1
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Lee TW, Singleton DC, Harms JK, Lu M, McManaway SP, Lai A, Tercel M, Pruijn FB, Macann AMJ, Hunter FW, Wilson WR, Jamieson SMF. Clinical relevance and therapeutic predictive ability of hypoxia biomarkers in head and neck cancer tumour models. Mol Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38426642 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumour hypoxia promotes poor patient outcomes, with particularly strong evidence for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). To effectively target hypoxia, therapies require selection biomarkers and preclinical models that can accurately model tumour hypoxia. We established 20 patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) models of HNSCC that we characterised for their fidelity to represent clinical HNSCC in gene expression, hypoxia status and proliferation and that were evaluated for their sensitivity to hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs). PDX models showed greater fidelity in gene expression to clinical HNSCC than cell lines, as did CDX models relative to their paired cell lines. PDX models were significantly more hypoxic than CDX models, as assessed by hypoxia gene signatures and pimonidazole immunohistochemistry, and showed similar hypoxia gene expression to clinical HNSCC tumours. Hypoxia or proliferation status alone could not determine HAP sensitivity across our 20 HNSCC and two non-HNSCC tumour models by either tumour growth inhibition or killing of hypoxia cells in an ex vivo clonogenic assay. In summary, our tumour models provide clinically relevant HNSCC models that are suitable for evaluating hypoxia-targeting therapies; however, additional biomarkers to hypoxia are required to accurately predict drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tet Woo Lee
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dean C Singleton
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julia K Harms
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Man Lu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah P McManaway
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amy Lai
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Frederik B Pruijn
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew M J Macann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand
| | - Francis W Hunter
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Oncology Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - William R Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Mohankumar MN. Biomarkers for translational oncology - Peggy Olive's contribution. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:303-307. [PMID: 34473601 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1976865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peggy Olive of the BC cancer research center (BCCRC), Vancouver, Canada, dedicated her career to improving the efficiency of radiation in the treatment of cancer. Keenly interested in the study of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers, she recognized the importance of DNA repair in improving the efficacy of radiotherapy. At the BCCRC she developed two methods for clinical practice that detect and quantitate DNA damage in mammalian cells. The alkaline comet assay and phosphorylated gamma histone H2AX (γH2AX) protein foci staining were two sensitive and attractive techniques that she attempted to apply in clinical practice. CONCLUSION Peggy Olive was able to establish the comet and the γH2AX assays as prospective predictive biomarkers in the application of personalized radiation treatment and improved cancer treatment outcomes. Nevertheless, several studies with a large number of samples are required before application of these biomarkers in routine radiotherapy could become a reality. The advent of 'omis' and microchip technologies envisage successful outcomes of future research in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary N Mohankumar
- Department of Atomic Energy, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
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3
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Guo W, Wu C. Detection of Hypoxic Regions in the Bone Microenvironment. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2230:345-356. [PMID: 33197024 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1028-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen serves as a critical environmental factor essential for maintaining the physiological state of a tissue. Hypoxia, or low oxygen, triggers a cascade of events which allows for cells to adapt to low oxygen tensions and to facilitate oxygen delivery required to maintain tissue homeostasis. In the bone microenvironment (BME), vascular heterogeneity, poor perfusion rates of blood vessels, and high metabolic activity of hematopoietic cells result in the generation of a unique hypoxic landscape. Importantly, in this region, hypoxia and its downstream effectors are associated with establishing stem cell niches and regulating the differentiation of committed progenitors. Given the functional importance of the hypoxic bone niche, visualizing regions of hypoxia may provide valuable insights into the mechanisms that regulate tissue homeostasis. Here, we describe the utilization of the nitroimidazole derivative, pimonidazole, to detect hypoxic regions within the BME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Colleen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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4
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Li R, Zhang J, Guo J, Xu Y, Duan K, Zheng J, Wan H, Yuan Z, Chen H. Application of Nitroimidazole-Carbobane-Modified Phenylalanine Derivatives as Dual-Target Boron Carriers in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:202-211. [PMID: 31763850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has received extensive attention as noninvasive cell-level oncotherapy for treating solid cancer tumors. However, boron-containing drugs such as l-boronophenylalanine (BPA) and sodium borocaptate have low boron content and/or poor tumor-targeting ability, limiting their application. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of nontoxic, dual-target boron carriers (B139, B142, and B151) with the ability to accumulate specifically in tumor cells. We found that the B139 uptake into hypoxic tumor regions was high, with a 70-fold boron content compared to BPA. In addition, in vivo observation showed that B139 can be trapped in tumor cells for a prolonged period and maintains an effective therapeutic concentration, with a peak boron concentration of 50.7 μg/g and a high tumor: blood boron ratio of >3, achieving ideal BNCT conditions. Cytotoxicity evaluation in mice further proved that B139 is safe and reliable. Therefore, B139 has great potential for BNCT application as a dual-target, safe, and efficient boron carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Jingxuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Kunyuan Duan
- Department of Pharmacy , Qujing Medical College , Qujing 655000 , China
| | - Jinrong Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Hao Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Zhenwei Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjia Lane , Gulou District, Nanjing 210009 , China
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5
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Luderer MJ, Muz B, Alhallak K, Sun J, Wasden K, Guenthner N, de la Puente P, Federico C, Azab AK. Thermal Sensitive Liposomes Improve Delivery of Boronated Agents for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Pharm Res 2019; 36:144. [PMID: 31392417 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has the potential to become a viable cancer treatment modality, but its clinical translation requires sufficient tumor boron delivery while minimizing nonspecific accumulation. METHODS Thermal sensitive liposomes (TSLs) were designed to have a stable drug payload at physiological temperatures but engineered to have high permeability under mild hyperthermia. RESULTS We found that TSLs improved the tumor-specific delivery of boronophenylalanine (BPA) and boronated 2-nitroimidazole derivative B-381 in D54 glioma cells. Uniquely, the 2-nitroimidazole moiety extended the tumor retention of boron content compared to BPA. CONCLUSION This is the first study to show the delivery of boronated compounds using TSLs for BNCT, and these results will provide the basis of future clinical trials using TSLs for BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah John Luderer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Barbara Muz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Kinan Alhallak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine Wasden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Nicole Guenthner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Pilar de la Puente
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Cinzia Federico
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Abdel Kareem Azab
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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6
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Feldman LA, Fabre MS, Grasso C, Reid D, Broaddus WC, Lanza GM, Spiess BD, Garbow JR, McConnell MJ, Herst PM. Perfluorocarbon emulsions radiosensitise brain tumors in carbogen breathing mice with orthotopic GL261 gliomas. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184250. [PMID: 28873460 PMCID: PMC5584944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour hypoxia limits the effectiveness of radiation therapy. Delivering normobaric or hyperbaric oxygen therapy elevates pO2 in both tumour and normal brain tissue. However, pO2 levels return to baseline within 15 minutes of stopping therapy. Aim To investigate the effect of perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions on hypoxia in subcutaneous and intracranial mouse gliomas and their radiosensitising effect in orthotopic gliomas in mice breathing carbogen (95%O2 and 5%CO2). Results PFC emulsions completely abrogated hypoxia in both subcutaneous and intracranial GL261 models and conferred a significant survival advantage orthotopically (Mantel Cox: p = 0.048) in carbogen breathing mice injected intravenously (IV) with PFC emulsions before radiation versus mice receiving radiation alone. Carbogen alone decreased hypoxia levels substantially and conferred a smaller but not statistically significant survival advantage over and above radiation alone. Conclusion IV injections of PFC emulsions followed by 1h carbogen breathing, radiosensitises GL261 intracranial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Feldman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA United States of America.,Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Marie-Sophie Fabre
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Carole Grasso
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Dana Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - William C Broaddus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA United States of America
| | - Gregory M Lanza
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO United States of America
| | - Bruce D Spiess
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL United States of America
| | - Joel R Garbow
- Mallinckrodt Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO United States of America
| | - Melanie J McConnell
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Patries M Herst
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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7
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Luderer MJ, Muz B, de la Puente P, Chavalmane S, Kapoor V, Marcelo R, Biswas P, Thotala D, Rogers B, Azab AK. A Hypoxia-Targeted Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Agent for the Treatment of Glioma. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2530-9. [PMID: 27401411 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has the potential to become a viable cancer treatment modality, but its clinical translation has been limited by the poor tumor selectivity of agents. To address this unmet need, a boronated 2-nitroimidazole derivative (B-381) was synthesized and evaluated for its capability of targeting hypoxic glioma cells. METHODS B-381 has been synthesized from a 1-step reaction. Using D54 and U87 glioma cell lines, the in vitro cytotoxicity and cellular accumulation of B-381 has been evaluated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions compared to L-boronophenylalanine (BPA). Furthermore, tumor retention of B-381 was evaluated in vivo. RESULTS B-381 had low cytotoxicity in normal and cancer cells. Unlike BPA, B-381 illustrated preferential retention in hypoxic glioma cells compared to normoxic glioma cells and normal tissues in vitro. In vivo, B-381 illustrated significantly higher long-term tumor retention compared to BPA, with 9.5-fold and 6.5-fold higher boron levels at 24 and 48 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS B-381 represents a new class of BNCT agents in which their selectivity to tumors is based on hypoxic tumor metabolism. Further studies are warranted to evaluate B-381 and similar compounds as preclinical candidates for future BNCT clinical trials for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah John Luderer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
| | - Barbara Muz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
| | - Pilar de la Puente
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
| | - Sanmathi Chavalmane
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
| | - Vaishali Kapoor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
| | - Raymundo Marcelo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
| | - Pratim Biswas
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
| | - Dinesh Thotala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
| | - Buck Rogers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
| | - Abdel Kareem Azab
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Biology Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave., Room 3103, St. Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA.
