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Zhu L, Chen C, Kang M, Ma X, Sun X, Xue Y, Fang Y. KIF11 serves as a cell cycle mediator in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:15609-15622. [PMID: 37656243 PMCID: PMC10620298 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify key gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and their enriched biological functions and signaling pathways. METHODS Array data of the GSE73578 dataset, involving 46 childhood ALL samples, were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Hub modules associated with childhood ALL were screened out by WGCNA. Enriched biological functions and signaling pathways were then identified by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Hub genes were selected by overlapping those between down-regulated genes in GSE73578, GSE4698 and the hub module. Guilt by association (GBA) was adopted to verify the function of the identified KIF11 gene and to predict its target genes. Regulatory effects of KIF11 on the proliferation and cell cycle progression of ALL in vitro were determined by cytological experiments. RESULTS WGCNA showed that the yellow module was the most relevant to childhood ALL treatment, containing 698 genes that were enriched in cell division, mitotic nuclear division, DNA replication and DNA repair, cell cycle, DNA replication and the P53 signaling pathway. The KIF11 gene was screened out and predicted as a cell cycle mediator in childhood ALL. Knockdown of KIF11 in ALL cells inhibited cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle progression in G2/M phase. CONCLUSIONS The KIF11 gene is critical in the treatment process of childhood ALL, which is a promising therapeutic target for childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuqin Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meiyun Kang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ma
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yao Xue
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongjun Fang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 220000, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Jackson JT, Nutt SL, McCormack MP. The Haematopoietically-expressed homeobox transcription factor: roles in development, physiology and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1197490. [PMID: 37398663 PMCID: PMC10313424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Haematopoietically expressed homeobox transcription factor (Hhex) is a transcriptional repressor that is of fundamental importance across species, as evident by its evolutionary conservation spanning fish, amphibians, birds, mice and humans. Indeed, Hhex maintains its vital functions throughout the lifespan of the organism, beginning in the oocyte, through fundamental stages of embryogenesis in the foregut endoderm. The endodermal development driven by Hhex gives rise to endocrine organs such as the pancreas in a process which is likely linked to its role as a risk factor in diabetes and pancreatic disorders. Hhex is also required for the normal development of the bile duct and liver, the latter also importantly being the initial site of haematopoiesis. These haematopoietic origins are governed by Hhex, leading to its crucial later roles in definitive haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal, lymphopoiesis and haematological malignancy. Hhex is also necessary for the developing forebrain and thyroid gland, with this reliance on Hhex evident in its role in endocrine disorders later in life including a potential role in Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the roles of Hhex in embryological development throughout evolution appear to be linked to its later roles in a variety of disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Jackson
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen L. Nutt
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew P. McCormack
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- iCamuno Biotherapeutics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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Synthesis, crystal structure and molecular docking study of new monastrol analogues as inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Luo Y, Liu W, Zhu Y, Tian Y, Wu K, Ji L, Ding L, Zhang W, Gao T, Liu X, Zhao J. KIF11 as a potential cancer prognostic marker promotes tumorigenesis in children with Wilms tumor. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 39:145-157. [PMID: 34378481 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2021.1953655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that KIF11 could play a pivotal role in cancer cell proliferation; however, its biological functions and molecular mechanisms in Wilms tumor (WT) cells are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance and therapeutic potential of KIF11 proteins in WT. KIF11 expression in WT tissues and adjacent nontumor tissues was determined using qRT-PCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and bioinformatics. The function of KIF11 protein was determined by its correlation with tumor cell growth, angiogenesis, and apoptosis using IHC and lentiviral vector-mediated KIF11 depletion. KIF11 expression was upregulated in WT tissues and was associated with WT clinical outcomes. Tumor KIF11 expression was significantly associated with the Ki67 proliferation index. CCK-8, flow-cytometric analysis, and Western blotting revealed that KIF11 knockdown significantly inhibited WT cell growth. Functional studies have indicated that increased KIF11 expression is significantly correlated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and intratumoral microvessel density. We further confirmed that downregulated expression of KIF11 promoted cell apoptosis and significantly increased Bcl-2 and Bax expression. Our findings demonstrate that KIF11 plays a role in promoting the development of human WT and can serve as a potential molecular marker for the treatment of WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Luo
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Yinmei Zhu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yongshen Tian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Linghua Ji
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Li Ding
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai children's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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5
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Garcia-Saez I, Skoufias DA. Eg5 targeting agents: From new anti-mitotic based inhibitor discovery to cancer therapy and resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 184:114364. [PMID: 33310050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eg5, the product of Kif11 gene, also known as kinesin spindle protein, is a motor protein involved in the proper establishment of a bipolar mitotic spindle. Eg5 is one of the 45 different kinesins coded in the human genome of the kinesin motor protein superfamily. Over the last three decades Eg5 has attracted great interest as a promising new mitotic target. The identification of monastrol as specific inhibitor of the ATPase activity of the motor domain of Eg5 inhibiting the Eg5 microtubule motility in vitro and in cellulo sparked an intense interest in academia and industry to pursue the identification of novel small molecules that target Eg5 in order to be used in cancer chemotherapy based on the anti-mitotic strategy. Several Eg5 inhibitors entered clinical trials. Currently the field is faced with the problem that most of the inhibitors tested exhibited only limited efficacy. However, one Eg5 inhibitor, Arry-520 (clinical name filanesib), has demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients with multiple myeloma and is scheduled to enter phase III clinical trials. At the same time, new trends in Eg5 inhibitor research are emerging, including an increased interest in novel inhibitor binding sites and a focus on drug synergy with established antitumor agents to improve chemotherapeutic efficacy. This review presents an updated view of the structure and function of Eg5-inhibitor complexes, traces the possible development of resistance to Eg5 inhibitors and their potential therapeutic applications, and surveys the current challenges and future directions of this active field in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Garcia-Saez
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dimitrios A Skoufias
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France.
