatory potential, measured by the dietary inflammatory index (DII) has been linked to cognitive impairment. However, evidence was mostly driven by cross-sectional studies. This meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies aims to evaluate the relationship between DII and the risk of cognitive impairment, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase for studies published up to July 25, 2024. Prospective cohort studies with adults aged 18 years or older, without dementia at baseline, and reporting the incidence of cognitive impairment by DII category were included. Data were analyzed using a random-effects model to calculate pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

Nine prospective cohort studies with 266,169 participants were included. A high DII at baseline was associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment during follow-up (RR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.15-1.55, p < 0.001) with moderate heterogeneity (I² = 56%). Subgroup analyses revealed consistent associations across types of cognitive impairment (MCI, overall dementia, Alzheimer's disease) and study characteristics (p for subgroup difference all >0.05). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis suggests that a higher dietary inflammatory potential is independently associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. These findings underscore the potential impact of dietary inflammation on cognitive health and highlight the need for dietary strategies to mitigate cognitive decline risk.

Exploring the link between dietary inflammatory index, inflammatory biomarkers, and sleep quality in adults with obesity: a pilot investigation

OBJECTIVE

Obesity is known to be associated with inflammation and impaired sleep quality. In addition, the anti-inflammatory properties of the daily diet provide positive effects on health. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the inflammatory index of the diet consumed by people with obesity and inflammatory biomarkers and sleep quality.

METHOD

This study included 124 people with obesity (F: 75; M: 49) with a mean age of 42.20 ± 11.00 years, who presented to a dietary outpatient clinic in Malatya between November 2021 and May 2022. Three-day dietary intake records were collected to calculate Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores, which were then compared with inflammatory biomarkers, anthropometric measurements, and sleep quality measures.

RESULTS

Among the biochemical parameters, C-reactive protein (CRP) was found to be significantly higher in the groups with higher DII score (p = 0.006), and CRP (r = 0.258; p = 0.004) and total cholesterol (r = -0.243; p = 0.007) increased significantly with increasing inflammatory score of the diet. As the inflammatory burden of the diet consumed by the participants increased, their Body Mass Index (BMI) also increased (p = 0.009). No significant correlation was found between DII and sleep quality (p = 0.348).

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that an anti-inflammatory diet can effectively reduce inflammation and BMI in people with obesity, but has a limited effect on sleep quality. Therefore, it is recommended that dietitians integrate anti-inflammatory dietary strategies for people with obesity into their clinical practice.

Mango Consumption Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity in Participants with Overweight/Obesity and Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation

Background/Objectives: Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with insulin resistance and poor glycemic control, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present study investigated the effect of regular mango intake on inflammation and insulin sensitivity in participants with overweight or obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation. Methods: A human clinical study was performed using a randomized, controlled, two-arm, parallel design with a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) administered before and after 4 weeks (4 W) of mango or control product intake (1 cup/twice a day). Fasting and time course blood sampling for 2 h post-OGTT were analyzed for effects on plasma metabolic and inflammation endpoints using analysis of covariance and repeated-measure approaches (SAS 9.4). Results: Forty-eight adults (37.6 ± 2.8 years, 30.5 ± 4.1 BMI kg/m2) completed the study. Markers of inflammation (IL-6, TNFα, hs-CRP) were not different at the end of 4 W (p > 0.05). The intervention did not significantly influence fasting glucose concentrations; however, insulin was significantly lowered with the mango compared to the control intervention (8.2 ± 1.2 vs. 15.3 ± 1.2 µIU/mL respectively, p = 0.05). Furthermore, the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), along with the disposition index (DI), was significantly improved in the mango compared to the control interventions (HOMA-IR, 2.28 ± 1.19 vs. 4.67 ± 1.21, p = 0.03; DI, 2.76 ± 1.02 vs. 5.37 ± 1.03, p = 0.04). Mean insulin concentrations were also significantly lower at W4 compared to W0 after the OGTT in the mango vs. control intervention (intervention × week effect, p = 0.04). Relative expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), a gene regulating endogenous antioxidant defense, was non-significantly increased twofold in the mango intervention (W4 vs. W0). Conclusions: Collectively, the data suggest that mango intake increased insulin sensitivity in individuals with chronic low-grade inflammation, possibly through activating Nrf-2 genes and increasing cellular antioxidant status. The data warrant further research on consuming mango fruit as part of a dietary pattern to address insulin resistance and the mechanisms underpinning the actions of mango intake.

