1
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Davis AN, Parui K, Butala MM, Evans AM. Supramolecular design as a route to high-performing organic electrodes. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10142-10154. [PMID: 38669191 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrodes may someday replace transition metals oxides, the current standard in electrochemical energy storage, including those with severe issues of availability, cost, and recyclability. To realize this more sustainable future, a thorough understanding of structure-property relationships and design rules for organic electrodes must be developed. Further, it is imperative that supramolecular interactions between organic species, which are often overlooked, be included in organic electrode design. In this review, we showcase how molecular and polymeric electrodes that host non-covalent interactions outperform materials without these features. Using select examples from the literature, we emphasize how dispersion forces, hydrogen-bonding, and radical pairing can be leveraged to improve the stability, capacity, and energy density of organic electrodes. Throughout this review, we identify potential next-generation designs and opportunities for continued investigation. We hope that this review will serve as a catalyst for collaboration between synthetic chemists and the energy storage community, which we view as a prerequisite to achieving high-performing supramolecular electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani N Davis
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, USA.
| | - Kausturi Parui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Megan M Butala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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2
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Al-Ajeil R, Mohammed AK, Pal P, Addicoat MA, Nair SS, Kumar D, Syed AM, Rezk A, Singh N, Nayfeh A, El-Atab N, Shetty D. A carbonyl-decorated two-dimensional polymer as a charge-trapping layer for non-volatile memory storage devices with a high endurance and wide memory window. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38787745 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00201f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The charge-trapping mechanism in conjugated polymers is a performance obstacle in many optoelectronic devices harnessed for non-volatile memory applications. Herein, a carbonyl-decorated organic 2D-polymer (TpDb)-based charge-trapping memory device has been developed with a wide memory window (3.2 V) with low programming and erasing voltages of +3/-2 and -3/+2. The TpDb was synthesized by a potentially scalable solid-state aldol condensation reaction. The inherent structural defects and the semi-conjugated nature of the enone network in TpDb offer effective charge-trapping through the localization of charges in specific functional groups (CO). The interlayer hydrogen bonding enhances the packing density of the 2D-polymer layers thereby improving the memory storage properties of the material. Furthermore, the TpDb exhibits excellent features for non-volatile memory applications including over 10 000 cycles of write/read endurance and a prolonged retention performance of 104 seconds at high temperatures (100 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Al-Ajeil
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Abdul Khayum Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Pratibha Pal
- Smart, Advanced Memory Devices and Applications (SAMA) Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthew A Addicoat
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Surabhi Suresh Nair
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dayanand Kumar
- Smart, Advanced Memory Devices and Applications (SAMA) Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Momin Syed
- Smart, Advanced Memory Devices and Applications (SAMA) Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Rezk
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science & Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nirpendra Singh
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ammar Nayfeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science & Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazek El-Atab
- Smart, Advanced Memory Devices and Applications (SAMA) Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dinesh Shetty
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Center for Catalysis and Separations (CeCaS), Khalifa University of Science & Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Traxler M, Dichtel WR. Continuous flow synthesis and post-synthetic conversion of single-crystalline covalent organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7545-7551. [PMID: 38784733 PMCID: PMC11110142 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01128g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and scale-up of high quality covalent organic frameworks (COFs) remains a challenge due to slow kinetics of the reversible bond formation and the need for precise control of reaction conditions. Here we report the rapid synthesis of faceted single crystals of two-dimensional (2D) COFs using a continuous flow reaction process. Two imine linked materials were polymerized to the hexagonal CF-TAPB-DMPDA and the rhombic CF-TAPPy-PDA COF, respectively. The reaction conditions were optimized to produce single crystals of micrometer size, which notably formed when the reaction was cooling to room temperature. This indicated a growth mechanism consistent with the fusion of smaller COF particles. The optimized conditions were used to demonstrate the scalability of the continuous approach by synthesizing high quality, faceted COFs at a rate of more than 1 g h-1. The materials showed high crystallinity and porosity with surface areas exceeding 2000 m2 g-1. Additionally, the versatility of the continuous flow reaction approach was demonstrated on a post-synthetic single crystal to single crystal demethylation of CF-TAPB-DMPDA to afford a hydroxyl functionalized COF CF-TAPB-DHPDA. Throughout the modification process, the material maintained its hexagonal morphology, crystallinity, and porosity. This work reports the first example of synthesizing and post-synthetically modifying imine linked COF single crystals in continuous flow and will prove a first step towards scaling high quality COFs to industrial levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Traxler
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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4
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Wayment LJ, Teat SJ, Huang S, Chen H, Zhang W. Dynamic Entwined Topology in Helical Covalent Polymers Dictated by Competing Supramolecular Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403599. [PMID: 38444217 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Naturally occurring polymeric structures often consist of 1D polymer chains intricately folded and entwined through non-covalent bonds, adopting precise topologies crucial for their functionality. The exploration of crystalline 1D polymers through dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC) and supramolecular interactions represents a novel approach for developing crystalline polymers. This study shows that sub-angstrom differences in the counter-ion size can lead to various helical covalent polymer (HCP) topologies, including a novel metal-coordination HCP (m-HCP) motif. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis of HCP-Na revealed that double helical pairs are formed by sodium ions coordinating to spiroborate linkages to form rectangular pores. The double helices are interpenetrated by the unreacted diols coordinating sodium ions. The reticulation of the m-HCP structure was demonstrated by the successful synthesis of HCP-K. Finally, ion-exchange studies were conducted to show the interconversion between HCP structures. This research illustrates how seemingly simple modifications, such as changes in counter-ion size, can significantly influence the polymer topology and determine which supramolecular interactions dominate the crystal lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey J Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO-80309, USA
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA-94720, USA
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO-80309, USA
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO-80309, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO-80309, USA
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5
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Tao Y, Liu H, Kong HY, Bian XY, Yao BW, Li YJ, Gu C, Ding X, Sun L, Han BH. Resistive Memristors Using Robust Electropolymerized Porous Organic Polymer Films as Switchable Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38728652 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Porous organic polymers (POPs) with inherent porosity, tunable pore environment, and semiconductive property are ideally suitable for application in various advanced semiconductor-related devices. However, owing to the lack of processability, POPs are usually prepared in powder forms, which limits their application in advanced devices. Herein, we demonstrate an example of information storage application of POPs with film form prepared by an electrochemical method. The growth process of the electropolymerized films in accordance with the Volmer-Weber model was proposed by observation of atomic force microscopy. Given the mechanism of the electron transfer system, we verified and mainly emphasized the importance of porosity and interfacial properties of porous polymer films for memristor. As expected, the as-fabricated memristors exhibit good performance on low turn-on voltage (0.65 ± 0.10 V), reliable data storage, and high on/off current ratio (104). This work offers inspiration for applying POPs in the form of electropolymerized films in various advanced semiconductor-related devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin-Yue Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin-Wei Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yong Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangdong 510700, China
| | - Cheng Gu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xuesong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lianfeng Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangdong 510700, China
| | - Bao-Hang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Fu Z, Arisnabarreta N, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Deciphering the factors influencing electric field mediated polymerization and depolymerization at the solution-solid interface. Commun Chem 2024; 7:106. [PMID: 38724622 PMCID: PMC11082217 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Strong and oriented electric fields are known to influence structure as well as reactivity. The strong electric field (EF) between the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and graphite has been used to modulate two-dimensional (2D) polymerization of aryl boronic acids where switching the polarity of the substrate bias enabled reversible transition between self-assembled molecular networks of monomers and crystalline 2D polymer (2DP) domains. Here, we untangle the different factors influencing the EF-mediated (de)polymerization of a boroxine-based 2DP on graphite. The influence of the solvent was systematically studied by varying the nature from polar protic to polar aprotic to non-polar. The effect of monomer concentration was also investigated in detail with a special focus on the time-dependence of the transition. Our experimental observations indicate that while the nucleation of 2DP domains is not initiated by the applied electric field, their depolymerization and subsequent desorption, are a consequence of the change in the polarity of the substrate bias within the area scanned by the STM tip. We conclude that the reversible transition is intimately linked to the bias-induced adsorption and desorption of the monomers, which, in turn, could drive changes in the local concentration of the monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Fu