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8
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Frank J, Gündel D, Drescher S, Thews O, Mäder K. Injectable LiNc-BuO loaded microspheres as in vivo EPR oxygen sensors after co-implantation with tumor cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:741-9. [PMID: 26459034 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry is a technique which allows accurate and repeatable oxygen measurements. We encapsulated a highly oxygen sensitive particulate EPR spin probe into microparticles to improve its dispersibility and, hence, facilitate the administration. These biocompatible, non-toxic microspheres contained 5-10 % (w/w) spin probe and had an oxygen sensitivity of 0.60 ± 0.01 µT/mmHg. To evaluate the performance of the microparticles as oxygen sensors, they were co-implanted with syngeneic tumor cells in 2 different rat strains. Thus, tissue injury was avoided and the microparticles were distributed all over the tumor tissue. Dynamic changes of the intratumoral oxygen partial pressure during inhalation of 8 %, 21 %, or 100 % oxygen were monitored in vivo by EPR spectroscopy and quantified. Values were verified in vivo by invasive fluorometric measurements using Oxylite probes and ex vivo by pimonidazole adduct accumulation. There were no hints that the tumor physiology or tissue oxygenation had been altered by the microparticles. Hence, these microprobes offer great potential as oxygen sensors in preclinical research, not only for EPR spectroscopy but also for EPR imaging. For instance, the assessment of tissue oxygenation during therapeutic interventions might help understanding pathophysiological processes and lead to an individualized treatment planning or the use of formulations with hypoxia triggered release of active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Frank
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Gündel
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 6, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Simon Drescher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Oliver Thews
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 6, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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9
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Li F, Joergensen JT, Hansen AE, Kjaer A. Kinetic modeling in PET imaging of hypoxia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 4:490-506. [PMID: 25250200 PMCID: PMC4171837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is associated with increased therapeutic resistance leading to poor treatment outcome. Therefore the ability to detect and quantify intratumoral oxygenation could play an important role in future individual personalized treatment strategies. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) can be used for non-invasive mapping of tissue oxygenation in vivo and several hypoxia specific PET tracers have been developed. Evaluation of PET data in the clinic is commonly based on visual assessment together with semiquantitative measurements e.g. standard uptake value (SUV). However, dynamic PET contains additional valuable information on the temporal changes in tracer distribution. Kinetic modeling can be used to extract relevant pharmacokinetic parameters of tracer behavior in vivo that reflects relevant physiological processes. In this paper, we review the potential contribution of kinetic analysis for PET imaging of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, University of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper T Joergensen
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, University of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders E Hansen
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, University of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of DenmarkBuilding 423, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, University of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Laurens E, Yeoh SD, Rigopoulos A, Cao D, Cartwright GA, O'Keefe GJ, Tochon-Danguy HJ, White JM, Scott AM, Ackermann U. Radiolabelling and evaluation of a novel sulfoxide as a PET imaging agent for tumor hypoxia. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:419-25. [PMID: 24767600 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
[¹⁸F]FMISO is the most widely validated PET radiotracer for imaging hypoxic tissue. However, as a result of the pharmacokinetics of [¹⁸F]FMISO a 2h wait between tracer administration and patient scanning is required for optimal image acquisition. In order to develop hypoxia imaging agents with faster kinetics, we have synthesised and evaluated several F-18 labelled anilino sulfoxides. In this manuscript we report on the synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel fluoroethyltriazolyl propargyl anilino sulfoxide. The radiolabelling of the novel tracer was achieved via 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl azide click chemistry. Radiochemical yields were 23 ± 4% based on 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl azide and 7 ± 2% based on K[¹⁸F]F. The radiotracer did not undergo metabolism or defluorination in an in vitro assay using S9 liver fractions. Imaging studies using SK-RC-52 tumors in BALB/c nude mice have indicated that the tracer may have a higher pO₂ threshold than [¹⁸F]FMISO for uptake in hypoxic tumors. Although clearance from muscle was faster than [¹⁸F]FMISO, uptake in hypoxic tumors was slower. The average tumor to muscle ratio at 2h post injection in large, hypoxic tumors with a volume greater than 686 mm³ was 1.7, which was similar to the observed ratio of 1.75 for [¹⁸F]FMISO. Although the new tracer showed improved pharmacokinetics when compared with the previously synthesised sulfoxides, further modifications to the chemical structure need to be made in order to offer significant in vivo imaging advantages over [¹⁸F]FMISO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Laurens
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Shinn Dee Yeoh
- Centre for PET, Austin Health, Level 1 HSB, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Angela Rigopoulos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne - Austin Branch, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Diana Cao
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne - Austin Branch, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Glenn A Cartwright
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne - Austin Branch, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Graeme J O'Keefe
- Centre for PET, Austin Health, Level 1 HSB, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Henri J Tochon-Danguy
- Centre for PET, Austin Health, Level 1 HSB, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Centre for PET, Austin Health, Level 1 HSB, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne - Austin Branch, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Uwe Ackermann
- Centre for PET, Austin Health, Level 1 HSB, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne - Austin Branch, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia.
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11
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Meng MB, Jiang XD, Deng L, Na FF, He JZ, Xue JX, Guo WH, Wen QL, Lan J, Mo XM, Lang JY, Lu Y. Enhanced radioresponse with a novel recombinant human endostatin protein via tumor vasculature remodeling: experimental and clinical evidence. Radiother Oncol 2013; 106:130-7. [PMID: 23351845 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effect of the novel recombinant human endostatin (rh-Endo) protein on tumor vasculature, and to explore and evaluate the optimal scheduling of rh-Endo and radiotherapy (RT). METHODS Tumor-perfusion parameters and hypoxia were monitored after rh-Endo treatment in 10 non-small cell lung-cancer (NSCLC) patients. Eight-week female C57BL/6J mice were randomized to receive rh-Endo or control (saline) once daily for 12 days when Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) reached approximately 100-150 mm(3). On planned days, tumors were measured for cell apoptosis, microvessel density, pericytes, blood-vessel morphology, and tumor hypoxia. The tumor response under different combinations of rh-Endo and RT schedules was evaluated. RESULTS Tumor hypoxia was significantly reduced 5 days after rh-Endo in NSCLC patients, and a similar result was found in the LLC mouse model. The anti-tumor effect was markedly enhanced when RT was administered within the remodeling period compared to any other treatment schedule. rh-Endo treatment remodeled the tumor vasculature after 5 days by reducing microvessel density and increasing pericytic coverage of the vessel endothelium. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated decreased hypoxia in animals and patients upon rh-Endo treatment, which also enhanced the radioresponse within the vasculature-remodeling period. The optimal clinical combination of rh-Endo and RT warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Bin Meng
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Manley E, Waxman DJ. Impact of tumor blood flow modulation on tumor sensitivity to the bioreductive drug banoxantrone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012. [PMID: 23192656 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the hypoxia-dependent cytotoxicity of AQ4N (banoxantrone) using a panel of 13 cancer cell lines and studied its relationship to the expression of the quinone reductase DT-diaphorase (NQO1), which is widely found in cancer cells. We also investigated pharmacologic treatments that increase tumor hypoxia in vivo and their impact on AQ4N chemosensitivity in a solid tumor xenograft model. AQ4N showed ≥ 8-fold higher cytotoxicity under hypoxia than normoxia in cultures of 9L rat gliosarcoma and H460 human non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells but not for 11 other human cancer cell lines. DT-diaphorase protein levels and AQ4N chemosensitivity were poorly correlated across the cancer cell line panel, and AQ4N chemosensitivity was not affected by DT-diaphorase inhibitors. The vasodilator hydralazine decreased tumor perfusion and increased tumor hypoxia in 9L tumor xenografts, and to a lesser extent in H460 tumor xenografts. However, hydralazine did not increase AQ4N-dependent antitumor activity. Combination of AQ4N with the angiogenesis inhibitor axitinib, which increases 9L tumor hypoxia, transiently increased antitumor activity but with an increase in host toxicity. These findings indicate that the capacity to bioactivate AQ4N is not dependent on DT-diaphorase and is not widespread in cultured cancer cell lines. Moreover, the activation of AQ4N cytotoxicity in vivo requires tumor hypoxia that is more extensive or prolonged than can readily be achieved by vasodilation or by antiangiogenic drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Manley
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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13
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Ganeshan B, Goh V, Mandeville HC, Ng QS, Hoskin PJ, Miles KA. Non-small cell lung cancer: histopathologic correlates for texture parameters at CT. Radiology 2012; 266:326-36. [PMID: 23169792 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12112428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To correlate computed tomographic (CT) texture in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with histopathologic markers for angiogenesis and hypoxia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was institutional review board approved, and informed consent was obtained. Fourteen patients with NSCLC underwent CT prior to intravenous administration of pimonidazole (0.5 g/m(2)), a marker of hypoxia, 24 hours before surgery. Texture was assessed for unenhanced and contrast material-enhanced CT images by using a software algorithm that selectively filters and extracts texture at different anatomic scales (1.0 [fine detail] to 2.5 [coarse features]), with quantification of the standard deviation (SD) of all pixel values and the mean value of positive pixels (MPP) and uniformity of distribution of positive gray-level pixel values (UPP). After surgery, matched tumor sections were stained for angiogenesis (CD34 expression) and for markers of hypoxia (glucose transporter protein 1 [Glut-1] and pimonidazole). The percentage and average intensity of the tumor stained were assessed. A linear mixed-effects model was used to assess the correlations between CT texture and staining intensity. RESULTS SD and MPP quantified from medium to coarse texture on contrast-enhanced CT images showed significant associations with the average intensity of tumor staining with pimonidazole (for SD: filter value, 2.5; slope = 0.003; P = .0003). UPP (medium to coarse texture) on unenhanced CT images showed a significant inverse association with tumor Glut-1 expression (filter value, 2.5; slope = -115.13; P = .0008). MPP quantified from medium to coarse texture on both unenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT images showed significant inverse associations with tumor CD34 expression (unenhanced CT: filter value, 1.8; slope = -0.0008; P = .003; contrast-enhanced CT: filter value, 1.8; slope = -0.0006; P = .004). CONCLUSION Texture parameters derived from CT images of NSCLC have the potential to act as imaging correlates for tumor hypoxia and angiogenesis. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.12112428/-/DC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Ganeshan