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El-Hamamsy MH, Sharafeldin NA, El-Moselhy TF, Tawfik HO. Design, synthesis, and molecular docking study of new monastrol analogues as kinesin spindle protein inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000060. [PMID: 32452567 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lung, colorectal, and breast cancers are the top three types of cancer by incidence and are responsible for one-third of the cancer incidence and mortality. A series of 18 3,4-dihydropyrimidine analogues bearing a 1,2-methylenedioxybenzene component at position 4 with diverse side chains at positions 5 and 6 was designed and synthesized as inhibitors of the Eg5 kinesin enzyme. Target compounds were screened for their anticancer activity according to the NCI-USA protocol toward a panel of 60 cancer cell lines. Compounds 12a and 12b displayed the best antiproliferation activity against many cell lines. Interestingly, compound 12a displayed lethal effects against non-small-cell lung cancer NCI-H522 cells (-42.26%) and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells (-1.10%) at a single-dose assay concentration of 10-5 M. Compounds 11c, 11d, 11g, 12a-d, 13, 15, and 18a were assayed against the kinesin enzyme, with IC50 values ranging from 1.2 to 18.71 μM, which were more potent compared with monastrol (IC50 = 20 μM). Cell cycle analysis of NCI-H522 cells treated with compound 12a showed cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Furthermore, the expression levels of active caspase-3 and -9 were measured. A molecular docking study was performed for some demonstrative compounds as well as monastrol docked into the allosteric binding site of the kinesin spindle protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat H El-Hamamsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nabaweya A Sharafeldin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Tarek F El-Moselhy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Haytham O Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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7
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Wang B, Yu J, Sun Z, Luh F, Lin D, Shen Y, Wang T, Zhang Q, Liu X. Kinesin family member 11 is a potential therapeutic target and is suppressed by microRNA-30a in breast cancer. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:908-922. [PMID: 32346924 PMCID: PMC7384136 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin family member 11 (KIF11) is a plus end‐directed kinesin indispensable for the formation of the bipolar spindle in metaphase, where it objects to the action of minus end‐directed molecular motors. Here, we hypothesize that KIF11 might be a therapeutic target of breast cancer and regulated by miR‐30a. Cell Counting Kit 8 assays were used to investigate cell proliferation. Invasion assays were used to survey the motility of cells. Kaplan‐Meier and Cox proportional analyses were employed for this outcome study. The prognostic significance and performance of KIF11 were validated on 17 worldwide independent microarray datasets and two The Cancer Genome Atlas‐Breast Invasive Carcinoma sets. microRNA was predicted targeting KIF11 through sequence alignment in microRNA.org and confirmed by coexpression analysis in human breast cancer samples. Dual‐luciferase reporter assays were employed to validate the interaction between miR‐30a and KIF11 further. Higher KIF11 mRNA levels and lower miR‐30a were significantly associated with poor survival of breast cancer patients. Inhibition of KIF11 by small‐hairpin RNA significantly reduced the proliferation and invasion capabilities of the breast cancer cells. Meanwhile, downregulation of KIF11 could enhance the cytotoxicity of adriamycin in breast cancer cell lines MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231. A population study also validated that chemotherapy and radiotherapy significantly improved survival in early‐stage breast cancer patients with low KIF11 expression levels. Further bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that miR‐30a could interact with KIF11 and validated by dual‐luciferase reporter assays. Therefore, KIF11 is a potential therapeutic target of breast cancer. miR‐30a could specifically interact with KIF11 and suppress its expression in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benfang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangyin People's Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Jiangyin, China
| | - Jianjiang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangyin People's Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Jiangyin, China
| | - Zhenjiang Sun
- MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology-Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Frank Luh
- Sino-American Cancer Foundation, Temple City, California
| | - Dandan Lin
- MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology-Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Shen
- MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology-Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Chinese-Western Medicine Integrative Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiyong Liu
- Sino-American Cancer Foundation, Temple City, California.,Department of Tumor Biomarker Development, California Cancer Institute, Temple City, California
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8
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Algarín EM, Hernández-García S, Garayoa M, Ocio EM. Filanesib for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 29:5-14. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1703179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Hernández-García
- Cancer Research Center (IBMCC-CSIC-USAL), University Hospital of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mercedes Garayoa
- Cancer Research Center (IBMCC-CSIC-USAL), University Hospital of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique M. Ocio
- University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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9
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Sherin L, Farwa S, Sohail A, Li Z, Bég OA. Cancer drug therapy and stochastic modeling of "nano-motors". Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6429-6440. [PMID: 30410329 PMCID: PMC6198871 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s168780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Controlled inhibition of kinesin motor proteins is highly desired in the field of oncology. Among other interventions, there exists “targeted chemotherapeutic regime/options” of selective Eg5 competitive and allosteric inhibitors, inducing cancer cell apoptosis and tumor regression with improved safety profiles. Research question Though promising, such studies are still under clinical trials, for the discovery of efficient and least harmful Eg5 inhibitors. The aim of this research was to bridge the computational modeling approach with drug design and therapy of cancer cells. Methods A computational model, interfaced with the clinical data of “Eg5 dynamics” and “inhibitors” via special functions, is presented in this article. Comparisons are made for the drug efficacy, and the threshold values are predicted through numerical simulations. Results Results are obtained to depict the dynamics induced by ispinesib, when used as an inhibitor of kinesin Eg5, on cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Sherin
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shabieh Farwa
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Sohail
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, Pakistan,
| | - Zhiwu Li
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.,School of Electro-Mechanical Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - O Anwar Bég
- Fluid Mechanics, Spray Research Group, Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, G77, University of Salford, Manchester M54WT, UK
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Jin Q, Huang F, Wang X, Zhu H, Xian Y, Li J, Zhang S, Ni Q. High Eg5 expression predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:62208-62216. [PMID: 28977938 PMCID: PMC5617498 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eg5 is a motor protein belonging to the kinesin-5 family and has been suggested to exert important function in tumors. In this study, we determined the mRNA and protein expression levels of Eg5 in cancerous and non-cancerous breast tissue by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and tissue microarray immunohistochemistry analysis (TMA-IHC) respectively. The results of 20 fresh-frozen BC samples demonstrated that Eg5 mRNA levels were significantly higher in BC tissues compared with corresponding non-cancerous tissue (p = 0.0009). TMA-IHC analysis in 127 BC tissues revealed that Eg5 expression obviously correlated with clinicopathologial parameters, including tumor grade (p = 0.004), ER status (p = 0.030), Ki67 status (p = 0.005), molecular classification (p = 0.026), N stage (p = 0.015), and TNM stage (p = 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival curve indicated that high Eg5 expression (p = 0.012), Ki67 status (p = 0.014) and TNM stage (p = 0.026) were independent factors to predict poor prognosis for patients with breast cancer. Our data suggest that Eg5 is not only overexpressed in BC, it may be also served as a potential prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jin
- Department of Pathlogy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathlogy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Zhu
- Department of Pathlogy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Xian
- Health Insurance Office, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jieying Li
- Department of Pathlogy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Pathlogy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qichao Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Lu M, Zhu H, Wang X, Zhang D, Xiong L, Xu L, You Y. The prognostic role of Eg5 expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Pathology 2016; 48:214-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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De Monte C, Carradori S, Secci D, D'Ascenzio M, Guglielmi P, Mollica A, Morrone S, Scarpa S, Aglianò AM, Giantulli S, Silvestri I. Synthesis and pharmacological screening of a large library of 1,3,4-thiadiazolines as innovative therapeutic tools for the treatment of prostate cancer and melanoma. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 105:245-62. [PMID: 26498571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antimitotic agents are widely used in cancer chemotherapy but the numerous side effects and the onset of resistance limit their clinical efficacy. Therefore, with the purpose of discovering more selective and efficient anticancer agents to be administered alone or in combination with traditional drugs, we synthesized a large library of 1,3,4-thiadiazoline analogues, maintaining the pharmacophoric structure of an antiproliferative compound known as K858: this is a new inhibitor of kinesin Eg5, able to induce the mitotic arrest in colorectal cancer cells and in xenograft ovarian cancer cells. We screened 103 compounds to assess their antiproliferative activity on PC3 prostate cancer cell line. Two derivatives, compounds 32 (corresponding to K858) and 33, have shown to be the most effective against prostate tumor cells and also towards two melanoma cell lines (SK-MEL-5 and SK-MEL-28) at low micromolar concentrations, confirming the pharmacological activity of this scaffold and revealing the potential role of 1,3,4-thiadiazolines in the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste De Monte
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Daniela Secci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Melissa D'Ascenzio
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Guglielmi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Morrone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Scarpa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aglianò
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Giantulli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Silvestri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 00185 Rome, Italy
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13
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Overexpression of Eg5 correlates with high grade astrocytic neoplasm. J Neurooncol 2015; 126:77-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1954-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Mitotic slippage and expression of survivin are linked to differential sensitivity of human cancer cell-lines to the Kinesin-5 inhibitor monastrol. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129255. [PMID: 26035434 PMCID: PMC4452773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic Kinesin-5 motor proteins crosslink and slide apart antiparallel spindle microtubules, thus performing essential functions in mitotic spindle dynamics. Specific inhibition of their function by monastrol-like small molecules has been examined in clinical trials as anticancer treatment, with only partial success. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of monastrol-like anticancer drugs are required. In the current study, we examined the link between sensitivity to monastrol and occurrence of mitotic slippage in several human cell-lines. We found that the rank of sensitivity to monastrol, from most sensitive to least sensitive, is: AGS > HepG2 > Lovo > Du145 ≥ HT29. We show correlation between the sensitivity of a particular cell-line to monastrol and the tendency of the same cell-line to undergo mitotic slippage. We also found that in the monastrol resistant HT29 cells, prolonged monastrol treatments increase mRNA and protein levels of the chromosomal passenger protein survivin. In contrast, survivin levels are not increased by this treatment in the monastrol-sensitive AGS cells. We further show that over-expression of survivin in the monastrol-sensitive AGS cells reduces mitotic slippage and increases resistance to monastrol. Finally, we show that during short exposure to monastrol, Si RNA silencing of survivin expression reduces cell viability in both AGS and HT29 cells. Our data suggest that the efficiency of anti-cancer treatment with specific kinesin-5 inhibitors may be improved by modulation of expression levels of survivin.
