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Vladimir de la Rosa J, Tabraue C, Huang Z, Orizaola MC, Martin-Rodríguez P, Steffensen KR, Zapata JM, Boscá L, Tontonoz P, Alemany S, Treuter E, Castrillo A. Reprogramming of the LXRα Transcriptome Sustains Macrophage Secondary Inflammatory Responses. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307201. [PMID: 38549193 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages regulate essential aspects of innate immunity against pathogens. In response to microbial components, macrophages activate primary and secondary inflammatory gene programs crucial for host defense. The liver X receptors (LXRα, LXRβ) are ligand-dependent nuclear receptors that direct gene expression important for cholesterol metabolism and inflammation, but little is known about the individual roles of LXRα and LXRβ in antimicrobial responses. Here, the results demonstrate that induction of LXRα transcription by prolonged exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) supports inflammatory gene expression in macrophages. LXRα transcription is induced by NF-κB and type-I interferon downstream of TLR4 activation. Moreover, LPS triggers a reprogramming of the LXRα cistrome that promotes cytokine and chemokine gene expression through direct LXRα binding to DNA consensus sequences within cis-regulatory regions including enhancers. LXRα-deficient macrophages present fewer binding of p65 NF-κB and reduced histone H3K27 acetylation at enhancers of secondary inflammatory response genes. Mice lacking LXRα in the hematopoietic compartment show impaired responses to bacterial endotoxin in peritonitis models, exhibiting reduced neutrophil infiltration and decreased expansion and inflammatory activation of recruited F4/80lo-MHC-IIhi peritoneal macrophages. Together, these results uncover a previously unrecognized function for LXRα-dependent transcriptional cis-activation of secondary inflammatory gene expression in macrophages and the host response to microbial ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vladimir de la Rosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, 35016, Spain
| | - Carlos Tabraue
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, 35016, Spain
- Departamento de Morfología, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, 35016, Spain
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Huddinge, 14183, Sweden
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Marta C Orizaola
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Patricia Martin-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, 35016, Spain
| | - Knut R Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, 14186, Sweden
| | - Juan Manuel Zapata
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, UCLA, California, 90095, USA
| | - Susana Alemany
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Eckardt Treuter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Huddinge, 14183, Sweden
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, 35016, Spain
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28029, Spain
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Hu C, Hu W, Tang B, Bao Q, Jiang X, Tang L, Wang H, He L, Lv M, Xiao Y, Liu C, Li X, Liu Y, Li J, Huang G, Dong Z, Li Z, Guo T, Yang S. Plasma and urine proteomics and gut microbiota analysis reveal potential factors affecting COVID-19 vaccination response. iScience 2024; 27:108851. [PMID: 38318387 PMCID: PMC10838952 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination relies on the induction of neutralizing antibodies, which can vary among vaccine recipients. In this study, we investigated the potential factors affecting the neutralizing antibody response by combining plasma and urine proteomics and gut microbiota analysis. We found that activation of the LXR/FXR pathway in plasma was associated with the production of ACE2-RBD-inhibiting antibodies, while urine proteins related to complement system, acute phase response signaling, LXR/FXR, and STAT3 pathways were correlated with neutralizing antibody production. Moreover, we observed a correlation between the gut microbiota and plasma and urine proteins, as well as the vaccination response. Based on the above data, we built a predictive model for vaccination response (AUC = 0.85). Our study provides insights into characteristic plasma and urine proteins and gut microbiota associated with the ACE2-RBD-inhibiting antibodies, which could benefit our understanding of the host response to COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- iMarkerlab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weichao Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- iMarkerlab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Qiyu Bao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - He Wang
- iMarkerlab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijiao He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Moyang Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yufeng Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xinzhe Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yunyi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Guiping Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- iMarkerlab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Tiannan Guo
- iMarkerlab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
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Hua X, Wei X. Liver X receptors: From pharmacology to nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175953. [PMID: 37541371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are master regulators of various biological processes, including metabolism, inflammation, development, and reproduction. As well-known nuclear oxysterol receptors of the nuclear receptor (NR) family, LXRs have two homologous subtypes, LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2). Since the mid-1990s, numerous LXR-targeted drugs have been designed to treat diseases such as atherosclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cancer. These modulators include agonists and antagonists, and the selectivity of them have been development from diverse aspects, including subtype-specific, cell-specific, tissue-specific types. Meanwhile, advanced delivery systems are also exploreed to facilitate the application of LXR drugs in clinical setting. One of the most promising delivery systems involves the use of nanoparticles and is expected to increase the clinical potential of LXR modulators. This review discusses our current understanding of LXR biology and pharmacology, focusing on the development of modulators for LXRα and/or LXRβ, and the nanoparticle-based delivery systems for promising LXR modulators with potential for use as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Hua
- Department of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, James Clerk Maxwell Building, 57 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8WA, UK
| | - Xiduan Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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4
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Song YJ, Zhang J, Xu Z, Nie P, Chang MX. Liver X Receptor LXRα Promotes Grass Carp Reovirus Infection by Attenuating IRF3-CBP Interaction and Inhibiting RLR Antiviral Signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1006-1019. [PMID: 37548504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors involved in metabolism and the immune response. Different from mammalian LXRs, which include two isoforms, LXRα and LXRβ, only a single LXRα gene exists in the piscine genomes. Although a study has suggested that piscine LXR inhibits intracellular bacterial survival, the functions of piscine LXRα in viral infection are unknown. In this study, we show that overexpression of LXRα from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), which is named as gcLXRα, increases host susceptibility to grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection, whereas gcLXRα knockdown in CIK (C. idellus kidney) cells inhibits GCRV infection. Consistent with these functional studies, gcLXRα knockdown promotes the transcription of antiviral genes involved in the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) antiviral signaling pathway, including IFN regulatory factor (IRF3) and the type I IFN IFN1. Further results show that gcLXRα knockdown induces the expression of CREB-binding protein (CBP), a transcriptional coactivator. In the knockdown of CBP, the inhibitory effect of gcLXRα knockdown in limiting GCRV infection is completely abolished. gcLXRα also interacts with IRF3 and CBP, which impairs the formation of the IRF3/CBP transcription complex. Moreover, gcLXRα heterodimerizes with RXRg, which cooperatively impair the transcription of the RLR antiviral signaling pathway and promote GCRV infection. Taken together, to our knowledge, our findings provide new insight into the functional correlation between nuclear receptor LXRα and the RLR antiviral signaling pathway, and they demonstrate that gcLXRα can impair the RLR antiviral signaling pathway and the production of type I IFN via forming gcLXRα/RXRg complexes and attenuating IRF3/CBP complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jie Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Yamamoto S, Sato I, Fujii M, Kakimoto M, Honma K, Kirihara S, Nakayama H, Fukuoka T, Tamura S, Ueda M, Hirohata S, Watanabe S. Therapeutic effect of ouabagenin, a novel liver X receptor agonist, on atherosclerosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in SHRSP5/Dmcr rat model. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 101:455-465. [PMID: 37224568 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The liver X receptor (LXR) can enhance cholesterol transporters, which could remove excess cholesterol from foam cells in atheromas. LXR has two subtypes: LXRα, which aggravates hepatic lipid accumulation, and LXRβ, which does not. In 2018, ouabagenin (OBG) was reported as a potential LXRβ-specific agonist. We aimed to examine whether OBG specifically affects LXRβ in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); it did not aggravate hepatic steatosis and can suppress the development of atherosclerosis. SHRSP5/Dmcr rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet were divided into four groups as follows: (I) L-NAME group, (II) L-NAME/OBG group, (III) OBG (-) group, and (IV) OBG (+) group. All groups' rats were intraperitoneally administered L-NAME. The L-NAME/OBG group's rats were intraperitoneally administered OBG and L-NAME simultaneously. After L-NAME administration, the OBG (+) group's rats were administered OBG, while the OBG (-) group's rats were not. Although all rats developed NASH, OBG did not exacerbate steatosis (L-NAME/OBG and OBG (+) groups). In addition, endothelial cells were protected in the L-NAME/OBG group and foam cells in the atheroma were reduced in the OBG (+) group. OBG is an LXRβ-specific agonist and has a potential therapeutic effect on atherosclerosis without developing lipid accumulation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Yamamoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ikumi Sato
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Moe Fujii
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Department of Medical Technology, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 543 Takoda, Tobe-cho, Iyo-gun, Ehime 791-2101, Japan
| | - Mai Kakimoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koki Honma
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Sora Kirihara
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hinako Nakayama
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Taketo Fukuoka
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satoru Tamura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichibancho, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama 640-8156, Japan
| | - Minoru Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirohata
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Uchida M, Matsumiya Y, Tsuboi M, Uchida K, Nakagawa T, Fujii W, Kobayashi T, Tsujimoto H, Ohmi A, Tomiyasu H, Motegi T, Maeda S, Momoi Y, Yonezawa T. Serum level of apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage in dogs with histiocytic sarcoma and its association with the disease. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:391-400. [PMID: 37088561 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a rare neoplasm of macrophages or dendritic cells with a poor prognosis in dogs. As the apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) is characteristically expressed in canine macrophages, we hypothesised that AIM is involved in the development or progression of HS in dogs. In this study, AIM expression in the tumour region and serum AIM levels in dogs with HS was assessed. Additionally, the effects of AIM overexpression on HS cell viability were investigated using a HS cell line that was selected from five validated HS cell lines. Immunohistochemistry showed that AIM expression was observed in the cytoplasm of the HS cells. CD36, a candidate AIM receptor, was also observed on the cell membrane of HS cells. When the serum AIM level was detected in 36 dogs with HS and 10 healthy dogs via western blot analysis, the AIM levels in the HS dogs were significantly higher than those in the controls. AIM mRNA expression in the 5 HS cell lines varied but was higher than that in the other tumour-derived lines. Among the five HS cell lines, DH82 originally had lower AIM and the highest CD36 expression. When AIM was overexpressed in DH82, therein cell growth speed and invasion, apoptosis inhibition and phagocytic activity were strongly upregulated. These data suggest that elevated intra-tumour expression of AIM could induce the progression of HS cells in dogs. Moreover, elevated serum AIM levels in dogs with HS could serve as a biomarker of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsumiya