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Nicolás Arisnabarreta
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
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7
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Gao W, Zhi G, Zhou M, Niu T. Growth of Single Crystalline 2D Materials beyond Graphene on Non-metallic Substrates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311317. [PMID: 38712469 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The advent of 2D materials has ushered in the exploration of their synthesis, characterization and application. While plenty of 2D materials have been synthesized on various metallic substrates, interfacial interaction significantly affects their intrinsic electronic properties. Additionally, the complex transfer process presents further challenges. In this context, experimental efforts are devoted to the direct growth on technologically important semiconductor/insulator substrates. This review aims to uncover the effects of substrate on the growth of 2D materials. The focus is on non-metallic substrate used for epitaxial growth and how this highlights the necessity for phase engineering and advanced characterization at atomic scale. Special attention is paid to monoelemental 2D structures with topological properties. The conclusion is drawn through a discussion of the requirements for integrating 2D materials with current semiconductor-based technology and the unique properties of heterostructures based on 2D materials. Overall, this review describes how 2D materials can be fabricated directly on non-metallic substrates and the exploration of growth mechanism at atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Gao
- Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | | | - Miao Zhou
- Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tianchao Niu
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, China
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8
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Li Z. Preparation of Two-Dimensional Polyaniline Sheets with High Crystallinity via Surfactant Interface Self-Assembly and Their Encryption Application. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1285. [PMID: 38732754 PMCID: PMC11085674 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years in the field of traditional materials, traditional polyaniline has faced a number of scientific problems such as an irregular morphology, high difficulty in crystallization, and difficulty in forming an ordered structure compared to the corresponding inorganic materials. In response to these urgent issues, this study determines how to prepare a highly ordered structure in polyaniline formed at the gas-liquid interface. By dynamically arranging aniline monomers into a highly ordered structure with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant, aniline polymerization is initiated at the gas-liquid interface, resulting in two-dimensional polyaniline crystal sheets with a highly ordered structure. By elucidating the microstructure, crystallization process, and molecular structure of the two-dimensional polyaniline crystal sheets, the practical application of polyaniline as an encryption label in the field of electrochromism has been further expanded, thus making polyaniline widely used in the field of information encryption. Therefore, the synthesis of flaky polyaniline crystal sheets has a role in scientific research and practical application, which will arouse the interest and exploration of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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9
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Cheng K, Shinohara KI, Notoya O, Teraguchi M, Kaneko T, Aoki T. Synthesis and Direct Observation of Molecules of 2D Polymers: With High Molecular Weights, Large Areas, Small Micropores, Solubility, Membrane Forming Ability, and High Oxygen Permselectivity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308050. [PMID: 38072777 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
If ideal 2D polymer (2DP) macromolecules with small pores that are similar in size to gas molecules, large areas, small thickness, and excellent membrane-forming ability are synthesized, ultimate gas separation membranes would be obtained. However, as far it is known, such ideal well-characterized 2DP macromolecules are not isolated. In this study, an ideal 2DP macromolecule is synthesized by using the successive three reactions (Glaser coupling, SCAT reaction, and the introduction of octyl groups), in which the conjugated framework structure is maintained, from a fully conjugated 1D polymer. Because this exfoliated 2DP is soluble, the macromolecular structure can be fully characterized by 1H-NMR, GPC, SEM, AFM, and its dense membrane with no defects can be fabricated by the solvent cast method. This soluble 2DP macromolecule has very small micropores (6.0 Å) inside the macromolecule, a large area (30 × 68 nm by SEM and AFM), high molecular weight (Mn = 2.80 × 105 by GPC), and a small thickness (4.4 Å by AFM). This membrane shows the highest oxygen permselectivity exceeding Robeson's upper line because of the high molecular sieving effect of the controlled small micropores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Cheng
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Shinohara
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahi-dai, Nomi, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Osamu Notoya
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahi-dai, Nomi, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Masahiro Teraguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takashi Kaneko
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Toshiki Aoki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi 2-8050, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
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10
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Hao W, Sui C, Cheng G, Li J, Miao L, Zhao G, Sang Y, Li J, Zhao C, Zhou Y, Zang Z, Zhao Y, He X, Wang C. Dynamic Insights into the Growth Mechanisms of 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks on Graphene Surfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10485-10494. [PMID: 38564695 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Producing high-quality two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is crucial for industrial applications. However, this remains significantly challenging with current synthetic techniques. A deep understanding of the intermolecular interactions, reaction temperature, and oligomers is essential to facilitate the growth of highly crystalline COF films. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to explore the growth of 2D COFs from monomer assemblies on graphene. Our results showed that chain growth reactions dominated the COF surface growth and that van der Waals (vdW) interactions were important in enhancing the crystallinity through monomer preorganization. Moreover, appropriately tuning the reaction temperature improved the COF crystallinity and minimized the effects of amorphous oligomers. Additionally, the strength of the interface between the COF and the graphene substrate indicated that the adhesion force was proportional to the crystallinity of the COF. This work reveals the mechanisms for nucleation and growth of COFs on surfaces and provides theoretical guidance for fabricating high-quality 2D polymer-based crystalline nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Hao
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chao Sui
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Junjiao Li
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Linlin Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Guoxin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yuna Sang
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yichen Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zifu Zang
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yushun Zhao
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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11
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Zhang YJ, Li LH, Feng J, Deng X, Sun T, Huang JF, Fan YQ, Lan YB, Wang ZP, Li XM, Liang L, Ding SY, Ma YH, Peng Y, Wang W. Observation of Chiral Channels in Helical Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38607333 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Unraveling the mechanism of chirality transfer across length scales is crucial to the rational development of functional materials with hierarchical chirality. The key obstacle is the lack of structural information, especially at the mesoscopic level. We report herein the structural identification of helical covalent organic frameworks (heliCOFs) with hierarchical chirality, which integrate molecular chirality, channel chirality, and morphology chirality into one crystalline entity. Specifically, benefiting from the highly ordered structure of heliCOFs, the existence of chiral channels at the mesoscopic level has been confirmed by electron crystallography, and the handedness of these chiral channels has been directly determined through the stereopair imaging technique. Accordingly, the chirality transfer in heliCOFs from microscopic to macroscopic levels could be rationalized with a layer-rotating model that has been supported by both crystal structure analysis and theoretical calculations. Observation of chiral channels in heliCOFs not only provides unprecedented data for the understanding of the chirality transfer process but also sheds new light on the rational construction of highly ordered polymeric materials with hierarchical chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Li-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xia Deng
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of Ministry of Education School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Tu Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jun-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of Ministry of Education School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ya-Qi Fan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yu-Bao Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Lin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - San-Yuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yan-Hang Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of Ministry of Education School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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12
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Fu GE, Yang H, Zhao W, Samorì P, Zhang T. 2D Conjugated Polymer Thin Films for Organic Electronics: Opportunities and Challenges. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311541. [PMID: 38551322 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
