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Aguiar DCF, Nascimento DDNDS, Penner DF, de Castro BDSL, Virgolino RR, Neves AMP, Siqueira ADS, Gonçalves EC. First molecular detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in a domestic cat ( Felis catus) from an urban area in eastern Amazon. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2023; 29:e20220048. [PMID: 37223440 PMCID: PMC10202461 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2022-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Domestic cats have been implicated as accidental hosts of Leishmania sp. However, in recent years, the recurrent description of new cases in endemic and nonendemic areas draw attention to the potential epidemiological role of cats as reservoir hosts. Although dogs are considered urban reservoirs, cats could act as a secondary natural reservoirs in these areas. Thus, feline leishmaniasis has become an emerging disease in several countries worldwide. Case presentation This study aimed to describe the first case of feline leishmaniasis in a stray animal that presented lesions compatible with the disease in Belém, Pará, Brazil, an important urban area in eastern Amazon. Serological tests for Leishmania infantum (ELISA and IFA) were nonreactive, whereas histopathological examination indicated infectious dermatitis caused by Leishmania spp. or Toxoplasma gondii. Cytopathological study of lesion aspirate confirmed the presence of Leishmania sp. amastigotes within macrophages. Finally, molecular analyses revealed that the feline infection was caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Conclusion To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study reports the first case of natural infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in a feline from eastern Amazon. These findings suggest domestic cats as potential secondary reservoir hosts of Leishmania spp. in Belém, which reinforces the importance of further epidemiological investigation of feline leishmaniasis, especially in urban areas with human cases.
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FML/QuilA-Vaccinated Dogs Naturally Infected with Leishmania infantum: Serum Cytokines, Clinicopathological Profile, and Parasitological Parameters. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3192960. [PMID: 34651045 PMCID: PMC8510802 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3192960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum in endemic regions. Canine leishmaniasis, caused by L. infantum, can progress to a chronic disease resulting in death. Vaccines have been developed with a certain degree of success. The pathogenesis of this disease is not completely understood, especially in previously vaccinated dogs. We herein described clinical data, parasite load, serum levels of cytokines, and the reservoir potential in vdogs vaccinated with the fucose-mannose ligand (FML)/QuilA saponin vaccine (Leishmune™) naturally infected (Vi) and compared to vaccinated not infected dogs (Vn). Thirty-four dogs from private owners were divided into two groups: vaccinated/infected and vaccinated/uninfected. Clinical evaluation, hematological and biochemical parameters, and serum levels of cytokines were measured by conventional methods. The parasite burden in the bone marrow was measured by quantitative real-time PCR, and the transmissibility of parasites to sand flies was assessed by xenodiagnosis. Clinical, biochemical, and hematological parameters of vaccinated infected dogs were mostly normal. Vi dogs developed mild disease with low clinical scores. Serum levels of IL-10 were higher in Vi dogs, and a strong correlation was observed in IL-4 levels and the A/G ratio in Vi dogs. These results suggest a role of TH2 response in Vi dogs, although more data is needed to better understand the disease in vaccinated dogs.
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Toll-Like Receptors 2, 4, and 7, Interferon-Gamma, Interleukin 10, and Programmed Death Ligand 1 Transcripts in Leishmanin Skin Test-Positive Reactions of Ibizan Hound Dogs. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9602576. [PMID: 32211445 PMCID: PMC7085842 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9602576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The leishmanin skin test (LST) is an in vivo technique commonly used to evaluate the Leishmania-specific cellular immune response in dogs. However, information regarding the local immune response in LST-positive reactions is scarce. We examined the pattern of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, TLR7, interleukin- (IL-) 10, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and (program death ligand) PD-L1 gene expression in LST-positive reactions and paired normal-looking skin of nine infected Ibizan hound dogs. Healthy skin from ten seronegative dogs from a nonendemic area was analysed as a negative control. Immune gene expressions were examined by quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. LST-positive reactions presented significant upregulation of TLR2, TLR4, IL-10, IFN-γ, and PD-L1 and downregulation of TLR7 when compared with healthy skin of seronegative control dogs from a nonendemic area. All transcripts but TLR7 were significantly higher in LST-positive reaction than in paired normal-looking skin of Ibizan hound. The expression profile of immune genes in LST-positive reactions was similar to that previously observed in clinically lesioned skin of mildly diseased dogs with papular dermatitis due to Leishmania infantum infection. This data provide additional support for the important role of TLRs in canine leishmaniosis.
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Failure of the dog culling strategy in controlling human visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: A screening coverage issue? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007553. [PMID: 31242193 PMCID: PMC6615633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we assessed the annual screening coverage (i.e., the percentage of dogs that are screened for anti-Leishmania antibodies annually) in the municipality of Sobral, Ceará state, Brazil. Data on the number of dogs screened during 2008−2017 (except 2010) were obtained from the Centre for Zoonoses Control of Sobral. The annual screening coverage during 2012−2017 was calculated. Data on human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases during 2008−2017 were compiled from the National Disease Notification System. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the correlation between canine and human data. During 2008−2017, 73,964 dogs (range, 0 to 13,980 dogs/year) were serologically screened and 2,833 (3.8%) were positive. The annual screening coverage during 2012−2017 ranged from 11.1% to 45.7%. There were no significant correlations between the number of dogs culled and the number of human VL cases, canine positivity and human VL incidence, number of dogs culled and human VL incidence, or between canine positivity and number of human VL cases. An inconsistent and relatively low annual screening coverage was found in the study area, with no dog being screened in 2010 due to the lack of serological tests. Our results highlight that many dogs potentially infected with Leishmania infantum have been virtually overlooked by public health workers in the study area, perhaps with a negative, yet underestimated, impact on the control of canine and human VL. Hence, the failure of the dog culling strategy in controlling human VL in Brazil may be due to the low screening coverage and low percentage of culled dogs, rather than the absence of associations between canine and human infections. The euthanasia of Leishmania-seropositive dogs has been recommended for controlling human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in some countries where this zoonosis is endemic. We assessed the annual screening coverage (i.e., the percentage of dogs living in a given area that are screened for anti-Leishmania antibodies annually) in the municipality of Sobral, Ceará state, one of the main foci of human VL in Brazil. From 2008 to 2017, nearly 74,000 dogs were screened and 3.8% of them were positive for anti-Leishmania antibodies. No statistically significant correlation was found between the number of dogs culled annually and the incidence of human VL. The annual screening coverage ranged from 11.1% to 45.7%. Our results highlight an inconsistent and relatively low annual screening coverage, indicating that dogs potentially infected with L. infantum have been virtually overlooked by public health workers in the study area.
