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Chang R, Yan J, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wu K, Yang Y. Crohn's disease-associated Escherichia coli LF82 in the gut damage of germ-free honeybees: A laboratory study. Microb Pathog 2024; 187:106487. [PMID: 38158143 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Escherichia coli LF82 (LF82) is associated with Crohn's disease. The simplicity and genetic maneuverability of honeybees' gut microbiota make them suitable for studying host-microbe interactions. To understand the interaction between LF82 and host gut, LF82 was used to infect germ-free honeybees (Apis mellifera) orally. We found that LF82 successfully colonized the gut and shortened the lifespan of germ-free bees. LF82 altered the gut structure and significantly increased gut permeability. RT-qPCR showed that LF82 infection activated anti-infective immune pathways and upregulated the mRNAs levels of antimicrobial peptides in the gut of germ-free bees. The gut transcriptome showed that LF82 significantly upregulated genes involved in Notch signaling, adhesion junctions, and Toll and Imd signaling pathways and downregulated genes involved in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, protein digestion and absorption, and tyrosine metabolism. In conclusion, the human-derived enteropathogenic bacterium LF82 can successfully colonize the gut of germ-free honeybees and cause enteritis-like changes, which provides an ideal model organism for revealing the pathogenesis of bacterial-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqi Chang
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jingshuang Yan
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yiyuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | | | - Yunsheng Yang
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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2
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Hamed SA, Mohan A, Navaneetha Krishnan S, Wang A, Drikic M, Prince NL, Lewis IA, Shearer J, Keita ÅV, Söderholm JD, Shutt TE, McKay DM. Butyrate reduces adherent-invasive E. coli-evoked disruption of epithelial mitochondrial morphology and barrier function: involvement of free fatty acid receptor 3. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2281011. [PMID: 38078655 PMCID: PMC10730202 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2281011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut bacteria provide benefits to the host and have been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), where adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) pathobionts (e.g., strain LF82) are associated with Crohn's disease. E. coli-LF82 causes fragmentation of the epithelial mitochondrial network, leading to increased epithelial permeability. We hypothesized that butyrate would limit the epithelial mitochondrial disruption caused by E. coli-LF82. Human colonic organoids and the T84 epithelial cell line infected with E. coli-LF82 (MOI = 100, 4 h) showed a significant increase in mitochondrial network fission that was reduced by butyrate (10 mM) co-treatment. Butyrate reduced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by E. coli-LF82 and increased expression of PGC-1α mRNA, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Metabolomics revealed that butyrate significantly altered E. coli-LF82 central carbon metabolism leading to diminished glucose uptake and increased succinate secretion. Correlating with preservation of mitochondrial network form/function, butyrate reduced E. coli-LF82 transcytosis across T84-cell monolayers. The use of the G-protein inhibitor, pertussis toxin, implicated GPCR signaling as critical to the effect of butyrate, and the free fatty acid receptor three (FFAR3, GPR41) agonist, AR420626, reproduced butyrate's effect in terms of ameliorating the loss of barrier function and reducing the mitochondrial fragmentation observed in E. coli-LF82 infected T84-cells and organoids. These data indicate that butyrate helps maintain epithelial mitochondrial form/function when challenged by E. coli-LF82 and that this occurs, at least in part, via FFAR3. Thus, loss of butyrate-producing bacteria in IBD in the context of pathobionts would contribute to loss of epithelial mitochondrial and barrier functions that could evoke disease and/or exaggerate a low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira A. Hamed
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Armaan Mohan
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Saranya Navaneetha Krishnan
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Arthur Wang
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Marija Drikic
- Calgary Metabolomics Research Facility, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Nicole L. Prince
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ian A. Lewis
- Calgary Metabolomics Research Facility, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Åsa V. Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan D. Söderholm
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Timothy E. Shutt
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Derek M. McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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3
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Cangui-Panchi SP, Ñacato-Toapanta AL, Enríquez-Martínez LJ, Salinas-Delgado GA, Reyes J, Garzon-Chavez D, Machado A. Battle royale: Immune response on biofilms – host-pathogen interactions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 4:100057. [PMID: 37025390 PMCID: PMC10070391 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2023.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The research interest of the scientific community in biofilm-forming microorganisms is growing due to the problems caused by their infections affecting humans and animals, mainly because of the difficulty of the host immune system in eradicating these microbial complex communities and the increasing antimicrobial resistance rates worldwide. This review describes the virulence factors and their interaction with the microbial communities of four well-known and highly biofilm-forming pathogens, more exactly, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Candida spp. The innate and adaptive immune responses caused by the infection with these microorganisms and their evasion to the host immune system by biofilm formation are discussed in the present work. The relevance of the differences in the expression of certain virulence factors and the immune response in biofilm-associated infections when compared to planktonic infections is usually described as the biofilm architecture protects the pathogen and alters the host immune responses, here we extensively discussed these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pamela Cangui-Panchi