2D conjugated polymers (2DCPs) possess extended in-plane π-conjugated lattice and out-of-plane π-π stacking, which results in enhanced electronic performance and potentially unique band structures. These properties, along with predesignability, well-defined channels, easy postmodification, and order structure attract extensive attention from material science to organic electronics. In this review, the recent advance in the interfacial synthesis and conductivity tuning strategies of 2DCP thin films, as well as their application in organic electronics is summarized. Furthermore, it is shown that, by combining topology structure design and targeted conductivity adjustment, researchers have fabricated 2DCP thin films with predesigned active groups, highly ordered structures, and enhanced conductivity. These films exhibit great potential for various thin-film organic electronics, such as organic transistors, memristors, electrochromism, chemiresistors, and photodetectors. Finally, the future research directions and perspectives of 2DCPs are discussed in terms of the interfacial synthetic design and structure engineering for the fabrication of fully conjugated 2DCP thin films, as well as the functional manipulation of conductivity to advance their applications in future organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-En Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Haoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Wenkai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
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13
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Shehab M, El-Kaderi HM. High Sodium Ion Storage by Multifunctional Covalent Organic Frameworks for Sustainable Sodium Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:14750-14758. [PMID: 38498858 PMCID: PMC10982936 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable sodium batteries hold great promise for circumventing the increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and the limited supply of lithium. However, efficient sodium ion storage remains a great impediment in this field. In this study, we report the designed synthesis of a multifunctional two-dimensional covalent organic framework featuring hexaazatrinaphthalene cores linked by imidazole moieties and demonstrate its effective performance in sodium ion storage. Benzimidazole-linked covalent organic framework (BCOF-1) was synthesized by a condensation reaction between hexaazatrinaphthalenehexamine (HATNHA) and terephthalaldehyde (TA) and exhibited a high theoretical specific capacity of 392 mA h g-1. BCOF-1 crystallizes, forming eclipsed AA stacking and mesoporous hexagonal one-dimensional channels with high surface area (840 m2 g-1), facilitating fast ionic mobility and charge transfer and enabling high-rate capability at high current rates. BCOF-1 exhibits pseudocapacitive-like behavior with a high specific capacity of 387 mA h g-1, an energy density of 302 W h kg-1 at 0.1 C, and a power density of 682 W kg-1 at 5 C. Our results demonstrate that redox-active COFs have the desired structural and electronic merits to advance the use of organic electrodes in sodium-ion storage toward sustainable and efficient batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hani M. El-Kaderi
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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14
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Ren Y, Xu Y. Recent advances in two-dimensional polymers: synthesis, assembly and energy-related applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1823-1869. [PMID: 38192222 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) are a class of 2D crystalline polymer materials with definite structures, which have outstanding physical-chemical and electronic properties. They cleverly link organic building units through strong covalent bonds and can construct functional 2DPs through reasonable design and selection of different monomer units to meet various application requirements. As promising energy materials, 2DPs have developed rapidly in recent years. This review first introduces the basic overview of 2DPs, such as their historical development, inherent 2D characteristics and diversified topological advantages, followed by the summary of the typical 2DP synthesis methods recently (including "top-down" and "bottom-up" methods). The latest research progress in assembly and processing of 2DPs and the energy-related applications in energy storage and conversion are also discussed. Finally, we summarize and prospect the current research status, existing challenges, and future research directions of 2DPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Ren
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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15
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Zhou LL, Guan Q, Dong YB. Covalent Organic Frameworks: Opportunities for Rational Materials Design in Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314763. [PMID: 37983842 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are extensively used in cancer therapy. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline organic porous materials with several benefits for cancer therapy, including porosity, design flexibility, functionalizability, and biocompatibility. This review examines the use of COFs in cancer therapy from the perspective of reticular chemistry and function-oriented materials design. First, the modification sites and functionalization methods of COFs are discussed, followed by their potential as multifunctional nanoplatforms for tumor targeting, imaging, and therapy by integrating functional components. Finally, some challenges in the clinical translation of COFs are presented with the hope of promoting the development of COF-based anticancer nanomedicines and bringing COFs closer to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Qun Guan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
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16
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Gayle J, Roy S, Gupta S, Hassan S, Rao A, Demingos PG, Miller K, Guo G, Wang X, Garg A, Singh CV, Vajtai R, Robinson JT, Ajayan PM. Imine-Linked 2D Conjugated Porous Organic Polymer Films for Tunable Acid Vapor Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:2726-2739. [PMID: 38170672 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) films of conjugated porous organic polymers (C-POPs) can translate the rich in-plane functionalities of conjugated frameworks into diverse optical and electronic applications while addressing the processability issues of their crystalline analogs for adaptable device architectures. However, the lack of facile single-step synthetic routes to obtain large-area high-quality films of 2D-C-POPs has limited their application possibilities so far. Here, we report the synthesis of four mechanically robust imine-linked 2D-C-POP free-standing films using a single-step fast condensation route that is scalable and tunable. The rigid covalently bonded 2D structures of the C-POP films offer high stability for volatile gas sensing in harsh environments while simultaneously enhancing site accessibility for gas molecules due to mesoporosity by structural design. Structurally, all films were composed of exfoliable layers of 2D polymeric nanosheets (NSs) that displayed anisotropy from disordered stacking, evinced by out-of-plane birefringent properties. The tunable in-plane conjugation, different nitrogen centers, and porous structures allow the films to act as ultraresponsive colorimetric sensors for acid sensing via reversible imine bond protonation. All the films could detect hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas down to 0.05 ppm, far exceeding the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's permissible exposure limit of 5 ppm with fast response time and good recyclability. Computational insights elucidated the effect of conjugation and tertiary nitrogen in the structures on the sensitivity and response time of the films. Furthermore, we exploited the exfoliated large 2D NSs and anisotropic optoelectronic properties of the films to adapt them into micro-optical and triboelectric devices to demonstrate their real-time sensing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gayle
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Shashikant Gupta
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sakib Hassan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Adwitiya Rao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Pedro Guerra Demingos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Kristen Miller
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Galio Guo
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ashish Garg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
- Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Robert Vajtai
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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17
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Zhao W, Tan R, Yang Y, Yang H, Wang J, Yin X, Wu D, Zhang T. Galvanic-Replacement-Assisted Synthesis of Nanostructured Silver-Surface for SERS Characterization of Two-Dimensional Polymers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:474. [PMID: 38257565 PMCID: PMC10819046 DOI: 10.3390/s24020474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is a powerful technology in trace analysis. However, the wide applications of SERS in practice are limited by the expensive substrate materials and the complicated preparation processes. Here we report a simple and economical galvanic-replacement-assisted synthesis route to prepare Ag nanoparticles on Cu(0) foil (nanoAg@Cu), which can be directly used as SERS substrate. The fabrication process is fast (ca. 10 min) and easily scaled up to centimeters or even larger. In addition, the morphology of the nanoAg@Cu (with Ag particles size from 30 nm to 160 nm) can be adjusted by various additives (e.g., amino-containing ligands). Finally, we show that the as-prepared nanoAg@Cu can be used for SERS characterization of two-dimensional polymers, and ca. 298 times relative enhancement of Raman intensity is achieved. This work offers a simple and economical strategy for the scalable fabrication of silver-based SERS substrate in thin film analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runxiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of the Education Ministry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Haoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xiaodong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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18
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Jain C, Kushwaha R, Rase D, Shekhar P, Shelke A, Sonwani D, Ajithkumar TG, Vinod CP, Vaidhyanathan R. Tailoring COFs: Transforming Nonconducting 2D Layered COF into a Conducting Quasi-3D Architecture via Interlayer Knitting with Polypyrrole. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:487-499. [PMID: 38157305 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Improving the electronic conductivity and the structural robustness of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is paramount. Here, we covalently cross-link a 2D COF with polypyrrole (Ppy) chains to form a quasi-3D COF. The 3D COF shows well-defined reflections in the SAED patterns distinctly indexed to its modeled crystal structure. This knitting of 2D COF layers with conjugated polypyrrole units improves electronic conductivity from 10-9 to 10-2 S m-1. This conductivity boost is affirmed by the presence of density of states near the Fermi level in the 3D COF, and this elevates the COF's valence band maximum by 0.52 eV with respect to the parent 2D pyrrole-functionalized COF, which agrees well with the opto-electro band gaps. The extent of HOMO elevation suggests the predominant existence of a polaron state (radical cation), giving rise to a strong EPR signal, most likely sourced from the cross-linking polypyrrole chains. A supercapacitor devised with COF20-Ppy records a high areal capacitance of 377.6 mF cm-2, higher than that of the COF loaded with noncovalently linked polypyrrole chains. Thus, the polypyrrole acts as a "conjugation bridge" across the layers, lowering the band gap and providing polarons and additional conduction pathways. This marks a far-reaching approach to converting many 2D COFs into highly ordered and conducting 3D ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ankita Shelke