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Goodings C, Smith E, Mathias E, Elliott N, Cleveland SM, Tripathi RM, Layer JH, Chen X, Guo Y, Shyr Y, Hamid R, Du Y, Davé UP. Hhex is Required at Multiple Stages of Adult Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Differentiation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2628-41. [PMID: 25968920 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hhex encodes a homeodomain transcription factor that is widely expressed in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations. Its enforced expression induces T-cell leukemia and we have implicated it as an important oncogene in early T-cell precursor leukemias where it is immediately downstream of an LMO2-associated protein complex. Conventional Hhex knockouts cause embryonic lethality precluding analysis of adult hematopoiesis. Thus, we induced highly efficient conditional knockout (cKO) using vav-Cre transgenic mice. Hhex cKO mice were viable and born at normal litter sizes. At steady state, we observed a defect in B-cell development that we localized to the earliest B-cell precursor, the pro-B-cell stage. Most remarkably, bone marrow transplantation using Hhex cKO donor cells revealed a more profound defect in all hematopoietic lineages. In contrast, sublethal irradiation resulted in normal myeloid cell repopulation of the bone marrow but markedly impaired repopulation of T- and B-cell compartments. We noted that Hhex cKO stem and progenitor cell populations were skewed in their distribution and showed enhanced proliferation compared to WT cells. Our results implicate Hhex in the maintenance of LT-HSCs and in lineage allocation from multipotent progenitors especially in stress hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Natalina Elliott
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Xi Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Quantitative Sciences
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Quantitative Sciences
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Quantitative Sciences
| | - Rizwan Hamid
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Utpal P Davé
- Department of Cancer Biology.,Division of Hematology/Oncology.,Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville VA, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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16
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Yin Y, Sun H, Xu J, Xiao F, Wang H, Yang Y, Ren H, Wu CT, Gao C, Wang L. Kinesin spindle protein inhibitor SB743921 induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis and overcomes imatinib resistance of chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:1813-20. [PMID: 25146433 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.956319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the cell mitotic pathway may provide a novel means for therapeutic intervention in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Kinesin spindle protein (KSP), a microtubule-associated motor protein which is essential for cell cycle progression, is overexpressed in bcr-abl+ CML cells. Retrovirus mediated bcr-abl transduction increases KSP expression in cord blood CD34 + cells. SB743921 is a selective KSP inhibitor which is being investigated in ongoing clinical trials for treatment of myeloma, leukemia and solid tumors. Treatment of CML cells with SB743921 resulted in reduced proliferation and colony forming cell (CFC) formation ability. SB743921 also actively blocked cell cycle progression, leading to apoptosis in both primary CML cells and cell lines. KSP inhibition sensitized CML cells to imatinib-induced apoptosis. Importantly, SB743921 inhibited the proliferation of various CML cells including T315I mutation-harboring cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SB743921 treatment suppressed ERK and AKT activity in CML cells. These data indicate that SB743921 may become a novel treatment agent for patients with CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Department of Hematology, PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
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17
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Dong JJ, Li QS, Liu ZP, Wang SF, Zhao MY, Yang YH, Wang XM, Zhu HL. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of flavone and isoflavone derivatives as a novel class of KSP (kinesin spindle protein) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:427-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Kinesin-5: cross-bridging mechanism to targeted clinical therapy. Gene 2013; 531:133-49. [PMID: 23954229 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin motor proteins comprise an ATPase superfamily that works hand in hand with microtubules in every eukaryote. The mitotic kinesins, by virtue of their potential therapeutic role in cancerous cells, have been a major focus of research for the past 28 years since the discovery of the canonical Kinesin-1 heavy chain. Perhaps the simplest player in mitotic spindle assembly, Kinesin-5 (also known as Kif11, Eg5, or kinesin spindle protein, KSP) is a plus-end-directed motor localized to interpolar spindle microtubules and to the spindle poles. Comprised of a homotetramer complex, its function primarily is to slide anti-parallel microtubules apart from one another. Based on multi-faceted analyses of this motor from numerous laboratories over the years, we have learned a great deal about the function of this motor at the atomic level for catalysis and as an integrated element of the cytoskeleton. These data have, in turn, informed the function of motile kinesins on the whole, as well as spearheaded integrative models of the mitotic apparatus in particular and regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton in general. We review what is known about how this nanomotor works, its place inside the cytoskeleton of cells, and its small-molecule inhibitors that provide a toolbox for understanding motor function and for anticancer treatment in the clinic.