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Tsuboi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Ohmi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Motegi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Momoi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Zhong G, He C, Wang S, Lin C, Li M. Research progress on the mechanism of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase in intestinal immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241262. [PMID: 37720208 PMCID: PMC10500599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a general term encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and other conditions, is a chronic and relapsing autoimmune disease that can occur in any part of the digestive tract. While the cause of IBD remains unclear, it is acknowledged that the disease has much to do with the dysregulation of intestinal immunity. In the intestinal immune regulatory system, Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) plays an important role in regulating the function of immune cells and lipid metabolism through catalyzing the oxidation of cholesterol into 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC). Specifically, CH25H focuses its mechanism of regulating the inflammatory response, signal transduction and cell migration on various types of immune cells by binding to relevant receptors, and the mechanism of regulating lipid metabolism and immune cell function via the transcription factor Sterol Regulator-Binding Protein. Based on this foundation, this article will review the function of CH25H in intestinal immunity, aiming to provide evidence for supporting the discovery of early diagnostic and treatment targets for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mingsong Li
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Research Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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8
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Zheng B, He Y, Yin S, Zhu X, Zhao Q, Yang H, Wang Z, Zhu R, Cheng L. Unresolved Excess Accumulation of Myelin-Derived Cholesterol Contributes to Scar Formation after Spinal Cord Injury. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0135. [PMID: 37223476 PMCID: PMC10202378 DOI: 10.34133/research.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury triggers complex pathological cascades, resulting in destructive tissue damage and incomplete tissue repair. Scar formation is generally considered a barrier for regeneration in the central nervous system. However, the intrinsic mechanism of scar formation after spinal cord injury has not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that excess cholesterol accumulates in phagocytes and is inefficiently removed from spinal cord lesions in young adult mice. Interestingly, we observed that excessive cholesterol also accumulates in injured peripheral nerves but is subsequently removed by reverse cholesterol transport. Meanwhile, preventing reverse cholesterol transport leads to macrophage accumulation and fibrosis in injured peripheral nerves. Furthermore, the neonatal mouse spinal cord lesions are devoid of myelin-derived lipids and can heal without excess cholesterol accumulation. We found that transplantation of myelin into neonatal lesions disrupts healing with excessive cholesterol accumulation, persistent macrophage activation, and fibrosis. Myelin internalization suppresses macrophage apoptosis mediated by CD5L expression, indicating that myelin-derived cholesterol plays a critical role in impaired wound healing. Taken together, our data suggest that the central nervous system lacks an efficient approach for cholesterol clearance, resulting in excessive accumulation of myelin-derived cholesterol, thereby inducing scar formation after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yijing He
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuai Yin
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huiyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Science and Technology,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Science and Technology,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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9
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Kim H, Park C, Kim TH. Targeting Liver X Receptors for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091292. [PMID: 37174692 PMCID: PMC10177243 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a range of conditions in which excess lipids accumulate in the liver, possibly leading to serious hepatic manifestations such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis/cirrhosis and cancer. Despite its increasing prevalence and significant impact on liver disease-associated mortality worldwide, no medication has been approved for the treatment of NAFLD yet. Liver X receptors α/β (LXRα and LXRβ) are lipid-activated nuclear receptors that serve as master regulators of lipid homeostasis and play pivotal roles in controlling various metabolic processes, including lipid metabolism, inflammation and immune response. Of note, NAFLD progression is characterized by increased accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol, hepatic de novo lipogenesis, mitochondrial dysfunction and augmented inflammation, all of which are highly attributed to dysregulated LXR signaling. Thus, targeting LXRs may provide promising strategies for the treatment of NAFLD. However, emerging evidence has revealed that modulating the activity of LXRs has various metabolic consequences, as the main functions of LXRs can distinctively vary in a cell type-dependent manner. Therefore, understanding how LXRs in the liver integrate various signaling pathways and regulate metabolic homeostasis from a cellular perspective using recent advances in research may provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for NAFLD and associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaewon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
- Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
- Muscle Physiome Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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10
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Jacobse J, Brown RE, Li J, Pilat JM, Pham L, Short SP, Peek CT, Rolong A, Washington MK, Martinez-Barricarte R, Byndloss MX, Shelton C, Markle JG, Latour YL, Allaman MM, Cassat JE, Wilson KT, Choksi YA, Williams CS, Lau KS, Flynn CR, Casanova JL, Rings EHHM, Samsom JN, Goettel JA. Interleukin-23 receptor signaling impairs the stability and function of colonic regulatory T cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112128. [PMID: 36807140 PMCID: PMC10432575 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-23 (IL-23) is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IL23R is enriched in intestinal Tregs, yet whether IL-23 modulates intestinal Tregs remains unknown. Here, investigating IL-23R signaling in Tregs specifically, we show that colonic Tregs highly express Il23r compared with Tregs from other compartments and their frequency is reduced upon IL-23 administration and impairs Treg suppressive function. Similarly, colonic Treg frequency is increased in mice lacking Il23r specifically in Tregs and exhibits a competitive advantage over IL-23R-sufficient Tregs during inflammation. Finally, IL-23 antagonizes liver X receptor pathway, cellular cholesterol transporter Abca1, and increases Treg apoptosis. Our results show that IL-23R signaling regulates intestinal Tregs by increasing cell turnover, antagonizing suppression, and decreasing cholesterol efflux. These results suggest that IL-23 negatively regulates Tregs in the intestine with potential implications for promoting chronic inflammation in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jacobse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Rachel E Brown
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer M Pilat
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ly Pham
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah P Short
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher T Peek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrea Rolong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ruben Martinez-Barricarte
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mariana X Byndloss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Catherine Shelton
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Janet G Markle
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yvonne L Latour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Margaret M Allaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E Cassat
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yash A Choksi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ken S Lau
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles R Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edmond H H M Rings
- Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Sophia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke N Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeremy A Goettel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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11
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Canfrán-Duque A, Rotllan N, Zhang X, Andrés-Blasco I, Thompson BM, Sun J, Price NL, Fernández-Fuertes M, Fowler JW, Gómez-Coronado D, Sessa WC, Giannarelli C, Schneider RJ, Tellides G, McDonald JG, Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y. Macrophage-Derived 25-Hydroxycholesterol Promotes Vascular Inflammation, Atherogenesis, and Lesion Remodeling. Circulation 2023; 147:388-408. [PMID: 36416142 PMCID: PMC9892282 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.059062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-talk between sterol metabolism and inflammatory pathways has been demonstrated to significantly affect the development of atherosclerosis. Cholesterol biosynthetic intermediates and derivatives are increasingly recognized as key immune regulators of macrophages in response to innate immune activation and lipid overloading. 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is produced as an oxidation product of cholesterol by the enzyme cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and belongs to a family of bioactive cholesterol derivatives produced by cells in response to fluctuating cholesterol levels and immune activation. Despite the major role of 25-HC as a mediator of innate and adaptive immune responses, its contribution during the progression of atherosclerosis remains unclear. METHODS The levels of 25-HC were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the expression of CH25H in different macrophage populations of human or mouse atherosclerotic plaques, respectively. The effect of CH25H on atherosclerosis progression was analyzed by bone marrow adoptive transfer of cells from wild-type or Ch25h-/- mice to lethally irradiated Ldlr-/- mice, followed by a Western diet feeding for 12 weeks. Lipidomic, transcriptomic analysis and effects on macrophage function and signaling were analyzed in vitro from lipid-loaded macrophage isolated from Ldlr-/- or Ch25h-/-;Ldlr-/- mice. The contribution of secreted 25-HC to fibrous cap formation was analyzed using a smooth muscle cell lineage-tracing mouse model, Myh11ERT2CREmT/mG;Ldlr-/-, adoptively transferred with wild-type or Ch25h-/- mice bone marrow followed by 12 weeks of Western diet feeding. RESULTS We found that 25-HC accumulated in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions and that macrophage-derived 25-HC accelerated atherosclerosis progression, promoting plaque instability through autocrine and paracrine actions. 25-HC amplified the inflammatory response of lipid-loaded macrophages and inhibited the migration of smooth muscle cells within the plaque. 25-HC intensified inflammatory responses of lipid-laden macrophages by modifying the pool of accessible cholesterol in the plasma membrane, which altered Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, promoted nuclear factor-κB-mediated proinflammatory gene expression, and increased apoptosis susceptibility. These effects were independent of 25-HC-mediated modulation of liver X receptor or SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein) transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS Production of 25-HC by activated macrophages amplifies their inflammatory phenotype, thus promoting atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Canfrán-Duque