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, England
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Mao Q, Zhang Y, Fu X, Xue J, Guo W, Meng M, Zhou Z, Mo X, Lu Y. A tumor hypoxic niche protects human colon cancer stem cells from chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 139:211-22. [PMID: 23052691 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypoxia has been found to play an important role in regulating the biological characteristics of cancer stem cells (cCSCs). In this study, we tested whether a tumor hypoxic niche serves to the chemotherapeutic resistance of colon cCSCs. METHODS Each of 23 fresh samples of human colon adenocarcinoma was transplanted into nude mice. The tumor-bearing mice randomly and equally received (A) saline, (B) 5-fluorouracil (15 mg/kg), (C) oxaliplatin (10 mg/kg), and (D) oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil when xenografts reached 250 mm(3) (n = 10). After 2-week treatment, tumor cells were quantified by flow cytometry for expression of CD133 and the hypoxic proportion of CD133(+) and CD133(-) cells which were also sorted and detected for ki67 and pimonidazole via immunofluorescence. RESULTS The hypoxic subpopulation of CD133(+) and CD133(-) cells was 66.5 and 26.4 %, respectively. Although there was no marked change for the hypoxic subpopulation of CD133(+) cells after treatment, the hypoxic fraction of proliferative CD133(+) cells was increased by 14.62, 16.45, and 20.46 % in groups B, C, and D, respectively. Furthermore, proliferative cells in CD133(+) and CD133(-) cells were reduced by 29.93 and 62.5 % in group C, and by 25.26 and 68.22 % in group D; in group B, however, the proliferative CD133(+) cells were increased by 37.09 %; the CD133(-) cells were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Most CD133(+) cCSCs are located in a hypoxic niche, where cCSCs are better at retaining proliferating property under chemotherapy. Oxaliplatin, rather than 5-FU, inhibits proliferation of cCSCs, which may be the mechanism underlying a better outcome by oxaliplatin in colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Mao
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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15
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Mandeville HC, Ng QS, Daley FM, Barber PR, Pierce G, Finch J, Burke M, Bell A, Townsend ER, Kozarski R, Vojnovic B, Hoskin PJ, Goh V. Operable non-small cell lung cancer: correlation of volumetric helical dynamic contrast-enhanced CT parameters with immunohistochemical markers of tumor hypoxia. Radiology 2012; 264:581-9. [PMID: 22700554 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the relationship between helical dynamic contrast material-enhanced (DCE) computed tomographic (CT) parameters and immunohistochemical markers of hypoxia in patients with operable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS After institutional review board approval was obtained, 20 prospective patients who were suspected of having NSCLC underwent whole-tumor DCE CT with kinetic modeling (Patlak analysis) 24 hours before scheduled surgery. Flow-extraction product (in milliliters per 100 milliliters per minute) and blood volume (in milliliters per 100 milliliters) were derived. After surgery, matched whole-tumor sections were stained for exogenous and endogenous markers of hypoxia (pimonidazole infused intravenously 24 hours before surgery, immediately after DCE CT; glucose transporter protein). Correlation between DCE CT parameters and immunohistochemical markers was assessed by using the Spearman rank correlation. DCE CT parameters and immunohistochemical markers were also compared according to pathologic subtype, grade, stage, and nodal status by using the Mann-Whitney test. P values less than .05 indicated a statistically significant difference. RESULT Fourteen patients with confirmed primary NSCLC underwent resection. There were negative correlations between blood volume and pimonidazole staining (r = -0.48, P = .004), and between flow-extraction product and glucose transporter protein expression (r = -0.50, P = .002). Flow-extraction product was significantly higher in adenocarcinomas than in squamous cell tumors (17.73 vs 11.46; P = .043). Glucose transporter protein expression was significantly lower for adenocarcinomas than for squamous tumors (14.07 vs 33.03; P < .001) and in node negative than in node positive tumors (15.63 vs 23.85; P = .005). CONCLUSION Blood volume and flow-extraction product derived at DCE CT correlated negatively with pimonidazole and glucose transporter protein expression, indicating the potential of these CT parameters as imaging biomarkers of hypoxia.
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Aithal KB, Kumar S, Rao BN, Udupa N, Rao SBS. Tumor Growth Inhibitory Effect of Juglone and Its Radiation Sensitizing Potential. Integr Cancer Ther 2011; 11:68-80. [DOI: 10.1177/1534735411403477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at evaluating the anticancer and radiosensitizing potential of juglone against a chemoresistant and radioresistant tumor (B16F1 melanoma) growing on C57BL/6J mice. Volume doubling time, growth delay, and median survival were used to assess the in vivo anticancer and radiosensitizing potential of juglone. In vitro radiosensitizing potential of juglone was studied using clonogenic, comet, and reactive oxygen species induction assays. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with sublethal doses of juglone caused a dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth as evident from the growth delay and median survival values. Comet assay using tumor tissue and blood showed differential toxicity of juglone, where higher levels of DNA damage was seen in tumor tissue compared with blood cells. Pretreatment of tumor-bearing mice with optimum dose of juglone before radiation resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition compared with radiation alone. From the clonogenic assay, the authors observed a sensitization enhancement ratio of 1.37 for the combination treatment compared with radiation alone. Furthermore, comet assay studies revealed the potential of juglone to enhance the radiation-induced DNA damage and cause a delay in its repair. Juglone pretreatment before radiation also resulted in a significant elevation in the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels compared with radiation alone. In conclusion, the results of this study show the potential of juglone to inhibit the growth of melanoma in vivo. The study also revealed the potential of juglone to augment the radiation-induced cell death of melanoma cells, which may be attributed to oxidative stress–mediated DNA damage and its delayed repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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17
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Wen QL, Meng MB, Yang B, Tu LL, Jia L, Zhou L, Xu Y, Lu Y. Endostar, a recombined humanized endostatin, enhances the radioresponse for human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and human lung adenocarcinoma xenografts in mice. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1510-9. [PMID: 19459845 PMCID: PMC11158265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to determine the efficacy of combining radiation therapy with endostar, a recombined humanized endostatin, in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and human lung adenocarcinoma xenografts. Tumor xenografts were established in the hind limb of male athymic nude mice (BALB/c-nu) by subcutaneous transplantation. The tumor-bearing mice were assigned into four treatment groups: sham therapy (control), endostar (20 mg/kg, once daily for 10 days), radiation therapy (6 Gray per day to 30 Gray, once a day for 1 week), and endostar plus radiation therapy (combination). The experiment was repeated and mice were killed at days 3, 6, and 10 after initiation therapy, and the tumor tissues and blood samples were collected to analyze the kinetics of antitumor, antiangiogenesis, and antivascularization responses of different therapies. In human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and human lung adenocarcinoma xenografts, endostar significantly enhanced the effects of tumor growth inhibition, endothelial cell and tumor cell apoptosis induction, and improved tumor cell hypoxia of radiation therapy. Histological analyses demonstrated that endostar plus radiation also induced a significant reduction in microvascular density, microvascular area, and vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression compared with radiation and endostar alone respectively. We concluded that endostar significantly sensitized the function of radiation in antitumor and antiangiogenesis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and human lung adenocarcinoma xenografts by increasing the apoptosis of the endothelial cell and tumor cell, improving the hypoxia of the tumor cell, and changing the proangiogenic factors. These data provided a rational basis for clinical practice of this multimodality therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Lian Wen
- State Key Laboratory Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Evans SM, Jenkins KW, Jenkins WT, Dilling T, Judy KD, Schrlau A, Judkins A, Hahn SM, Koch CJ. Imaging and analytical methods as applied to the evaluation of vasculature and hypoxia in human brain tumors. Radiat Res 2009; 170:677-90. [PMID: 19138031 DOI: 10.1667/rr1207.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia results from the interaction of cellular respiration, vascular oxygen carrying capacity, and vessel distribution. We studied the relationship between tumor vasculature and regions of low pO(2) using quantitative analysis of binding of the 2-nitroimidazole EF5 given to patients intravenously (21 mg/kg) approximately 24 h preceding surgery. We describe new computer algorithms for determining EF5 binding as a function of radial distance from individual blood vessels and converting this value to tissue pO(2). Tissues from six human brain tumors were assessed. In a hemangiopericytoma, a WHO Grade 2 and WHO Grade 3 glial brain tumor, all tissue pO(2) values calculated by EF5 binding were >20 mmHg (described as "physiologically oxygenated"). In these three tumors, EF5 binding gradients (measured as a function of distance from each observed vessel) were low, with small positive and negative values averaging close to zero. Much lower tissue oxygen levels were found, including near some vessels, in glioblastomas. Gradients of EF5 binding away from vessels were larger in glioblastomas than in the low-grade tumors, but positive and negative values again averaged to near zero. Based on these preliminary data, we hypothesize a new paradigm for tumor blood flow in human brain tumors whereby in-flowing and out-flowing blood patterns may have contrasting effects on average tissue EF5 (and by inference, oxygen) gradients. Our studies also imply that neither distance to the nearest blood vessel nor distance from each observed blood vessel provide reliable estimates of tissue pO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney M Evans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, PA, USA.