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | | | - Thalasseril G Ajithkumar
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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19
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Zhu Y, Bai Q, Ouyang S, Jin Y, Zhang W. Covalent Organic Framework-based Solid-State Electrolytes, Electrode Materials, and Separators for Lithium-ion Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301118. [PMID: 37706226 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing global energy consumption has led to the rapid development of renewable energy storage technologies. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been extensively studied and utilized for reliable, efficient, and sustainable energy storage. Nevertheless, designing new materials for LIB applications with high capacity and long-term stability is highly desired but remains a challenging task. Recently, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as superior candidates for LIB applications due to their high porosity, well-defined pores, highly customizable structure, and tunable functionalities. These merits enable the preparation of tailored COFs with predesigned redox-active moieties and suitable porous channels that can improve the lithium-ion storage and transportation. This review summarizes the recent progress in the development of COFs and their composites for a variety of LIB applications, including (quasi) solid-state electrolytes, electrode materials, and separators. Finally, the challenges and potential future directions of employing COFs for LIBs are also briefly discussed, further promoting the foundation of this class of exciting materials for future advances in energy-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Qiaoshuang Bai
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shan Ouyang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO, 80309, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO, 80309, United States
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20
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Burke DW, Jiang Z, Livingston AG, Dichtel WR. 2D Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Liquid-Phase Molecular Separations: State of the Field, Common Pitfalls, and Future Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300525. [PMID: 37014260 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
2D covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are attractive candidates for next-generation membranes due to their robust linkages and uniform, tunable pores. Many publications have claimed to achieve selective molecular transport through COF pores, but reported performance metrics for similar networks vary dramatically, and in several cases the reported experiments are inadequate to support such conclusions. These issues require a reevaluation of the literature. Published examples of 2D COF membranes for liquid-phase separations can be broadly divided into two categories, each with common performance characteristics: polycrystalline COF films (most >1 µm thick) and weakly crystalline or amorphous films (most <500 nm thick). Neither category has demonstrated consistent relationships between the designed COF pore structure and separation performance, suggesting that these imperfect materials do not sieve molecules through uniform pores. In this perspective, rigorous practices for evaluating COF membrane structures and separation performance are described, which will facilitate their development toward molecularly precise membranes capable of performing previously unrealized chemical separations. In the absence of this more rigorous standard of proof, reports of COF-based membranes should be treated with skepticism. As methods to control 2D polymerization improve, precise 2D polymer membranes may exhibit exquisite and energy efficient performance relevant for contemporary separation challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Membrane Research, Exactmer Limited, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Yew Tree Avenue, Dagenham, RM10 7FN, UK
| | - Andrew G Livingston
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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21
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Wang C, Cusin L, Ma C, Unsal E, Wang H, Consolaro VG, Montes-García V, Han B, Vitale S, Dianat A, Croy A, Zhang H, Gutierrez R, Cuniberti G, Liu Z, Chi L, Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Enhancing the Carrier Transport in Monolayer MoS 2 through Interlayer Coupling with 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305882. [PMID: 37690084 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of different 2D materials (2DMs) to form van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) is a powerful strategy for adjusting the electronic properties of 2D semiconductors, for applications in opto-electronics and quantum computing. 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) represents an archetypical semiconducting, monolayer thick versatile platform for the generation of hybrid vdWH with tunable charge transport characteristics through its interfacing with molecules and assemblies thereof. However, the physisorption of (macro)molecules on 2D MoS2 yields hybrids possessing a limited thermal stability, thereby jeopardizing their technological applications. Herein, the rational design and optimized synthesis of 2D covalent organic frameworks (2D-COFs) for the generation of MoS2 /2D-COF vdWHs exhibiting strong interlayer coupling effects are reported. The high crystallinity of the 2D-COF films makes it possible to engineer an ultrastable periodic doping effect on MoS2 , boosting devices' field-effect mobility at room temperature. Such a performance increase can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the efficient interfacial electron transfer process and the pronounced suppression of MoS2 's lattice vibration. This proof-of-concept work validates an unprecedented approach for the efficient modulation of the electronic properties of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides toward high-performance (opto)electronics for CMOS digital circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Luca Cusin
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Chun Ma
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Elif Unsal
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hanlin Wang
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | | | - Verónica Montes-García
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Bin Han
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Stefania Vitale
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Croy
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737, Jena, Germany
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Rafael Gutierrez
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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22
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Prasoon A, Yang H, Hambsch M, Nguyen NN, Chung S, Müller A, Wang Z, Lan T, Fontaine P, Kühne TD, Cho K, Nia AS, Mannsfeld SCB, Dong R, Feng X. On-water surface synthesis of electronically coupled 2D polyimide-MoS 2 van der Waals heterostructure. Commun Chem 2023; 6:280. [PMID: 38104228 PMCID: PMC10725426 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The water surface provides a highly effective platform for the synthesis of two-dimensional polymers (2DP). In this study, we present an efficient on-water surface synthesis of crystalline monolayer 2D polyimide (2DPI) through the imidization reaction between tetra (4-aminophenyl) porphyrin (M1) and perylenetracarboxylic dianhydride (M2), resulting in excellent stability and coverage over a large area (tens of cm2). We further fabricate innovative organic-inorganic hybrid van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) by combining with exfoliated few-layer molybdenum sulfide (MoS2). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) reveals face-to-face stacking between MoS2 and 2DPI within the vdWH. This stacking configuration facilitates remarkable charge transfer and noticeable n-type doping effects from monolayer 2DPI to MoS2, as corroborated by Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence measurements, and field-effect transistor (FET) characterizations. Notably, the 2DPI-MoS2 vdWH exhibits an impressive electron mobility of 50 cm2/V·s, signifying a substantial improvement over pristine MoS2 (8 cm2/V·s). This study unveils the immense potential of integrating 2D polymers to enhance semiconductor device functionality through tailored vdWHs, thereby opening up exciting new avenues for exploring unique interfacial physical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Prasoon
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, D-06120, Germany
| | - Hyejung Yang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mike Hambsch
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nguyen Ngan Nguyen
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, D-06120, Germany
| | - Sein Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Alina Müller
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, D-06120, Germany
| | - Tianshu Lan
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, D-06120, Germany
| | - Philippe Fontaine
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Thomas D Kühne
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 02826, Görlitz, Germany
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Chair of Computational System Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Shaygan Nia
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 27 Shandanan Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, D-06120, Germany.
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23
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Wilczek LA, Geiser JD, Fang C, Hicks EG, Dube L, Hipps KW, Zimmt MB. Polymerization of Physisorbed Molecular Monolayers via Overhanging Alkynyl Chains: Characterization of Polymerization Kinetics and Monolayer Durability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16457-16471. [PMID: 37946515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Monolayers self-assembled by triphenyleneethynylene (TPE) compounds bearing two terminal alkynyl chains were polymerized by Glaser-Hay (G-H) alkyne coupling at the acetonitrile-HOPG interface. The alkynyl chains extend into the solution due to the monolayer's dense-packed morphology. Reacting substructures that have no morphology-determining roles is a potential strategy for preserving monolayer morphology throughout polymerization. Monolayer G-H reaction kinetics and polymerized monolayer durability were characterized by using mass spectrometry and fluorescence. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry (MS) and time-of-flight (TOF) MS were used to identify TPE-oligomers in the monolayer and to track the monolayer populations of TPE-monomer, -dimer, and -trimer as a function of G-H reaction duration. Comparison of the observed kinetics to a Monte Carlo simulation provided evidence of step-growth polymerization. The durability of polymerized monolayers depended strongly on the length of the alkynyl chains linked by G-H reaction. Polymerized T6y monolayers (O(CH2)3C≡CH alkynyl chains) desorbed minimally during 16-h immersion in 90 °C o-dichlorobenzene (oDCB), whereas polymerized T8y (O(CH2)5C≡CH alkynyl chains) and polymerized T11y (O(CH2)8C≡CH alkynyl chains), desorbed 33 and 60%, respectively, of their TPE units after 4 h in 90 °C oDCB. All the polymerized monolayers are much more durable than unpolymerized monolayers, which desorb quantitatively from HOPG when rinsed with 25 μL of oDCB. Polymerized T6y monolayer is a highly durable anchor that may be adapted to build multilayer structures "permanently" attached to the HOPG surface. The alkynyl chain length dependence may be useful for tuning polymerized TPE monolayer durability for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Wilczek