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Abstract
Background Leishmania development in the sand fly gut leads to highly infective forms called metacyclic promastigotes. This process can be routinely mimicked in culture. Gene expression–profiling studies by transcriptome analysis have been performed with the aim of studying promastigote forms in the sand fly gut, as well as differences between sand fly–and culture-derived promastigotes. Findings Transcriptome analysis has revealed the crucial role of the microenvironment in parasite development within the sand fly gut because substantial differences and moderate correlation between the transcriptomes of cultured and sand fly–derived promastigotes have been found. Sand fly–derived metacyclics are more infective than metacyclics in culture. Therefore, some caution should be exercised when using cultured promastigotes, depending on the experimental design. The most remarkable examples are the hydrophilic acidic surface protein/small endoplasmic reticulum protein (HASP/SHERP) cluster, the glycoprotein 63 (gp63), and autophagy genes, which are up-regulated in sand fly–derived promastigotes compared with cultured promastigotes. Because HASP/SHERP genes are up-regulated in nectomonad and metacyclic promastigotes in the sand fly, the encoded proteins are not metacyclic specific. Metacyclic promastigotes are distinguished by morphology and high infectivity. Isolating them from the sand fly gut is not exempt from technical difficulty, because other promastigote forms remain in the gut even 15 days after infection. Leishmania major procyclic promastigotes within the sand fly gut up-regulate genes involved in cell cycle regulation and glucose catabolism, whereas metacyclics increase transcript levels of fatty acid biosynthesis and ATP-coupled proton transport genes. Most parasite's signal transduction pathways remain uncharacterized. Future elucidation may improve understanding of parasite development, particularly signaling molecule-encoding genes in sand fly versus culture and between promastigote forms in the sand fly gut. Conclusions Transcriptome analysis has been demonstrated to be technically efficacious to study differential gene expression in sand fly gut promastigote forms. Transcript and protein levels are not well correlated in these organisms (approximately 25% quantitative coincidences), especially under stress situations and at differentiation processes. However, transcript and protein levels behave similarly in approximately 60% of cases from a qualitative point of view (increase, decrease, or no variation). Changes in translational efficiency observed in other trypanosomatids strongly suggest that the differences are due to translational regulation and regulation of the steady-state protein levels. The lack of low-input sample strategies does not allow translatome and proteome analysis of sand fly–derived promastigotes so far.
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Ward PM, McLauchlan G, Millins C, Mullen D, McBrearty AR. Leishmaniosis causing chronic diarrhoea in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Alcolea PJ, Alonso A, Baugh L, Paisie C, Ramasamy G, Sekar A, Sur A, Jiménez M, Molina R, Larraga V, Myler PJ. RNA-seq analysis reveals differences in transcript abundance between cultured and sand fly-derived Leishmania infantum promastigotes. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:476-480. [PMID: 29609036 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is responsible for human and canine leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin, where the major vector is Phlebotomus perniciosus. Because isolation of sufficient parasites from the sand fly gut is technically challenging, axenic cultivation of promastigotes is routinely used to obtain material for biochemical and genetic analyses. Here, we report the use of Spliced Leader RNA-seq (SL-seq) to compare transcript abundance in cultured promastigotes and those obtained from the whole midgut of the sand fly 5 days after infection. SL-seq allows for amplification of RNA from the parasite avoiding contamination with RNA from the gut of the insect. The study has been performed by means of a single technical replicate comparing pools of samples obtained from sand fly-derived (sfPro) and axenic culture promastigotes (acPro). Although there was a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.83) in gene expression, 793 genes showed significantly different (≥2-fold, p <0.05) mRNA levels in sand fly-derived promastigotes and in culture, of which 31 were up-regulated ≥8-fold (p < 10-8 in most cases). These included several genes that are typically up-regulated during metacyclogenesis, suggesting that sand fly-derived promastigotes contain a substantial number of metacyclics, and/or that their differentiation status as metacyclics is more advanced in these populations. Infection experiments and studies evaluating the proportion of metacyclic promastigotes in culture and within the sand fly gut, previously reported by us, support the last hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Alcolea
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA.