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Instituto de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Anahí Lizbeth Ñacato-Toapanta
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Instituto de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Leonardo Joshué Enríquez-Martínez
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Instituto de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela Alexandra Salinas-Delgado
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Instituto de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Reyes
- Hospital del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social (IESS) Quito-Sur, Quito, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Garzon-Chavez
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Quito, Ecuador
| | - António Machado
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Instituto de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Quito, Ecuador
- Corresponding author.
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4
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Spalinger MR, Shawki A, Chatterjee P, Canale V, Santos A, Sayoc-Becerra A, Scharl M, Tremblay ML, Borneman J, McCole DF. Autoimmune susceptibility gene PTPN2 is required for clearance of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli by integrating bacterial uptake and lysosomal defence. Gut 2022; 71:89-99. [PMID: 33563644 PMCID: PMC8666829 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alterations in the intestinal microbiota are linked with a wide range of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), where pathobionts penetrate the intestinal barrier and promote inflammatory reactions. In patients with IBD, the ability of intestinal macrophages to efficiently clear invading pathogens is compromised resulting in increased bacterial translocation and excessive immune reactions. Here, we investigated how an IBD-associated loss-of-function variant in the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2) gene, or loss of PTPN2 expression affected the ability of macrophages to respond to invading bacteria. DESIGN IBD patient-derived macrophages with wild-type (WT) PTPN2 or carrying the IBD-associated PTPN2 SNP, peritoneal macrophages from WT and constitutive PTPN2-knockout mice, as well as mice specifically lacking PTPN2 in macrophages were infected with non-invasive K12 Escherichia coli, the human adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) LF82, or a novel mouse AIEC (mAIEC) strain. RESULTS Loss of PTPN2 severely compromises the ability of macrophages to clear invading bacteria. Specifically, loss of functional PTPN2 promoted pathobiont invasion/uptake into macrophages and intracellular survival/proliferation by three distinct mechanisms: Increased bacterial uptake was mediated by enhanced expression of carcinoembryonic antigen cellular adhesion molecule (CEACAM)1 and CEACAM6 in PTPN2-deficient cells, while reduced bacterial clearance resulted from defects in autophagy coupled with compromised lysosomal acidification. In vivo, mice lacking PTPN2 in macrophages were more susceptible to mAIEC infection and mAIEC-induced disease. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a tripartite regulatory mechanism by which PTPN2 preserves macrophage antibacterial function, thus crucially contributing to host defence against invading bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Rebecca Spalinger
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ali Shawki
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Pritha Chatterjee
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Vinicius Canale
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Alina Santos
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Anica Sayoc-Becerra
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James Borneman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Declan F McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
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Mayorgas A, Dotti I, Martínez-Picola M, Esteller M, Bonet-Rossinyol Q, Ricart E, Salas A, Martínez-Medina M. A Novel Strategy to Study the Invasive Capability of Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli by Using Human Primary Organoid-Derived Epithelial Monolayers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:646906. [PMID: 33854511 PMCID: PMC8039293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.646906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) has been linked to the pathogenesis of Crohn’s Disease. AIEC’s characteristics, as well as its interaction with the gut immune system and its role in intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, the currently available techniques to investigate the cross-talk between this pathogen and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are based on the infection of immortalized cell lines. Despite their many advantages, cell lines cannot reproduce the conditions in tissues, nor do they reflect interindividual variability or gut location-specific traits. In that sense, the use of human primary cultures, either healthy or diseased, offers a system that can overcome all of these limitations. Here, we developed a new infection model by using freshly isolated human IECs. For the first time, we generated and infected monolayer cultures derived from human colonic organoids to study the mechanisms and effects of AIEC adherence and invasion on primary human epithelial cells. To establish the optimal conditions for AIEC invasion studies in human primary organoid-derived epithelial monolayers, we designed an infection-kinetics study to assess the infection dynamics at different time points, as well as with two multiplicities of infection (MOI). Overall, this method provides a model for the study of host response to AIEC infections, as well as for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in adhesion, invasion and intracellular replication. Therefore, it represents a promising tool for elucidating the cross-talk between AIEC and the intestinal epithelium in healthy and diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Mayorgas