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Irene Andrés-Blasco
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Genomics and Diabetes Unit, Health Research Institute Clinic Hospital of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Sun
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pathology. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nathan L Price
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marta Fernández-Fuertes
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joseph W. Fowler
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pharmacology Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Servicio Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - William C. Sessa
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pharmacology Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chiara Giannarelli
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert J Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - George Tellides
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520 USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pathology. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pathology. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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12
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Watanabe Y, Fukuda T, Hayashi C, Nakao Y, Toyoda M, Kawakami K, Shinjo T, Iwashita M, Yamato H, Yotsumoto K, Taketomi T, Uchiumi T, Sanui T, Nishimura F. Extracellular vesicles derived from GMSCs stimulated with TNF-α and IFN-α promote M2 macrophage polarization via enhanced CD73 and CD5L expression. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13344. [PMID: 35922474 PMCID: PMC9349189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoregulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising. Gingival tissue-derived MSCs (GMSCs) have unique immunoregulatory capacity and secrete large amounts of EVs. Recent findings suggest that priming MSCs with inflammatory stimuli is an effective strategy for cell-free therapy. However, the precise mechanism by which the contents of EVs are customized has not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that EVs derived from GMSCs primed with a combination of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-α (IFN-α), synergistically promote anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization by increasing the expression of cluster of differentiation 73 (CD73) and CD5 molecule-like (CD5L). Expression of CD73 by TNF-α/IFN-α stimulation was transcriptionally upregulated by the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in GMSCs. TNF-α/IFN-α treatment also significantly increased the expression of CD5L mRNA via the transcription factor DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID3 and liver X receptor. Interestingly, exosomal CD5L is a prerequisite for the synergistic effect of EVs-mediated M2 macrophage polarization. These results indicate that combined pre-licensing with TNF-α and IFN-α in GMSCs is ideal for enhancing the anti-inflammatory function of EVs, which contributes to the establishment of a therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Watanabe
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takao Fukuda
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Chikako Hayashi
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakao
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toyoda
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawakami
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takanori Shinjo
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Misaki Iwashita
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamato
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Karen Yotsumoto
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takaharu Taketomi
- Department of Dental and Oral Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Terukazu Sanui
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Fusanori Nishimura
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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13
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Sharma V, Varshney R, Sethy NK. Human adaptation to high altitude: a review of convergence between genomic and proteomic signatures. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:21. [PMID: 35841113 PMCID: PMC9287971 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both genomics- and proteomics-based investigations have identified several essential genes, proteins, and pathways that may facilitate human adaptive genotype/phenotype in a population-specific manner. This comprehensive review provides an up-to-date list of genes and proteins identified for human adaptive responses to high altitudes. Genomics studies for indigenous high-altitude populations like Tibetans, Andeans, Ethiopians, and Sherpas have identified 169 genes under positive natural selection. Similarly, global proteomics studies have identified 258 proteins (± 1.2-fold or more) for Tibetan, Sherpa, and Ladakhi highlanders. The primary biological processes identified for genetic signatures include hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated oxygen sensing, angiogenesis, and erythropoiesis. In contrast, major biological processes identified for proteomics signatures include 14–3-3 mediated sirtuin signaling, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), and integrin signaling. Comparing genetic and protein signatures, we identified 7 common genes/proteins (HBB/hemoglobin subunit beta, TF/serotransferrin, ANGPTL4/angiopoietin-related protein 4, CDC42/cell division control protein 42 homolog, GC/vitamin D-binding protein, IGFBP1/insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, and IGFBP2/insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2) involved in crucial molecular functions like IGF-1 signaling, LXR/RXR activation, ferroptosis signaling, iron homeostasis signaling and regulation of cell cycle. Our combined multi-omics analysis identifies common molecular targets and pathways for human adaptation to high altitude. These observations further corroborate convergent positive selection of hypoxia-responsive molecular pathways in humans and advocate using multi-omics techniques for deciphering human adaptive responses to high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Sharma
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Rajeev Varshney
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Niroj Kumar Sethy
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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14
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Weng D, Gao S, Shen H, Yao S, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Huang W, Wang Y, Zhang X, Yin Y, Xu W. CD5L attenuates allergic airway inflammation by expanding CD11c high alveolar macrophages and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via HDAC2. Immunology 2022; 167:384-397. [PMID: 35794812 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is an airway inflammatory disease dominated by type 2 immune responses and there is currently no curative therapy for asthma. CD5-like antigen (CD5L) has been known to be involved in a variety of inflammatory diseases. However, the role of CD5L in allergic asthma remains unclear. In the present study, mice were treated with recombinant CD5L (rCD5L) during house dust mite (HDM) and ovalbumin (OVA) challenge to determine the role of CD5L in allergic asthma, and the underlying mechanism was further explored. Compared with PBS group, serum CD5L levels of asthmatic mice were significantly decreased, and the levels of CD5L in lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were significantly increased. CD5L reduced airway inflammation and Th2 immune responses in asthmatic mice. CD5L exerted its anti-inflammatory function by increasing CD11chigh alveolar macrophages (CD11chigh AMs), and the anti-inflammatory role of CD11chigh AMs in allergic asthma was confirmed by CD11chigh AMs depletion and transfer assays. In addition, CD5L increased the CD5L+ macrophages and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation by increasing HDAC2 expression in lung tissues of asthmatic mice. Hence, our study implicates that CD5L has potential usefulness for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlin Weng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, No. 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Hailan Shen
- Department of laboratory medicine, the first affiliated hospital of Chongqing medical university
| | - Shifei Yao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Sánchez-Rodríguez MB, Téllez É, Casulleras M, Borràs FE, Arroyo V, Clària J, Sarrias MR. Reduced Plasma Extracellular Vesicle CD5L Content in Patients With Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure: Interplay With Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842996. [PMID: 35330909 PMCID: PMC8940329 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute-on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome that develops in patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis (AD). It is characterized by a systemic hyperinflammatory state, leading to multiple organ failure. Our objective was to analyze macrophage anti-inflammatory protein CD5L in plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) and assess its as yet unknown relationship with lipid mediators in ACLF. With this aim, EVs were purified by size exclusion chromatography from the plasma of healthy subjects (HS) (n=6) and patients with compensated cirrhosis (CC) (n=6), AD (n=11) and ACLF (n=11), which were defined as positive for CD9, CD5L and CD63 and their size, number, morphology and lipid mediator content were characterized by NTA, EM, and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Additionally, plasma CD5L was quantified by ELISA in 10 HS, 20 CC and 149 AD patients (69 ACLF). Moreover, macrophage CD5L expression and the biosynthesis of specialized lipid mediators (SPMs) were characterized in vitro in primary cells. Our results indicate that circulating EVs were significantly suppressed in cirrhosis, regardless of severity, and showed considerable alterations in CD5L and lipid mediator content as the disease progressed. In AD, levels of EV CD5L correlated best with those of the SPM RvE1. Analysis of total plasma supported these data and showed that, in ACLF, low CD5L levels were associated with circulatory (p<0.001), brain (p<0.008) and respiratory (p<0.05) failure (Mann-Whitney test). Functional studies in macrophages indicated a positive feedback loop between CD5L and RvE1 biosynthesis. In summary, we have determined a significant alteration of circulating EV contents in ACLF, with a loss of anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving molecules involved in the control of acute inflammation in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belen Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Érica Téllez
- Innate Immunity Lab, Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Mireia Casulleras
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc E Borràs
- Innovation in VEsicles and Cells for Application in Therapy (IVECAT), Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Vicente Arroyo
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF Clif) and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Clària
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF Clif) and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER (Center of Biomedical Research in Network) of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Lab, Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,CIBER (Center of Biomedical Research in Network) of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Zhou H, Beltrán JF, Brito IL. Host-microbiome protein-protein interactions capture disease-relevant pathways. Genome Biol 2022; 23:72. [PMID: 35246229 PMCID: PMC8895870 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Host-microbe interactions are crucial for normal physiological and immune system development and are implicated in a variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC), obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite large-scale case-control studies aimed at identifying microbial taxa or genes involved in pathogeneses, the mechanisms linking them to disease have thus far remained elusive. Results To identify potential pathways through which human-associated bacteria impact host health, we leverage publicly-available interspecies protein-protein interaction (PPI) data to find clusters of microbiome-derived proteins with high sequence identity to known human-protein interactors. We observe differential targeting of putative human-interacting bacterial genes in nine independent metagenomic studies, finding evidence that the microbiome broadly targets human proteins involved in immune, oncogenic, apoptotic, and endocrine signaling pathways in relation to IBD, CRC, obesity, and T2D diagnoses. Conclusions This host-centric analysis provides a mechanistic hypothesis-generating platform and extensively adds human functional annotation to commensal bacterial proteins. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-022-02643-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Juan Felipe Beltrán