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19
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Sun X, Liu M, Hao J, Li D, Luo Y, Wang X, Yang Y, Li F, Shui W, Chen Q, Zhou J. Parkin deficiency contributes to pancreatic tumorigenesis by inducing spindle multipolarity and misorientation. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1133-41. [PMID: 23470638 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase well known for its role in the pathogenesis of juvenile Parkinson disease, has been considered as a candidate tumor suppressor in certain types of cancer. It remains unknown whether parkin is involved in the development of pancreatic cancer, the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Herein, we demonstrate the downregulation and copy number loss of the parkin gene in human pancreatic cancer specimens. The expression of parkin negatively correlates with clinicopathological parameters indicating the malignancy of pancreatic cancer. In addition, knockdown of parkin expression promotes the proliferation and tumorigenic properties of pancreatic cancer cells both in vitro and in mice. We further find that parkin deficiency increases the proportion of cells with spindle multipolarity and multinucleation. Parkin-depleted cells also show a significant increase in spindle misorientation. These findings indicate crucial involvement of parkin deficiency in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Protein Science and Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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20
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El-Nassan HB. Advances in the discovery of kinesin spindle protein (Eg5) inhibitors as antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:614-31. [PMID: 23434636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is considered as one of the most serious health problems. Despite the presence of many effective chemotherapeutic agents, their severe side effects together with the appearance of mutant tumors limit the use of these drugs and increase the need for new anticancer agents. Eg5 represents an attractive target for medicinal chemists since Eg5 is overexpressed in many proliferative tissues while almost no Eg5 is detected in nonproliferative tissues. Many Eg5 inhibitors displayed potent anticancer activity against some of the mutant tumors with limited side effects. The present review provides an overview about the progress in the discovery of Eg5 inhibitors especially from 2009 to 2012 as well as the clinical trials conducted on some of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Bakr El-Nassan
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 33 Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
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21
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Sun D, Lu J, Ding K, Bi D, Niu Z, Cao Q, Zhang J, Ding S. The expression of Eg5 predicts a poor outcome for patients with renal cell carcinoma. Med Oncol 2013; 30:476. [PMID: 23371254 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Eg5 is a member of the kinesin family of proteins, which associates with bipolar spindle formation in dividing tumor cells during mitosis. The aim of our study is to investigate the prognostic role of Eg5 expression in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC tissue specimens from 164 consecutively treated patients who underwent surgery between 2005 and 2011 were evaluated. The Eg5 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry, and correlated with clinicopathological parameters. The prognostic significance of Eg5 expression was explored using the univariate and multivariate survival analysis of 164 patients who were followed; one hundred and sixty-four tissue specimens "of patients" who were regularly followed with the mean 35.8 months (from 5 to 80 months). The expression of Eg5 was significantly associated with tumor nuclear grade (P = 0.019) and stage (P = 0.007), as well as tumor size (P = 0.033). In univariate analysis, Eg5 overexpression showed unfavorable influence on recurrence-free survival with statistical significance (P = 0.003). Clinical stage, nuclear grade and tumor size also showed strong statistical relation with adverse recurrence-free survival (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor stage, nuclear grade and Eg5 reactivity (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, P = 0.032) were identified as independent prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival in patients with RCC. In our opinion, the result of this study proved the relationship between Eg5 expression and worse clinical outcome in RCC. This finding suggested that Eg5 served as a prognostic factor, which could be useful to predict cancer evolution and provide appropriate treatments for RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingqi Sun
- Department of Urology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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22
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Wang L, Ren W, ShangGuan Z, Liang X, WanYan X, Wang B. Validation of the mitotic kinesin Eg5 as a therapeutic target in leukemia using S-trityl-L-cysteine. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(12)50047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Theoclitou ME, Aquila B, Block MH, Brassil PJ, Castriotta L, Code E, Collins MP, Davies AM, Deegan T, Ezhuthachan J, Filla S, Freed E, Hu H, Huszar D, Jayaraman M, Lawson D, Lewis PM, Nadella MVP, Oza V, Padmanilayam M, Pontz T, Ronco L, Russell D, Whitston D, Zheng X. Discovery of (+)-N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-[1-(5-benzyl-3-methyl-4-oxo-[1,2]thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-2-methylpropyl]-4-methylbenzamide (AZD4877), a kinesin spindle protein inhibitor and potential anticancer agent. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6734-50. [PMID: 21899292 DOI: 10.1021/jm200629m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship analysis identified (+)-N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-[1-(5-benzyl-3-methyl-4-oxo-[1,2]thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-2-methylpropyl]-4-methylbenzamide (AZD4877), from a series of novel kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitors, as exhibiting both excellent biochemical potency and pharmaceutical properties suitable for clinical development. The selected compound arrested cells in mitosis leading to the formation of the monopolar spindle phenotype characteristic of KSP inhibition and induction of cellular death. A favorable pharmacokinetic profile and notable in vivo efficacy supported the selection of this compound as a clinical candidate for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elena Theoclitou
- Cancer & Infection Research Area, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom.
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24
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Ding S, Xing N, Lu J, Zhang H, Nishizawa K, Liu S, Yuan X, Qin Y, Liu Y, Ogawa O, Nishiyama H. Overexpression of Eg5 predicts unfavorable prognosis in non-muscle invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma. Int J Urol 2011; 18:432-8. [PMID: 21449971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between Eg5 expression and prognosis of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma. METHODS Eg5 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma specimens (grade: G1, 32 cases; G2, 92 cases; and G3, 39 cases. Stage: pTa, 49 cases and pT1, 114 cases). The correlation between clinicopathological characteristics and Eg5 expression was evaluated. The prognostic significance of Eg5 immunoreactivity was analyzed through survival analysis in 163 non-muscle invasive cases that were treated with transurethral resection and adjuvant intravesical instillations. RESULTS The expression of Eg5 was significantly associated with tumor grade (P = 0.006), with a trend towards significant association with stage (P = 0.057). The 163 patients with non-muscle invasive tumors were regularly followed with the mean of 32.52 (from 6 to 72) months. Univariate analysis showed Eg5 overexpression exhibited a significant unfavorable influence on intravesical recurrence (P = 0.012) while having only a marginal correlation with disease progression (P = 0.070). Subsequent Cox hazard multivariate analysis showed that both grade (P = 0.045) and Eg5 expression (P = 0.029) were independent predictors for early intravesical recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of Eg5 correlates with poor differentiation of bladder cancer, and it represents an independent prognostic factor in predicting early intravesical recurrence in non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sentai Ding
- Department of Urology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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25
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Liu M, Wang X, Yang Y, Li D, Ren H, Zhu Q, Chen Q, Han S, Hao J, Zhou J. Ectopic expression of the microtubule-dependent motor protein Eg5 promotes pancreatic tumourigenesis. J Pathol 2010; 221:221-8. [PMID: 20455257 DOI: 10.1002/path.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive disease with a grim prognosis, due to its late diagnosis, propensity to rapidly metastasize, and resistance to therapy. The molecular events underlying this remain poorly defined. Here we report the overexpression and gene copy number gain of the microtubule-dependent motor protein Eg5 in human pancreatic cancer samples. We also show that Eg5 expression correlates with clinicopathological parameters of pancreatic cancer and promotes anchorage-independent cell growth and tumour formation in mice. In addition, Eg5 is up-regulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines and enhances cell proliferation in an ATPase activity-dependent manner. Our data further reveal that Eg5 overexpression causes the formation of multipolar spindles and multinucleation and induces the accumulation of polyploid cells. These findings demonstrate a role for Eg5 in pancreatic tumourigenesis and indicate a potential for targeting Eg5 in pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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26
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Cross MK, Powers MA. Learning about cancer from frogs: analysis of mitotic spindles in Xenopus egg extracts. Dis Model Mech 2010; 2:541-7. [PMID: 19892884 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.002022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic spindle is responsible for correctly segregating chromosomes during cellular division. Disruption of this process leads to genomic instability in the form of aneuploidy, which can contribute to the development of cancer. Therefore, identification and characterization of factors that are responsible for the assembly and regulation of the spindle are crucial. Not only are these factors often altered in cancer, but they also serve as potential therapeutic targets. Xenopus egg extract is a powerful tool for studying spindle assembly and other cell cycle-related events owing, in large part, to the ease with which protein function can be manipulated in the extract. Importantly, the spindle factors that have been characterized in egg extract are conserved in human spindle assembly. In this review, we explain how the extract is prepared and manipulated to study the function of individual factors in spindle assembly and the spindle checkpoint. Furthermore, we provide examples of several spindle factors that have been defined functionally using the extract system and discuss how these factors are altered in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie K Cross
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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27
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Ploski JE, Topisirovic I, Park KW, Borden KLB, Radu A. A mechanism of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking for the homeodomain protein PRH. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 332:173-81. [PMID: 19588232 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Proline-rich homeodomain (PRH)/hematopoietically expressed homeodomain (Hex) is a homeodomain protein that plays an important role in early embryonic patterning and hematopoiesis. PRH can act as either a tumor suppressor or an oncogene and its expression is dysregulated in certain types of lymphoid and myeloid leukemias. Aberrant exclusion of PRH from the nuclei has been associated with thyroid and breast cancers and a subset of myeloid leukemias. Accordingly, nuclear localization of PRH was found to be necessary for the inhibition of eIF4E-dependent transformation. Since PRH's nuclear-cytoplasmic localization has been associated with neoplastic transformation we sought to better understand how PRH is transported to the nuclear compartment. Here, we report an essential element that controls the mechanism of PRH nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, namely that it is imported into the nuclei by Karyopherin/Importin 7. Kap7 was identified as a binding partner for PRH in a GST-pull down from a HeLa cell protein lysate, followed by mass-spectrometry. The Kap7-PRH complex is dissociated in the presence of RanGTP, as expected for a nuclear import complex. Kap7 can bind directly to PRH in a GST-pull down assay with purified proteins, as well as mediates the transport of PRH to the nuclear compartment in a digitonin permeabilized cells assay. Finally, in vivo depletion of Kap7 dramatically reduces accumulation of PRH in the nucleus. Our data open the way for investigations of the mechanism of perturbed PRH localization in tumors and possible therapeutic interventions.