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19
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Gulliksrud K, Vestvik IK, Galappathi K, Mathiesen B, Rofstad EK. Detection of different hypoxic cell subpopulations in human melanoma xenografts by pimonidazole immunohistochemistry. Radiat Res 2008; 170:638-50. [PMID: 18959463 DOI: 10.1667/rr1400.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at developing immunohistochemical assays for different subpopulations of hypoxic cells in tumors. BALB/c-nu/nu mice bearing A-07 or R-18 tumors were given a single dose of 90 mg/kg body weight or three doses (3 h apart) of 30 mg/kg body weight of pimonidazole hydrochloride intravenously. The fraction of pimonidazole-labeled cells was assessed in paraffin-embedded and frozen tumor sections and compared with the fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic cells. The staining pattern in paraffin-embedded sections indicated selective staining of chronically hypoxic cells. Frozen sections showed a staining pattern consistent with staining of both chronically and acutely/repetitively hypoxic cells. Fraction of pimonidazole-labeled cells in paraffin-embedded sections was lower than the fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic cells (single-dose and triple-dose experiment). In frozen sections, fraction of pimonidazole-labeled cells was similar to (single-dose experiment) or higher than (triple-dose experiment) fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic cells. Three different subpopulations of hypoxic cells could be quantified by pimonidazole immunohistochemistry: the fraction of cells that are hypoxic because of limitations in oxygen diffusion, the fraction of cells that are hypoxic simultaneously because of fluctuations in blood perfusion, and the fraction of cells that are exposed to one or more periods of hypoxia during their lifetime because of fluctuations in blood perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Gulliksrud
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Abstract
Hypoxia, a condition of insufficient O2 to support metabolism, occurs when the vascular supply is interrupted, as in stroke or myocardial infarction, or when a tumor outgrows its vascular supply. When otherwise healthy tissues lose their O2 supply acutely, the cells usually die, whereas when cells gradually become hypoxic, they adapt by up-regulating the production of numerous proteins that promote their survival. These proteins slow the rate of growth, switch the mitochondria to glycolysis, stimulate growth of new vasculature, inhibit apoptosis, and promote metastatic spread. The consequence of these changes is that patients with hypoxic tumors invariably experience poor outcome to treatment. This has led the molecular imaging community to develop assays for hypoxia in patients, including regional measurements from O2 electrodes placed under CT guidance, several nuclear medicine approaches with imaging agents that accumulate with an inverse relationship to O2, MRI methods that measure either oxygenation directly or lactate production as a consequence of hypoxia, and optical methods with NIR and bioluminescence. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are reviewed, along with the individual strategies for validating different imaging methods. Ultimately the proof of value is in the clinical performance to predict outcome, select an appropriate cohort of patients to benefit from a hypoxia-directed treatment, or plan radiation fields that result in better local control. Hypoxia imaging in support of molecular medicine has become an important success story over the last decade and provides a model and some important lessons for development of new molecular imaging probes or techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Krohn
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6004, USA.
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21
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Koch CJ. Importance of antibody concentration in the assessment of cellular hypoxia by flow cytometry: EF5 and pimonidazole. Radiat Res 2008; 169:677-88. [PMID: 18494550 DOI: 10.1667/rr1305.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The binding kinetics of the hypoxia marker EF5 can be quantified by uptake of (14)C-labeled drug or calibrated flow cytometry using antibodies specific for drug adducts. Maximum EF5 binding is cell-line dependent and varies directly with drug exposure (area under the curve; concentration integrated over time) but inversely with pO(2) from 0 to >100 mmHg. For pimonidazole, binding is reported to be independent of the cell line and drug AUC, being zero above 10 mmHg, with an easily discriminated increase at lower pO(2). The basis for these kinetic differences is unknown, but the main experimental variable distinguishing the two marker techniques is antibody concentration ([Ab] - pimonidazole << EF5). In this study, EF5 and pimonidazole binding kinetics were compared as a function of pO(2) and antibody concentration in cells of two rat (9L and R3230) and two human (HT1080 and SiHa) cancer cell lines. For both markers, binding varied directly with AUC at all pO(2). The dynamic range of observed binding (maximum change from 0 to 76 mmHg oxygen) decreased with antibody concentration. The pO(2) dependence of binding for pimonidazole, but not EF5, varied dramatically with antibody concentration. Thus the data presented herein do not support the reported binding kinetics of pimonidazole. In particular, it is shown that the common use of antibody concentrations much lower than antigen concentrations can lead to unreliable estimations of adduct level and hence pO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Koch
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6072, USA.
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22
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Wilson GD, Marples B. Flow cytometry in radiation research: past, present and future. Radiat Res 2007; 168:391-403. [PMID: 17903043 DOI: 10.1667/rr1042.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is an invaluable technique in research and clinical laboratories. The technique has been applied extensively to many areas of radiation research at both the experimental and clinical level. In the past few years, there has been a significant increase in the capabilities of modern flow cytometers to undertake multicolor analysis in a user-friendly manner. The developments in cytometric technology are being matched by the rapid development of new reagents, new fluorochromes and new platforms such as bead arrays. These developments are facilitating many new applications in both basic and clinical research that have relevance for many fields of biology, including radiation research. This review provides a historical overview of the application of flow cytometry to radiobiology and an update on how technology and reagents have changed and cites examples of new applications relevant to radiation researchers. In addition, some entirely new flow instrumentation is currently under development that has significant potential for applications in radiation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073, USA.