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ilana Lauren Brito
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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17
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Meziani L, Gerbé de Thoré M, Hamon P, Bockel S, Louzada RA, Clemenson C, Corre R, Liu W, Dupuy C, Mondini M, Deutsch E. Dual oxidase 1 limits the IFNγ-associated antitumor effect of macrophages. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000622. [PMID: 32571996 PMCID: PMC7307581 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages play pivotal roles in tumor progression and the response to anticancer therapies, including radiotherapy (RT). Dual oxidase (DUOX) 1 is a transmembrane enzyme that plays a critical role in oxidant generation. Methods Since we found DUOX1 expression in macrophages from human lung samples exposed to ionizing radiation, we aimed to assess the involvement of DUOX1 in macrophage activation and the role of these macrophages in tumor development. Results Using Duox1−/− mice, we demonstrated that the lack of DUOX1 in proinflammatory macrophages improved the antitumor effect of these cells. Furthermore, intratumoral injection of Duox1−/− proinflammatory macrophages significantly enhanced the antitumor effect of RT. Mechanistically, DUOX1 deficiency increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, CXCL9, CCL3 and TNFα) by activated macrophages in vitro and the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II in the membranes of macrophages. We also demonstrated that DUOX1 was involved in the phagocytotic function of macrophages in vitro and in vivo. The antitumor effect of Duox1−/− macrophages was associated with a significant increase in IFNγ production by both lymphoid and myeloid immune cells. Conclusions Our data indicate that DUOX1 is a new target for macrophage reprogramming and suggest that DUOX1 inhibition in macrophages combined with RT is a new therapeutic strategy for the management of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Meziani
- INSERM U1030, Molecular Radiotherapy, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France .,Labex LERMIT, DHU TORINO, SIRIC SOCRATE, Villejuif, France
| | - Marine Gerbé de Thoré
- INSERM U1030, Molecular Radiotherapy, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Labex LERMIT, DHU TORINO, SIRIC SOCRATE, Villejuif, France
| | - Pauline Hamon
- INSERM U1030, Molecular Radiotherapy, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Labex LERMIT, DHU TORINO, SIRIC SOCRATE, Villejuif, France
| | - Sophie Bockel
- INSERM U1030, Molecular Radiotherapy, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Labex LERMIT, DHU TORINO, SIRIC SOCRATE, Villejuif, France
| | - Ruy A Louzada
- CNRS UMR 8200, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Céline Clemenson
- INSERM U1030, Molecular Radiotherapy, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Labex LERMIT, DHU TORINO, SIRIC SOCRATE, Villejuif, France
| | - Raphaël Corre
- CNRS UMR 8200, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Winchygn Liu
- INSERM U1030, Molecular Radiotherapy, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Labex LERMIT, DHU TORINO, SIRIC SOCRATE, Villejuif, France
| | - Corinne Dupuy
- CNRS UMR 8200, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Michele Mondini
- INSERM U1030, Molecular Radiotherapy, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Labex LERMIT, DHU TORINO, SIRIC SOCRATE, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Deutsch
- INSERM U1030, Molecular Radiotherapy, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Labex LERMIT, DHU TORINO, SIRIC SOCRATE, Villejuif, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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18
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T0901317, an Agonist of Liver X Receptors, Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis in Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats via Liver X Receptors/Interferon Regulatory Factor/P53 Upregulated Modulator of Apoptosis/Dynamin-1-Like Protein Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8849131. [PMID: 34194609 PMCID: PMC8181056 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8849131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Methods Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) models of Sprague-Dawley rats were established with perforation method. T0901317 was injected intraperitoneally 1-hour post-SAH. GSK2033, an inhibitor of LXRs, and interferon regulatory factor (IRF-1) CRISPR activation were injected intracerebroventricularly to evaluate potential signaling pathway. The severity of SAH, neurobehavior test in both short- and long-term and apoptosis was measured with Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Results Expression of LXR-α and IRF-1 increased and peaked at 24 h post-SAH, while LXR-β remained unaffected in SAH+vehicle group compared with Sham group. Post-SAH T0901317 treatment attenuated neuronal impairments in both short- and long-term and decreased neuronal apoptosis, the expression of IRF-1, P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), dynamin-1-like protein (Drp1), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved caspase-3, and increasing B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) at 24 h from modeling. GSK2033 inhibited LXRs and reversed T0901317's neuroprotective effects. IRF-1 CRISPR activation upregulated the expression of IRF-1 and abolished the treatment effects of T0901317. Conclusion T0901317 attenuated neuronal apoptosis via LXRs/IRF-1/PUMA/Drp1 pathway in SAH rats.
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19
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LXR directly regulates glycosphingolipid synthesis and affects human CD4+ T cell function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017394118. [PMID: 34006637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017394118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptor (LXR) is a key transcriptional regulator of cholesterol, fatty acid, and phospholipid metabolism. Dynamic remodeling of immunometabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism, is a crucial step in T cell activation. Here, we explored the role of LXR-regulated metabolic processes in primary human CD4+ T cells and their role in controlling plasma membrane lipids (glycosphingolipids and cholesterol), which strongly influence T cell immune signaling and function. Crucially, we identified the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis enzyme glucosylceramide synthase as a direct transcriptional LXR target. LXR activation by agonist GW3965 or endogenous oxysterol ligands significantly altered the glycosphingolipid:cholesterol balance in the plasma membrane by increasing glycosphingolipid levels and reducing cholesterol. Consequently, LXR activation lowered plasma membrane lipid order (stability), and an LXR antagonist could block this effect. LXR stimulation also reduced lipid order at the immune synapse and accelerated activation of proximal T cell signaling molecules. Ultimately, LXR activation dampened proinflammatory T cell function. Finally, compared with responder T cells, regulatory T cells had a distinct pattern of LXR target gene expression corresponding to reduced lipid order. This suggests LXR-driven lipid metabolism could contribute to functional specialization of these T cell subsets. Overall, we report a mode of action for LXR in T cells involving the regulation of glycosphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism and demonstrate its relevance in modulating T cell function.
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20
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Multifaceted Roles of CD5L in Infectious and Sterile Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084076. [PMID: 33920819 PMCID: PMC8071174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD5L, a protein expressed and secreted mainly by macrophages, is emerging as a critical immune effector. In addition to its well-defined function as an anti-apoptotic protein, research over the last decade has uncovered additional roles that range from pattern recognition to autophagy, cell polarization, and the regulation of lipid metabolism. By modulating all these processes, CD5L plays a key role in highly prevalent diseases that develop by either acute or chronic inflammation, including several infectious, metabolic, and autoimmune conditions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of CD5L and focus on the relevance of this protein during infection- and sterile-driven inflammatory pathogenesis, highlighting its divergent roles in the modulation of inflammation.
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21
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Goel D, Vohora D. Liver X receptors and skeleton: Current state-of-knowledge. Bone 2021; 144:115807. [PMID: 33333244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXR) is a nuclear receptor that acts as a prominent regulator of lipid homeostasis and inflammatory response. Its therapeutic effectiveness against various diseases like Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis has been investigated in detail. Emerging pieces of evidence now reveal that LXR is also a crucial modulator of bone remodeling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of LXR on the skeleton and its role in osteoporosis are poorly understood. Therefore, in the current review, we highlight LXR and its actions through different molecular pathways modulating skeletal homeostasis. The studies described in this review propound that LXR in association with estrogen, PTH, PPARγ, RXR hedgehog, and canonical Wnt signaling regulates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. It regulates RANKL-induced expression of c-Fos, NFATc1, and NF-κB involved in osteoclast differentiation. Additionally, several studies suggest suppression of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by synthetic LXR ligands. Given the significance of modulation of LXR in various physiological and pathological settings, our findings indicate that therapeutic targeting of LXR might potentially prevent or treat osteoporosis and improve bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Goel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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22
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Lamorte S, Shinde R, McGaha TL. Nuclear receptors, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and macrophage function. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 78:100942. [PMID: 33451803 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are key regulators of innate immune responses and tissue homeostasis. Evidence indicates that NRs significantly impact steady-state immune regulation, uptake and processing of apoptotic cells, tolerance induction, and control of inflammatory immunity. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the NR activity for balancing inflammation and tolerance, the signaling cascade inducing the NR activation and functional responses, and different mechanisms of the NR-driven immune effects in the context of autoimmune diseases. We further describe the ligand-activated transcription factor the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) that exhibits analogous functionality. Moreover, we will discuss the putative role of NRs and AhR in immune regulation and disease pathogenesis providing a rationale for therapeutic targeting as a unique opportunities in the clinical management of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lamorte
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rahul Shinde
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Tumor Immunotherapy Program, The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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23