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28
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Carter BZ, Mak DH, Woessner R, Gross S, Schober WD, Estrov Z, Kantarjian H, Andreeff M. Inhibition of KSP by ARRY-520 induces cell cycle block and cell death via the mitochondrial pathway in AML cells. Leukemia 2009; 23:1755-62. [PMID: 19458629 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin spindle protein (KSP), a microtubule-associated motor protein essential for cell cycle progression, is overexpressed in many cancers and is a potential anti-tumor target. We found that inhibition of KSP by a selective inhibitor, ARRY-520, blocked cell cycle progression, leading to apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines that express high levels of KSP. Knockdown of p53, overexpression of XIAP and mutation in caspase-8 did not significantly affect sensitivity to ARRY-520, suggesting that the response is independent of p53, XIAP and the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Although ARRY-520 induced mitotic arrest in both HL-60 and Bcl-2-overexpressing HL-60Bcl-2 cells, cell death was blunted in HL-60Bcl-2 cells, suggesting that the apoptotic program is executed through the mitochondrial pathway. Accordingly, inhibition of Bcl-2 by ABT-737 was synergistic with ARRY-520 in HL-60Bcl-2 cells. Furthermore, ARRY-520 increased Bim protein levels prior to caspase activation in HL-60 cells. ARRY-520 significantly inhibited tumor growth of xenografts in SCID mice and inhibited AML blast but not normal colony formation, supporting a critical role for KSP in proliferation of leukemic progenitor cells. These results demonstrate that ARRY-520 potently induces cell cycle block and subsequent death in leukemic cells via the mitochondrial pathway and has the potential to eradicate AML progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Z Carter
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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29
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Liu M, Aneja R, Sun X, Xie S, Wang H, Wu X, Dong JT, Li M, Joshi HC, Zhou J. Parkin regulates Eg5 expression by Hsp70 ubiquitination-dependent inactivation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:35783-8. [PMID: 18845538 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806860200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eg5 is a motor protein of the kinesin family that is critical for spindle assembly during mitosis and has recently been implicated in tumorigenesis. It is largely unknown how Eg5 expression is regulated in cells. In this study, we present the first evidence that the cellular Eg5 level is down-regulated by Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase well known for its role in the development of Parkinson disease. Our data show that Parkin does not trigger Eg5 protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Instead, Parkin represses Eg5 gene transcription by blocking c-Jun binding to the activator protein 1 site present in the Eg5 promoter. Our data further show that Parkin inactivates c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), resulting in decreased phosphorylation of c-Jun. The inactivation of JNK is further mediated by multiple monoubiquitination of Hsp70. Importantly, both the ubiquitination of Hsp70 and the subsequent inactivation of the JNK-c-Jun pathway are crucial for Parkin to down-regulate Eg5 expression. These results thus uncover a novel function for Parkin in modulating the expression of Eg5 through the Hsp70-JNK-c-Jun signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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30
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Abstract
The PRH (proline-rich homeodomain) [also known as Hex (haematopoietically expressed homeobox)] protein is a critical regulator of vertebrate development. PRH is able to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation and is required for the formation of the vertebrate body axis, the haematopoietic and vascular systems and the formation of many vital organs. PRH is a DNA-binding protein that can repress and activate the transcription of its target genes using multiple mechanisms. In addition, PRH can regulate the nuclear transport of specific mRNAs making PRH a member of a select group of proteins that control gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels. Recent biophysical analysis of the PRH protein has shown that it forms homo-oligomeric complexes in vivo and in vitro and that the proline-rich region of PRH forms a novel dimerization interface. Here we will review the current literature on PRH and discuss the complex web of interactions centred on this multifunctional protein.
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31
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Abstract
We have studied a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and t(10;11)(q23;p15) as the sole cytogenetic abnormality. Molecular analysis revealed a translocation involving nucleoporin 98 (NUP98) fused to the DNA-binding domain of the hematopoietically expressed homeobox gene (HHEX). Expression of NUP98/HHEX in murine bone marrow cells leads to aberrant self-renewal and a block in normal differentiation that depends on the integrity of the NUP98 GFLG repeats and the HHEX homeodomain. Transplantation of bone marrow cells expressing NUP98/HHEX leads to transplantable acute leukemia characterized by extensive infiltration of leukemic blasts expressing myeloid markers (Gr1(+)) as well as markers of the B-cell lineage (B220(+)). A latency period of 9 months and its clonal character suggest that NUP98/HHEX is necessary but not sufficient for disease induction. Expression of EGFP-NUP98/HHEX fusions showed a highly similar nuclear localization pattern as for other NUP98/homeodomain fusions, such as NUP98/HOXA9. Comparative gene expression profiling in primary bone marrow cells provided evidence for the presence of common targets in cells expressing NUP98/HOXA9 or NUP98/HHEX. Some of these genes (Hoxa5, Hoxa9, Flt3) are deregulated in NUP98/HHEX-induced murine leukemia as well as in human blasts carrying this fusion and might represent bona fide therapeutic targets.