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Brown DA, MacLellan WR, Laks H, Dunn JCY, Wu BM, Beygui RE. Analysis of oxygen transport in a diffusion-limited model of engineered heart tissue. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 97:962-75. [PMID: 17195988 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue engineering has made notable progress in recent years with the advent of an experimental model based on neonatal cardiomyocytes entrapped in collage gels and purified basement membrane extract, known as "engineered heart tissues" (EHTs). EHTs are a formidable display of tissue-level contractile function and cellular-level differentiation, although they suffer greatly from mass transport limitations due to the high density of metabolically active cells and the diffusion-limited nature of the hydrogel. In this report, a mathematical model was developed to predict oxygen levels inside a one-dimensional, diffusion-limited model of EHT. These predictions were then compared to values measured in corresponding experiments with a hypoxia-sensitive stain (pimonidazole). EHTs were cast between two plastic discs, which allowed for mass transfer with the culture medium to occur in only the radial direction. EHTs were cultured for up to 36 h in the presence of pimonidazole, after which time they were snap-frozen, histologically sectioned, and stained for bound pimonidazole. Quantitative image analysis was performed to measure the distance from the culture medium at which hypoxia first occurs under various conditions. As tested by variation of simple design parameters, the trends in oxygen profiles predicted by the model are in reasonable agreement with those obtained experimentally, although a number of ambiguities related to the specific model parameters led to a general overprediction of oxygen concentrations. Based on the sensitivity analysis in the present study, it is concluded that diffusion-reaction models may offer relatively precise predictions of oxygen concentrations in diffusion-limited tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brown
- Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Parmar K, Mauch P, Vergilio JA, Sackstein R, Down JD. Distribution of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow according to regional hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5431-6. [PMID: 17374716 PMCID: PMC1838452 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701152104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of stem cells with their bone marrow microenvironment is a critical process in maintaining normal hematopoiesis. We applied an approach to resolve the spatial organization that underlies these interactions by evaluating the distribution of hematopoietic cell subsets along an in vivo Hoechst 33342 (Ho) dye perfusion gradient. Cells isolated from different bone marrow regions according to Ho fluorescence intensity contained the highest concentration of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) activity in the lowest end of the Ho gradient (i.e., in the regions reflecting diminished perfusion). Consistent with the ability of Ho perfusion to simulate the level of oxygenation, bone marrow fractions separately enriched for HSCs were found to be the most positive for the binding of the hypoxic marker pimonidazole. Moreover, the in vivo administration of the hypoxic cytotoxic agent tirapazamine exhibited selective toxicity to the primitive stem cell subset. These data collectively indicate that HSCs and the supporting cells of the stem cell niche are predominantly located at the lowest end of an oxygen gradient in the bone marrow with the implication that regionally defined hypoxia plays a fundamental role in regulating stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalindi Parmar
- *Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Department of Radiation Oncology, Jimmy Fund Building, Room 518B, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail:
| | - Peter Mauch
- *Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Department of Radiation Oncology, ASB1-L2, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail:
| | | | - Robert Sackstein
- Departments of Dermatology and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
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Jankovic B, Aquino-Parsons C, Raleigh JA, Stanbridge EJ, Durand RE, Banath JP, MacPhail SH, Olive PL. Comparison between pimonidazole binding, oxygen electrode measurements, and expression of endogenous hypoxia markers in cancer of the uterine cervix. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2006; 70:45-55. [PMID: 16456867 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although tumor hypoxia has been associated with a more aggressive phenotype and lower cure rate, there is no consensus as to the method best suited for routine measurement. Binding of the chemical hypoxia marker, pimonidazole, and expression of the endogenous hypoxia markers HIF-1alpha and CAIX were compared for their ability to detect hypoxia in tumor biopsies from 67 patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix. METHODS Two biopsies were taken one day after administration of pimonidazole and were analyzed for pimonidazole binding using flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry. CAIX and HIF-1alpha expression and degree of colocalization were measured in sequential antibody-stained sections. Patient subsets were examined for tumor oxygen tension using an Eppendorf electrode, S phase DNA content, or change in HIF-1alpha expression over the course of treatment. RESULTS Approximately 6% of the tumor area stained positive for pimonidazole, HIF-1alpha, or CAIX. The CAIX positive fraction correlated with the pimonidazole positive fraction (r = 0.60). Weaker but significant correlations were observed between pimonidazole and HIF-1alpha (r = 0.31) and CAIX and HIF-1alpha (r = 0.41). Taking the extent of marker colocalization into consideration increased the confidence that all markers were identifying hypoxic regions. Over 65% of stained areas showed a high degree of colocalization with the other markers. Oxygen microelectrode measurements and S phase fraction were not correlated with the hypoxic fraction measured using the three hypoxia markers. HIF-1alpha levels tended to decrease with time after the start of therapy. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous hypoxia marker binding shows reasonable agreement, in extent and location, with binding of pimonidazole. CAIX staining pattern is a better match to the pimonidazole staining pattern than is HIF-1alpha, and high CAIX expression in the absence (or low levels) of HIF-1alpha may indicate a different biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jankovic
- Medical Biophysics Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Durand RE, Aquino-Parsons C. The fate of hypoxic (pimonidazole-labelled) cells in human cervix tumours undergoing chemo-radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2006; 80:138-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2006.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Williams KJ, Parker CA, Stratford IJ. Exogenous and endogenous markers of tumour oxygenation status: definitive markers of tumour hypoxia? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 566:285-94. [PMID: 16594164 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-26206-7_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a physiological abnormality that has been detected in all solid tumours analysed to date. Studies using polarographic needle electrodes have shown an unequivocal link between the extent of tumour hypoxia and poor treatment outcome. The practical limitations of polarographic needle electrodes have warranted investigation into alternative strategies enabling routine assessment of tumour hypoxia in the clinical setting. This review focuses on the clinical evaluation of exogenous and endogenous markers of tumour hypoxia that may fulfil this role.
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Jonathan RA, Wijffels KIEM, Peeters W, de Wilde PCM, Marres HAM, Merkx MAW, Oosterwijk E, van der Kogel AJ, Kaanders JHAM. The prognostic value of endogenous hypoxia-related markers for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas treated with ARCON. Radiother Oncol 2006; 79:288-97. [PMID: 16730088 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoxic radioresistance is an important cause for treatment failure in a number of tumor types including head and neck cancers. Recent studies suggest that outcome can be improved by oxygenation modifying treatments such as ARCON. A robust endogenous marker of hypoxia might be a valuable aid to select patients for such treatments. The aim of this investigation was to study associations between the putative endogenous hypoxia markers CA-IX, Glut-1 and Glut-3 and clinical tumor and patient characteristics and to evaluate the prognostic value of these markers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tumor biopsies from 58 patients treated with ARCON in a phase II trial were included. Tumor sections were immunohistochemically stained for CA-IX, Glut-1 and Glut-3. Sections were scored for relative tumor area stained by the markers (CA-IX and Glut-3) and for intensity of staining (Glut-1 and Glut-3). Further, sections were stained for CD34, an endothelial marker to assess microvascular density. RESULTS Staining of CA-IX and Glut-3 was observed at some distance from vessels and adjacent to necrosis. Glut-1 staining was generally very diffuse. The distribution of clinical characteristics was equal between tumors with high and low marker expression. Significant differences were found for locoregional control (P = 0.04) and for freedom of distant metastases (P = 0.02) in favour of patients with high CA-IX positivity (>25% of tumor area). High Glut-3 expression was associated with a better locoregional control (P = 0.04). Higher Glut-1 intensity was associated with an increased rate of distant metastases (P = 0.0005) and a worse overall survival (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The inconsistent associations with outcome of CA-IX and the glucose transporters indicate that different factors play a role in up-regulation of these markers. Compared to studies with conventional treatment, the correlation between CA-IX expression and Glut-3 expression and outcome was reversed after treatment with ARCON. This does not support the potential of any of these proteins as very specific and robust hypoxia markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Jonathan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Danylkova NO, Pomeranz HD, Alcala SR, McLoon LK. Histological and morphometric evaluation of transient retinal and optic nerve ischemia in rat. Brain Res 2006; 1096:20-9. [PMID: 16730339 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is caused by a transient optic nerve ischemia and results in permanent vision loss. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this ischemic optic nerve injury. This study characterized the duration and extent of ischemia induced after a coagulopathy injury to the optic nerve of adult rats. Acute ischemia was induced in adult rats by intravenous injection of Rose Bengal dye, followed by argon green laser treatment of the vessels at the optic disc. Rats were assessed in the short-term for hypoxyprobe-1 binding and expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1 alpha) and fractin, markers of neuronal injury. Five months after injury, optic axon number was quantified. The coagulopathy injury resulted in short-term hypoxia in the optic nerve and retina. Tissues were hypoxic within 15 min of the coagulopathy injury, but normoxic by 24 h as measured by hypoxyprobe-1 staining. Both HIF-1alpha and fractin were upregulated in ganglion cells variably across the retina. Five months after the ischemic injury, there was a 71% reduction in optic axon number compared to controls. It is critical to have a reproducible and relevant method for producing transient hypoxia in order to test therapeutic strategies for rescuing injured neurons. The coagulopathy induced in this study resulted in a reproducible and transient ischemic optic nerve injury and long-term axonal loss. This ischemia shows similar, although not identical, morphological and physiological changes to those seen in the human eye after optic nerve ischemia. We are currently testing therapeutic strategies to protect ganglion cells from degeneration after this ischemic injury.