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Kim TH, Yang K, Kim M, Kim HS, Kang JL. Apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) contributes to IL-10-induced anti-inflammatory response through inhibition of inflammasome activation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:19. [PMID: 33414479 PMCID: PMC7791024 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03332-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) modulates the signaling in inflammatory responses, including infection, cancer, or other immune diseases. Recent studies suggest that like interleukin-10 (IL-10), AIM is involved in alternatively activated (M2) macrophage polarization. We aimed to understand whether and how AIM is involved in IL-10-induced inhibition of inflammasome activation and resolution of inflammation. First, we demonstrated that IL-10 induced increases in mRNA and protein expression of AIM in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). In addition, genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) reduced IL-10-induced AIM expression. We also found that IL-10-induced STAT3 activity enhanced the AIM promoter activity by directly binding the promoter of the AIM gene. Additionally, reduction of LPS/adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced IL-1β production and caspase-1 activation by IL-10 was reversed in BMDM from AIM-/- mice. Treatment of BMDM from both wild type (WT) and IL-10-/- mice with recombinant AIM showed the inhibitory effects on IL-1β and IL-18 production and caspase-1 activation. Endogenous and exogenous AIM inhibited apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (ASC) speck formation. In LPS-induced acute peritonitis, inhibition of IL-1β and IL-18 production in peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF) and serum, reduction of caspase-1 activation in peritoneal macrophages, and reduction of numbers of neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages in PLF by administration of IL-10 were not evident in AIM-/- mice. Our in vitro and in vivo data reveal a novel role of AIM in the inhibition of inflammasome-mediated caspase-1 activation and IL-1β and IL-18 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyun Kim
- grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804 Korea
| | - Kyungwon Yang
- grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804 Korea ,grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804 Korea
| | - Minsuk Kim
- grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804 Korea ,grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804 Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804 Korea
| | - Jihee Lee Kang
- grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804 Korea ,grid.255649.90000 0001 2171 7754Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804 Korea
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24
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Carbó JM, León TE, Font-Díaz J, De la Rosa JV, Castrillo A, Picard FR, Staudenraus D, Huber M, Cedó L, Escolà-Gil JC, Campos L, Bakiri L, Wagner EF, Caelles C, Stratmann T, Van Ginderachter JA, Valledor AF. Pharmacologic Activation of LXR Alters the Expression Profile of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and the Abundance of Regulatory T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2020; 81:968-985. [PMID: 33361391 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXR) are transcription factors from the nuclear receptor family that are activated by oxysterols and synthetic high-affinity agonists. In this study, we assessed the antitumor effects of synthetic LXR agonist TO901317 in a murine model of syngeneic Lewis Lung carcinoma. Treatment with TO901317 inhibited tumor growth in wild-type, but not in LXR-deficient mice, indicating that the antitumor effects of the agonist depends on functional LXR activity in host cells. Pharmacologic activation of the LXR pathway reduced the intratumoral abundance of regulatory T cells (Treg) and the expression of the Treg-attracting chemokine Ccl17 by MHCIIhigh tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Moreover, gene expression profiling indicated a broad negative impact of the LXR agonist on other mechanisms used by TAM for the maintenance of an immunosuppressive environment. In studies exploring the macrophage response to GM-CSF or IL4, activated LXR repressed IRF4 expression, resulting in subsequent downregulation of IRF4-dependent genes including Ccl17. Taken together, this work reveals the combined actions of the LXR pathway in the control of TAM responses that contribute to the antitumoral effects of pharmacologic LXR activation. Moreover, these data provide new insights for the development of novel therapeutic options for the treatment of cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study reveals unrecognized roles of LXR in the transcriptional control of the tumor microenvironment and suggests use of a synthetic LXR agonist as a novel therapeutic strategy to stimulate antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Carbó
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Leukaemia Stem Cell Group, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Theresa E León
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Font-Díaz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Vladimir De la Rosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud (GIMAS, ULPGC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud (GIMAS, ULPGC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix R Picard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Staudenraus
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Lucía Campos
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carme Caelles
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Lab of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
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Lipid Metabolism in Regulation of Macrophage Functions. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:979-989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Galle-Treger L, Moreau M, Ballaire R, Poupel L, Huby T, Sasso E, Troise F, Poti F, Lesnik P, Le Goff W, Gautier EL, Huby T. Targeted invalidation of SR-B1 in macrophages reduces macrophage apoptosis and accelerates atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:554-565. [PMID: 31119270 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS SR-B1 is a cholesterol transporter that exerts anti-atherogenic properties in liver and peripheral tissues in mice. Bone marrow (BM) transfer studies suggested an atheroprotective role in cells of haematopoietic origin. Here, we addressed the specific contribution of SR-B1 in the monocyte/macrophage. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated mice deficient for SR-B1 in monocytes/macrophages (Lysm-Cre × SR-B1f/f) and transplanted their BM into Ldlr-/- mice. Fed a cholesterol-rich diet, these mice displayed accelerated aortic atherosclerosis characterized by larger macrophage-rich areas and decreased macrophage apoptosis compared with SR-B1f/f transplanted controls. These findings were reproduced in BM transfer studies using another atherogenic mouse recipient (SR-B1 KOliver × Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein). Haematopoietic reconstitution with SR-B1-/- BM conducted in parallel generated similar results to those obtained with Lysm-Cre × SR-B1f/f BM; thus suggesting that among haematopoietic-derived cells, SR-B1 exerts its atheroprotective role primarily in monocytes/macrophages. Consistent with our in vivo data, free cholesterol (FC)-induced apoptosis of macrophages was diminished in the absence of SR-B1. This effect could not be attributed to differential cellular cholesterol loading. However, we observed that expression of apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) was induced in SR-B1-deficient macrophages, and notably upon FC-loading. Furthermore, we demonstrated that macrophages were protected from FC-induced apoptosis by AIM. Finally, AIM protein was found more present within the macrophage-rich area of the atherosclerotic lesions of SR-B1-deficient macrophages than controls. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that macrophage SR-B1 plays a role in plaque growth by controlling macrophage apoptosis in an AIM-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine Moreau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166 ICAN, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Lucie Poupel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166 ICAN, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Huby
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166 ICAN, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Emanuele Sasso
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.R.L, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fulvia Troise
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.R.L, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Poti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Philippe Lesnik
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166 ICAN, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166 ICAN, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Thierry Huby
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166 ICAN, F-75013, Paris, France
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Glaría E, Letelier NA, Valledor AF. Integrating the roles of liver X receptors in inflammation and infection: mechanisms and outcomes. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:55-65. [PMID: 32599447 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcription factors from the nuclear receptor family that can be pharmacologically activated by high-affinity agonists. LXR activation exerts a combination of metabolic and anti-inflammatory actions that result in the modulation of immune responses and in the amelioration of inflammatory disorders. In addition, LXR agonists modulate the metabolism of infected cells and limit the infectivity and/or growth of several pathogens. This review gives an overview of the recent advances in understanding the complexity of the mechanisms through which the LXR pathway controls inflammation and host-cell pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Glaría
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole A Letelier
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Yvan-Charvet L, Bonacina F, Guinamard RR, Norata GD. Immunometabolic function of cholesterol in cardiovascular disease and beyond. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1393-1407. [PMID: 31095280 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation represents the driving feature of many diseases, including atherosclerosis, cancer, autoimmunity and infections. It is now established that metabolic processes shape a proper immune response and within this context the alteration in cellular cholesterol homeostasis has emerged as a culprit of many metabolic abnormalities observed in chronic inflammatory diseases. Cholesterol accumulation supports the inflammatory response of myeloid cells (i.e. augmentation of toll-like receptor signalling, inflammasome activation, and production of monocytes and neutrophils) which is beneficial in the response to infections, but worsens diseases associated with chronic metabolic inflammation including atherosclerosis. In addition to the innate immune system, cells of adaptive immunity, upon activation, have also been shown to undergo a reprogramming of cellular cholesterol metabolism, which results in the amplification of inflammatory responses. Aim of this review is to discuss (i) the molecular mechanisms linking cellular cholesterol metabolism to specific immune functions; (ii) how cellular cholesterol accumulation sustains chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis; (iii) the immunometabolic profile of patients with defects of genes affecting cholesterol metabolism including familial hypercholesterolaemia, cholesteryl ester storage disease, Niemann-Pick type C, and immunoglobulin D syndrome/mevalonate kinase deficiency. Available data indicate that cholesterol immunometabolism plays a key role in directing immune cells function and set the stage for investigating the repurposing of existing 'metabolic' drugs to modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Yvan-Charvet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rodolphe Renè Guinamard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice, France.,Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
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29
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Leussink S, Aranda-Pardos I, A-Gonzalez N. Lipid metabolism as a mechanism of immunomodulation in macrophages: the role of liver X receptors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:18-26. [PMID: 32361182 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are immune myeloid cells with an extreme ability to modulate their phenotype in response to insults and/or pathogens. The immunomodulatory capacity of macrophages is also patent during development as they adapt their phenotype to the host tissue environment establishing the heterogeneous populations of tissue-resident macrophages. An important mechanism of immunomodulation in macrophages occurs through the regulation of transcriptional activity. Numerous transcription factors are associated with macrophage plasticity, among them, several nuclear receptors. The nuclear receptors Liver X Receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) have also revealed as active players during macrophage adaptations in diverse scenarios. This review will address the different mechanisms by which LXRs contribute to immunomodulation in macrophages by connecting lipid metabolism and immunity through transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Leussink
- Institute of Immunology, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Germany
| | | | - Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Institute of Immunology, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, University of Münster, Germany.