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32
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Castillo A, Morse HC, Godfrey VL, Naeem R, Justice MJ. Overexpression of Eg5 causes genomic instability and tumor formation in mice. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10138-47. [PMID: 17974955 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proper chromosome segregation in eukaryotes is driven by a complex superstructure called the mitotic spindle. Assembly, maintenance, and function of the spindle depend on centrosome migration, organization of microtubule arrays, and force generation by microtubule motors. Spindle pole migration and elongation are controlled by the unique balance of forces generated by antagonistic molecular motors that act upon microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Defects in components of this complex structure have been shown to lead to chromosome missegregation and genomic instability. Here, we show that overexpression of Eg5, a member of the Bim-C class of kinesin-related proteins, leads to disruption of normal spindle development, as we observe both monopolar and multipolar spindles in Eg5 transgenic mice. Our findings show that perturbation of the mitotic spindle leads to chromosomal missegregation and the accumulation of tetraploid cells. Aging of these mice revealed a higher incidence of tumor formation with a mixed array of tumor types appearing in mice ages 3 to 30 months with the mean age of 20 months. Analysis of the tumors revealed widespread aneuploidy and genetic instability, both hallmarks of nearly all solid tumors. Together with previous findings, our results indicate that Eg5 overexpression disrupts the unique balance of forces associated with normal spindle assembly and function, and thereby leads to the development of spindle defects, genetic instability, and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Castillo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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33
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Weiser KC, Liu B, Hansen GM, Skapura D, Hentges KE, Yarlagadda S, Morse Iii HC, Justice MJ. Retroviral insertions in the VISION database identify molecular pathways in mouse lymphoid leukemia and lymphoma. Mamm Genome 2007; 18:709-22. [PMID: 17926094 PMCID: PMC2042025 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-007-9060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AKXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains develop a variety of leukemias and lymphomas due to somatically acquired insertions of retroviral DNA into the genome of hematopoetic cells that can mutate cellular proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. We generated a new set of tumors from nine AKXD RI strains selected for their propensity to develop B-cell tumors, the most common type of human hematopoietic cancers. We employed a PCR technique called viral insertion site amplification (VISA) to rapidly isolate genomic sequence at the site of provirus insertion. Here we describe 550 VISA sequence tags (VSTs) that identify 74 common insertion sites (CISs), of which 21 have not been identified previously. Several suspected proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes lie near CISs, providing supportive evidence for their roles in cancer. Furthermore, numerous previously uncharacterized genes lie near CISs, providing a pool of candidate disease genes for future research. Pathway analysis of candidate genes identified several signaling pathways as common and powerful routes to blood cancer, including Notch, E-protein, NFκB, and Ras signaling. Misregulation of several Notch signaling genes was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Our data suggest that analyses of insertional mutagenesis on a single genetic background are biased toward the identification of cooperating mutations. This tumor collection represents the most comprehensive study of the genetics of B-cell leukemia and lymphoma development in mice. We have deposited the VST sequences, CISs in a genome viewer, histopathology, and molecular tumor typing data in a public web database called VISION (Viral Insertion Sites Identifying Oncogenes), which is located at http://www.mouse-genome.bcm.tmc.edu/vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Weiser
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Shen J, Behrens C, Wistuba II, Feng L, Lee JJ, Hong WK, Lotan R. Identification and validation of differences in protein levels in normal, premalignant, and malignant lung cells and tissues using high-throughput Western Array and immunohistochemistry. Cancer Res 2007; 66:11194-206. [PMID: 17145864 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification of proteins, which exhibit different levels in normal, premalignant, and malignant lung cells, could improve early diagnosis and intervention. We compared the levels of proteins in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) and tumorigenic HBE cells (1170-I) by high-throughput immunoblotting (PowerBlot Western Array) using 800 monoclonal antibodies. This analysis revealed that 87 proteins increased by >2-fold, and 45 proteins decreased by >2-fold, in 1170-I compared with NHBE cells. These proteins are involved in DNA synthesis and repair, cell cycle regulation, RNA transcription and degradation, translation, differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton and cell motility, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway. Conventional Western blotting using lysates of normal, immortalized, transformed, and tumorigenic HBEs and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines confirmed some of these changes. The expression of several of these proteins has been then analyzed by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays containing 323 samples, including normal bronchial epithelium, hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, dysplasias, squamous cell carcinomas, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and adenocarcinomas from 144 patients. The results of the immunohistochemical studies correlated with the Western blotting findings and showed gradual increases (caspase-8, signal transducers and activators of transcription 5, and p70s6K) or decrease (E-cadherin) in levels with tumor progression. These results indicate that the changes in proteins detected in this study may occur early in lung carcinogenesis and persist in lung cancer. In addition, some of the proteins detected by this approach may be novel biomarkers for early detection of lung cancer and novel targets for chemoprevention or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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35
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Al-Lamki Z, Wali YA, Wasifuddin SM, Zachariah M, Al-Mjeni R, Li C, Muralitharan S, Al-Kharusi K, Gunaratne P, Peterson L, Gibbs R, Gingras MC, Margolin JF. Identification of prognosis markers in pediatric high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005; 22:629-43. [PMID: 16166056 DOI: 10.1080/08880010500199069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling may improve the understanding of the biology behind relapse in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), cDNA concatenated sequencing (CCS), and reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-RQ-PCR) on high-risk patient samples with nondeterminant chromosomal translocation, the authors identified 3 genes that were significantly overexpressed in the nonrelapsed patients: the calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK), subunit 2 of the cofactor required for SP1 transcriptional activation (CRSP2), and granzyme K (GZMK). The level of expression of these biomarkers may help identify patients with potentially good prognosis within a group otherwise at high risk of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Al-Lamki
- Department of Child Health, Hematology/Oncology Unit, College of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Oman
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36