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Banáth JP, Sinnott L, Larrivée B, MacPhail SH, Olive PL. Growth of V79 Cells as Xenograft Tumors Promotes Multicellular Resistance but does not Increase Spontaneous or Radiation-Induced Mutant Frequency. Radiat Res 2005; 164:733-44. [PMID: 16296879 DOI: 10.1667/3474.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A Chinese hamster V79 xenograft model was developed to determine whether cells subjected to a hypoxic tumor microenvironment would be more likely to undergo mutation at the HPRT locus. V79-171b cells stably transfected with VEGF and EGFP were grown subcutaneously in immunodeficient NOD/ SCID mice. V79-VE tumors were characterized for host cell infiltration, doubling time, hypoxic fraction, vascular perfusion, and response to ionizing radiation. When irradiated in vitro, the mutant frequency for a given surviving fraction did not differ for cells grown in vivo or in vitro. Similar results were obtained using HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cells grown as xenografts. However, V79-VE cells grown as xenografts were significantly more resistant to killing than monolayers. The background mutant frequency and the radiation-induced mutant frequency did not differ for tumor cells close to or distant from blood vessels. Similarly, tumor cells from well-perfused regions showed the same rate of strand break rejoining and the same rate of loss of phosphorylated histone H2AX as cells sorted from poorly perfused regions. Therefore, deleterious effects of the tumor microenvironment on DNA repair efficiency or mutation induction could not be demonstrated in these tumors. Rather, development of multicellular resistance in V79-VE tumors acted to reduce mutant frequency for a given dose of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Banáth
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3
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31
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Nelson DW, Cao H, Zhu Y, Sunar-Reeder B, Choi CYH, Faix JD, Brown JM, Koong AC, Giaccia AJ, Le QT. A noninvasive approach for assessing tumor hypoxia in xenografts: developing a urinary marker for hypoxia. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6151-8. [PMID: 16024616 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia modifies the efficacy of conventional anticancer therapy and promotes malignant tumor progression. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein secreted during pregnancy that has been used to monitor tumor burden in xenografts engineered to express this marker. We adapted this approach to use urinary beta-hCG as a secreted reporter protein for tumor hypoxia. We used a hypoxia-inducible promoter containing five tandem repeats of the hypoxia-response element (HRE) ligated upstream of the beta-hCG gene. This construct was stably integrated into two different cancer cell lines, FaDu, a human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and RKO, a human colorectal cancer cell line. In vitro studies showed that tumor cells stably transfected with this plasmid construct secrete beta-hCG in response to hypoxia or hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) stabilizing agents. The hypoxia responsiveness of this construct can be blocked by treatment with agents that affect the HIF-1alpha pathways, including topotecan, 1-benzyl-3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)indazole (YC-1), and flavopiridol. Immunofluorescent analysis of tumor sections and quantitative assessment with flow cytometry indicate colocalization between beta-hCG and 2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide (EF5) and beta-hCG and pimonidazole, two extrinsic markers for tumor hypoxia. Secretion of beta-hCG from xenografts that contain these stable constructs is directly responsive to changes in tumor oxygenation, including exposure of the animals to 10% O2 and tumor bed irradiation. Similarly, urinary beta-hCG levels decline after treatment with flavopiridol, an inhibitor of HIF-1 transactivation. This effect was observed only in tumor cells expressing a HRE-regulated reporter gene and not in tumor cells expressing a cytomegalovirus-regulated reporter gene. The 5HRE beta-hCG reporter system described here enables serial, noninvasive monitoring of tumor hypoxia in a mouse model by measuring a urinary reporter protein.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/urine
- Cell Hypoxia/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/genetics
- Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/urine
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/urine
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/urine
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred SENCAR
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Topotecan/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transfection
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Nelson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5847, USA
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Sobhanifar S, Aquino-Parsons C, Stanbridge EJ, Olive P. Reduced Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Perinecrotic Regions of Solid Tumors. Cancer Res 2005; 65:7259-66. [PMID: 16103077 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia that develops in solid tumors stabilizes the hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) subunit of the HIF-1 transcription factor, leading to up-regulation of dozens of hypoxia-regulated genes that increase glycolysis and oxygen delivery. HIF-1alpha and its downstream target gene CA9 have both been used as surrogate hypoxia markers, and, in general, high expression predicts for a poor response to treatment. Combinations of hypoxia markers offer the opportunity to measure changes in tumor oxygenation that may be relevant to tumor response to treatment. We compared the degree of colocalization of two endogenous markers for hypoxia, HIF-1alpha and carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), with a chemical marker for hypoxia, pimonidazole. Unexpectedly, expression of HIF-1alpha was reduced in the most hypoxic regions that border necrosis in xenograft tumors composed of SiHa cervical carcinoma, WiDr colon carcinoma, or M006 astrocytoma cells. Similar results were obtained for samples from three cervical cancer biopsies. However, CAIX was present in these perinecrotic cells that were also capable of metabolizing and binding a chemical marker for hypoxia, pimonidazole. In vitro experiments using tumor cells and tumor cubes incubated under anoxic conditions indicated that nutrient deprivation seems to be largely responsible for the lack of HIF-1alpha expression in perinecrotic regions. The half-life of CAIX was sufficiently long that, once formed, it remained for days in the absence of continued HIF-1alpha expression. These results have implications for the use of HIF-1alpha as an indicator of tumor hypoxia and aggressiveness as well as development of hypoxia-directed antitumor therapies based on the expression of HIF-1alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Sobhanifar
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Cahová-Kucharíková K, Fojta M, Mozga T, Palecek E. Use of DNA Repair Enzymes in Electrochemical Detection of Damage to DNA Bases in Vitro and in Cells. Anal Chem 2005; 77:2920-7. [PMID: 15859612 DOI: 10.1021/ac048423x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical measurements at mercury or solid amalgam electrodes offer a highly sensitive detection of DNA strand breaks. On the other hand, electrochemical detection of damage to DNA bases at any electrode is usually much less sensitive. In this paper, we propose a new voltammetric method for the detection of the DNA base damage based on enzymatic conversion of the damaged DNA bases to single-strand breaks (ssb), single-stranded (ss) DNA regions, or both. Supercoiled DNA exposed to UV light was specifically cleaved by T4 endonuclease V, an enzyme recognizing pyrimidine dimers, the major products of photochemical DNA damage. Apurinic sites (formed in dimethyl sulfate-modified DNA) were determined after treating the DNA with E. coli exonuclease III, an enzyme introducing ssb at the abasic sites and degrading one of the DNA strands. The ssb or ssDNA regions, or both, were detected by adsorptive transfer stripping alternating current voltammetry at the mercury electrode. This technique offers much better sensitivity and selectivity of DNA base damage detection than any other electrochemical method. It is not limited to DNA damage in vitro, but it can detect also DNA base damage induced in living bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Cahová-Kucharíková
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
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Dubois L, Landuyt W, Haustermans K, Dupont P, Bormans G, Vermaelen P, Flamen P, Verbeken E, Mortelmans L. Evaluation of hypoxia in an experimental rat tumour model by [(18)F]fluoromisonidazole PET and immunohistochemistry. Br J Cancer 2005; 91:1947-54. [PMID: 15520822 PMCID: PMC2409764 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate tumour hypoxia by comparing [18F]Fluoromisonidazole uptake measured using positron emission tomography ([18F]FMISO-PET) with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining techniques. Syngeneic rhabdomyosarcoma (R1) tumour pieces were transplanted subcutaneously in the flanks of WAG/Rij rats. Tumours were analysed at volumes between 0.9 and 7.3 cm3. Hypoxic volumes were defined using a 3D region of interest on 2 h postinjection [18F]FMISO-PET images, applying different thresholds (1.2–3.0). Monoclonal antibodies to pimonidazole (PIMO) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), exogenous and endogenous markers of hypoxia, respectively, were used for IHC staining. Marker-positive fractions were microscopically measured for each tumour, and hypoxic volumes were calculated. A heterogeneous distribution of hypoxia was observed both with histology and [18F]FMISO autoradiography. A statistically significant correlation (P<0.05) was obtained between the hypoxic volumes defined with [18F]FMISO-PET and the volumes derived from the PIMO-stained tumour sections (r=0.9066; P=0.0001), regardless of the selected threshold between 1.4 and 2.2. A similar observation was made with the CA IX staining (r=0.8636; P=0.0006). The relationship found between [18F]FMISO-PET and PIMO- and additionally CA IX-derived hypoxic volumes in rat rhabdomyosarcomas indicates the value of the noninvasive imaging method to measure hypoxia in whole tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dubois
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Landuyt
- Lab Experimental Radiobiology/LEO, University Hospital Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Experimental Radiobiology/LEO, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg-CDG 8th floor, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Lab Experimental Radiobiology/LEO, University Hospital Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. E-mail:
| | - K Haustermans
- Lab Experimental Radiobiology/LEO, University Hospital Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Dupont
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Bormans
- Lab Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Vermaelen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Flamen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Verbeken
- Morphology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Mortelmans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Bennewith KL, Durand RE. Quantifying transient hypoxia in human tumor xenografts by flow cytometry. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6183-9. [PMID: 15342403 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transient hypoxia is a poorly understood and potentially important factor that may limit tumor response to various forms of therapy. We assessed transient hypoxia on a global scale in two different human tumor xenografts by sequentially administering two hypoxia markers followed by quantification of hypoxic cells using flow cytometry. High levels of the first hypoxia marker (pimonidazole) were maintained in the circulation over an 8-hour period by multiple hourly injections, providing a "time-integrated" hypoxia measure showing an asymptotic increase in the total number of hypoxic cells. Subsequent administration of a second hypoxia marker (CCI-103F) showed that substantial numbers of the previously pimonidazole-labeled cells were no longer hypoxic during the circulation lifetime of the second marker. The overall fraction of tumor cells that demonstrated changes in hypoxic status with time increased with different kinetics and by different magnitudes in the two xenograft systems. Specifically, up to 20% of the cells in SiHa (human cervical squamous cell carcinoma) tumors and up to 8% of the cells in WiDr (human colon adenocarcinoma) tumors were intermittently hypoxic over an 8-hour period. Also, the tumor cells that demonstrated transient hypoxia were typically not adjacent to functional tumor blood vessels. Similar approaches could be used in the clinic to provide information on the duration of intermittent hypoxia episodes and the fraction of transiently hypoxic tumor cells, which would, in turn, have important implications for the strategic improvement of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Bennewith