Causal Associations Between Remnant Cholesterol Levels and Atherosclerosis-Related Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis

Background: Despite the widespread use of lipid-lowering agents, the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains; this residual risk has been attributed to remnant cholesterol (RC) levels. However, the causal associations between RC levels and various atherosclerosis-related cardiometabolic and vascular risk factors for ASCVD remain unclear. Methods: Using genetic and biochemical data of 108,876 Taiwan Biobank study participants, follow-up data of 31,790 participants, and follow-up imaging data of 18,614 participants, we conducted a genome-wide association study, a Functional Mapping and Annotation analysis, and bidirectional Mendelian randomization analyses to identify the genetic determinants of RC levels and the causal associations between RC levels and various cardiometabolic and vascular risk factors. Results: We found that higher RC levels were associated with higher prevalence or incidence of the analyzed risk factors. The genome-wide association study unveiled 61 lead genetic variants determining RC levels. The Functional Mapping and Annotation analysis revealed 21 gene sets exhibiting strong enrichment signals associated with lipid metabolism. Standard Mendelian randomization models adjusted for nonlipid variables and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels unraveled forward causal associations of RC levels with the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, microalbuminuria, and metabolic liver disease. Reverse Mendelian randomization analysis revealed the causal association of diabetes mellitus with RC levels. Conclusions: RC levels, mainly influenced by genes associated with lipid metabolism, exhibit causal associations with various cardiometabolic risk factors, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, microalbuminuria, and metabolic liver disease. This study provides further insights into the role of RC levels in predicting the residual risk of ASCVD.

Concussion and the Autonomic, Immune, and Endocrine Systems: An Introduction to the Field and a Treatment Framework for Persisting Symptoms

A significant proportion of patients who sustain a concussion/mild traumatic brain injury endorse persisting, lingering symptoms. The symptoms associated with concussion are nonspecific, and many other medical conditions present with similar symptoms. Medical conditions that overlap symptomatically with concussion include anxiety, depression, insomnia, chronic pain, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, and cervical strain injuries. One of the factors that may account for these similarities is that these conditions all present with disturbances in the optimal functioning of the autonomic nervous system and its intricate interactions with the endocrine system and immune system-the three primary regulatory systems in the body. When clinicians are working with patients presenting with persisting symptoms after concussion, evidence-based treatment options drawn from the literature are limited. We present a framework for the assessment and treatment of persisting symptoms following concussion based on the available evidence (treatment trials), neuroanatomical principles (research into the physiology of concussion), and clinical judgment. We review the research supporting the premise that behavioral interventions designed to stabilize and optimize regulatory systems in the body following injury have the potential to reduce symptoms and improve functioning in patients. Foundational concussion rehabilitation strategies in the areas of sleep stabilization, fatigue management, physical exercise, nutrition, relaxation protocols, and behavioral activation are outlined along with practical strategies for implementing intervention modules with patients.

Association between lymphocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in US adults: results from NHANES 2007-2018

BACKGROUND

Insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are significant global health challenges that increase the risk of various chronic diseases. The lymphocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (LHR) has emerged as a novel inflammatory metabolic marker. The present study focused on evaluating the association between the LHR and both IR and MetS.

METHODS

We analyzed data from 14,779 adults aged ≥ 20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2018). To investigate the relationship between LHR and both IR and MetS, we conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses. The reliability of the results was validated through both stratified and sensitivity analyses. Furthermore, we thoroughly examined possible nonlinear associations by implementing a restricted cubic spline in conjunction with a threshold effect analysis.