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Zanier R, Briot D, Dugas du Villard JA, Sarasin A, Rosselli F. Fanconi anemia C gene product regulates expression of genes involved in differentiation and inflammation. Oncogene 2004; 23:5004-13. [PMID: 15077170 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Loss of Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins activity by recessive inherited mutations in one of the FA genes leads to a disease characterized by bone marrow failure, myeloid leukemia and DNA damage hypersensitivity. The aim of this work was to improve our understanding of the FA syndrome defining the transcription profile of the FA complementation group C (FANCC)-deficient cells in comparison to their ectopically corrected counterpart using oligonucleotide microarrays. In this way, 49 RNAs have been isolated, which showed a consistent differential pattern of expression among FANCC mutated and corrected cells. The observed specific changes in gene expression suggest that FANCC regulates specifically myeloid differentiation and unmasks a previously unsuspected anti-inflammatory role for the FA proteins. In spite of the DNA damage hypersensitivity of the syndrome, no gene coding for a protein directly involved in DNA repair/damage response was found to be deregulated in our analysis. This observation suggests that FANCC does not directly control genes involved in DNA repair at the transcriptional level, but does not exclude a regulation at the translational or post-translational level, or by protein/protein interactions. The potential role of the differentially expressed genes in FA phenotype as well as a functional- and cellular-based clustering of the identified genes are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Zanier
- UPR2169 CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France
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37
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Swingler TE, Bess KL, Yao J, Stifani S, Jayaraman PS. The proline-rich homeodomain protein recruits members of the Groucho/Transducin-like enhancer of split protein family to co-repress transcription in hematopoietic cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:34938-47. [PMID: 15187083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404488200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The proline-rich homeodomain protein (PRH/Hex) is important in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation and in the regulation of multiple processes in embryonic development. We have shown previously that PRH contains two domains that can independently bring about transcriptional repression. The PRH homeodomain represses transcription by binding to TATA box sequences, whereas the proline-rich N-terminal domain of PRH can repress transcription when attached to a heterologous DNA-binding domain. The Groucho/transducin-like enhancer of split (TLE) family of proteins are transcriptional co-repressors that interact with a number of DNA-bound transcription factors and play multiple roles in development. Here we demonstrate that the proline-rich N-terminal domain of PRH binds to TLE1 in vitro and in yeast two-hybrid assays. We show that PRH and TLE proteins are co-expressed in hematopoietic cells and interact in co-immunoprecipitation assays. We demonstrate that TLE1 increases repression by PRH in transient transfection assays and that titration of endogenous TLE proteins by co-expression of Grg5, a natural trans-dominant negative protein, alleviates transcriptional repression by PRH. Finally, we show that a mutation in the PRH N-terminal domain that blocks the PRH-TLE1 interaction in vitro eliminates co-repression. We discuss these results in terms of the roles of PRH and TLE in cell differentiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey E Swingler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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38
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Koh EY, Chen T, Daley GQ. Genetic complementation of cytokine signaling identifies central role of kinases in hematopoietic cell proliferation. Oncogene 2004; 23:1214-20. [PMID: 14647454 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular evidence suggests a multistep process in the development of acute leukemia. Since inappropriate activation of cytokine signaling cascades is a recurring theme in human leukemia, we performed expression screens to identify genes that transform cytokine-dependent cells. Using retroviral cDNA libraries derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with myeloproliferative disorders, we isolated numerous genes that genetically complement cytokine requirements for proliferation of BaF/3 and TF-1 cells. The majority of recovered genes represent members of the kinase family, including several previously linked to leukemogenesis. Our unbiased screen highlights the central role of kinase activation in hematopoietic cell proliferation and identifies a number of potential leukemic oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y Koh
- Whitehead Institute, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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39
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George A, Morse HC, Justice MJ. The homeobox gene Hex induces T-cell-derived lymphomas when overexpressed in hematopoietic precursor cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:6764-73. [PMID: 14555989 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proviral insertions at the viral insertion site Lvis1 occur frequently in B- and T-cell leukemias and lymphomas in AKXD mice and activate two nearby genes, the divergent homeobox gene Hex and the kinesin-related spindle protein gene Eg5. To determine whether Hex misexpression results in the altered differentiation or neoplastic transformation of hematopoietic lineages, we have transplanted mice with bone marrow cells transduced with retrovirus containing the Hex coding region. High levels of Hex expression in hematopoietic precursor cells inhibit contribution to mature blood cell lineages by these precursors. Hex bone marrow transplant recipient mice also develop hematologic neoplasms that appear to originate in the bone marrow. The tumors have clonal rearrangements of the TCR locus, are Thy1+, and are CD4+CD8+, CD4-CD8-, or mixed, indicating tumor origin from a precursor T-cell population. Tumors in transplant mice contain clonal and transcriptionally active Hex proviral insertions, demonstrating a causal role for Hex misexpression in the onset of these neoplasms. Our results demonstrate that Hex can act as a T lineage oncogene when misexpressed in hematopoietic precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex George
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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40
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Abstract
Slow transforming retroviruses, such as the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV), induce tumors upon infection of a host after a relatively long latency period. The underlying mechanism leading to cell transformation is the activation of proto-oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes as a consequence of proviral insertions into the host genome. Cells carrying proviral insertions that confer a selective advantage will preferentially grow out. This means that proviral insertions mark genes contributing to tumorigenesis, as was demonstrated by the identification of numerous proto-oncogenes in retrovirally induced tumors in the past. Since cancer is a complex multistep process, the proviral insertions in one clone of tumor cells also represent oncogenic events that cooperate in tumorigenesis. Novel advances, such as the launch of the complete mouse genome, high-throughput isolation of proviral flanking sequences, and genetically modified animals have revolutionized proviral tagging into an elegant and efficient approach to identify signaling pathways that collaborate in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Mikkers
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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41
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Abstract
Dysregulation of homeobox (HB)-containing genes is becoming increasingly recognized as the underlying basis of many hematologic malignancies. Expression of clustered HB (HOX) genes within the hematopoietic system, and enforced overexpression and knockout studies have provided support for the concept that these homeodomain-containing transcription factors play a significant role in the developmental biology of hematopoietic cells. Diverged HB (non-HOX) genes have recently been identified as either cofactors and/or accelerators of leukemic disease mediated by HOX genes or as bona fide oncogenes. In this review, we examine the evidence that supports a central role for HB genes in normal and malignant hematopoiesis, paying particular attention to the non-HOX class and the possible mechanisms through which they contribute to leukemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Owens
- Hematopoiesis Department, Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA.