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBER-EHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabella Dotti
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBER-EHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Picola
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBER-EHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Esteller
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBER-EHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Queralt Bonet-Rossinyol
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Elena Ricart
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBER-EHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azucena Salas
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBER-EHD, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Mancini NL, Rajeev S, Jayme TS, Wang A, Keita ÅV, Workentine ML, Hamed S, Söderholm JD, Lopes F, Shutt TE, Shearer J, McKay DM. Crohn's Disease Pathobiont Adherent-Invasive E coli Disrupts Epithelial Mitochondrial Networks With Implications for Gut Permeability. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:551-571. [PMID: 32992049 PMCID: PMC7797367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli are implicated in inflammatory bowel disease, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in biopsy specimens from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. As a novel aspect of adherent-invasive E coli-epithelial interaction, we hypothesized that E coli (strain LF82) would elicit substantial disruption of epithelial mitochondrial form and function. METHODS Monolayers of human colon-derived epithelial cell lines were exposed to E coli-LF82 or commensal E coli and RNA sequence analysis, mitochondrial function (adenosine triphosphate synthesis) and dynamics (mitochondrial network imaging, immunoblotting for fission and fusion proteins), and epithelial permeability (transepithelial resistance, flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran and bacteria) were assessed. RESULTS E coli-LF82 significantly affected epithelial expression of ∼8600 genes, many relating to mitochondrial function. E coli-LF82-infected epithelia showed swollen mitochondria, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate, and fragmentation of the mitochondrial network: events not observed with dead E coli-LF82, medium from bacterial cultures, or control E coli. Treatment with Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor 1 (Mdivi1, inhibits dynamin-related peptide 1, guanosine triphosphatase principally responsible for mitochondrial fission) or P110 (prevents dynamin-related peptide 1 binding to mitochondrial fission 1 protein) partially reduced E coli-LF82-induced mitochondrial fragmentation in the short term. E coli-LF82-infected epithelia showed loss of the long isoform of optic atrophy factor 1, which mediates mitochondrial fusion. Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor 1 reduced the magnitude of E coli-LF82-induced increased transepithelial flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran. By 8 hours after infection, increased cytosolic cytochrome C and DNA fragmentation were apparent without evidence of caspase-3 or apoptosis inducing factor activation. CONCLUSIONS Epithelial mitochondrial fragmentation caused by E coli-LF82 could be targeted to maintain cellular homeostasis and mitigate infection-induced loss of epithelial barrier function. Data have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus and are accessible through GEO series accession numbers GSE154121 and GSE154122 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE154121).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Mancini
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sruthi Rajeev
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy S Jayme
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arthur Wang
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Samira Hamed
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johan D Söderholm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Surgery, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fernando Lopes
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy E Shutt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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The Compromised Intestinal Barrier Induced by Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100619. [PMID: 32998222 PMCID: PMC7600953 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that occur in human foods and animal feeds, potentially threatening human and animal health. The intestine is considered as the first barrier against these external contaminants, and it consists of interconnected physical, chemical, immunological, and microbial barriers. In this context, based on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, we summarize the literature for compromised intestinal barrier issues caused by various mycotoxins, and we reviewed events related to disrupted intestinal integrity (physical barrier), thinned mucus layer (chemical barrier), imbalanced inflammatory factors (immunological barrier), and dysfunctional bacterial homeostasis (microbial barrier). We also provide important information on deoxynivalenol, a leading mycotoxin implicated in intestinal dysfunction, and other adverse intestinal effects induced by other mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. In addition, intestinal perturbations caused by mycotoxins may also contribute to the development of mycotoxicosis, including human chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we provide a clear understanding of compromised intestinal barrier induced by mycotoxins, with a view to potentially develop innovative strategies to prevent and treat mycotoxicosis. In addition, because of increased combinatorial interactions between mycotoxins, we explore the interactive effects of multiple mycotoxins in this review.