| | - Ana Alonso
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Loren Baugh
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA
| | - Carolyn Paisie
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Box 358047, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gowthaman Ramasamy
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA
| | - Aarthi Sekar
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA
| | - Aakash Sur
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Box 358047, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Maribel Jiménez
- Unit of Medical Entomology, Service of Parasitology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Virología e Inmunología Sanitarias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo s/n, Majadahonda 28220, Spain
| | - Ricardo Molina
- Unit of Medical Entomology, Service of Parasitology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Virología e Inmunología Sanitarias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo s/n, Majadahonda 28220, Spain
| | - Vicente Larraga
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Peter J Myler
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Box 358047, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Box 359931, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Aslan H, Oliveira F, Meneses C, Castrovinci P, Gomes R, Teixeira C, Derenge CA, Orandle M, Gradoni L, Oliva G, Fischer L, Valenzuela JG, Kamhawi S. New Insights Into the Transmissibility of Leishmania infantum From Dogs to Sand Flies: Experimental Vector-Transmission Reveals Persistent Parasite Depots at Bite Sites. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1752-61. [PMID: 26768257 PMCID: PMC4857470 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a chronic fatal disease of dogs and a major source of human infection through propagation of parasites in vectors. Here, we infected 8 beagles through multiple experimental vector transmissions with Leishmania infantum–infected Lutzomyia longipalpis. CanL clinical signs varied, although live parasites were recovered from all dog spleens. Splenic parasite burdens correlated positively with Leishmania-specific interleukin 10 levels, negatively with Leishmania-specific interferon γ and interleukin 2 levels, and negatively with Leishmania skin test reactivity. A key finding was parasite persistence for 6 months in lesions observed at the bite sites in all dogs. These recrudesced following a second transmission performed at a distal site. Notably, sand flies efficiently acquired parasites after feeding on lesions at the primary bite site. In this study, controlled vector transmissions identify a potentially unappreciated role for skin at infectious bite sites in dogs with CanL, providing a new perspective regarding the mechanism of Leishmania transmissibility to vector sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamide Aslan
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research Faculty of Health Science, Selahaddin Eyyubi University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Philip Castrovinci
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Regis Gomes
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escritório Regional da Fiocruz Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Teixeira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escritório Regional da Fiocruz Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Candace A Derenge
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Marlene Orandle
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome
| | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research
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Regina-Silva S, Fortes-Dias CL, Michalsky ÉM, França-Silva JC, Quaresma PF, da Rocha Lima ACVM, Teixeira-Neto RG, Dias ES. Evaluation of parasitological examination, kDNA polymerase chain reaction and rK39-based immunochromatography for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in seropositive dogs from the screening-culling program in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 47:462-8. [PMID: 25229287 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0064-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dogs play a primary role in the zoonotic cycle of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Therefore, the accurate diagnosis of infected dogs, primarily asymptomatic dogs, is crucial to the efficiency of VL control programs. METHODS We investigated the agreement of four diagnostic tests for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL): parasite detection, either after myeloculture or by direct microscopic examination of tissue imprints; kinetoplast-deoxyribonucleic acid-polymerase chain reaction (kDNA-PCR); and an immunochromatographic test (ICT). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an indirect immunofluorescence test (IFAT), both of which were adopted as part of the screening-culling program in Brazil, were used as reference tests. Our sample set consisted of 44 seropositive dogs, 25 of which were clinically asymptomatic and 19 were symptomatic for CVL according to ELISA-IFAT. RESULTS The highest and lowest test co-positivities were observed for ICT (77.3%) and myeloculture (58.1%), respectively. When analyzed together, the overall percentage of co-positive tests was significantly higher for the symptomatic group compared to the asymptomatic group. However, only ICT was significantly different based on the results of a separate analysis per test for each group of dogs. The majority (93.8%) of animals exhibited at least one positive test result, with an average of 2.66 positive tests per dog. Half of the symptomatic dogs tested positive for all four tests administered. CONCLUSIONS The variability between test results reinforces the need for more efficient and reliable methods to accurately diagnose canine VL, particularly in asymptomatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara Regina-Silva
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
| | | | - Érika Monteiro Michalsky
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
| | | | - Patrícia Flávia Quaresma
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, BRAZIL
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Fernández-Cotrina J, Iniesta V, Belinchón-Lorenzo S, Muñoz-Madrid R, Serrano F, Parejo J, Gómez-Gordo L, Soto M, Alonso C, Gómez-Nieto L. Experimental model for reproduction of canine visceral leishmaniosis by Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2013; 192:118-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dias ES, Regina-Silva S, França-Silva JC, Paz GF, Michalsky ÉM, Araújo SC, Valadão JL, de Oliveira Lara-Silva F, de Oliveira FS, Pacheco RS, Fortes-Dias CL. Eco-epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in the urban area of Paracatu, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2011; 176:101-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Teixeira MCA, Oliveira GGDS, Santos POM, Bahiense TC, Silva VMGD, Rodrigues MS, Larangeira DF, dos-Santos WLC, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC. An experimental protocol for the establishment of dogs with long-term cellular immune reactions to Leishmania antigens. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:182-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Maia C, Nunes M, Cristóvão J, Campino L. Experimental canine leishmaniasis: clinical, parasitological and serological follow-up. Acta Trop 2010; 116:193-9. [PMID: 20696122 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies and affects millions of dogs in Europe, Asia, North Africa and South America. Canis familiaris is the major host for these parasites, and the main reservoir for human visceral infection. The development of effective molecules for therapy and immunoprophylaxis, would be an important tool in the control of this zoonosis. The aim of this study was to characterize an experimental CanL model in order to determine the best challenge model and which parameters are the most reliable to evaluate the efficacy of new drugs or vaccine candidates against L. infantum infection. The intravenous challenge with purified amastigotes used in this study allowed the development of infection in all animals inoculated (as confirmed by the detection of parasite in the different tissues and organs collected 6 months after inoculation). Molecular and serologic techniques were efficient methods for the follow-up. Lymph node and bone marrow aspirates were suitable clinical samples to detect the presence of Leishmania parasites. Despite ELISA was highly sensitive in detecting specific anti-Leishmania antibodies the use of two tests can improve the sensitivity and specificity of serological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maia
- Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Effect of dose and route of inoculation on the generation of CD4+ Th1/Th2 type of immune response in murine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:1413-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Baneth G, Koutinas AF, Solano-Gallego L, Bourdeau P, Ferrer L. Canine leishmaniosis - new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: part one. Trends Parasitol 2008; 24:324-30. [PMID: 18514028 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has provided new insights on the epidemiology, pathology and immunology of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) and its genetic basis. The prevalence of infection in endemic areas is considerably higher than that of apparent clinical illness. In addition, infection spreads rapidly among dogs in the presence of optimal conditions for transmission. Infection involves a variety of granulomatous and harmful immune-mediated responses, and susceptibility to the disease is influenced by a complex genetic basis. These concepts will be instrumental for devising control programs. This review, the first in a series of two articles on CanL, presents an updated view on progress in elucidating the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this challenging disease, and the second part focuses on advances in diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel.