RESULTS

Compared to the lowest LHR quartile, individuals in the highest quartile indicated significantly increased prevalence of IR (odds ratio = 3.72, 95% confidence intervals: 3.01-4.59) and MetS (odds ratio = 11.38, 95% confidence intervals: 8.85-14.63) in fully adjusted models. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that the association between the LHR and IR remained consistent across all subgroups, with no significant interaction effect observed. However, the association between LHR and MetS was more pronounced in female participants. Restricted cubic spline analyses revealed nonlinear associations between LHR and both IR and MetS. The threshold effect analyses identified inflection points at 0.055 for these non-linear relationships.

CONCLUSIONS

An elevated LHR was positively associated with the prevalence of IR and MetS, indicating its promising role in early screening and disease prevention through biological monitoring.

Genome-wide association study reveals shared and distinct genetic architecture of fatty acids and oxylipins in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

Bioactive fatty acid-derived oxylipin molecules play key roles mediating inflammation and oxidative stress. Circulating levels of fatty acids and oxylipins are influenced by environmental and genetic factors; characterizing the genetic architecture of bioactive lipids could yield new insights into underlying biology. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 81 fatty acids and oxylipins in 11,584 Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) participants with genetic and lipidomic data measured at study baseline (58.6% female, mean age = 46.1 years (standard deviation 13.8)). Additionally, given the effects of central obesity on inflammation, we examined interactions with waist circumference using two-degree-of-freedom joint tests. Thirty-three of the 81 oxylipins and fatty acids were significantly heritable (heritability range: 0-32.7%). Forty (49.4%) oxylipins and fatty acids had at least one genome-wide significant (p < 6.94E-11) variant resulting in 19 independent genetic loci. Six loci (lead variant minor allele frequency [MAF] range: 0.08-0.50), including desaturase-encoding FADS and OATP1B1 transporter protein-encoding SLCO1B1, exhibited associations with two or more fatty acids and oxylipins. At several of these loci, there was evidence of colocalization of the top variant across fatty acids and oxylipins. The remaining loci were only associated with one oxylipin or fatty acid and included several CYP loci. We also identified an additional rare variant (MAF = 0.002) near CARS2 in two-degree-of-freedom tests. Our analyses revealed shared and distinct genetic architecture underlying fatty acids and oxylipins, providing insights into genetic factors and motivating work to characterize these compounds and elucidate their roles in disease.

Processed and ultra-processed foods are associated with depression and anxiety symptoms in a cross-sectional sample of urban Lebanese adults

While low dietary quality has been linked to poor mental health, evidence on more direct relations of specific dietary quality indicators, namely degrees of food processing, with mental health disorders remains limited. This study aims to investigate the association between food groups' intakes, defined based on their degree of food processing, with depression and anxiety symptoms in a sample of Lebanese adults. We hypothesized that higher intakes of ultra-processed foods (UPF) will be related to higher risk of depression and anxiety while an opposite association will be observed for unprocessed or minimally processed foods (MPF). Data come from a Lebanese cross-sectional study (n = 188 adults). The NOVA classification was adopted for evaluating the intakes of the 4 food groups: unprocessed or minimally processed foods (MPF); processed culinary ingredients (PCI); processed foods (PF) and ultra-processed foods (UPF). Associations between food group intakes in quartiles with depression and anxiety symptoms were analyzed using multivariable regression analyses adjusted for several confounders. Median energy intake was 2481.65 (2617.2) kcal/d, with 36.12% of Total Energy Intakes coming from MPF, 29.71% from PF, 25.25% from UPF, and 5.75% from PCI. Among participants, 33% and 27.7% had elevated depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. Higher PF intake was associated with significantly lower odds of both depression and anxiety symptoms while a higher UPF intake was associated with higher odds of depression. Results confirm the hypothesized links between UPF and adverse mental health outcomes and highlight the need for further studies on PF intakes and mental health given the culture-specific nature of foods constituting this group.