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8
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Perna A, Hay E, Contieri M, De Luca A, Guerra G, Lucariello A. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC): Cause or consequence of inflammation, dysbiosis, and rupture of cellular joints in patients with IBD? J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5041-5049. [PMID: 31898324 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are many factors contributing to the development of gastrointestinal diseases, grouped into genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. In recent years attention has fallen on pathogens; in particular, Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Helicobacter pylori have been studied. Several points remain to be clarified, and above all, as regards the adherent-invasive E. coli strains of E. coli, one wonders if they are a cause or a consequence of the disease. In this review, we have tried to clarify some points by examining a series of recent publications regarding the involvement of the bacterium in the pathology, even if other studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Perna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Eleonora Hay
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcella Contieri
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Angela Lucariello
- Department of Sport Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
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9
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Mucosal microbial load in Crohn's disease: A potential predictor of response to faecal microbiota transplantation. EBioMedicine 2020; 51:102611. [PMID: 31901867 PMCID: PMC6948165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.102611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The remission of Crohn's disease (CD) can be accomplished by faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). However, this procedure has a low success rate, which could be attributed to mis-communication between recipient intestinal mucosa and donor microbiota. METHODS Here we used a human explant tissue model and an in vivo mouse model to examine changes in recipient intestinal mucosa upon contact with a faecal suspension (FS) obtained from a healthy donor. CD patients provided resected inflamed and non-inflamed mucosal tissues, whereas control colonic mucosa samples were collected from colorectal cancer patients. For the models, mucosal microbiome composition and tissue response were evaluated. FINDINGS We show that cytokine release and tissue damage were significantly greater in inflamed compared to non-inflamed CD tissues. Moreover, mucosal samples harbouring an initial low microbial load presented a shift in composition towards that of the FS, an increase in the relative count of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and a higher secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 compared to those with a high microbial load. INTERPRETATION Our results indicate that FMT during active inflammatory disease can compromise treatment outcome. We recommend the stratification of FMT recipients on the basis of tissue microbial load as a strategy to ensure successful colonization. FUNDING This study was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III/FEDER (PI17/00614), the European Commission: (INCOMED-267128) and PERIS (SLT002/16). K.M. is a postdoctoral fellow and S.V. a senior clinical investigator of the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders, Belgium (FWO-Vlaanderen).
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10
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Yue B, Luo X, Yu Z, Mani S, Wang Z, Dou W. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Potential Result from the Collusion between Gut Microbiota and Mucosal Immune System. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100440. [PMID: 31614539 PMCID: PMC6843348 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Host health depends on the intestinal homeostasis between the innate/adaptive immune system and the microbiome. Numerous studies suggest that gut microbiota are constantly monitored by the host mucosal immune system, and any slight disturbance in the microbial communities may contribute to intestinal immune disruption and increased susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis between microbiota composition and the mucosal immune system is an effective approach to prevent and control IBD. The overall theme of this review is to summarize the research concerning the pathogenesis of IBD, with particular focus on the factors of gut microbiota-mucosal immune interactions in IBD. This is a comprehensive and in-depth report of the crosstalk between gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system in IBD pathogenesis, which may provide insight into the further evaluation of the therapeutic strategies for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Yue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SHUTCM), Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SHUTCM), Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhilun Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SHUTCM), Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SHUTCM), Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wei Dou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SHUTCM), Shanghai 201203, China.