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30
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Savaş EM, Oğuz SH, Samadi A, Yılmaz Işıkhan S, Ünlütürk U, Lay İ, Gürlek A. Apoptosis Inhibitor of Macrophage, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1, and C-Reactive Protein Levels Are Increased in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2020; 18:197-205. [PMID: 32096694 DOI: 10.1089/met.2019.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) are molecules that cause migration of M1 macrophages to visceral adipocytes, which is the first step in development of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study is to evaluate the status of AIM and MCP-1 in metabolic syndrome and to investigate their use as biomarkers. Methods: Forty metabolic syndrome patients and 40 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. Serum AIM, MCP-1, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: AIM, MCP-1, and CRP levels were significantly higher in the metabolic syndrome group (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.05, respectively). There was a positive correlation of serum AIM, MCP-1, and CRP levels with waist circumference (r = 0.480, r = 0.663, and r = 0.418, respectively; P < 0.01). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses revealed AIM, MCP-1, and CRP cutoff points as 2383.7 ng/mL, 172.8 pg/mL, and 0.366 mg/dL, which could be used in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome with highest sensitivity and specificity. In the logistic regression model, including age, AIM, CRP, and MCP-1 as covariates, having serum AIM and CRP levels above cutoffs were significant independent predictors for metabolic syndrome (odds ratios 13.8 and 21.3), whereas the serum MCP-1 level was not a significant independent predictor, although the odds ratio was 2.6 (P = 0.193). Conclusions: These results suggest that AIM and MCP-1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. AIM and CRP levels may be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Although MCP-1 is not an independent predictor, its elevation in metabolic syndrome is noteworthy, which warrants further analyses in larger groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Merve Savaş
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seda Hanife Oğuz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Afshin Samadi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selen Yılmaz Işıkhan
- Department of Biostatistics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Uğur Ünlütürk
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İncilay Lay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alper Gürlek
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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31
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Singh KS, Leu JIJ, Barnoud T, Vonteddu P, Gnanapradeepan K, Lin C, Liu Q, Barton JC, Kossenkov AV, George DL, Murphy ME, Dotiwala F. African-centric TP53 variant increases iron accumulation and bacterial pathogenesis but improves response to malaria toxin. Nat Commun 2020; 11:473. [PMID: 31980600 PMCID: PMC6981190 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A variant at amino acid 47 in human TP53 exists predominantly in individuals of African descent. P47S human and mouse cells show increased cancer risk due to defective ferroptosis. Here, we show that this ferroptotic defect causes iron accumulation in P47S macrophages. This high iron content alters macrophage cytokine profiles, leads to higher arginase level and activity, and decreased nitric oxide synthase activity. This leads to more productive intracellular bacterial infections but is protective against malarial toxin hemozoin. Proteomics of macrophages reveal decreased liver X receptor (LXR) activation, inflammation and antibacterial defense in P47S macrophages. Both iron chelators and LXR agonists improve the response of P47S mice to bacterial infection. African Americans with elevated saturated transferrin and serum ferritin show higher prevalence of the P47S variant (OR = 1.68 (95%CI 1.07–2.65) p = 0.023), suggestive of its role in iron accumulation in humans. This altered macrophage phenotype may confer an advantage in malaria-endemic sub-Saharan Africa. A polymorphism in human TP53 (P47S) that predominantly exists in individuals of African descent affects ferroptosis. Here, the authors show that this results in iron accumulation in macrophages leading to more productive infection by intracellular bacteria but improved anti-inflammatory response to the malarial toxin hemozoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sachin Singh
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Julia I-Ju Leu
- Department of Genetics, The Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Thibaut Barnoud
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Prashanthi Vonteddu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Keerthana Gnanapradeepan
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, The Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Cindy Lin
- Program in Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - James C Barton
- Southern Iron Disorders Center, Birmingham AL 35209 USA and Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- Bioinformatics Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Donna L George
- Department of Genetics, The Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Maureen E Murphy
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Farokh Dotiwala
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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32
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Xu L, Chen W, Wang X, Yu Z, Han S. Comparative Lipidomic Analyses Reveal Different Protections in Preterm and Term Breast Milk for Infants. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:590. [PMID: 33194878 PMCID: PMC7606384 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Neonates are notably vulnerable, however they have improved outcomes if they are fed human milk. Human milk lipids constitute the primary constituents of human milk and serve a pivotal role in safeguarding infants from diseases. We assessed the lipid differences between preterm and term human milk and predicted the prospective impacts of these lipids on the development of neonates. Methods and results: We collected colostrum from healthy breast-feeding mothers who had delivered either term or preterm infants. We analyzed the lipid profiles of preterm, as well as term human milk using an LC-MS/MS metabolomics strategy. The orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis score plots revealed remarkable distinction of lipids in preterm and term human milk. In total, 16 subclasses of 235 differential lipids (variable importance in projection > 1, P < 0.05) were identified. Notably, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were robustly increased in preterm human milk, while diacylglycerol and ceramide were markedly decreased in preterm human milk. Pathway analysis revealed that these dysregulated lipids are closely associated with glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, Reelin signaling in neurons, and LXR/RXR activation. Conclusion: The results show that the lipids in preterm and term human colostrum vary, which may be critical for neonatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhangbin Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuping Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Gao X, Yan X, Yin Y, Lin X, Zhang Q, Xia Y, Cao J. Therapeutic Targeting of Apoptosis Inhibitor of Macrophage/CD5L in Sepsis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:323-334. [PMID: 30326743 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0272oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors involved in disturbing host homeostasis during sepsis are largely unknown. We sought to determine the immunopathological role of apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM)/CD5L in sepsis. Here, we show that blockade of AIM led to significantly increased survival after experimental sepsis, and it decreased local and systemic inflammation, reduced tissue injury, and inhibited bacterial dissemination in the blood, in particular at later time points. Supplementation of recombinant AIM in sepsis resulted in increased tissue injury, amplified inflammation, increased bacteremia, and worsened mortality. Interestingly, the most important difference in the production of cytokines and chemokines after in vivo AIM blockade or AIM administration during sepsis was IL-10. In vitro, AIM enhanced IL-10 production from macrophages, neutrophils, or lymphocytes. In vivo, the beneficial effects of AIM blockade and the detrimental effects of AIM addition on experimental sepsis were ablated by treatment with recombinant IL-10 and neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibodies, respectively. This study is the first to identify AIM as an important mediator in disturbing host homeostasis in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Gao
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Xingxing Yan
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- 2 Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Xue Lin
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- 3 Clinical Laboratories Center, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Xia
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ju Cao
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Tabraue C, Lara PC, De Mirecki-Garrido M, De La Rosa JV, López-Blanco F, Fernández-Pérez L, Boscá L, Castrillo A. LXR Signaling Regulates Macrophage Survival and Inflammation in Response to Ionizing Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 104:913-923. [PMID: 30922944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the role of liver X receptor (LXR) nuclear receptors on irradiation-induced cell death and polarization of macrophages and the potential implications in the context of radiation therapy treatment of cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS Primary and immortalized murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from wild type or LXR double knock-out mice were exposed to gamma irradiation. Subsequently, analysis of LXR signaling on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity induced by ionizing radiation was determined by time-lapse photomicroscopy. Genotoxic cell damage was evaluated by Western blot of γ-H2AX and p53. Pyroptosis was analyzed through cell viability assay, lactate dehydrogenase release assay, and Western blot of caspase-1 active protein. Expression of inflammatory markers was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Genetic and pharmacologic inactivation of LXR induced radiosensitivity of macrophages. LXR deficiency decreased cell proliferation and enhanced cytotoxicity induced by ionizing radiation in both immortalized and primary BMDMs. Protein levels of γ-H2AX and p53, both involved in response to cell damage, were exacerbated in LXR-deficient macrophages exposed to irradiation. Cell membrane damage was augmented and cell viability was decreased in LXR-deficient macrophages compared with LXR wild type macrophages in response to irradiation. In addition, LXR deficiency enhanced both caspase-1 activation and lactate dehydrogenase release in BMDM exposed inflammasome activators. LXR inactivation or deficiency markedly increased the expression of proinflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in irradiated macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The present work identifies LXR transcription factors as potential therapeutic targets to enhance the suppressive effects of radiation therapy on tumor growth through induction of macrophage cell death and activation of the inflammatory cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Tabraue
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) - Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud (GIMAS) - Unidad de Biomedicina Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Departamento de Morfología, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Pedro C Lara
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Departamento de Oncología, Hospital Universitario San Roque, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mercedes De Mirecki-Garrido
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) - Farmacología Molecular y Traslacional - Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juan Vladimir De La Rosa
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) - Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud (GIMAS) - Unidad de Biomedicina Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Félix López-Blanco
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) - Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud (GIMAS) - Unidad de Biomedicina Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Leandro Fernández-Pérez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) - Farmacología Molecular y Traslacional - Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) - Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud (GIMAS) - Unidad de Biomedicina Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) - Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud (GIMAS) - Unidad de Biomedicina Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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35
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Bárcena C, Aran G, Perea L, Sanjurjo L, Téllez É, Oncins A, Masnou H, Serra I, García-Gallo M, Kremer L, Sala M, Armengol C, Sancho-Bru P, Sarrias MR. CD5L is a pleiotropic player in liver fibrosis controlling damage, fibrosis and immune cell content. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:513-524. [PMID: 31076347 PMCID: PMC6558273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatic inflammation leads to liver fibrosis, which may progress to cirrhosis, a condition with high morbidity. Our aim was to assess the as yet unknown role of innate immunity protein CD5L in liver fibrosis. METHODS CD5L was measured by ELISA in plasma samples from cirrhotic (n = 63) and hepatitis (n = 39) patients, and healthy controls (n = 7), by immunohistochemistry in cirrhotic tissue (n = 12), and by quantitative RT-PCR in mouse liver cell subsets isolated by cell sorting. Recombinant CD5L (rCD5L) was administered into a murine model of CCl4-induced fibrosis, and damage, fibrosis and hepatic immune cell infiltration, including the LyC6hi (pro-fibrotic)-LyC6low (pro-resolutive) monocyte ratio were determined. Moreover, rCD5L was added into primary human hepatic stellate cells to study transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) activation responses. FINDINGS Cirrhotic patients showed elevated plasma CD5L concentrations as compared to patients with hepatitis and healthy controls (Mann-Whitney test p < 0·0001). Moreover, plasma CD5L correlated with disease progression, FIB4 fibrosis score (r:0·25, p < 0·0001) and tissue expression (r = 0·649; p = 0·022). Accordingly, CCl4-induced damage increased CD5L levels in total liver, particularly in hepatocytes and macrophages. rCD5L administration attenuated CCl4-induced injury and fibrosis as determined by reduced serum transaminase and collagen content. Moreover, rCD5L inhibited immune cell infiltration and promoted a phenotypic shift in monocytes from LyC6hi to LyC6low. Interestingly, rCD5L also had a direct effect on primary human hepatic stellate cells promoting SMAD7 expression, thus repressing TGFβ signalling. INTERPRETATION Our study identifies CD5L as a key pleiotropic inhibitor of chronic liver injury. FUND: Fundació Marató TV3, AGAUR and the ISCIII-EDRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bárcena
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Gemma Aran
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Luís Perea
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Sanjurjo
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain; Network for Biomedical Research in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Érica Téllez
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Anna Oncins
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Helena Masnou
- Gastroenterology Dept., University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Isabel Serra
- Gastroenterology Dept., University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Mónica García-Gallo
- Protein Tools Unit and Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Protein Tools Unit and Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Sala
- Gastroenterology Dept., University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Badalona, Spain; Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Spain
| | - Carolina Armengol
- Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Spain; Childhood Liver Oncology Group, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPCC), IGTP, Spain
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain; Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Spain.