DAMP-ing IBD: Extinguish the Fire and Prevent Smoldering

In inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), the most promising therapies targeting cytokines or immune cell trafficking demonstrate around 40% efficacy. As IBD is a multifactorial inflammation of the intestinal tract, a single-target approach is unlikely to solve this problem, necessitating an alternative strategy that addresses its variability. One approach often overlooked by the pharmaceutically driven therapeutic options is to address the impact of environmental factors. This is somewhat surprising considering that IBD is increasingly viewed as a condition heavily influenced by such factors, including diet, stress, and environmental pollution-often referred to as the "Western lifestyle". In IBD, intestinal responses result from a complex interplay among the genetic background of the patient, molecules, cells, and the local inflammatory microenvironment where danger- and microbe-associated molecular patterns (D/MAMPs) provide an adjuvant-rich environment. Through activating DAMP receptors, this array of pro-inflammatory factors can stimulate, for example, the NLRP3 inflammasome-a major amplifier of the inflammatory response in IBD, and various immune cells via non-specific bystander activation of myeloid cells (e.g., macrophages) and lymphocytes (e.g., tissue-resident memory T cells). Current single-target biological treatment approaches can dampen the immune response, but without reducing exposure to environmental factors of IBD, e.g., by changing diet (reducing ultra-processed foods), the adjuvant-rich landscape is never resolved and continues to drive intestinal mucosal dysregulation. Thus, such treatment approaches are not enough to put out the inflammatory fire. The resultant smoldering, low-grade inflammation diminishes physiological resilience of the intestinal (micro)environment, perpetuating the state of chronic disease. Therefore, our hypothesis posits that successful interventions for IBD must address the complexity of the disease by simultaneously targeting all modifiable aspects: innate immunity cytokines and microbiota, adaptive immunity cells and cytokines, and factors that relate to the (micro)environment. Thus the disease can be comprehensively treated across the nano-, meso-, and microscales, rather than with a focus on single targets. A broader perspective on IBD treatment that also includes options to adapt the DAMPing (micro)environment is warranted.

Preventive effects of matrine on LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells and intestinal damage in mice through the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK pathway

BACKGROUND

Matrine is a tetracyclic quinolizidine alkaloid with diverse bioactive properties, including anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain unclear.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to explore how matrine reduces Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells and to assess its protective effects against LPS-induced intestinal damage.

METHODS

The effect of matrine on cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Additionally, its impact on inflammatory cytokines and macrophage polarization was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses. The effects on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), nitric oxide (NO) production, and oxidative stress were evaluated using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining and JC-1 and Griess assays. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit. Western blotting (WB) and qRT-PCR were employed to analyze the expression levels of proteins related to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. An LPS-induced mouse model was established to study the intestinal inflammation and barrier injury. Mouse feces characteristics, colon length, and disease activity index (DAI) were recorded. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and alcian blue/periodic acid schiff (AB/PAS) staining were used to observe morphological changes and barrier damage in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon and to measure villus length, crypt depth, goblet cell count, and positive areas in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon was determined using gas chromatography (GC).

RESULTS

Matrine inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine levels, suppressed macrophage M1 polarization, and promoted M2 macrophage polarization. Matrine reduced LPS-induced increases in ROS and NO levels and regulates oxidative stress. Additionally, matrine inhibited the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit and exerted anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK pathway. In vivo experiments indicated that matrine significantly alleviated LPS-induced diarrhea, increased DAI, and shortened the colon. Matrine reduced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and the pro-inflammatory mediator NO in mouse intestinal tissues while promoting the content of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Furthermore, it improved intestinal tissue structure and alleviated LPS-induced intestinal barrier damage. Finally, matrine increased the SCFA levels in the intestine.

CONCLUSION

Matrine exerted its anti-inflammatory effects and protects against intestinal injury through the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway.

Association Between Dietary Niacin Intake and Rheumatoid Arthritis in American Women: A Study Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Database

Objective

This study aimed to explore the association between dietary niacin intake and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in American women through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted based on NHANES 2003-2016 data. Dietary niacin intake was stratified using weighted quartiles and association of dietary niacin intake with RA was explored using weighted logistic regression models and restricted cubic splines (RCS). Subgroup analysis was conducted, adjusting for all confounding factors, and a likelihood ratio test was utilized to determine significant covariates for the interaction term. Stratified analysis was conducted on significant covariates to determine their impact on the association of dietary niacin intake with RA.