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Joseph D Geiser
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Chen Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Emily G Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Lacie Dube
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - K W Hipps
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Matthew B Zimmt
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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24
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Gong Y, Huang S, Lei Z, Wayment L, Chen H, Zhang W. Double-Walled Covalent Organic Frameworks with High Stability. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302135. [PMID: 37556201 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Double-walled covalent organic frameworks, consisting of two same building blocks parallel to each other forming ladder-shape linkers, could enhance the stability of the frameworks and increase the density of functional sites, thus making them suitable for various applications. In this study, two double-walled covalent organic frameworks, namely DW-COF-1 and DW-COF-2, were successfully synthesized via imine condensation. The resulting DW-COFs exhibited a honeycomb topology, high crystallinity and stability. Particularly, DW-COF-2 showed excellent resistance toward boiling water, strong acid, and strong base, due to its double-walled structure, which limits the exposure of labile imine bonds to external chemical environments. The DW-COFs showed high porosity near 900 m2 /g, making them suitable for gas storage/separation. The selective gas adsorption experiments showed that at 273 K and 1 atm pressure, DW-COF-1 and DW-COF-2 exhibited a good IAST selectivity towards CO2 /N2 (15/85) adsorption, with selectivity values of 121.3 and 56.4 for CO2 over N2 , respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Zepeng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Lacey Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
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25
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Rubert L, Islam MF, Greytak AB, Prakash R, Smith MD, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Shimizu LS, Soberats B. Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Polymerization of a Bis-Urea Macrocycle into a Brick-Like Hydrogen-Bonded Network. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312223. [PMID: 37750233 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on a dendronized bis-urea macrocycle 1 self-assembling via a cooperative mechanism into two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets formed solely by alternated urea-urea hydrogen bonding interactions. The pure macrocycle self-assembles in bulk into one-dimensional liquid-crystalline columnar phases. In contrast, its self-assembly mode drastically changes in CHCl3 or tetrachloroethane, leading to 2D hydrogen-bonded networks. Theoretical calculations, complemented by previously reported crystalline structures, indicate that the 2D assembly is formed by a brick-like hydrogen bonding pattern between bis-urea macrocycles. This assembly is promoted by the swelling of the trisdodecyloxyphenyl groups upon solvation, which frustrates, due to steric effects, the formation of the thermodynamically more stable columnar macrocycle stacks. This work proposes a new design strategy to access 2D supramolecular polymers by means of a single non-covalent interaction motif, which is of great interest for materials development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llorenç Rubert
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Md Faizul Islam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-29208, USA
| | - Andrew B Greytak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-29208, USA
| | - Rahul Prakash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-29208, USA
| | - Mark D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-29208, USA
| | - Rosa Maria Gomila
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Linda S Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC-29208, USA
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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26
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Rezk A, Ansari MHR, Ranjeesh KC, Gaber S, Kumar D, Merhi A, Kaafarani BR, Hassine MB, El-Atab N, Shetty D, Nayfeh A. Nano-scale charge trapping memory based on two-dimensional conjugated microporous polymer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18845. [PMID: 37914717 PMCID: PMC10620224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in new semiconductor nanostructures for future high-density high-performance flexible electronic devices. Two-dimensional conjugated microporous polymers (2D-CMPs) are promising candidates because of their inherent optoelectronic properties. Here, we are reporting a novel donor-acceptor type 2D-CMP based on Pyrene and Isoindigo (PI) for a potential nano-scale charge-trapping memory application. We exfoliated the PI polymer into ~ 2.5 nm thick nanoparticles (NPs) and fabricated a Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor (MIS) device with PI-NPs embedded in the insulator. Conductive AFM (cAFM) is used to examine the confinement mechanism as well as the local charge injection process, where ultrathin high-κ alumina supplied the energy barrier for confining the charge carrier transport. We have achieved a reproducible on-and-off state and a wide memory window (ΔV) of 1.5 V at a relatively small reading current. The device displays a low operation voltage (V < 1 V), with good retention (104 s), and endurance (103 cycles). Furthermore, a theoretical analysis is developed to affirm the measured charge carriers' transport and entrapment mechanisms through and within the fabricated MIS structures. The PI-NPs act as a nanoscale floating gate in the MIS-based memory with deep trapping sites for the charged carriers. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the synthesized 2D-CMP can be promising for future low-power high-density memory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Rezk
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE
| | - Md Hasan Raza Ansari
- Smart, Advanced Memory Devices and Applications (SAMA) Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Safa Gaber
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Dayanand Kumar
- Smart, Advanced Memory Devices and Applications (SAMA) Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej Merhi
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Bilal R Kaafarani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed Ben Hassine
- Electron Microscopy Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazek El-Atab
- Smart, Advanced Memory Devices and Applications (SAMA) Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Program, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dinesh Shetty
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Center (AMCC), Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Ammar Nayfeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE.
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27
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Liu X, Li H, Zhang W, Yang Z, Li D, Liu M, Jin K, Wang L, Yu G. Magnetoresistance in Organic Spin Valves Based on Acid-Exfoliated 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks Thin Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308921. [PMID: 37668952 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as a burgeoning class of crystalline porous materials, have made significant progress in their application to optoelectronic devices such as field-effect transistors, memristors, and photodetectors. However, the insoluble features of microcrystalline two-dimensional (2D) COF powders limit development of their thin film devices. Additionally, the exploration of spin transport properties in this category of π-conjugated skeleton materials remains vacant thus far. Herein, an imine-linked 2D Py-Np COF nanocrystalline powder was synthesized by Schiff base condensation of 4,4',4'',4'''-(pyrene-1,3,6,8-tetrayl)tetraaniline and naphthalene-2,6-dicarbaldehyde. Then, we prepared a large-scale free-standing Py-Np COF film via a top-down strategy of chemically assisted acid exfoliation. Moreover, high-quality COF films acted as active layers were transferred onto ferromagnetic La0.67 Sr0.33 MnO3 (LSMO) electrodes for the first attempt to fabricate organic spin valves (OSVs) based on 2D COF materials. This COF-based OSV device with a configuration of LSMO/Py-Np COF/Co/Au demonstrated a remarkable magnetoresistance (MR) value up to -26.5 % at 30 K. Meanwhile, the MR behavior of the COF-based OSVs exhibited a highly temperature dependence and operational stability. This work highlights the enormous application prospects of 2D COFs in organic spintronics and provides a promising approach for developing electronic and spintronic devices based on acid-exfoliated COF thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mengya Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Kuijuan Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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28
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Li R, Zhang L, Chen T, Wang D. On-Surface Two-Dimensional Polymerization: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:12521-12532. [PMID: 37651313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) are molecularly thin networks consisting of monomers covalently linked in at least two directions in the molecular plane. Because of the unique structural features and emergent physicochemical properties, 2DPs promise application potentials in catalysis, chemical sensing, and organic electronic devices. On-surface synthesis is of great interest to fabricate 2DPs with atomic precision, and the properties of the 2DPs can be characterized in situ through scanning probe techniques. In this Perspective, we first introduce the recent developments of on-surface 2D polymerization, including the design principle, the synthetic reactions, and the factors affecting the synthesis of 2DPs on surface. Then, we summarize some major challenges in this field, including the fabrication of high-quality 2DPs and the study of the intrinsic electronic properties of 2DPs, and we discuss some of the available solutions to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Longzhu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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29
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Hu J, Huang Z, Liu Y. Beyond Solvothermal: Alternative Synthetic Methods for Covalent Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306999. [PMID: 37265002 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous organic materials that hold a wealth of potential applications across various fields. The development of COFs, however, is significantly impeded by the dearth of efficient synthetic methods. The traditional solvothermal approach, while prevalent, is fraught with challenges such as complicated processes, excessive energy consumption, long reaction times, and limited scalability, rendering it unsuitable for practical applications. The quest for simpler, quicker, more energy-efficient, and environmentally benign synthetic strategies is thus paramount for bridging the gap between academic COF chemistry and industrial application. This Review provides an overview of the recent advances in alternative COF synthetic methods, with a particular emphasis on energy input. We discuss representative examples of COF synthesis facilitated by microwave, ultrasound, mechanic force, light, plasma, electric field, and electron beam. Perspectives on the advantages and limitations of these methods against the traditional solvothermal approach are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Hu