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11
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Bou-Hanna C, Jarry A, Mosnier JF, Bossard C, Laboisse CL. The double stranded RNA analog poly-IC elicits both robust IFN-λ production and oncolytic activity in human gastrointestinal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34471-34484. [PMID: 30349642 PMCID: PMC6195374 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Type III IFN (IFN-λ) is the dominant frontline response over type I IFN in human normal intestinal epithelial cells upon viral infection, this response being mimicked by the dsRNA analog poly-IC. Poly-IC also induces cell death in murine intestinal crypts ex vivo. Here we examined whether these innate defense functions of normal intestinal epithelial cells are recapitulated in gastrointestinal carcinoma cells so that they could be harnessed to exert both immunoadjuvant and oncolytic functions, an unknown issue yet. Experimental design Four human gastrointestinal carcinoma cell lines versus the Jurkat lymphoma cell line were used to assess the effects of intracellular poly-IC on i) IFN-λ secretion and cell proliferation and ii) role of NFκB signaling using the NFκB inhibitory peptide SN50 as a screening probe and a siRNA approach. Results Poly-IC induced in all cell lines except Jurkat both a robust IFN-λ secretion and a cytoreductive effect on adherent cells, restricted to proliferating cells and associated with cellular shedding and reduced clonogenicity of the shed cells. Collectively these findings demonstrate the oncolytic activity of poly-IC. Inhibiting NFκB in T84 cells using a siRNA approach decreased IFN-λ production without protecting the cells from the poly-IC oncolytic effects. In line with these findings IFN-λ, that upregulated the anti-viral protein MxA, was unable per se to alter T84 cell proliferation. Conclusion Our demonstration that poly-IC-induced concomitant recapitulation of two innate functions of normal intestine, i.e. IFN-λ production and cell death, by human gastrointestinal cancer cells opens new perspectives in gastrointestinal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Jarry
- University of Nantes, EA4273 Biometadys, Nantes, France.,Current address: CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-François Mosnier
- University of Nantes, EA4273 Biometadys, Nantes, France.,Pathology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Céline Bossard
- University of Nantes, EA4273 Biometadys, Nantes, France.,Current address: CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Pathology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Christian L Laboisse
- University of Nantes, EA4273 Biometadys, Nantes, France.,Pathology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
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12
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Palmela C, Chevarin C, Xu Z, Torres J, Sevrin G, Hirten R, Barnich N, Ng SC, Colombel JF. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2018; 67:574-587. [PMID: 29141957 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiome dysbiosis has been consistently described in patients with IBD. In the last decades, Escherichia coli, and the adherent-invasive E coli (AIEC) pathotype in particular, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. Since the discovery of AIEC, two decades ago, progress has been made in unravelling these bacteria characteristics and its interaction with the gut immune system. The mechanisms of adhesion of AIEC to intestinal epithelial cells (via FimH and cell adhesion molecule 6) and its ability to escape autophagy when inside macrophages are reviewed here. We also explore the existing data on the prevalence of AIEC in patients with Crohn's disease and UC, and the association between the presence of AIEC and disease location, activity and postoperative recurrence. Finally, we highlight potential therapeutic strategies targeting AIEC colonisation of gut mucosa, including the use of phage therapy, bacteriocins and antiadhesive molecules. These strategies may open new avenues for the prevention and treatment of IBD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Palmela
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Caroline Chevarin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Zhilu Xu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joana Torres
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Gwladys Sevrin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Robert Hirten
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Siew C Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
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13
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Cannabidiol and palmitoylethanolamide are anti-inflammatory in the acutely inflamed human colon. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2611-2626. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20171288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We sought to quantify the anti-inflammatory effects of two cannabinoid drugs, cannabidiol (CBD) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), in cultured cell lines and compared this effect with experimentally inflamed explant human colonic tissue. These effects were explored in acutely and chronically inflamed colon, using inflammatory bowel disease and appendicitis explants.