- Medical Biophysics Department, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Olive PL, Banáth JP, Sinnott LT. Phosphorylated histone H2AX in spheroids, tumors, and tissues of mice exposed to etoposide and 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,3-dioxide. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5363-9. [PMID: 15289343 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We reported recently that exposure of hamster V79 fibroblasts to 6 drugs that varied in their ability to produce DNA double-strand breaks stimulated formation of phosphorylated histone H2AX (serine 139 phosphorylated histone H2AX; gammaH2AX). Using flow cytometry to analyze gammaH2AX antibody-stained cells 1 h after a 30-min drug treatment, the fraction of cells that showed the control levels of gammaH2AX correlated well with the fraction of cells that survived to form colonies. This observation is now extended to V79 and SiHa human cervical carcinoma cells grown as multicell spheroids and SiHa xenografts and SCCVII tumors in mice. Animals were injected with etoposide, a topoisomerase-II inhibitor that targets proliferating cells or 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,3-dioxide (tirapazamine), a bioreductive cytotoxin that targets hypoxic cells. For spheroids, gammaH2AX intensity predicted clonogenic cell survival for cells recovered 90 min after drug injection, regardless of position of the cells within the spheroid. Similar results were obtained for etoposide in tumors; however, the gammaH2AX signal for tirapazamine was smaller than expected for the observed amount of cell killing. Frozen sections of tumors confirmed the greater intensity of gammaH2AX staining in cells close to blood vessels of tumors soon after treatment with etoposide and the opposite pattern for tumors exposed to tirapazamine. Analysis of cells or frozen sections from mouse spleen and kidney suggests that information can also be obtained on initial damage in normal tissues. These results support the possibility of using gammaH2AX antibody staining as a method to aid in prediction of tumor and normal tissue response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy L Olive
- Medical Biophysics Department, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 601 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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Yang ZF, Poon RT, To J, Ho DW, Fan ST. The Potential Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α in Tumor Progression after Hypoxia and Chemotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5496-503. [PMID: 15289360 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the possible molecular basis leading to failure in a treatment that is composed of hypoxia and chemotherapy in a rat orthotopic hepatoma model. Hypoxia was induced by hepatic artery ligation, whereas chemotherapeutic effect was achieved by intraportal injection of cisplatin. High-dose sodium salicylate was administered to achieve transcriptional blockade. Significant prolongation of animal survival was observed in the groups receiving hepatic artery ligation with cisplatin or sodium salicylate. Massive tumor cell necrosis and apoptosis were found in the ligation and all of the combined treatment groups. Up-regulation of hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at both mRNA and protein levels were detected in the groups receiving ligation and ligation with cisplatin, whereas a decreased level of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein was identified in the group receiving ligation with cisplatin. Sodium salicylate enhanced expression of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein but down-regulated HIF-1alpha and VEGF levels after ligation with or without cisplatin. An increased number of activated hepatic stellate cells in the tumors were observed in the ligation and ligation with cisplatin groups, whereas they were greatly reduced by sodium salicylate. In vitro study revealed that under hypoxic condition, both cisplatin and sodium salicylate could remarkably augment P53 and caspase 3 levels. Cisplatin stimulated HIF-1alpha up-regulation, whereas sodium salicylate suppressed HIF-1alpha expression. In conclusion, tumor progression after hypoxia and chemotherapy might be related to up-regulation of HIF-1alpha and subsequent VEGF production, and transcriptional blockade by sodium salicylate could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of hypoxia and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fan Yang
- Centre for the Study of Liver Disease and Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong Medical Center, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Hoskin PJ, Sibtain A, Daley FM, Saunders MI, Wilson GD. The immunohistochemical assessment of hypoxia, vascularity and proliferation in bladder carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2004; 72:159-68. [PMID: 15297134 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2004.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoxia and proliferation are important determinants of radiation responsiveness; prospective measures of these before radiotherapy may enable individualisation of treatment schedules. Immunohistochemical techniques offer a potential means of achieving this in routine biopsy material. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cellular hypoxia as measured by pimonidazole fixation and immunohistochemistry has been evaluated in a series of human bladder cancers with dual staining of sections for pimonidazole and either the vascular markers, CD31/34, or proliferation markers, Ki-67 or cyclin A. Twenty one tumour specimens were examined suitable for the double staining technique. RESULTS The median hypoxic fraction was 9% (range 0-38). Seven tumours did not stain for pimonidazole and 11 exhibited necrosis. The mean vascular density ranged from 16.7 to 160.6 vessels per mm2. The median hot spot count was 30 (range 16-43). There was a statistically significant increase in vessel density in hypoxic compared to oxic regions measured by both vessel density (P = 0.02) and hot spot count (P = 0.004). Proliferation indices decreased from oxic to hypoxic areas close to blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that bladder cancer exhibits a range of hypoxia, proliferation and vascular density which may be used to form the basis for patient selection for hypoxia modification, accelerated radiotherapy and vascular targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hoskin
- CR UK Tumour Biology and Radiation Therapy Group, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Rickmansworth Road, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2RN, UK
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Koch CJ, Evans SM. Non-invasive PET and SPECT imaging of tissue hypoxia using isotopically labeled 2-nitroimidazoles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 510:285-92. [PMID: 12580442 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0205-0_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of pathologically low levels of tissue pO2 is an important diagnostic goal for determining the prognosis of many clinically important diseases including cardiovascular insufficiency, stroke and cancer. A class of bioreductively activated drugs, typified by the 2-nitroimidazoles, has excellent potential for application to this goal. Such drugs bind to cells at a rate which is maximal under conditions of severe hypoxia (e.g. less than 0.05% oxygen) and is inhibited, with Michaelis-Menten kinetics, as a function of increasing oxygen concentration. A number of detection possibilities exist for the drug adducts, including invasive assays which can measure drug adducts in tissue sections at cell-to-cell resolution. Use of such agents in non-invasive assays is important and, to this end, a number of drugs have been conjugated with radioactive isotopes suitable for detection by Nuclear Medicine techniques. In contrast with the invasive assays, resolution and contrast is much more limited with the non-invasive assays. Thus, there are many factors contributing to the balance of pros and cons for the non-invasive vs. invasive use of 2-nitroimidazole drugs as hypoxia detectors. These factors will be summarized in this review, with emphasis on compounds suitable for clinical use. PET (positron emission tomography) imaging with 18F-labeled EF5 (a drug in current clinical trials using invasive assays) will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Koch
- Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6072, USA.
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Busch TM, Wileyto EP, Evans SM, Koch CJ. Quantitative spatial analysis of hypoxia and vascular perfusion in tumor sections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 510:37-43. [PMID: 12580402 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0205-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Vordermark D, Brown JM. Evaluation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) as an intrinsic marker of tumor hypoxia in U87 MG human glioblastoma: in vitro and xenograft studies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 56:1184-93. [PMID: 12829158 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(03)00289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The transcription factor subunit hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is a key regulatory element of the hypoxic response of cells. High protein levels have been linked to poor prognosis in several tumor types, and HIF-1alpha has been suggested as a potential endogenous marker of tumor hypoxia and associated radioresistance. METHODS AND MATERIALS HIF-1alpha expression following in vitro hypoxia was measured in U87 MG glioblastoma cells by Western blot and flow cytometry. Cell suspensions from U87 MG xenograft tumors grown in SCID mice were assayed by flow cytometry for HIF-1alpha and for pimonidazole as a reference hypoxia marker. After 1 h, 6 h, and 18 h of in vitro hypoxia, a constant increase in HIF-1alpha protein levels with decreasing oxygen concentrations between 20% and <0.02% was observed by both Western blot and flow cytometry, correlating with the pattern of pimonidazole labeling after in vitro hypoxia. In U87 MG xenograft tumors, flow-cytometric analysis of HIF-1alpha and pimonidazole showed a significant correlation of the two markers, but distinction of a HIF-1alpha-positive population was affected by a low dynamic range of the signal. As in published studies for HIF-1alpha and the hypoxic marker EF5, the colocalization of HIF-1alpha and pimonidazole in double-staining experiments was low. CONCLUSIONS While the in vitro data in U87 MG human glioblastoma cells support the use of HIF-1alpha as an endogenous hypoxia marker, comparison with the standard pimonidazole makes its application to clinical material appear questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Vordermark