- School of Physical Sciences, Great Bay University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Huang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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30
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Bradshaw NP, Hirani Z, Kuo L, Li S, Williams NX, Sangwan VK, Chaney LE, Evans AM, Dichtel WR, Hersam MC. Aerosol-Jet-Printable Covalent Organic Framework Colloidal Inks and Temperature-Sensitive Nanocomposite Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303673. [PMID: 37288981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With molecularly well-defined and tailorable 2D structures, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as leading material candidates for chemical sensing, storage, separation, and catalysis. In these contexts, the ability to directly and deterministically print COFs into arbitrary geometries will enable rapid optimization and deployment. However, previous attempts to print COFs have been restricted by low spatial resolution and/or post-deposition polymerization that limits the range of compatible COFs. Here, these limitations are overcome with a pre-synthesized, solution-processable colloidal ink that enables aerosol jet printing of COFs with micron-scale resolution. The ink formulation utilizes the low-volatility solvent benzonitrile, which is critical to obtaining homogeneous printed COF film morphologies. This ink formulation is also compatible with other colloidal nanomaterials, thus facilitating the integration of COFs into printable nanocomposite films. As a proof-of-concept, boronate-ester COFs are integrated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form printable COF-CNT nanocomposite films, in which the CNTs enhance charge transport and temperature sensing performance, ultimately resulting in high-sensitivity temperature sensors that show electrical conductivity variation by 4 orders of magnitude between room temperature and 300 °C. Overall, this work establishes a flexible platform for COF additive manufacturing that will accelerate the incorporation of COFs into technologically significant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Bradshaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lidia Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Siyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Nicholas X Williams
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Vinod K Sangwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lindsay E Chaney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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31
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Yu H, Liao Z, Paasch S, Xu S, Zhao R, Brunner E, Bonn M, Wang HI, Heine T, Wang M, Mai Y, Feng X. A Thiophene Backbone Enables Two-Dimensional Poly(arylene vinylene)s with High Charge Carrier Mobility. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305978. [PMID: 37271733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Linear conjugated polymers have attracted significant attention in organic electronics in recent decades. However, despite intrachain π-delocalization, interchain hopping is their transport bottleneck. In contrast, two-dimensional (2D) conjugated polymers, as represented by 2D π-conjugated covalent organic frameworks (2D c-COFs), can provide multiple conjugated strands to enhance the delocalization of charge carriers in space. Herein, we demonstrate the first example of thiophene-based 2D poly(arylene vinylene)s (PAVs, 2DPAV-BDT-BT and 2DPAV-BDT-BP, BDT=benzodithiophene, BT=bithiophene, BP=biphenyl) via Knoevenagel polycondensation. Compared with 2DPAV-BDT-BP, the fully thiophene-based 2DPAV-BDT-BT exhibits enhanced planarity and π-delocalization with a small band gap (1.62 eV) and large electronic band dispersion, as revealed by the optical absorption and density functional calculations. Remarkably, temperature-dependent terahertz spectroscopy discloses a unique band-like transport and outstanding room-temperature charge mobility for 2DPAV-BDT-BT (65 cm2 V-1 s-1 ), which far exceeds that of the linear PAVs, 2DPAV-BDT-BP, and the reported 2D c-COFs in the powder form. This work highlights the great potential of thiophene-based 2D PAVs as candidates for high-performance opto-electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heng Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hongde Yu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhongquan Liao
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - Silvia Paasch
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shunqi Xu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruyan Zhao
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eike Brunner
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Forschungsstelle Leipzig, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yiyong Mai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, (Germany)
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32
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Fabozzi FG, Severin N, Rabe JP, Hecht S. Room Temperature On-Surface Synthesis of a Vinylene-Linked Single Layer Covalent Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18205-18209. [PMID: 37561921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated single-layered two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks are flat and extended polymer networks with a unique combination of material properties, giving rise to potential applications in sensing, optoelectronics, and photonics. Despite their great potential, thus far only a few reactions to access such extended conjugated 2D polymers have been reported. Here, the on-surface polymerization of the first vinylene-linked single layered two-dimensional covalent organic framework using reversible Knoevenagel polycondensation under solvothermal conditions is described. Self-assembly of the two monomer building blocks at the solid-liquid interface led to the formation of extended covalent networks at room temperature without the need of additional catalysts or reagents. The described approach grants access to extended conjugated 2D polymers under unprecedentedly mild conditions and paves the way to new hybrid material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Giovanni Fabozzi
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, IRIS Adlershof and Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Nikolai Severin
- Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof and Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Jürgen P Rabe
- Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof and Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, IRIS Adlershof and Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
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33
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Nandy L, Fenton JL, Freedman MA. Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation in Model Crystalline Porous Organic Polymers: Influence of Pore Size on Immersion Freezing. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37470779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous ice nucleation activity is affected by aerosol particle composition, crystallinity, pore size, and surface area. However, these surface properties are not well understood, regarding how they act to promote ice nucleation and growth to form ice clouds. Therefore, synthesized materials for which surface properties can be tuned were examined in immersion freezing mode in this study. To establish the relationship between particle surface properties and efficiency of ice nucleation, materials, here, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), with different pore diameters and degrees of crystallinity (ordering), were characterized. Results showed that out of all the highly crystalline COFs, the sample with a pore diameter between 2 and 3 nm exhibited the most efficient ice nucleation activity. We posit that the highly crystalline structures with ordered pores have an optimal pore diameter where the ice nucleation activity is maximized and that the not highly crystalline structures with nonordered pores have more sites for ice nucleation. The results were compared and discussed in the context of other synthesized porous particle systems. Such studies give insight into how material features impact ice nucleation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Nandy
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Julie L Fenton
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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34
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Wang M, Fu S, Petkov P, Fu Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Ma J, Chen G, Gali SM, Gao L, Lu Y, Paasch S, Zhong H, Steinrück HP, Cánovas E, Brunner E, Beljonne D, Bonn M, Wang HI, Dong R, Feng X. Exceptionally high charge mobility in phthalocyanine-based poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline)-ladder-type two-dimensional conjugated polymers. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:880-887. [PMID: 37337069 PMCID: PMC10313522 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional conjugated polymers (2DCPs), composed of multiple strands of linear conjugated polymers with extended in-plane π-conjugation, are emerging crystalline semiconducting polymers for organic (opto)electronics. They are represented by two-dimensional π-conjugated covalent organic frameworks, which typically suffer from poor π-conjugation and thus low charge carrier mobilities. Here we overcome this limitation by demonstrating two semiconducting phthalocyanine-based poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline)-ladder-type 2DCPs (2DCP-MPc, with M = Cu or Ni), which are constructed from octaaminophthalocyaninato metal(II) and naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride by polycondensation under solvothermal conditions. The 2DCP-MPcs exhibit optical bandgaps of ~1.3 eV with highly delocalized π-electrons. Density functional theory calculations unveil strongly dispersive energy bands with small electron-hole reduced effective masses of ~0.15m0 for the layer-stacked 2DCP-MPcs. Terahertz spectroscopy reveals the band transport of Drude-type free carriers in 2DCP-MPcs with exceptionally high sum mobility of electrons and holes of ~970 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature, surpassing that of the reported linear conjugated polymers and 2DCPs. This work highlights the critical role of effective conjugation in enhancing the charge transport properties of 2DCPs and the great potential of high-mobility 2DCPs for future (opto)electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shuai Fu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petko Petkov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yubin Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Guangbo Chen
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sai Manoj Gali
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Lei Gao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yang Lu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Silvia Paasch
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Haixia Zhong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Enrique Cánovas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eike Brunner
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany.