Design: Caco-2 cells and human colonic explants collected from elective bowel cancer, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or acute appendicitis resections, and were treated with the following drug treatments: vehicle, an inflammatory protocol of interferon γ (IFNγ) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα; 10 ng/ml), inflammation and PEA (10 µM), inflammation and CBD (10 µM), and PEA or CBD alone, CBD or vehicle were added simultaneously with IFNγ. Nine intracellular signalling phosphoproteins were determined by multiplex. Inflammatory cytokine secretion was determined using ELISA. Receptor mechanisms were investigated using antagonists for CB1, CB2, PPARα, PPARγ, TRPV1 and GPR55.
Results: IFNγ and TNFα treatment increased phosphoprotein and cytokine levels in Caco-2 cultures and colonic explants. Phosphoprotein levels were significantly reduced by PEA or CBD in Caco-2 cultures and colonic explants. CBD and PEA prevented increases in cytokine production in explant colon, but not in Caco-2 cells. CBD effects were blocked by the CB2 antagonist AM630 and TRPV1 antagonist SB366791. PEA effects were blocked by the PPARα antagonist GW6471. PEA and CBD were anti-inflammatory in IBD and appendicitis explants.
Conclusion: PEA and CBD are anti-inflammatory in the human colon. This effect is not seen in cultured epithelial cells. Appropriately sized clinical trials should assess their efficacy.
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14
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Abstract
The human gut is home to trillions of bacteria and provides the scaffold for one of the most complex microbial ecosystems in nature. Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease, involve a compositional shift in the microbial constituents of this ecosystem with a marked expansion of Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Escherichia coli. Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) strains are frequently isolated from the biopsies of Crohn's patients, where their ability to elicit inflammation suggests a possible role in Crohn's pathology. Here, we consider the origins of the AIEC pathovar and discuss how risk factors associated with Crohn's disease might influence AIEC colonization dynamics within the host to alter the overall disease potential of the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Elhenawy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Oberc
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brian K. Coombes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, ON, Canada,CONTACT Brian K. Coombes , Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, MDCL 2319, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4K1
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15
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Beloqui A, des Rieux A, Préat V. Mechanisms of transport of polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles across the intestinal barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:242-255. [PMID: 27117710 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the mechanisms of nanoparticle transport across the intestinal barrier is essential for designing more efficient nanoparticles for oral administration. The physicochemical parameters of the nanoparticles (e.g., size, surface charge, chemical composition) dictate nanoparticle fate across the intestinal barrier. This review aims to address the most important findings regarding polymeric and lipidic nanoparticle transport across the intestinal barrier, including the evaluation of critical physicochemical parameters of nanoparticles that affect nanocarrier interactions with the intestinal barrier.
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16
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Russo I, Zeppa P, Iovino P, Del Giorno C, Zingone F, Bucci C, Puzziello A, Ciacci C. The culture of gut explants: A model to study the mucosal response. J Immunol Methods 2016; 438:1-10. [PMID: 27475701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Various experimental model designs have been used to analyze the inflammatory pathways in human gastrointestinal illnesses. Traditionally, analytical techniques and animal models are popular experimental tools to study the inflammation process of intestinal diseases. However, the comparison of results between animal and human models is difficult for the inconsistency of outcomes. Although there are different animal models for studying the intestinal diseases, none of them fully represents the physiological and environmental conditions typical of the human species. Also, there is currently a concerted effort to decrease the experimental use of animals. On the converse, experimental protocols using the culture of gut mucosa had become popular with the advent of endoscopy which allows explanting multiple fragments from the intestine. The peculiar characteristic of this model is the ability to preserve in vitro the features that we found in vivo, thus also the response to various stimuli that differs from person to person. The aim of the present paper is to provide a review of some of the possible uses of the organ intestinal mucosa culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Russo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Pio Zeppa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Paola Iovino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Chiara Del Giorno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Fabiana Zingone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Cristina Bucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessandro Puzziello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Carolina Ciacci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, University of Salerno, Italy.