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42
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Bogue CW, Zhang PX, McGrath J, Jacobs HC, Fuleihan RL. Impaired B cell development and function in mice with a targeted disruption of the homeobox gene Hex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:556-61. [PMID: 12522149 PMCID: PMC141034 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0236979100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hex is a homeobox gene that is expressed in all stages of B cell development except plasma cells. We studied lymphocyte development in the absence of Hex by using the RAG1-deficient blastocyst complementation system because homozygous disruption of Hex is embryonic lethal. Hex(-/-);RAG1(-/-) chimeric mice had severely reduced numbers of mature B cells, pre-B cells, and CD5(+) B cells with a striking 15-fold increase in the percentage of B220(-)CD19(+) cells in the bone marrow. Hex(-/-);RAG1(-/-) chimeric mice failed to generate IgG antibodies to T cell-independent antigens, although their serum IgM levels and antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens were intact. Therefore, Hex is necessary for B cell development and function and its absence results in a dramatic increase in B220(-)CD19(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford W Bogue
- Yale Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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43
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Denicourt C, Kozak CA, Rassart E. Gris1, a new common integration site in Graffi murine leukemia virus-induced leukemias: overexpression of a truncated cyclin D2 due to alternative splicing. J Virol 2003; 77:37-44. [PMID: 12477808 PMCID: PMC140601 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.1.37-44.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Graffi murine leukemia virus is a nondefective ecotropic retrovirus that was originally reported to induce myeloid leukemia in some strains of mice (A. Graffi, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 68:540-558, 1957). Using provirus-flanking sequences as DNA probes, we identified a new common retroviral integration site called Gris1 (for Graffi integration site 1). Viral integrations in Gris1 were detected in 13% of the tumors analyzed. The Gris1 locus was mapped to the distal region of mouse chromosome 6, 85 kb upstream of the cyclin D2 gene. Such viral integration in Gris1 causes overexpression of the normal 6.5-kb major transcript of cyclin D2 but also induces the expression of a new, alternatively spliced 1.1-kb transcript from the cyclin D2 gene that encodes a truncated cyclin D2 of 17 kDa. The expression of this 1.1-kb transcript is specific to tumors in which Gris1 is rearranged but is also detected at low levels in normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Denicourt
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
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Dai C, Celestino JC, Okada Y, Louis DN, Fuller GN, Holland EC. PDGF autocrine stimulation dedifferentiates cultured astrocytes and induces oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas from neural progenitors and astrocytes in vivo. Genes Dev 2001; 15:1913-25. [PMID: 11485986 PMCID: PMC312748 DOI: 10.1101/gad.903001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present evidence that some low-grade oligodendrogliomas may be comprised of proliferating glial progenitor cells that are blocked in their ability to differentiate, whereas malignant gliomas have additionally acquired other mutations such as disruption of cell cycle arrest pathways by loss of Ink4a-Arf. We have modeled these effects in cell culture and in mice by generating autocrine stimulation of glia through the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). In cell culture, PDGF signaling induces proliferation of glial precursors and blocks their differentiation into oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. In addition, coexpression of PDGF and PDGF receptors has been demonstrated in human gliomas, implying that autocrine stimulation may be involved in glioma formation. In this study, using somatic cell type-specific gene transfer we investigated the functions of PDGF autocrine signaling in gliomagenesis by transferring the overexpression of PDGF-B into either nestin-expressing neural progenitors or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing astrocytes both in cell culture and in vivo. In cultured astrocytes, overexpression of PDGF-B caused significant increase in proliferation rate of both astrocytes and neural progenitors. Furthermore, PDGF gene transfer converted cultured astrocytes into cells with morphologic and gene expression characteristics of glial precursors. In vivo, gene transfer of PDGF to neural progenitors induced the formation of oligodendrogliomas in about 60% of mice by 12 wk of age; PDGF transfer to astrocytes induced the formation of either oligodendrogliomas or mixed oligoastrocytomas in about 40% of mice in the same time period. Loss of Ink4a-Arf, a mutation frequently found in high-grade human gliomas, resulted in shortened latency and enhanced malignancy of gliomas. The highest percentage of PDGF-induced malignant gliomas arose from of Ink4a-Arf null progenitor cells. These data suggest that chronic autocrine PDGF signaling can promote a proliferating population of glial precursors and is potentially sufficient to induce gliomagenesis. Loss of Ink4a-Arf is not required for PDGF-induced glioma formation but promotes tumor progression toward a more malignant phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Astrocytes/cytology
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytoma/genetics
- Astrocytoma/pathology
- Becaplermin
- Brain/cytology
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Division
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cells, Cultured
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/analysis
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Intermediate Filament Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins
- Nestin
- Oligodendroglioma/genetics
- Oligodendroglioma/pathology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/drug effects
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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45
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Morse HC, Qi CF, Chattopadhyay SK, Hori M, Taddesse-Heath L, Ozato K, Hartley JW, Taylor BA, Ward JM, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Fredrickson TN. Combined histologic and molecular features reveal previously unappreciated subsets of lymphoma in AKXD recombinant inbred mice. Leuk Res 2001; 25:719-33. [PMID: 11397479 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(01)00022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic neoplasms developing in AKXD recombinant inbred, NFS.V(+) and ICSBP knockout mice were assessed using morphologic, cytologic and molecular criteria that relate these disorders to human lymphoma and leukemia. Lymphoma types included precursor T-cell and B-cell lymphoblastic, small lymphocytic, splenic marginal zone, follicular, and diffuse large cell (DLCL). In addition to previously defined subtypes of DLCL composed of centroblasts or immunoblasts, two additional subtypes are defined here: lymphoblastic lymphoma like (LL) and lymphoma characterized by a histiocytic reaction (HS). DLCL(HS) were distinguished from true histiocytic lymphomas by the presence of clonal Ig gene rearrangements.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/classification
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/classification
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred AKR
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/classification
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Morse
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Room 7/304, 7 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0760, USA
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46
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Guiral M, Bess K, Goodwin G, Jayaraman PS. PRH represses transcription in hematopoietic cells by at least two independent mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:2961-70. [PMID: 11054411 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004948200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PRH (proline-rich homeodomain protein) is strongly expressed in the hematopoietic compartment. Here we show that PRH is a repressor of transcription in hematopoietic cells. A fragment of PRH that includes the homeodomain can bind to TATA box sequences in vitro and can also bind to the TATA box-binding protein. PRH represses transcription from TATA box-containing promoters in intact cells but does not repress transcription from a promoter lacking a TATA box. A mutation in the PRH homeodomain that blocks binding to DNA but that has little or no effect on binding to the TATA box-binding protein significantly reduces the ability of the protein to repress transcription and provides the first clear demonstration that a homeodomain can bring about transcriptional repression in vivo by binding to a TATA box. However, we also show that mutation of the PRH homeodomain does not block the ability of PRH to repress transcription when this protein is tethered upstream of the TATA box via a heterologous DNA-binding domain. PRH also contains an N-terminal proline-rich repression domain that is separate from the homeodomain. Deletion mapping suggests that this repression domain contains at least two regions that both independently contribute to transcriptional repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guiral
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom
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47
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Jayaraman PS, Frampton J, Goodwin G. The homeodomain protein PRH influences the differentiation of haematopoietic cells. Leuk Res 2000; 24:1023-31. [PMID: 11077116 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(00)00072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoiesis involves the differentiation of a self-renewing stem cell into all of the lineages found in circulating blood. Myb-Ets transformed chicken blastoderm cells (MEPs) have many of the characteristics of multipotent haematopoietic cells and represent a useful model system for the study of haematopoiesis. The proline-rich homeodomain protein (PRH) has previously been shown to be expressed in the haematopoietic compartment. In this report we show that PRH mRNA and protein levels are down regulated as MEPs differentiate along the myelomonocytic and erythrocytic lineages. In contrast, PRH mRNA and protein levels remain high as MEPs differentiate toward the thrombocytic lineage. Over-expression of full length PRH in MEPs inhibits their transformation and/or proliferation. However, the over-expression of N-terminally truncated PRH proteins results in normally proliferating cells that are predominantly differentiated along the myelomonocytic and eosinophilic lineages. These results suggest that PRH plays a role in the proliferation and differentiation of haematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, BS8 1TD, Bristol, UK.
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48
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Hansen GM, Skapura D, Justice MJ. Genetic profile of insertion mutations in mouse leukemias and lymphomas. Genome Res 2000; 10:237-43. [PMID: 10673281 PMCID: PMC310834 DOI: 10.1101/gr.10.2.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Murine leukemia retroviruses (MuLVs) cause leukemia and lymphoma in susceptible strains of mice as a result of insertional mutation of cellular proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Using a novel approach to amplify and sequence viral insertion sites, we have sequenced >200 viral insertion sites from which we identify >35 genes altered by viral insertion in four AKXD mouse strains. The class of genes most frequently altered are transcription factors, however, insertions are found near genes involved in signal transduction, cell cycle control, DNA repair, cell division, hematopoietic differentiation, and near many ESTs and novel loci. Many of these mutations identify genes that have not been implicated in cancer. By isolating nearly all the somatic viral insertion mutations contributing to disease in these strains we show that each AKXD strain displays a unique mutation profile, suggesting strain-specific susceptibility to mutations in particular genetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Hansen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
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