Results

Fourteen thousand five hundred and thirty-nine American women were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, among whom 845 (4.4%) had RA. Compared with American women without RA, American women with RA had significantly lower dietary niacin intake (18.90 vs 21.22, P<0.001). Logistic regression models and RCS analysis reported a significant linear negative correlation between dietary niacin intake and prevalence of RA (Odds Ratio (OR) < 1, P < 0.05, P-non-linear >0.05). The interaction-term P-values showed that this association was significantly influenced by poverty income ratio (PIR), education level, Body Mass Index (BMI), and smoking (P for interaction < 0.05). Stratified analysis unveiled that this association was particularly significant in individuals aged ≥ 40 years (OR: 0.98, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.97-0.99, P < 0.05), PIR > 3.5 (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93-0.99, P < 0.05), with a college education or higher (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.94-0.99, P < 0.01), BMI ≥ 30kg/m² (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96-0.99, P < 0.05), non-smokers (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99, P < 0.01), or former smokers (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased dietary niacin intake was associated with a reduced prevalence of RA, especially in women aged ≥40, PIR > 3.5, with at least a college education, BMI ≥ 30kg/m², and currently non-smokers.

A Plant-Based Food Guide Adapted for Low-Fat Diets: The VegPlate Low-Fat (VP_LF)

Strong evidence supports the paramount importance of the composition of the diet for health. Not only diet should provide nutritional adequacy, but some foods and dietary components can also support the management of common chronic diseases, with mechanisms independent of nutritional adequacy. Among the various intervention diets, low-fat vegan diets have been shown to be effective for cardiometabolic health, mainly influencing insulin resistance, adiposity, and blood lipids. This type of diet relies on reducing or eliminating all added fats and choosing low-fat foods, mainly unprocessed whole-plant foods. We hereby propose a tool for planning low-fat vegan diets, the VegPlate Low-Fat (VP_LF), which has been obtained from a specific adaptation of the VegPlate method, which was already presented in previous publications for adults and some life stages and situations. The reduction in fats in the diet, which ranges between 10% and 15% of total energy, and the varied inclusion of foods from plant groups make it easier to provide adequate amounts of all nutrients with a normal- or lower-calorie intake, in comparison with diets that do not limit fat intakes. We expect that this new proposal will help nutrition professionals embrace low-fat diets as a first-line intervention for individuals affected by different health conditions who can benefit from these diets.

Effects of carnosine and histidine-containing dipeptides on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis

CONTEXT

Carnosine and histidine-containing dipeptides (HCDs) are suggested to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative benefits, but their effects on circulating adipokines and inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers remain unclear.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the impact of HCD supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers.

DATA SOURCES

A systematic search was performed on Medline via Ovid, Scopus, Embase, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases from inception to 25 January 2023.

DATA EXTRACTION

Using relevant key words, trials investigating the effects of carnosine/HCD supplementation on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, including C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and catalase (CAT) were identified. Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models to calculate the weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

DATA ANALYSIS

A total of 9 trials comprising 350 participants were included in the present meta-analysis. Carnosine/HCD supplementation led to a significant reduction in CRP (WMD: -0.97 mg/L; 95% CI: -1.59, -0.36), TNF-α (WMD: -3.60 pg/mL; 95% CI: -7.03, -0.18), and MDA (WMD: -0.34 μmol/L; 95% CI: -0.56, -0.12) and an elevation in CAT (WMD: 4.48 U/mL; 95% CI: 2.43, 6.53) compared with placebo. In contrast, carnosine/HCD supplementation had no effect on IL-6, adiponectin, GSH, SOD, and TAC levels.

CONCLUSION

Carnosine/HCD supplementation may reduce inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, and potentially modulate the cardiometabolic risks associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and lipid peroxidation.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42017075354.

Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines by homalolide A and homalomenol A isolated from rhizomes of Homalomena pendula

Inflammation, a natural process of the innate immune system, involves elevated levels of various proinflammatory mediators, such as, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PGE2), cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and enzymes including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of homalolide A (1) and homalomenol A (2), two sesquiterpenoids isolated from the rhizome of Homalomena pendula, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- stimulated macrophage cells. The results demonstrated that both 1 and 2 dose-dependently inhibited the production of PGE2, TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, 2 also stimulated IL-10 production in RAW 264.7 cells. Consistent with these findings, these compounds suppressed the LPS-stimulated protein levels of iNOS and COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggested that 1 and 2 could be effective candidates for ameliorating inflammatory-associated complications.

The Interplay of Stress, Inflammation, and Metabolic Factors in the Course of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative condition for which there are symptomatic treatments but no disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Extensive research over the years has highlighted the need for a multi-target DMT approach in PD that recognizes the various risk factors and their intricate interplay in contributing to PD-related neurodegeneration. Widespread risk factors, such as emotional stress and metabolic factors, have increasingly become focal points of exploration. Our review aims to summarize interactions between emotional stress and selected key players in metabolism, such as insulin, as potential mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in PD.

The Effect of Pomegranate Peel Extract on the Oxidative and Inflammatory Status in the Spleens of Rats with Metabolic Syndrome

Polyphenols have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and maintain the immune system in balance; therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of polyphenols present in pomegranate peel extract on the spleens of rats with metabolic syndrome. The study objects were adult male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF-Leprfa/Crl, fa/fa) rats. The rats were divided into a control group (MetS) consisting of rats with metabolic syndrome and four study groups consisting of rats with metabolic syndrome (MetS + 100 mg and MetS + 200 mg) or healthy animals (H + 100 mg and H + 200 mg) receiving polyphenol extract at a dose of 100 mg or 200 mg/kg, respectively. Concentrations of IL-6, NF-κB, NFATc1, Cyt-C, TNFα, MMP-2, ROS/RNS, and MDA were measured; the activities of GPX, SOD, CAT, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were assessed; and the expression of the BAX and BCL-2 genes was evaluated in homogenized spleens. In conclusion, pomegranate extract may lead to an increase in catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity. Additionally, it may have a reducing effect on the ROS/RNS level, leading to a reduction in the activity of SOD in the MetS groups with PPE administration. Moreover, the BCL-2 gene showed lower expression in the MetS + 100 mg group compared to the H + 100 mg group, indicating that the balance between pro- and antiapoptotic factors of the BCL-2 family may be disrupted by the metabolic syndrome promoting the proapoptotic pathway.

Lower Socioeconomic Status Predicts Increased Proinflammatory Signaling in Late Pregnancy: Evidence From a Filipino Cohort

OBJECTIVES

Maternal socioeconomic status (SES) is an important predictor of adverse birth outcomes and postnatal health across global populations. Chronic inflammation is implicated in cardiometabolic disease risk in high-income contexts and is a potential pathway linking maternal adversity to offspring health trajectories. To clarify how socioeconomic inequality shapes pregnancy inflammation in middle-income settings, we investigated SES as a predictor of inflammatory cytokines in late gestation in a sample from the Cebu Longitudinal Health Nutrition Survey in Cebu, Philippines.

METHODS

We used multiple regression to evaluate maternal SES, reflected in household assets, as a predictor of general inflammation (C-reactive protein), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-10), and inflammatory balance (n = 407). Inflammatory markers were measured at 29.9 weeks gestation in dried blood spots, and a measure reflecting relative balance of IL6 and IL10 was calculated to capture pro- versus anti-inflammatory skewed immune profiles.

RESULTS

Greater household assets significantly predicted lower IL6 concentration (p <  0.001), with a trend toward lower IL6 relative to IL10 (p = 0.084). C-reactive protein and IL10 were not individually related to SES.

CONCLUSIONS

The inverse relationship between SES and pregnancy inflammation in Cebu is consistent with results from high-income settings. These findings further highlight the influence of socioeconomic conditions on immune regulation during pregnancy. Given the evidence that gestational inflammation impacts offspring fetal growth, our results suggest that social and economic effects on immune function may be an important pathway for the intergenerational transmission of health disparities.