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17
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The Adherent/Invasive Escherichia coli Strain LF82 Invades and Persists in Human Prostate Cell Line RWPE-1, Activating a Strong Inflammatory Response. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3105-3113. [PMID: 27600504 PMCID: PMC5067744 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00438-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherent/invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) strains have recently been receiving increased attention because they are more prevalent and persistent in the intestine of Crohn's disease (CD) patients than in healthy subjects. Since AIEC strains show a high percentage of similarity to extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), neonatal meningitis-associated E. coli (NMEC), and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains, here we compared AIEC strain LF82 with a UPEC isolate (strain EC73) to assess whether LF82 would be able to infect prostate cells as an extraintestinal target. The virulence phenotypes of both strains were determined by using the RWPE-1 prostate cell line. The results obtained indicated that LF82 and EC73 are able to adhere to, invade, and survive within prostate epithelial cells. Invasion was confirmed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Moreover, cytochalasin D and colchicine strongly inhibited bacterial uptake of both strains, indicating the involvement of actin microfilaments and microtubules in host cell invasion. Moreover, both strains belong to phylogenetic group B2 and are strong biofilm producers. In silico analysis reveals that LF82 shares with UPEC strains several virulence factors: namely, type 1 pili, the group II capsule, the vacuolating autotransporter toxin, four iron uptake systems, and the pathogenic island (PAI). Furthermore, compared to EC73, LF82 induces in RWPE-1 cells a marked increase of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and of NF-κB already by 5 min postinfection, thus inducing a strong inflammatory response. Our in vitro data support the hypothesis that AIEC strains might play a role in prostatitis, and, by exploiting host-cell signaling pathways controlling the innate immune response, likely facilitate bacterial multiplication and dissemination within the male genitourinary tract.
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18
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Ajjampur SSR, Png CW, Chia WN, Zhang Y, Tan KSW. Ex Vivo and In Vivo Mice Models to Study Blastocystis spp. Adhesion, Colonization and Pathology: Closer to Proving Koch's Postulates. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160458. [PMID: 27508942 PMCID: PMC4979897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis spp. are widely prevalent extra cellular, non-motile anerobic protists that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. Although Blastocystis spp. have been associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, irritable bowel syndrome and urticaria, their clinical significance has remained controversial. We established an ex vivo mouse explant model to characterize adhesion in the context of tissue architecture and presence of the mucin layer. Using confocal microscopy with tissue whole mounts and two axenic isolates of Blastocystis spp., subtype 7 with notable differences in adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), isolate B (ST7-B) and isolate H (more adhesive, ST7-H), we showed that adhesion is both isolate dependent and tissue trophic. The more adhesive isolate, ST7-H was found to bind preferentially to the colon tissue than caecum and terminal ileum. Both isolates were also found to have mucinolytic effects. We then adapted a DSS colitis mouse model as a susceptible model to study colonization and acute infection by intra-caecal inoculation of trophic Blastocystis spp.cells. We found that the more adhesive isolate ST7-H was also a better colonizer with more mice shedding parasites and for a longer duration than ST7-B. Adhesion and colonization was also associated with increased virulence as ST7-H infected mice showed greater tissue damage than ST7-B. Both the ex vivo and in vivo models used in this study showed that Blastocystis spp. remain luminal and predominantly associated with mucin. This was further confirmed using colonic loop experiments. We were also successfully able to re-infect a second batch of mice with ST7-H isolates obtained from fecal cultures and demonstrated similar histopathological findings and tissue damage thereby coming closer to proving Koch’s postulates for this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitara S. R. Ajjampur
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545
| | - Chin Wen Png
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545
| | - Kevin S. W. Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545
- * E-mail:
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19
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McLoughlin K, Schluter J, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Smith A, Foster K. Host Selection of Microbiota via Differential Adhesion. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:550-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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