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Dos-Santos WLC, Jesus EE, Paranhos-Silva M, Pereira AM, Santos JC, Baleeiro CO, Nascimento EG, Moreira ED, Oliveira GGS, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC. Associations among immunological, parasitological and clinical parameters in canine visceral leishmaniasis: Emaciation, spleen parasitism, specific antibodies and leishmanin skin test reaction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 123:251-9. [PMID: 18359091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Associations among parameters commonly used as markers of infection by Leishmania sp., or of susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis, were investigated in 325 stray dogs from an area where this disease is endemic. Evidence of infection (presence of Leishmania in splenic cultures, positive leishmanin skin test (LST) or detection of anti-Leishmania antibody activity in the serum) was found in 57% of the animals. Both evidence of weight loss (chi(2)-test, P=0.0005) and presence of specific antibody activity in the serum (chi(2)-test, P<0.0001) were directly associated with positive splenic culture. The frequencies of animals with positive splenic culture were directly correlated with the intensities of antibody activity in the serum as measured by ELISA (relative risk of 3.4 for animals with moderate antibody levels and relative risk of 8.43 for animals with high-antibody levels). A negative association was observed between positive leishmanin skin test results and emaciation (chi(2), P=0.0089). Furthermore, animals with positive splenic cultures and negative leishmanin skin test results had higher levels of total serum IgG (Kruskal-Wallis test, P=0.001) and IgG2 (Kruskal-Wallis test, P=0.05) than animals with negative splenic cultures, and were more emaciated than animals with negative LST results and positive splenic cultures. The data presented herein suggest that associating these common parameters may improve their performance in predicting susceptibility to canine visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L C Dos-Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz-FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, 40.296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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18
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Dea-Ayuela MA, Rama-Iñiguez S, Alunda JM, Bolás-Fernandez F. Setting new immunobiological parameters in the hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis for in vivo testing of antileishmanial compounds. Vet Res Commun 2007; 31:703-17. [PMID: 17237986 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-0040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To establish suitable immunobiological parameters for in vivo testing of new antileishmanial compounds in the golden hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis, two groups of 8 animals were infected each with 10(5) or 10(7) stationary promastigotes by the intracardiac route and the clinical and immunoparasitological features were monitored up to day 155 after infection. All animals became infected at both doses, although significant differences were observed between parasite burdens in liver and spleen. The mean number of parasites in animals infected with 10(7) promastigotes increased by 9.5 times in liver and by 43.1 times in spleen compared with those infected with 10(5) promastigotes. In animals given the higher dose, the outcome of the disease occurred between days 75 and 90 after infection, whereas no signs of disease were apparent in those given the lower infecting dose. Positive antibody (IgG) responses were detected earlier (week 5-7 after infection) in animals infected with the higher dose than in those infected with the lower dose (week 8-10 after infection), but these responses did not correlate with individual parasitological loads in liver and spleen. An inverse correlation was observed between infecting doses and in vitro spleen lymphocyte proliferation against mitogens (ConA). The proportion of CD4(+) and CD19(+) spleen cell increased in animals given the higher infection, whereas it decreased in those given the lower infection compared to naive controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento de Parasitología Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Rodríguez-Cortés A, Ojeda A, López-Fuertes L, Timón M, Altet L, Solano-Gallego L, Sánchez-Robert E, Francino O, Alberola J. A long term experimental study of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Int J Parasitol 2006; 37:683-93. [PMID: 17239885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on Leishmania infantum and the canine immune response are derived mainly from short-term studies. To date, there have been no longitudinal studies that perform a serial analysis of the intensity of infection in conjunction with immunological parameters and clinical signs in Leishmania-infected dogs. For this purpose, six dogs were infected experimentally by the i.v. route and were monitored for 1 year. Clinical, immunological (humoral and cellular response) and parasitological (parasitaemia) parameters were evaluated monthly. Four dogs developed clinico-pathological signs compatible with leishmaniasis, whereas two dogs showed few abnormalities during the study. Evaluation of clinical, immunological and parasitological parameters showed that the intensity of Leishmania infection in blood samples, as indicated by the amount of Leishmania DNA, was correlated significantly with IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM concentrations and with clinical signs. Parasitaemia and Leishmania-specific cell-mediated immunity were inversely correlated. Moreover, higher quantities of Leishmania DNA were detected in the liver, spleen, lymph node, skin and bone marrow of dogs exhibiting clinical signs than those exhibiting few such signs. These findings suggest that progressive disease in experimental canine leishmaniasis is associated with specific T-cell unresponsiveness and unprotective humoral responses which allow the dissemination and multiplication of L. infantum in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhelí Rodríguez-Cortés