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35
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Chen X, Kong L, Mehrez JAA, Fan C, Quan W, Zhang Y, Zeng M, Yang J, Hu N, Su Y, Wei H, Yang Z. Outstanding Humidity Chemiresistors Based on Imine-Linked Covalent Organic Framework Films for Human Respiration Monitoring. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:149. [PMID: 37286913 PMCID: PMC10247948 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human metabolite moisture detection is important in health monitoring and non-invasive diagnosis. However, ultra-sensitive quantitative extraction of respiration information in real-time remains a great challenge. Herein, chemiresistors based on imine-linked covalent organic framework (COF) films with dual-active sites are fabricated to address this issue, which demonstrates an amplified humidity-sensing signal performance. By regulation of monomers and functional groups, these COF films can be pre-engineered to achieve high response, wide detection range, fast response, and recovery time. Under the condition of relative humidity ranging from 13 to 98%, the COFTAPB-DHTA film-based humidity sensor exhibits outstanding humidity sensing performance with an expanded response value of 390 times. Furthermore, the response values of the COF film-based sensor are highly linear to the relative humidity in the range below 60%, reflecting a quantitative sensing mechanism at the molecular level. Based on the dual-site adsorption of the (-C=N-) and (C-N) stretching vibrations, the reversible tautomerism induced by hydrogen bonding with water molecules is demonstrated to be the main intrinsic mechanism for this effective humidity detection. In addition, the synthesized COF films can be further exploited to effectively detect human nasal and oral breathing as well as fabric permeability, which will inspire novel designs for effective humidity-detection devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingwei Kong
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jaafar Abdul-Aziz Mehrez
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Quan
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Nantao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Su
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Wang S, Reddy VA, Ang MCY, Cui J, Khong DT, Han Y, Loh SI, Cheerlavancha R, Singh GP, Rajani S, Strano MS. Single-Crystal 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks for Plant Biotechnology. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37230942 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecules chemically synthesized as periodic two-dimensional (2D) frameworks via covalent bonds can form some of the highest-surface area and -charge density particles possible. There is significant potential for applications such as nanocarriers in life sciences if biocompatibility can be achieved; however, significant synthetic challenges remain in avoiding kinetic traps from disordered linking during 2D polymerization of compatible monomers, resulting in isotropic polycrystals without a long-range order. Here, we establish thermodynamic control over dynamic control on the 2D polymerization process of biocompatible imine monomers by minimizing the surface energy of nuclei. As a result, polycrystal, mesocrystal, and single-crystal 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are obtained. We achieve COF single crystals by exfoliation and minification methods, forming high-surface area nanoflakes that can be dispersed in aqueous medium with biocompatible cationic polymers. We find that these 2D COF nanoflakes with high surface area are excellent plant cell nanocarriers that can load bioactive cargos, such as the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) via electrostatic attraction, and deliver them into the cytoplasm of intact living plants, traversing through the cell wall and cell membrane due to their 2D geometry. This synthetic route to high-surface area COF nanoflakes has promise for life science applications including plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | | | - Mervin Chun-Yi Ang
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Jianqiao Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Duc Thinh Khong
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Yangyang Han
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Suh In Loh
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Raju Cheerlavancha
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Gajendra Pratap Singh
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Sarojam Rajani
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Michael S Strano
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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37
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Burke DW, Dasari RR, Sangwan VK, Oanta AK, Hirani Z, Pelkowski CE, Tang Y, Li R, Ralph DC, Hersam MC, Barlow S, Marder SR, Dichtel WR. Synthesis, Hole Doping, and Electrical Properties of a Semiconducting Azatriangulene-Based Covalent Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37216443 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) containing heterotriangulenes have been theoretically identified as semiconductors with tunable, Dirac-cone-like band structures, which are expected to afford high charge-carrier mobilities ideal for next-generation flexible electronics. However, few bulk syntheses of these materials have been reported, and existing synthetic methods provide limited control of network purity and morphology. Here, we report transimination reactions between benzophenone-imine-protected azatriangulenes (OTPA) and benzodithiophene dialdehydes (BDT), which afforded a new semiconducting COF network, OTPA-BDT. The COFs were prepared as both polycrystalline powders and thin films with controlled crystallite orientation. The azatriangulene nodes are readily oxidized to stable radical cations upon exposure to an appropriate p-type dopant, tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate, after which the network's crystallinity and orientation are maintained. Oriented, hole-doped OTPA-BDT COF films exhibit electrical conductivities of up to 1.2 × 10-1 S cm-1, which are among the highest reported for imine-linked 2D COFs to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Raghunath R Dasari
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Vinod K Sangwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alexander K Oanta
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chloe E Pelkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yongjian Tang
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ruofan Li
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Daniel C Ralph
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable & Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable & Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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38
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Zhu D, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Yan Q, Wu H, Liu CY, Wang X, Alemany LB, Gao G, Senftle TP, Peng Y, Wu X, Verduzco R. Three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks with pto and mhq-z topologies based on Tri- and tetratopic linkers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2865. [PMID: 37208348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) possess higher surface areas, more abundant pore channels, and lower density compared to their two-dimensional counterparts which makes the development of 3D COFs interesting from a fundamental and practical point of view. However, the construction of highly crystalline 3D COF remains challenging. At the same time, the choice of topologies in 3D COFs is limited by the crystallization problem, the lack of availability of suitable building blocks with appropriate reactivity and symmetries, and the difficulties in crystalline structure determination. Herein, we report two highly crystalline 3D COFs with pto and mhq-z topologies designed by rationally selecting rectangular-planar and trigonal-planar building blocks with appropriate conformational strains. The pto 3D COFs show a large pore size of 46 Å with an extremely low calculated density. The mhq-z net topology is solely constructed from totally face-enclosed organic polyhedra displaying a precise uniform micropore size of 1.0 nm. The 3D COFs show a high CO2 adsorption capacity at room temperature and can potentially serve as promising carbon capture adsorbents. This work expands the choice of accessible 3D COF topologies, enriching the structural versatility of COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-325, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Qianqian Yan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-325, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Han Wu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Chun-Yen Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lawrence B Alemany
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Guanhui Gao
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-325, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Thomas P Senftle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yongwu Peng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-325, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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39
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Wang C, Lyu P, Chen Z, Xu Y. Green and Scalable Synthesis of Atomic-Thin Crystalline Two-Dimensional Triazine Polymers with Ultrahigh Photocatalytic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37171112 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Scalable and eco-friendly synthesis of crystalline two-dimensional (2D) polymers with proper band gap and single-layer thickness is highly desired for the fundamental research and practical applications of 2D polymers; however, it remains a considerable and unresolved challenge. Herein, we report a convenient and robust method to synthesize a series of crystalline covalent triazine framework nanosheets (CTF NSs) with a thickness of ∼80 nm via a new solvent-free salt-catalyzed nitrile cyclotrimerization process, which enables the cost-effective large-scale preparation of crystalline CTF NSs at the hundred-gram level. Theoretical calculations and detailed experiments revealed for the first time that the conventional salts such as KCl can not only act as physical templates as traditionally believed but also more importantly can efficiently catalyze the cyclotrimerization reaction of carbonitrile monomers as a new kind of green solid catalysts to achieve crystalline CTF NSs. Upon simple liquid-phase sonication, these CTF NSs can be easily further exfoliated into abundant single-layer crystalline 2D triazine polymers (2D-TPs) in high yields. The obtained atomically thin crystalline 2D-TPs with a band gap of 2.36 eV and rich triazine active groups exhibited a remarkable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 1321 μmol h-1 under visible light irradiation with an apparent quantum yield up to 29.5% at 420 nm and excellent photocatalytic overall water splitting activity with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency up to 0.35%, which exceed all molecular framework materials and are among the best metal-free photocatalysts ever reported. Moreover, the processable 2D-TPs could be readily assembled on a support as a photocatalytic film device, which demonstrated superior photocatalytic performance (135.2 mmol h-1 m-2 for hydrogen evolution).