Independent and joint role of inflammatory diet and physical activity with cognitive function in aging: Evidence from a population-based survey

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to explore the independent and joint association of physical activity (PA) and inflammatory diet with cognitive function in aging.

METHOD

Data from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was used. 2249 NHANES participants with valid data represented a weighted population of 50.5 million American residents aged 60 and older. This study separately analyzed the independent associations of PA (measured by global physical activity questionnaire) and inflammatory diet (measured by energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index from 24-h dietary recall), and their joints (inactive & pro-inflammatory as reference) with cognitive function (assessed by three cognitive tests), and considered an individual of different status and non-linear effect by sub-group and restricted cubic splines (RCS) analysis, respectively. All analysis was multivariable-adjusted and sample-weighted.

RESULTS

The results showed that inflammatory diet was independently associated with lower cognitive function, with a 1.08, 1.29, 2.67, 0.56 lower score in the Registry for Alzheimer's Disease word list learning test (CERAD), the Animal Fluency Test (AFT), the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST), Z-scores, and 51 %, 62 %, 63 %, 93 % higher odds ratio (OR) of lower performance in CERAD, AFT, DSST, and p-MCI, respectively. PA was independently associated with higher cognitive function, with a 1.41, 3.37, and 0.52 higher score in AFT, DSST, Z-scores, and 28 %, 51 %, 41 % lower ORs of lower performance in CERAD and DSST and p-MCI, respectively. Active & Anti-inflammatory was always positively associated with cognitive function, with a 1.42, 2.69, 5.47, and 1.04 higher score for CERAD, AFT, DSST, and Z-score, a 58 %, 56 %, 74 %, 76 % lower ORs of lower performance in CERAT, AFT, DSST, and p-MCI, respectively, which elicited the maximum compared to other joints.

CONCLUSION

Adhering to both active PA and anti-inflammatory diet is recommended for cognitive management in older adults. Sticking to either active PA or anti-inflammatory diet also shows potential cognitive benefits, with the diet possibly playing more vital role.

Rationale and design of a randomized placebo-controlled nutritional trial embracing a citizen science approach

Modulation of the gut microbiota through specific dietary interventions shows potential for maintenance and optimization of health. A dietary fiber diet and fermented foods diet appear to alter the gut microbiota, but evidence is limited. Therefore, we designed the Gut Health Enhancement by Eating Favorable Food study, a 21-week randomized controlled trial studying effects of dietary fibers and fermented foods on gut microbiota diversity and composition, while also stimulating dietary behavior changes through a citizen science (CS) approach. We hypothesized that a high-fermented food diet would increase microbial diversity, whereas a high-dietary fiber diet would stimulate the growth of specific fiber-degrading bacteria. The following elements of CS were adopted: education on the gut microbiota, tailored dietary intervention, remote data collection by participants, sharing of personal gut microbiota outcomes with participants, and vlogs by participants for dissemination of results. Here we describe the study protocol and report the flow of participants, baseline characteristics, and compliance rates. Completed in March 2024, the trial included 147 healthy adults randomized to a high-dietary fiber intervention, high-fermented food intervention, or control group. Each group received an additional study product after 2 weeks: dried chicory root, a fermented beverage, or maltodextrin (placebo). A 3-month follow-up assessed the participants' ability to sustain dietary changes. The recruitment of participants was successful, reflected by 1448 applications. The compliance with the dietary guidelines and study products was >90%. This study shows that including elements of CS in an randomized controlled trial is feasible and may help recruitment and compliance.

Immunoregulation and male reproductive function: Impacts and mechanistic insights into inflammation

This paper investigates the complex relationship between the immune system and male reproductive processes, emphasizing how chronic inflammation can adversely affect male reproductive health. The immune system plays a dual role; it protects and regulates reproductive organs and spermatogenesis while maintaining reproductive health through immune privilege in the testes and the activities of various immune cells and cytokines. However, when chronic inflammation persists or intensifies, it can disrupt this balance, leading to immune attacks on reproductive tissues and resulting in infertility.This study provides a detailed analysis of how chronic inflammation can impair sperm production, sperm quality, and the secretion of gonadal hormones both directly and indirectly. It also delves into the critical roles of testicular immune privilege, various immune cells, and cytokines in sustaining reproductive health and examines the impacts of infections, autoimmune diseases, and environmental factors on male fertility.