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapeutica i Toxicologia Veterinaria, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Rohoušová I, Volf P. Sand fly saliva: effects on host immune response and Leishmania transmission. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2006. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2006.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Barrouin-Melo SM, Larangeira DF, de Andrade Filho FA, Trigo J, Julião FS, Franke CR, Palis Aguiar PH, Conrado dos-Santos WL, Pontes-de-Carvalho L. Can spleen aspirations be safely used for the parasitological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniosis? A study on assymptomatic and polysymptomatic animals. Vet J 2006; 171:331-9. [PMID: 16490717 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of spleen aspiration as a sampling technique for the parasitological detection by culture and microscopy of Leishmania (chagasi) infantum. Two hundred and nine domiciled dogs from an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis in Bahia State, Brazil, were studied. Most dogs (87%) were seropositive for anti-L. chagasi antibodies by ELISA. Clinical signs of disease were recorded and the animals monitored during and after spleen puncture in order to detect possible complications associated with the procedure. From a total of 257 splenic punctures in the 209 animals, only three minor events occurred, with no significant consequence for the animals and no association with risk factors. Leishmania was isolated from 149/180 (83%) seropositive dogs, and from 6/26 (23%) seronegative animals. The procedure did not cause adverse side effects or unnecessary suffering and confirmed the diagnosis in a large percentage of dogs. We conclude that spleen aspiration can be considered an effective and safe procedure for the definitive diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Valdemar Falcão 121, Salvador 40295-001, Brazil.
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22
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Poot J, Rogers ME, Bates PA, Vermeulen A. Detailed analysis of an experimental challenge model for Leishmania infantum (JPC strain) in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2005; 130:41-53. [PMID: 15893068 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, disease progression after intravenous or subdermal infection of dogs with Leishmania infantum JPC strain was monitored. A challenge performed on 14 dogs via the intravenous route with 5 x 10(7) stationary phase promastigotes of the L. infantum JPC strain was 100% successful. During a follow up period of 1.5 years, several parameters were evaluated in order to find the most reliable disease markers. Parasite detection by culture and histology were found to be very sensitive (100%). Additionally, regular physical examination, serology and serum gamma-globulin levels were found to be useful parameters in the evaluation of disease severity and are recommended for inclusion in vaccination-challenge experiments. Although this intravenous challenge model has practical limitations, the data set confirms it is the best experimental model currently available for vaccine development. Two intravenously infected dogs were treated with corticosteroids for 5 months. This treatment was shown to enhance all aspects of a Leishmania infection. Five more dogs were infected by sub-dermal injection of promastigotes mixed with a proteophosphoglycan-matrix (PSG) secreted by Leishmania that assists in transmission and infection by sand fly bite. The resulting parasite burdens were low and the animals remained asymptomatic during a 2-year follow up period. However, this procedure did result in infection in 80% of the dogs and is appealing for future development as a natural challenge model in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Poot
- Intervet International B.V., Parasitology R&D, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
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23
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Almeida MAO, Jesus EEV, Sousa-Atta MLB, Alves LC, Berne MEA, Atta AM. Clinical and serological aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in Northeast Brazilian dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi. Vet Parasitol 2005; 127:227-32. [PMID: 15710523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in the northeast of Brazil, where the domestic dog is an important parasite reservoir in the infectious cycle of Leishmania chagasi. In this study, we evaluated the clinical signs of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), serum protein profile and the antileishmanial IgG antibody production in 86 dogs living in northeast endemic areas of leishmaniasis. Thirty dogs from a leishmaniasis-free area were used as a control group. The major clinical signs of CVL seen were emaciation and skin ulcers (80%), followed by onychogryphosis and conjunctivitis (73%). Depilation was observed in 60% of animals while lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, liver enlargement or kidney involvement was less frequent (< or =20%). VL seropositive dogs presented with serum hyperproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypergammaglobulinemia and decreased albumin/globulin ratio. A lower sensitivity and higher specificity was observed for promastigote indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) (83 and 100%, respectively) compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (94 and 90%), which uses a crude extract of Leishmania. There was a positive correlation between IFAT and ELISA titers of antileishmanial IgG antibodies (Spearman test, P < 0.05), which was augmented in CVL dogs. This study found that the determination of serum protein, A/G ratio and the use of two different leishmanial serological tests like IFAT and ELISA are essential in CVL screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A O Almeida
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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24
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de Paula AA, da Silva AVM, Fernandes O, Jansen AM. THE USE OF IMMUNOBLOT ANALYSIS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN AN ENDEMIC AREA OF RIO DE JANEIRO. J Parasitol 2003; 89:832-6. [PMID: 14533699 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we describe the findings obtained using immunoblot analysis in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and its correlation with serological titer and clinical status. We found that all animals bearing amastigote forms recognized antigens with 29 and 32 kDa and that this pattern can be exploited for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes. The recognition of the 29- and 32-kDa antigens was verified even in seronegative dogs and preceded seroconversion in periods ranging from several months to 2 yr. We found a correlation between serological titer and parasite burden. Although no correlation between antigenic recognition pattern and clinical status was observed, immunoblot analysis proved to be a reliable test to detect antibodies against Leishmania sp. antigens in dogs from areas with endemic VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelzon A de Paula
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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25