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxu Wang
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province, China
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pengbo Lyu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Thin Film Materials and Devices, School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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40
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Ji W, Kim DM, Posson BM, Carlson KJ, Chew AC, Chew AJ, Hossain M, Mojica AF, Ottoes SM, Tran DV, Greenberg MW, Hamachi LS. COF-300 synthesis and colloidal stabilization with substituted benzoic acids. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14484-14493. [PMID: 37188250 PMCID: PMC10176042 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Colloidal covalent organic framework (COF) synthesis enables morphological control of crystallite size and shape. Despite numerous examples of 2D COF colloids with various linkage chemistries, 3D imine-linked COF colloids are more challenging synthetic targets. Here we report a rapid (15 min-5 day) synthesis of hydrated COF-300 colloids ranging in length (251 nm-4.6 μm) with high crystallinity and moderate surface areas (150 m2 g-1). These materials are characterized by pair distribution function analysis, which is consistent with the known average structure for this material alongside different degrees of atomic disorder at different length scales. Additionally, we investigate a series of para-substituted benzoic acid catalysts, finding that 4-cyano and 4-fluoro substituted benzoic acids produce the largest COF-300 crystallites with lengths of 1-2 μm. In situ dynamic light scattering experiments are used to assess time to nucleation in conjunction with 1H NMR model compound studies to probe the impact of catalyst acidity on the imine condensation equilibrium. We observe cationically stabilized colloids with a zeta potential of up to +14.35 mV in benzonitrile as a result of the carboxylic acid catalyst protonating surface amine groups. We leverage these surface chemistry insights to synthesize small COF-300 colloids using sterically hindered diortho-substituted carboxylic acid catalysts. This fundamental study of COF-300 colloid synthesis and surface chemistry will provide new insights into the role of acid catalysts both as imine condensation catalysts and as colloid stabilizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor 48109 MI USA
| | - Dean M Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Brendan M Posson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Kyla J Carlson
- Department of Materials Engineering, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA 93407 USA
| | - Alison C Chew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
- Department of Materials Engineering, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA 93407 USA
| | - Alyssa J Chew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Meherin Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bard College Annandale-on-Hudson NY 12504 USA
| | - Alexis F Mojica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Sachi M Ottoes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Donna V Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
| | - Matthew W Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bard College Annandale-on-Hudson NY 12504 USA
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 93407 CA USA
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41
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Oanta AK, Pelkowski CE, Strauss MJ, Dichtel WR. Competition between side-chain interactions dictates 2D polymer stacking order. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6203-6206. [PMID: 37128983 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01016c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Interrogating the stacking of two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) as a function of chemical composition is important to leverage their properties. We explore the dependence of 2DP crystallinity and porosity on variable amounts of zwitterions contained within the pores and find that high zwitterion loadings consistently diminish 2DP materials quality. A competition between disruptive zwitterion electrostatic forces and alkyl stabilization directs the stacking order of each 2DP and demonstrates the contrasting effects of side chain composition on 2DP crystallinity and porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Oanta
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
| | - Chloe E Pelkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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42
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Cai P, Zhang H, Huang Y. A facile strategy to achieve
room‐temperature
organic long afterglow from melt processible, new two‐dimensional polyamide doped
γ‐polyamide
6. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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43
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Shen B, Pan C, Feng X, Kim J, Sun M, Lee M. Spontaneous Chirality Induction in the Assembly of a Single Layer 2D Network with Switchable Pores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202300658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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44
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Li X, Zhang K, Li Z, Yan Y, Yuan Y, Ma L, Xie K, Ping Loh K. Rational Design of Covalent Organic Frameworks as Gas Diffusion Layers for Multi-atmosphere Lithium-Air Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217869. [PMID: 36625674 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-aqueous Li-air batteries, despite their high energy density and low cost, have not been deployed practically due to their instability in ambient air, where moisture causes parasitic reactions and shortens their life drastically. Here, we demonstrate the rational design of nanoporous covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as effective gas diffusion layers (GDLs) to address this constraint. The COF GDLs, with a tailor-made pore size of ≈1.4 nm and superhydrophobicity, can limit the intrusion of organic electrolytes and moisture into the gas diffusion channels, enabling high capacity, fast kinetics, and excellent stability of the Li-air batteries. Moreover, we achieve multi-atmosphere Li-air batteries, which can stably cycle under open ambient air (relative humidity up to 95 %) and even in various atmospheres with looping oxygen, humid air, and carbon dioxide. The design principles of our COF GDLs can be universally applied in energy storage and electrochemical systems using organic electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Clean Energy, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 215400, Taicang, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Centre for Nano Energy Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, 266580, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Youguo Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, 266580, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yijia Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Centre for Nano Energy Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Keyu Xie
- Institute of Clean Energy, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 215400, Taicang, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Centre for Nano Energy Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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45
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Interfacial Synthesis of an Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Polymer Film via [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041930. [PMID: 36838919 PMCID: PMC9965025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A carbon-carbon-linked, ultrathin, two-dimensional (2D) polymer film was prepared at the air/water interface through photochemically triggered [2 + 2] cycloaddition. The preorganization of the monomers on the water surface and the subsequent photo-polymerization led to the successful preparation of the ultrathin 2D polymer film. The obtained film is continuous, free standing, and has a large area (over 50 μm2). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) give clear evidence of the ultrathin film morphology. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate successful photo-induced [2 + 2] polymerization.
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46
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Sprachmann J, Wachsmuth T, Bhosale M, Burmeister D, Smales GJ, Schmidt M, Kochovski Z, Grabicki N, Wessling R, List-Kratochvil EJW, Esser B, Dumele O. Antiaromatic Covalent Organic Frameworks Based on Dibenzopentalenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2840-2851. [PMID: 36701177 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite their inherent instability, 4n π systems have recently received significant attention due to their unique optical and electronic properties. In dibenzopentalene (DBP), benzanellation stabilizes the highly antiaromatic pentalene core, without compromising its amphoteric redox behavior or small HOMO-LUMO energy gap. However, incorporating such molecules in organic devices as discrete small molecules or amorphous polymers can limit the performance (e.g., due to solubility in the battery electrolyte solution or low internal surface area). Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), on the contrary, are highly ordered, porous, and crystalline materials that can provide a platform to align molecules with specific properties in a well-defined, ordered environment. We synthesized the first antiaromatic framework materials and obtained a series of three highly crystalline and porous COFs based on DBP. Potential applications of such antiaromatic bulk materials were explored: COF films show a conductivity of 4 × 10-8 S cm-1 upon doping and exhibit photoconductivity upon irradiation with visible light. Application as positive electrode materials in Li-organic batteries demonstrates a significant enhancement of performance when the antiaromaticity of the DBP unit in the COF is exploited in its redox activity with a discharge capacity of 26 mA h g-1 at a potential of 3.9 V vs. Li/Li+. This work showcases antiaromaticity as a new design principle for functional framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Sprachmann
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tommy Wachsmuth
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manik Bhosale
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - David Burmeister
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, IRIS Adlershof, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Glen J Smales
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Grabicki
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin Wessling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Emil J W List-Kratochvil
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, IRIS Adlershof, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Dumele
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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47
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Suzuki M, Miura M, Ohkubo E, Karimata H, Aizawa N, Yamada H, Nakayama KI. Possibilities and Limitations in Monomer Combinations for Ternary Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3008-3015. [PMID: 36710457 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The diversity and complexity of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can be largely increased by incorporating multiple types of monomers with different topologies or sizes. However, an increase in the number of monomer types significantly complicates the COF formation process. Accordingly, much remains unclear regarding the viability of monomer combinations for ternary or higher-arity COFs. Herein, we show that, through an extensive examination of 12 two-nodes-one-linker ([2 + 1]) combinations, monomer-set viability is determined primarily by the conformational strain originating from disordered monomer arrangements, rather than other factors such as the difference in COF formation kinetics between monomers. When monomers cannot accommodate the strain associated with the formation of a locally disordered, yet crystalline framework, the corresponding [2 + 1] condensation yields a mixture of different COFs or an amorphous polymer. We also demonstrate that a node-linker pair that does not form a binary COF can be integrated to generate a single-phase framework upon addition of a small amount of the third component. These results will clarify the factors behind the successful formation of multicomponent COFs and refine their design by enabling accurate differentiation between allowed and disallowed monomer combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Miura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Enzo Ohkubo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haru Karimata
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Naoya Aizawa
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakayama
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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48
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Yan M, Zhou J. Pillararene-Based Supramolecular Polymers for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031470. [PMID: 36771136 PMCID: PMC9919256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers have attracted considerable interest due to their intriguing features and functions. The dynamic reversibility of noncovalent interactions endows supramolecular polymers with tunable physicochemical properties, self-healing, and externally stimulated responses. Among them, pillararene-based supramolecular polymers show great potential for biomedical applications due to their fascinating host-guest interactions and easy modification. Herein, we summarize the state of the art of pillararene-based supramolecular polymers for cancer therapy and illustrate its developmental trend and future perspective.
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49
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Liu L, Geng B, Ji W, Wu L, Lei S, Hu W. A Highly Crystalline Single Layer 2D Polymer for Low Variability and Excellent Scalability Molecular Memristors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208377. [PMID: 36398525 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale growth of highly crystalline single layer 2D polymers (SL-2DPs) and their subsequent integration into memristors is key to advancing the development of high-density data storage devices. However, leakage problems resulting from the porous structure of 2DPs continue to make such advances extremely challenging. Herein, we overcome this issue by incorporating long alkoxy chains into key molecular building blocks to obtain a highly crystalline 2DP, as visualized by scanning tunneling microscopy, and prevent metal permeation in the subsequent device fabrication process. SL-2DP memristors constructed via direct evaporation of the top electrodes exhibit low variability (σVset = 0.14) due to the single-monomer-thick feature together with the high regular structure and coordination ability which minimizes the stochastic spatial distribution of conductive filaments (CFs) in both vertical and lateral dimensions. The variability is further decreased to 0.04 by confining the formation and fracture of CFs to the interface through the utilization of bilayer junctions. Using peak force tunneling atomic force microscopy, the nanometer scalability (< 50 nm2 ) and low power consumption of these molecular memristor devices are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Bowen Geng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Wenyan Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Lingli Wu
- Medical College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shengbin Lei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
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50
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A modular platform for the precise assembly of molecular frameworks composed of ion pairs. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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