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Bussink J, Kaanders JHAM, van der Kogel AJ. Tumor hypoxia at the micro-regional level: clinical relevance and predictive value of exogenous and endogenous hypoxic cell markers. Radiother Oncol 2003; 67:3-15. [PMID: 12758235 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(03)00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tumor oxygenation is recognized as an important determinant of the outcome of radiotherapy and possibly also of other treatment modalities in a number of tumor types and in particular in squamous cell carcinomas. The hypoxic status of various solid tumors has been related to a poor prognosis due to tumor progression towards a more malignant phenotype, with increased metastatic potential, and an increased resistance to treatment. It has been demonstrated in head and neck cancer that hypoxic radioresistance can be successfully counteracted by hypoxia modifying approaches. The microregional distribution and the level of tumor hypoxia depend on oxygen consumption and temporal and spatial variations in blood supply. It is unclear if severely hypoxic cells can resume clonogenicity when O(2) and nutrients become available again as a result of (treatment related) changes in the tumor microenvironment. Non-terminally differentiated hypoxic cells that are capable of proliferation are important for outcome because of their resistance to radiotherapy and possibly other cytotoxic treatments. Various exogenous and endogenous markers for hypoxia are currently available and can be studied in relation to each other, the tumor architecture and the tumor microenvironment. Use of nitroimidazole markers with immunohistochemical detection allows studying tumor cell hypoxia at the microscopic level. Co-registration with other microenvironmental parameters, such as vascular architecture (vascular density), blood perfusion, tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis, offers the possibility to obtain a comprehensive functional image of tumor patho-physiology and to study the effects of different modalities of cancer treatment. CONCLUSION A number of functional microregional parameters have emerged that are good candidates for future use as indicators of tumor aggressiveness and treatment response. The key question is whether these parameters can be used as tools for selection of treatment strategies for individual patients. This requires testing of these markers in prospective randomized clinical trials comparing standard treatment against experimental treatments targeting the relevant microregional constituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Vordermark D, Menke DR, Brown JM. Similar radiation sensitivities of acutely and chronically hypoxic cells in HT 1080 fibrosarcoma xenografts. Radiat Res 2003; 159:94-101. [PMID: 12492372 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2003)159[0094:srsoaa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that chronically hypoxic tumor cells may be more radiosensitive than acutely hypoxic or even aerobic cells. In the present study we have used the fact that chronically, but not acutely, hypoxic cells that are transformed with a vector containing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) driven by a hypoxia-responsive promoter become green (high EGFP) at low oxygen concentrations and can be viably sorted from transplanted tumors in vitro. We showed that the fluorescence of HT 1080 human fibrosarcoma cells stably transfected with this vector increases constantly with decreasing O2 concentrations (<2%, longer than 1 h, half maximum approximately 0.2% for longer than 8 h), and that cells subjected to repeated cycles of hypoxia/reoxygenation (simulating acutely hypoxic cells) showed only background fluorescence. To test the radiosensitivity of acutely and chronically hypoxic cells in tumors, we isolated high-EGFP ("chronically hypoxic") and low-EGFP cells (containing both acutely hypoxic and aerobic cells) from HT 1080 xenograft tumors by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), immediately after in situ treatment with 20 Gy (ambient or clamped), and plated the cells to determine clonogenic survival in vitro. We found that the survival of high-EGFP cells after irradiation was not affected by clamping, suggesting that all, or almost all, of these cells were fully (chronically) hypoxic. Also, the survival of the low-EGFP cells irradiated under clamped conditions (acutely hypoxic cells) was not significantly different from that of the high-EGFR cells (chronically hypoxic) cells irradiated under nonclamped (or clamped) conditions. We therefore conclude that, at least in this tumor model, the radiation sensitivity of chronically hypoxic cells is similar to that of the acutely hypoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Vordermark
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR-South, Room 1255, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5152, USA
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Janssen HLK, Haustermans KMG, Sprong D, Blommestijn G, Hofland I, Hoebers FJ, Blijweert E, Raleigh JA, Semenza GL, Varia MA, Balm AJ, van Velthuysen MLF, Delaere P, Sciot R, Begg AC. HIF-1A, pimonidazole, and iododeoxyuridine to estimate hypoxia and perfusion in human head-and-neck tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 54:1537-49. [PMID: 12459383 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(02)03935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor hypoxia measured by microelectrodes has been shown to indicate poor patient outcome. Here we investigated four potentially more widely applicable immunohistochemical parameters of tumor oxygenation and perfusion in human head-and-neck tumors. METHODS Twenty patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck treated with primary surgery were injected with pimonidazole and IdUrd the evening before operation. Consecutive paraffin-embedded sections were stained for blood vessels, pimonidazole, IdUrd, and HIF-1alpha. IdUrd labeling and Ki-67 labeling around individual blood vessels were scored. The spatial relationship between HIF-1alpha and pimonidazole was studied, as well as the distribution of both markers as a function of distance from the nearest blood vessel. RESULTS Measurement of all four parameters (diffusion-limited fraction, pimonidazole fraction, HIF-1alpha fraction, IdUrd-negative vessels) was feasible, and a significant difference between tumors was found for all parameters. IdUrd-labeled cells were absent around some vessels, indicating lack of perfusion, because these regions were positive for Ki-67. There was a positive correlation between diffusion-limited fraction and pimonidazole area for all images from all tumors, although no correlation for mean values per tumor. Colocalization of pimonidazole and HIF-1alpha was low (0.02%-25%). Most expression profiles showed a more homogenous distribution for HIF-1alpha than pimonidazole. There was no significant correlation between the pimonidazole and HIF-1alpha fractions in the 10 tumors studied. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous immunohistochemical measurements related to hypoxia and perfusion are feasible (and easily applicable) in resected human tumors. The different geographic distributions of HIF-1alpha and pimonidazole indicate that HIF-1alpha might not be suitable as a marker for chronic hypoxia. Each parameter will be correlated with outcome in a larger ongoing study on head-and-neck tumors treated with surgery with or without postoperative radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde L K Janssen
- Division of Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lapidot T, Petit I. Current understanding of stem cell mobilization: the roles of chemokines, proteolytic enzymes, adhesion molecules, cytokines, and stromal cells. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:973-81. [PMID: 12225788 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(02)00883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow into the circulation by repetitive, daily stimulations with G-CSF alone, or in combination with cyclophosphamide, is increasingly used clinically; however, the mechanism is not fully understood. Moreover, following mobilization stem cells also home back to the bone marrow, suggesting that stem cell release/mobilization and homing are sequential events with physiological roles. Previously, a role for cytokines such as G-CSF and SCF, and adhesion molecules such as VLA-4 and P/E selectins, was determined for stem cell mobilization. Recent results using experimental animal models and samples from clinical mobilization protocols demonstrate major involvement of chemokines such as stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and IL-8, as well as proteolytic enzymes such as elastase, cathepsin G, and various MMPs in the mobilization process. These results will be reviewed together with the central roles of SDF-1 and CXCR4 interactions in G-CSF or G-CSF in combination with cyclophosphamide-induced mobilization. Furthermore, the central role of this chemokine in stem cell homing to the bone marrow as well as retention of undifferentiated cells within this tissue will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvee Lapidot
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Abstract
Tumor cells at very low oxygen tensions are known to be about three times more resistant to killing by ionizing radiation. Since cells at intermediate oxygen tensions (defined here as greater than 0.1% and less than 2% O(2)) show partial radioresistance, they should be a consideration in tumor treatment. In an effort to estimate the extent and range of oxygenation in SiHa human cervical carcinoma xenografts, patterns of cell killing and DNA damage by radiation and two bioreductive drugs, PD-144872 and RSU-1069, were compared to those seen in SiHa cells grown as spheroids. These drugs produce DNA interstrand crosslinks that are largely responsible for cell killing, and the degree of crosslinking increases as the oxygenation is reduced. About 60% of the cells in SiHa xenografts exhibited drug-induced crosslinks, but only about 35% showed extensive crosslinking indicative of hypoxia below 0.1% oxygen. Patterns of toxicity and DNA damage in xenografts were comparable to those of spheroids equilibrated with about 2% oxygen, indicating that most cells in the xenografts exhibit some radioresistance due to lack of oxygen. Similarly, pimonidazole binding indicated that about 60% of the cells in SiHa xenografts were either intermediate in oxygenation or hypoxic, but only about half of those were consistent with extreme oxygen depletion. The apparent size of the population of "intermediately hypoxic" cells has implications for the use of ionizing radiation, hypoxic cell cytotoxins, and other antitumor agents whose cytotoxicity is dependent on cellular oxygen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy L Olive
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1L3.
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Hale LP, Braun RD, Gwinn WM, Greer PK, Dewhirst MW. Hypoxia in the thymus: role of oxygen tension in thymocyte survival. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 282:H1467-77. [PMID: 11893584 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00682.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies using oxygen microelectrodes showed that the thymus is grossly hypoxic under normal physiological conditions. We now have investigated how oxygen tension affects the thymus at the cellular and molecular level. Adducts of the hypoxia marker drug pimonidazole accumulated in foci within the cortex and medulla and at the corticomedullary junction, consistent with the presence of widespread cellular hypoxia in the normal thymus. Hypoxia-associated pimonidazole accumulation was decreased but not abrogated by oxygen administration. Genes previously reported to be induced by hypoxia were expressed at baseline levels in the normal thymus, indicating that physiological adaptation to hypoxia occurred. Despite changes in thymus size and cellularity, thymic PO(2) did not change with age. Combined assays for hypoxia and cell death showed that hypoxia achieved using either hypoxic gas mixtures or high-density culture in normoxia decreased spontaneous thymocyte apoptosis in vitro. Taken together, these data suggest that regulatory mechanisms exist to maintain thymic cellular hypoxia in vivo and that oxygen tension may regulate thymocyte survival both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Hale
- Departments of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Olive PL, Luo CM, Banáth JP. Local hypoxia is produced at sites of intratumour injection. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:429-35. [PMID: 11875711 PMCID: PMC2375199 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2001] [Revised: 10/11/2001] [Accepted: 11/01/2001] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumour injection, commonly used for gene or drug delivery but also associated with needle biopsy or insertion of invasive measuring devices, may damage tumour microvessels. To examine this possibility, SCCVII tumours grown subcutaneously in C3H mice were injected with a 26 gauge needle containing 0.1 ml of the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342 to label cells lining the track of the needle. Hoechst-labelled cells sorted from these tumours were more sensitive to killing by hypoxic cell cytotoxins (tirapazamine, RSU-1069) and less sensitive to damage by ionizing radiation. Hoechst-labelled cells also bound the hypoxia marker pimonidazole when given by i.p. injection. Intratumour injection transiently increased hypoxia from 18 to 70% in the tumour cells adjacent to the track of the needle. The half-time for return to pre-treatment oxygenation was about 30 min; oxygenation of tumour cells along the track had recovered by 20 h after intratumour injection. This effect could have significant implications for intratumour injection of drugs, cytokines or vectors that are affected by the oxygenation status of the tumour cells as well as potential effects on biodistribution via local microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Olive
- Medical Biophysics Department, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 601 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3 Canada.
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