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Paranhos-Silva M, Oliveira GG, Reis EA, de Menezes RM, Fernandes O, Sherlock Í, Gomes RB, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC, dos-Santos WL. A follow-up of Beagle dogs intradermally infected with Leishmania chagasi in the presence or absence of sand fly saliva. Vet Parasitol 2003; 114:97-111. [PMID: 12781472 PMCID: PMC7126804 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we compare the development of infection and/or disease in Beagle dogs intradermally infected with Leishmania chagasi, in the presence or absence of Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva, with those of intravenously infected animals. Spleen samples of all the animals inoculated with parasites had positive polymerase chain reaction tests for Leishmania DNA. Positive spleen cultures for Leishmania were detected earlier (P < or = 0.018) and were more frequent (five out of the five animals) in intravenously infected animals than in the intradermally infected animals, in presence (two out of the six animals) or absence (three out of the five animals) of salivary gland lysate of L. longipalpis. Significant increase in serum antibodies against Leishmania was observed only in the intravenously infected group (P = 0.004). In addition, dogs with infection confirmed by isolation of amastigotes or detection of parasite DNA were, nevertheless, negative for anti-Leishmania antibodies up to 5 months or more after infection. Only animals of the intravenously infected group developed progressive decreases in hematocrit (Pearson r = -0.8076, P = -0.0026) and hemoglobin (Pearson r = -0.8403, P = 0.0012) during the infection period. No significant difference in the course of infection was observed between groups of intradermally infected animals. The data presented herein confirms that the intradermal inoculation of dogs with Leishmania produces an asymptomatic form of infection. It also fails to show an advantage in using L. longipalpis saliva as an infection-enhancing agent in experimental canine leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Paranhos-Silva
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, 40295-001 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Geraldo G.S. Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, 40295-001 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Eliana A. Reis
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, 40295-001 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rejane M.C. de Menezes
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, 40295-001 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Octávio Fernandes
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21.045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Sherlock
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, 40295-001 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Regis B.B. Gomes
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, 40295-001 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Lain C. Pontes-de-Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, 40295-001 Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Av. Dom João VI No. 274, Brotas, 40290-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Washington L.C. dos-Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, 40295-001 Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Av. Dom João VI No. 274, Brotas, 40290-000 Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Present address: Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz-Fiocruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, 40295-001 Salvador, BA, Brazil. Tel.: +55-71-356-8781x262; fax: +55-71-356-4292.
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26
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Molano I, Alonso MG, Mirón C, Redondo E, Requena JM, Soto M, Nieto CG, Alonso C. A Leishmania infantum multi-component antigenic protein mixed with live BCG confers protection to dogs experimentally infected with L. infantum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 92:1-13. [PMID: 12628759 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of a quimeric protein, formed by the genetic fusion of five antigenic determinants from four Leishmania proteins, formulated with BCG, to protect dogs against Leishmania infantum infection is described. The data showed that after i.v. administration of 500,000 parasites of the L. infantum M/CAN/ES/96/BCN150 strain, zymodeme MON-1, the animals became infected as suggested by the humoral response against the parasite antigens. All control unvaccinated dogs had parasites in the lymph nodes at day 150 post-infection. One of these unvaccinated infected dog was parasite negative at day 634 behaving, thus, as resistant. In contrast, only 50% of the immunized dogs had parasites in the lymph nodes at day 150 post-infection. Four of these dogs became parasite negative by day 634 post-infection. The control animals developed at various times during the follow-up period clinical symptoms associated with Leishmaniasis. The control diseased dogs developed also in the liver and spleen some of the abnormal histological features associated with natural visceral Leishmaniasis. The immunized dogs, however, were not only normal at the clinical but also at the anatomo-pathological level. A positive delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response was observed in nine of the immunized protected dogs. The data indicated that Q+BCG confers 90% protection against infection and at least 90% protection at the clinical level.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/genetics
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Biopsy/veterinary
- Dog Diseases/immunology
- Dog Diseases/parasitology
- Dog Diseases/prevention & control
- Dogs
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/parasitology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/veterinary
- Immunization/methods
- Immunization/veterinary
- Leishmania infantum/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary
- Liver/parasitology
- Liver/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mycobacterium bovis/genetics
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- I Molano
- Section of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Medicine and Animal Health Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
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27