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Leopold Wager CM, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and macrophage nuclear receptors: What we do and don't know. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116S:S98-S106. [PMID: 31060958 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that are expressed in a wide variety of cells and play a major role in lipid signaling. NRs are key regulators of immune and metabolic functions in macrophages and are linked to macrophage responses to microbial pathogens. Pathogens are also known to induce the expression of specific NRs to promote their own survival. In this review, we focus on the NRs recently shown to influence macrophage responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We provide an overview of NR-controlled transcriptional activity and regulation of macrophage activation. We also discuss in detail the contribution of specific NRs to macrophage responses to M.tb, including influence on macrophage phenotype, cell signaling, and cellular metabolism. We pay particular attention to PPARγ since it is required for differentiation of alveolar macrophages, an important niche for M.tb, and its role during M.tb infection is becoming increasingly appreciated. Research into NRs and M.tb is still in its early stages, therefore continuing to advance our understanding of the complex interactions between M.tb and macrophage NRs may reveal the potential of NRs as pharmacological targets for the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophage Immortalization of LXR Nuclear Receptor-Deficient Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30825145 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9130-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are professional phagocytic cells that play key roles in innate and adaptive immunity, metabolism, and tissue homeostasis. Lipid metabolism is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level, and one of the key players of this regulation in macrophages and other cell types is the LXR subfamily of nuclear receptors (LXRα and LXRβ). The use of LXR double knockout (LXR-DKO) macrophages in vitro has yielded extensive benefits in metabolism research, but this technique is hindered by primary macrophage cell expansion capability, which diminishes along terminal cell differentiation process. Here we detail a method to immortalize LXR double knockout bone marrow-derived macrophage cells at an early stage of differentiation, using a retroviral delivery of a combination of murine v-myc and v-raf oncogenes. This methodology enables the generation of autonomous self-renewing macrophages bearing an LXR-DKO genetic background, as a valuable tool for research in lipid metabolism and other LXR receptor-mediated effects.
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Ramón-Vázquez A, de la Rosa JV, Tabraue C, Lopez F, Díaz-Chico BN, Bosca L, Tontonoz P, Alemany S, Castrillo A. Common and Differential Transcriptional Actions of Nuclear Receptors Liver X Receptors α and β in Macrophages. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:e00376-18. [PMID: 30602495 PMCID: PMC6379585 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00376-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptors α and β (LXRα and LXRβ) are oxysterol-activated transcription factors that coordinately regulate gene expression that is important for cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. In addition to their roles in lipid metabolism, LXRs participate in the transcriptional regulation of macrophage activation and are considered potent regulators of inflammation. LXRs are highly similar, and despite notable exceptions, most of their reported functions are substantially overlapping. However, their individual genomic distribution and transcriptional capacities have not been characterized. Here, we report a macrophage cellular model expressing equivalent levels of tagged LXRs. Analysis of data from chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with deep sequencing revealed that LXRα and LXRβ occupy both overlapping and exclusive genomic regulatory sites of target genes and also control the transcription of a receptor-exclusive set of genes. Analysis of genomic H3K27 acetylation and mRNA transcriptional changes in response to synthetic agonist or antagonist treatments revealed a putative mode of pharmacologically independent regulation of transcription. Integration of microarray and sequencing data enabled the description of three possible mechanisms of LXR transcriptional activation. Together, these results contribute to our understanding of the common and differential genomic actions of LXRs and their impact on biological processes in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ramón-Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Juan Vladimir de la Rosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Carlos Tabraue
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Felix Lopez
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Bonifacio Nicolas Díaz-Chico
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Lisardo Bosca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Susana Alemany
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
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Leopold Wager CM, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS. Macrophage nuclear receptors: Emerging key players in infectious diseases. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007585. [PMID: 30897154 PMCID: PMC6428245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that are expressed in a variety of cells, including macrophages. For decades, NRs have been therapeutic targets because their activity can be pharmacologically modulated by specific ligands and small molecule inhibitors. NRs regulate a variety of processes, including those intersecting metabolic and immune functions, and have been studied in regard to various autoimmune diseases. However, the complex roles of NRs in host response to infection are only recently being investigated. The NRs peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and liver X receptors (LXRs) have been most studied in the context of infectious diseases; however, recent work has also linked xenobiotic pregnane X receptors (PXRs), vitamin D receptor (VDR), REV-ERBα, the nuclear receptor 4A (NR4A) family, farnesoid X receptors (FXRs), and estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) to macrophage responses to pathogens. Pharmacological inhibition or antagonism of certain NRs can greatly influence overall disease outcome, and NRs that are protective against some diseases can lead to susceptibility to others. Targeting NRs as a novel host-directed treatment approach to infectious diseases appears to be a viable option, considering that these transcription factors play a pivotal role in macrophage lipid metabolism, cholesterol efflux, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and production of antimicrobial byproducts. In the current review, we discuss recent findings concerning the role of NRs in infectious diseases with an emphasis on PPARγ and LXR, the two most studied. We also highlight newer work on the activity of emerging NRs during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Nessaibia I, Fouache A, Lobaccaro JMA, Tahraoui A, Trousson A, Souidi M. Stress as an immunomodulator: liver X receptors maybe the answer. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 27:15-25. [PMID: 30467620 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a reflex response, both psychological and physiological, of the body to a difficult situation that requires adaptation. Stress is at the intersection of the objective event and the subjective event. The physiological mechanisms involved in chronic stress are numerous and can contribute to a wide variety of disorders, in all systems including the immune system. Stress modifies the Th1/Th2 balance via the HPA axis and a set of immune mediators. This will make the body more vulnerable to external infections in a scientific way while others claim the opposite, stress could be considered immune stimulatory. The development of synthetic LXR ligands such as T0901317 and GW3965 as well as an understanding of the direct involvement of these receptors in the regulation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression and indirectly by producing a variety of cytokines in a stressor response, will open in the near future new therapeutic methods against the undesirable effects of stress on the behavior of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Nessaibia
- CNRS UMR 6293, Laboratory GReD, INSERM U 1103, Clermont Auvergne University, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Laboratory of Applied Neuro-Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Badji-Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria.
| | - Allan Fouache
- CNRS UMR 6293, Laboratory GReD, INSERM U 1103, Clermont Auvergne University, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- CNRS UMR 6293, Laboratory GReD, INSERM U 1103, Clermont Auvergne University, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Abdelkrim Tahraoui
- Laboratory of Applied Neuro-Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Badji-Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Amalia Trousson
- CNRS UMR 6293, Laboratory GReD, INSERM U 1103, Clermont Auvergne University, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maâmar Souidi
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire, Direction de la radioprotection de l'homme, IRSN, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
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Sugisawa R, Komatsu G, Hiramoto E, Takeda N, Yamamura KI, Arai S, Miyazaki T. Independent modes of disease repair by AIM protein distinguished in AIM-felinized mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13157. [PMID: 30177770 PMCID: PMC6120884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue macrophage-derived apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM, encoded by cd5l gene) is a circulating protein that has suppressive functions in a broad range of diseases including obesity, liver steatosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and acute kidney injury (AKI). In healthy states, high levels of AIM circulate in the inactivated state by associating with the immunoglobulin M (IgM) pentamer in the blood, whereas during AKI, AIM dissociates from IgM and gains disease repair activity. Here, we assessed whether AIM activation via its release from IgM is required to ameliorate other diseases. To this end, we employed a mouse line in which mouse AIM was replaced with feline AIM (AIM-felinized mice). Because feline AIM rarely dissociates from IgM due to its extremely high binding affinity for IgM, these mice exhibited deficient AKI repair as in cats. When fed a high-fat diet (HFD), similar to AIM-deficient (AIM−/−) mice, AIM-felinized mice exhibited enhanced triacylglycerol deposition in visceral adipocytes and hepatocytes, resulting in more prominent obesity and fatty liver than in wild-type mice. In contrast, the incidence of HCC after a 1-year HFD was remarkably lower in AIM-felinized mice than in AIM−/− mice, suggesting that AIM produced by liver Kupffer macrophages might directly facilitate the elimination of HCC cells. Accordingly, the marked deposition of AIM accompanied by accumulation of Kupffer cells was obvious during HCC tumour development in AIM-felinized mice. Δsµ mice, which harbour almost no circulating AIM due to the lack of secreted IgM, showed a phenotype comparable with that of AIM-felinized mice in prevention of those diseases. Thus, blood AIM released from IgM contributes to suppression of obesity and fatty liver as in AKI, whereas macrophage-derived noncirculating AIM mainly prevents HCC development. Our study depicted two different modes of disease prevention/repair facilitated by AIM, which could be the basis for HCC therapy that works by increasing AIM expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Sugisawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ginga Komatsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Emiri Hiramoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoki Takeda
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamamura
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Satoko Arai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toru Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Beyond the Foam Cell: The Role of LXRs in Preventing Atherogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082307. [PMID: 30087224 PMCID: PMC6121590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic condition associated with cardiovascular disease. While largely identified by the accumulation of lipid-laden foam cells within the aorta later on in life, atherosclerosis develops over several stages and decades. During atherogenesis, various cell types of the aorta acquire a pro-inflammatory phenotype that initiates the cascade of signaling events facilitating the formation of these foam cells. The liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that upon activation induce the expression of transporters responsible for promoting cholesterol efflux. In addition to promoting cholesterol removal from the arterial wall, LXRs have potent anti-inflammatory actions via the transcriptional repression of key pro-inflammatory cytokines. These beneficial functions sparked an interest in the potential to target LXRs and the development of agonists as anti-atherogenic agents. These early studies focused on mediating the contributions of macrophages to the underlying pathogenesis. However, further evidence has since demonstrated that LXRs reduce atherosclerosis through their actions in multiple cell types apart from those monocytes/macrophages that infiltrate the lesion. LXRs and their target genes have profound effects on multiple other cells types of the hematopoietic system. Furthermore, LXRs can also mediate dysfunction within vascular cell types of the aorta including endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the whole-body benefits of LXR activation with respect to anti-atherogenesis, and that LXRs remain a viable target for the treatment of atherosclerosis, with a reach which extends beyond plaque macrophages.