Food inflammation index reveals the key inflammatory components in foods and heterogeneity within food groups: How do we choose food?

INTRODUCTION

Food is a critical factor of chronic inflammation. Few studies tried to quantize inflammatory effects of food. Moreover, the discrepancies in inflammatory effects among foods within the same food group are frequently ignored.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to compare inflammatory effects of food based on Food Composition Tables via a Food Inflammation Index (FII). We aimed to reveal heterogeneity within food groups in dietary guidelines and identify the key components.

METHODS

The FII was adapted from Dietary Inflammation Index (DII) with a weighted algorithm, validated by NHANES.The Food Inflammation Scores of Individuals (FISI) of various dietary patterns were analyzed and compared. FII scores were converted to percentages for intuitive grading using the United States Department of Agriculture Food Composition Table (USDA-FCT), and China-FCT was also used for validation.The FII scores of various food groups based on USDA-FCT and dietary guidelines were counted and compared to reveal the heterogeneity within food groups.

RESULTS

FII proves effective in delineating food inflammatory effects. It reveals substantial inflammatory risk even with adherence to the Mediterranean diet, highlighting the need to address intra-group heterogeneity. Within USDA-FCT, nuts and select vegetable oils (rich in flavonoids and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) are notable anti-inflammatory foods, contrasting with pro-inflammatory meats high in saturated fats. According to the current dietary nutrition guidelines, the inflammatory effects of food groups vary greatly. Further subdivision of food groups can weaken the problem of heterogeneity within food groups, thereby providing more accurate dietary recommendations.

CONCLUSION

Quantifying the inflammatory effects of whole foods is important for general consumers to realize their own dietary inflammatory exposure risk. The FII reveals the heterogeneity within food groups and can be a reference for dietary recommendations. This public tool could be beneficial for consumer choice, dietary guideline revision, science research for healthier eating.

Association between dietary inflammatory index and all-cause mortality in US adults with dermatitis: a population-based cohort study

Background

While dermatitis management is primarily symptomatic, the role of diet in symptom exacerbation and improvement is increasingly recognized. The dietary inflammatory index (DII), a quantitative assessment tool for dietary inflammatory potential, has been associated with various chronic diseases but remains understudied in dermatitis. This cohort study investigated the association between DII scores and all-cause mortality among patients with dermatitis.

Methods

The study included 1,074 patients with dermatitis and complete dietary intake records from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004. The DII scores were calculated using two 24-h dietary recalls and dietary supplement intakes and the consumption of 28 foods with known pro- or anti-inflammatory properties. All-cause mortality information was from the National Death Index, censored on December 31, 2019. Multivariable Cox hazards regression models, restricted cubic spline (RCS) models, and subgroup analyses were employed to evaluate the association of DII with all-cause mortality, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

The 1,074 patients were divided into DII tertiles (T1: n = 358, median age 40 years, DII -3.91, 0.06; T2: n = 296, median age 40 years, DII 0.06, 1.88; T3: n = 237, median age 39 years, DII 1.88, 4.39). The study revealed a positive correlation between higher DII scores and increased all-cause mortality risk among patients with dermatitis (fully-adjusted model, HR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.02, 1.27, p = 0.026). This association was more pronounced in adults over 45 years, with the highest DII tertile indicating a 2.42-fold increased mortality risk (95% CI 1.15, 5.07, p = 0.019) compared with the lowest tertile. The RCS model confirmed a linear dose-response trend (p for non-linear = 0.183), validating the relationship.

Conclusion

Elevated DII scores are associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with dermatitis, suggesting that the dietary inflammatory potential may impact health outcomes in this population. The findings underscore the importance of dietary interventions in dermatitis management, especially for middle-aged and older adults. Future research with larger cohorts and a longer follow-up is warranted to validate the findings.