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Ahmed S, Colmenares M, Soong L, Goldsmith-Pestana K, Munstermann L, Molina R, McMahon-Pratt D. Intradermal infection model for pathogenesis and vaccine studies of murine visceral leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 2003; 71:401-10. [PMID: 12496190 PMCID: PMC143149 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.1.401-410.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of protection found in vaccine studies of murine visceral leishmaniasis are significantly lower than for cutaneous leishmaniasis; whether this is due to the high-challenge murine model employed and/or is a consequence of differences required in tissue-specific local immune responses is not understood. Consequently, an intradermal murine model of visceral leishmaniasis has been explored. Intradermal inoculation established a chronic infection in susceptible mice which was associated with a pattern of parasite clearance with time postinfection in the liver and skin; in contrast, parasite persistence and expansion was observed in lymphoid tissue (spleen and draining lymph node). The course of disease found appears to be similar to those reported for subclinical canine and human visceral leishmaniasis. Clearance of parasites from the skin was correlated with an inflammatory response and the infiltration and activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. In contrast, in lymphoid tissue (lymph node or spleen), the production of Th1/Th2 cytokines (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-10, and gamma interferon) appeared to correlate with parasite burden and pathogenesis. In vaccination experiments employing the Leishmania infantum D-13 (p80) antigen, significantly higher levels of protection were found with the intradermal murine model (29 to 7,500-fold more than naive controls) than were found with a low-dose intravenous infection model (9 to 173-fold). Thus, this model should prove useful for further investigation of disease pathogenesis as well as vaccine studies of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8034, USA
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28
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Abstract
Increasing risk factors are making zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis a growing public health concern in many countries. Domestic dogs constitute the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania chagasi, and play a key role in the transmission to humans. New reagents and tools allow the detailed investigation of canine leishmaniasis, permitting the monitoring of the immunological status of dogs in both natural and experimental infections. Such studies are essential to determine the basis of the canine protective immune response and to establish a laboratory model, a significant aspect for the development of vaccines against canine leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitologi;a, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
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29
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Owens SD, Oakley DA, Marryott K, Hatchett W, Walton R, Nolan TJ, Newton A, Steurer F, Schantz P, Giger U. Transmission of visceral leishmaniasis through blood transfusions from infected English foxhounds to anemic dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219:1076-83. [PMID: 11700704 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.219.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct serologic surveillance for Leishmania spp in English foxhounds from a kennel, as well as recipients of blood from these dogs, and determine whether L infantum organisms could be transmitted via blood transfusion. DESIGN Serologic prevalence survey. ANIMALS 120 English foxhounds and 51 dogs of various breeds receiving blood from these donors. PROCEDURE Foxhound blood donors, foxhound nondonors, and nonfoxhound blood recipient dogs were evaluated serologically for Leishmania spp by indirect fluorescent antibody testing. Dogs that received packed RBC (PRBC) transfusions from foxhound donors from mid-1996 through mid-2000 were identified. Furthermore, dogs were serologically evaluated if they had received fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions in 1999 and 2000 from seropositive foxhound blood donors. RESULTS Thirty percent of the English Foxhounds were seropositive for Leishmania spp (titer > or = 1:16), although the degree of seropositivity varied considerably during the period. Furthermore, 57 foxhounds had been used as donors from 1996 to 2000, and 342 units of PRBC had been transfused to at least 227 patients. All 25 dogs screened that received PRBC from seronegative foxhound donors tested negative, whereas 3 of 7 dogs that received PRBC from seropositive donors tested positive. All 9 dogs that received FFP from seropositive foxhound donors remained seronegative. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE To our knowledge, this report documents the first transmission of Leishmania spp by blood transfusion. The use of foxhounds as blood donors may not be advisable in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Owens
- Penn Animal Blood Bank, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6010, USA
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30
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Santos-Gomes GM, Campino L, Abranches P. Canine experimental infection: intradermal inoculation of Leishmania infantum promastigotes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 95:193-8. [PMID: 10733738 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762000000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Five mixed breed dogs were inoculated intradermally (ID) with cultured virulent stationary phase promastigotes of Leishmania infantum Nicole, 1908 stocks recently isolated. Parasite transformations in the skin of ID infected dogs were monitored from the moment of inoculation and for 48 h, by skin biopsies. Anti-Leishmania antibody levels were measured by indirect immunofluorescence assay, counterimmunoelectrophoresis and direct agglutination test, and clinical conditions were examined. Thirty minutes after ID inoculation the first amastigotes were visualised and 3 to 4 h after inoculation the promastigotes were phagocytized by neutrophils and by a few macrophages. These cells parasitised by amastigotes progressively disappeared from the skin and 24 h after inoculation parasites were no longer observed. Local granulomes were not observed, however, serological conversion for antibodies anti-Leishmania was achieved in all dogs. Direct agglutination test was the only technique positive in all inoculated dogs. Amastigotes were found in the popliteal lymph node in one dog three months after inoculation. This work demonstrates that, with this inoculum, the promastigotes were transformed into amastigotes and were up taken by neutrophils and macrophages. The surviving parasites may have been disseminated in the canine organism, eliciting a humoral response in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Santos-Gomes
- Unidade de Leishmanioses, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1349-008, Portugal.
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Riera C, Valladares JE, Gállego M, Aisa MJ, Castillejo S, Fisa R, Ribas N, Carrió J, Alberola J, Arboix M. Serological and parasitological follow-up in dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum and treated with meglumine antimoniate. Vet Parasitol 1999; 84:33-47. [PMID: 10435789 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Six healthy beagle dogs were infected with Leishmania infantum (MCAN/ES/92/BCN-83/MON-1) by intravenous inoculation of 5 x 10(7) promastigotes and two others were used as controls. When animals showed clinical signs of disease at 29, 37, 41 and 45 weeks post-infection (p.i.), they were treated with meglumine antimoniate (20.4 mg Sb/kg/12 h) subcutaneously for two periods of 10 days each. Sera were tested periodically for Leishmania antibodies by Dot-ELISA, ELISA and Western blot (WB). Aspirates of popliteal lymph node (PLN), peripheral blood sample (PB) and healthy skin were cultured in NNN and Schneider's medium. PLNs were positive between 8 and 20 weeks p.i. and in one animal PB was positive 6 weeks p.i. Samples of healthy skin, obtained before treatment, were also positive. Dot-ELISA and ELISA detected specific antibodies at an early stage between 4 and 12 weeks p.i and surpassed the cut-off between 16-24 weeks p.i., while the WB was positive between 10-19 weeks p.i. The pattern of bands revealed during the first stages of infection was variable and only in two cases did the positivity start with bands of low molecular weight (12-14 kD); the number of bands increased until 15-24 weeks p.i., after which sera revealed a complete pattern of bands, from 12 to 85 kD, in the antigen of Leishmania. After treatment the clinical improvement of the animals was accompanied by a decrease in antibody titers (Dot-ELISA and ELISA) although the parasites remained in the PLN. This was reflected in the WB by a decrease in the intensity of bands, especially those in the region of 12-30 kD. A new increase in the antibody levels between 3 and 5 months after terminating the therapy was detected in the WB by a restoration of the initial complete pattern of bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Riera
- Department de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
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Fisa R, Gállego M, Castillejo S, Aisa MJ, Serra T, Riera C, Carrió J, Gállego J, Portús M. Epidemiology of canine leishmaniosis in Catalonia (Spain) the example of the Priorat focus. Vet Parasitol 1999; 83:87-97. [PMID: 10392965 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological survey of canine leishmaniosis was conducted in the Priorat, a rural region in the Northeast of Spain, for 10 years (1985-1994). Seroprevalence throughout the region, determined by dot-ELISA and IFI, was 10.2% (8-12%). Forty percent of the dogs studied had a low level of anti-Leishmania antibodies, whereas only 50% were seronegative. Only one-third of the seropositive dogs had evident symptoms of the disease. Annual incidence of the disease was 5.7% and the level of endemicity was stable during the study. Four Leishmania zymodemes (MON-1, MON-29, MON-77, MON-105) were present in the focus, and their distribution in the different hosts is discussed. Apart from dogs and foxes, no other reservoir host has been found in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fisa
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
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Killick-Kendrick R, Killick-Kendrick M, Focheux C, Dereure J, Puech MP, Cadiergues MC. Protection of dogs from bites of phlebotomine sandflies by deltamethrin collars for control of canine leishmaniasis. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 1997; 11:105-111. [PMID: 9226637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dog collars made of PVC plastic impregnated with the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin at 40 mg/g were investigated for their protective efficacy against phlebotomine sandflies. Collared dogs were kept separately (two untreated control dogs lived together) in outdoor enclosures, each with a kennel, in the Cévennes, southern France. To measure sandfly mortality and anti-feeding effects due to the deltamethrin-impregnated collars worn continuously by the dogs for up to 8 months, each dog was periodically sedated and exposed for 2h to 150-200 laboratory-reared Phlebotomus perniciosus females (plus c. 25 males) inside a net (1.2 m square, 1.8 m high) indoors. After dogs were removed from the nets, allowed to recover and returned to their kennels, any dead sandflies were collected from inside the net and counted. Surviving flies were kept overnight, then scored according to whether they were still alive or dead, unfed or blood-fed. From tests 2, 3, 4, 13, 20, 26 and 34 weeks after the dogs began wearing collars, the overall numbers of blood-fed female sandflies recaptured were 75 from two dogs with collars, compared with 1911 from two collarless dogs. Thus, for every 100 flies which fed on collarless dogs, only 4 fed on collared dogs, i.e. the collars protected dogs from 96% of the bites and this activity was maintained for up to 34 weeks. During the same period, the percentage of recaptured female sandflies that had fed on collared dogs was 0-12% compared to 55-95% on collarless dogs. Immediately after dogs were taken out of the nets, 21-60% of flies confined with the collared dogs were found dead, compared to 0-12% with the controls. It is concluded that, at least in the Mediterranean subregion, this insecticidal collar would protect a dog from the majority of sandfly bites and retain a killing effect for a complete sandfly season. Moreover, it seems likely that the use of collars on all dogs in a focus of Leishmania infantum would reduce contact between sandfly vectors and canine reservoir hosts sufficiently to diminish the risk of infection for humans as well as dogs.
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Fisa R, Gállego M, Riera C, Aisa MJ, Valls D, Serra T, de Colmenares M, Castillejo S, Portús M. Serologic diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis by dot-ELISA. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997; 9:50-5. [PMID: 9087925 DOI: 10.1177/104063879700900109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using protein A-peroxidase was evaluated as a diagnostic test for canine leishmaniasis. The test results were in agreement with parasitologic diagnosis and indirect immunofluorescence assay results. The sensitivity of the test calculated on 31 dogs with positive parasitologic examination was 90% when a titer of 1/800 was established as a cutoff and 100% when a titer of 1/400 was established. The specificity calculated on the canine population from nonendemic areas was 100% when both titers were established. Nevertheless, in endemic areas titers near the cutoff need careful interpretation. The results of this study demonstrate that dot-ELISA protein A using a bio-dot apparatus is highly suitable for seroepidemiologic field work.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fisa
- Department de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Hommel M, Jaffe CL, Travi B, Milon G. Experimental models for leishmaniasis and for testing anti-leishmanial vaccines. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1995; 89 Suppl 1:55-73. [PMID: 8745928 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1995.11813015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In public health terms, leishmaniases are diseases of humans and dogs, whereas, in epidemiological terms, Leishmania spp. are considered to represent infections of a wide variety of animals, which represent the natural reservoirs of the various parasite species involved. Humans and dogs (which may be considered secondary or 'accidental' hosts in the leishmanial life-cycle) often exhibit severe clinical signs and symptoms when infected, whereas reservoir hosts generally show a few, minor or no signs. This situation makes the definition of a suitable laboratory model a difficult one, since the various experimental hosts may behave either like a reservoir or an accidental host. This review discusses the concept of animal models for leishmaniases and provides a critical evaluation of the most common experimental models and their respective advantages and disadvantages. In this state-of-the-art review, particular emphasis is given to the value of using mouse, hamster, cotton-rat, dog and primate models, especially in the context of testing potential anti-leishmanial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hommel
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, U.K
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