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Abstract
The lung has a unique relationship to cholesterol that is shaped by its singular physiology. On the one hand, the lungs receive the full cardiac output and have a predominant dependence on plasma lipoprotein uptake for their cholesterol supply. On the other hand, surfactant lipids, including cholesterol, are continually susceptible to oxidation owing to direct environmental exposure and must be cleared or recycled because of the very narrow biophysical mandates placed upon surfactant lipid composition. Interestingly, increased lipid-laden macrophage "foam cells" have been noted in a wide range of human lung pathologies. This suggests that lipid dysregulation may be a unifying and perhaps contributory event in chronic lung disease pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown that perturbations in intracellular cholesterol trafficking critically modify the immune response of macrophages and other cells. This minireview discusses literature that has begun to demonstrate the importance of regulated cholesterol traffic through the lung to pulmonary immunity, inflammation, and fibrosis. This emerging recognition of coupling between immunity and lipid homeostasis in the lung presents potentially transformative concepts for understanding lung disease and may also offer novel and exciting avenues for therapeutic development.
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Koyama N, Yamazaki T, Kanetsuki Y, Hirota J, Asai T, Mitsumoto Y, Mizuno M, Shima T, Kanbara Y, Arai S, Miyazaki T, Okanoue T. Activation of apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage is a sensitive diagnostic marker for NASH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:770-779. [PMID: 29086016 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-017-1398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diagnostic marker is needed enabling early and specific diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Our recent findings have indicated that circulating apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM), which usually associates with IgM pentamer in the blood, is activated by its dissociation from IgM. We investigated the serum levels of IgM-free AIM for AIM activation and its possible relationship with development of HCC in NASH. METHODS Serum levels of IgM-associated and IgM-free AIM were evaluated in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver, NASH, and NASH-HCC using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoblots. Liver biopsy specimens were graded and staged using Brunt's classification. RESULTS Forty-two patients with fatty liver, 141 with NASH, and 26 with NASH-HCC were evaluated. Patients with stage 4 or grade 3 NASH (with or without HCC) exhibited significantly higher levels of both IgM-free and total AIM than those with fatty liver, whereas the ratio of IgM-free-to-total AIM was equivalent in these groups. Among patients with the same fibrosis stage of NASH, those with HCC had significantly higher IgM-free but not total AIM levels, resulting in a proportional increase in the IgM-free/total AIM ratio. Analysis of the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves indicated the high sensitivity of the IgM-free AIM for NASH-HCC. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest the activation of AIM in blood in the presence of NASH-HCC, with a significant increase in IgM-free AIM levels. IgM-free AIM serum levels appear to be a sensitive diagnostic marker for NASH-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Koyama
- Research and Development Division, Eidia Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
- Eisai Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Kanetsuki
- Research and Development Division, Sekisui Medical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Hirota
- Research and Development Division, Sekisui Medical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohide Asai
- Research and Development Division, Sekisui Medical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Mitsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mizuno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihide Shima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kanbara
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoko Arai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita City, Osaka, Japan.
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Liver X Receptor Nuclear Receptors Are Transcriptional Regulators of Dendritic Cell Chemotaxis. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00534-17. [PMID: 29507185 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00534-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand-activated nuclear receptors with established roles in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis in multiple tissues. LXRs exert additional biological functions as negative regulators of inflammation, particularly in macrophages. However, the transcriptional responses controlled by LXRs in other myeloid cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), are still poorly understood. Here we used gain- and loss-of-function models to characterize the impact of LXR deficiency on DC activation programs. Our results identified an LXR-dependent pathway that is important for DC chemotaxis. LXR-deficient mature DCs are defective in stimulus-induced migration in vitro and in vivo Mechanistically, we show that LXRs facilitate DC chemotactic signaling by regulating the expression of CD38, an ectoenzyme important for leukocyte trafficking. Pharmacological or genetic inactivation of CD38 activity abolished the LXR-dependent induction of DC chemotaxis. Using the low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR-/-) LDLR-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis, we also demonstrated that hematopoietic CD38 expression is important for the accumulation of lipid-laden myeloid cells in lesions, suggesting that CD38 is a key factor in leukocyte migration during atherogenesis. Collectively, our results demonstrate that LXRs are required for the efficient emigration of DCs in response to chemotactic signals during inflammation.
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The proteome of fetal fluids in mares with experimentally-induced placentitis. Placenta 2018; 64:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sanjurjo L, Aran G, Téllez É, Amézaga N, Armengol C, López D, Prats C, Sarrias MR. CD5L Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization through Autophagy-Mediated Upregulation of ID3. Front Immunol 2018; 9:480. [PMID: 29593730 PMCID: PMC5858086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD5L (CD5 molecule-like) is a secreted glycoprotein that controls key mechanisms in inflammatory responses, with involvement in processes such as infection, atherosclerosis, and cancer. In macrophages, CD5L promotes an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in response to TLR activation. In the present study, we questioned whether CD5L is able to influence human macrophage plasticity, and drive its polarization toward any specific phenotype. We compared CD5L-induced phenotypic and functional changes to those caused by IFN/LPS, IL4, and IL10 in human monocytes. Phenotypic markers were quantified by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry, and a mathematical algorithm was built for their analysis. Moreover, we compared ROS production, phagocytic capacity, and inflammatory responses to LPS. CD5L drove cells toward a polarization similar to that induced by IL10. Furthermore, IL10- and CD5L-treated macrophages showed increased LC3-II content and colocalization with acidic compartments, thereby pointing to the enhancement of autophagy-dependent processes. Accordingly, siRNA targeting ATG7 in THP1 cells blocked CD5L-induced CD163 and Mer tyrosine kinase mRNA and efferocytosis. In these cells, gene expression profiling and validation indicated the upregulation of the transcription factor ID3 by CD5L through ATG7. In agreement, ID3 silencing reversed polarization by CD5L. Our data point to a significant contribution of CD5L-mediated autophagy to the induction of ID3 and provide the first evidence that CD5L drives macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Sanjurjo
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
- Network for Biomedical Research in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Aran
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Érica Téllez
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Amézaga
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Armengol
- Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- Childhood Liver Oncology Group, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPCC), Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Daniel López
- Departament de Física, Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya – BarcelonaTech Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Prats
- Departament de Física, Escola Superior d’Agricultura de Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya – BarcelonaTech Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Research Institute (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
- Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Miyazaki T, Yamazaki T, Sugisawa R, Gershwin ME, Arai S. AIM associated with the IgM pentamer: attackers on stand-by at aircraft carrier. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:563-574. [PMID: 29375122 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating immunoglobulin M (IgM) exists in a pentameric form, possessing a polyreactive nature that responds not only to foreign antigens but also to autoantigens; thus, it is involved in both beneficial and detrimental immune responses, including protection from infection and the progression of autoimmunity. On the other hand, IgM also behaves as a carrier of the apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) protein, storing a large amount of the inactivated form of AIM in the blood through this association. Under different disease conditions, AIM can dissociate from IgM locally or systemically to exert its function, inducing the removal of various biological debris such as excess fat, bacteria, cancer cells or dead cell debris. Most typically, upon induction of acute kidney injury (AKI), IgM-free AIM is filtered by the glomerulus in the kidney, which stimulates the clearance of intraluminal dead cells debris at the obstructed proximal tubules, thereby facilitating the repair of kidney injury. Interestingly, cats exhibit a deficiency in AIM release from IgM, which may increase their susceptibility to renal failure. Conversely, association with AIM inhibits IgM binding to the Fcα/μ receptor on follicular dendritic cells at the splenic germinal center, thereby protecting the IgM immune complex from Fcα/μ receptor-mediated internalization, which supports IgM-dependent antigen presentation to B cells and stimulates high-affinity IgG antibody production. The regulation of AIM-IgM binding, resulting from the discovery of reciprocal actions between AIM and IgM, could lead to the development of novel therapies against different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Max Planck-The University of Tokyo Center for Integrative Inflammology, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sugisawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of California School of Medicine, Davis, 95616, USA, CA
| | - Satoko Arai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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49
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Matalonga J, Glaria E, Bresque M, Escande C, Carbó JM, Kiefer K, Vicente R, León TE, Beceiro S, Pascual-García M, Serret J, Sanjurjo L, Morón-Ros S, Riera A, Paytubi S, Juarez A, Sotillo F, Lindbom L, Caelles C, Sarrias MR, Sancho J, Castrillo A, Chini EN, Valledor AF. The Nuclear Receptor LXR Limits Bacterial Infection of Host Macrophages through a Mechanism that Impacts Cellular NAD Metabolism. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1241-1255. [PMID: 28147278 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages exert potent effector functions against invading microorganisms but constitute, paradoxically, a preferential niche for many bacterial strains to replicate. Using a model of infection by Salmonella Typhimurium, we have identified a molecular mechanism regulated by the nuclear receptor LXR that limits infection of host macrophages through transcriptional activation of the multifunctional enzyme CD38. LXR agonists reduced the intracellular levels of NAD+ in a CD38-dependent manner, counteracting pathogen-induced changes in macrophage morphology and the distribution of the F-actin cytoskeleton and reducing the capability of non-opsonized Salmonella to infect macrophages. Remarkably, pharmacological treatment with an LXR agonist ameliorated clinical signs associated with Salmonella infection in vivo, and these effects were dependent on CD38 expression in bone-marrow-derived cells. Altogether, this work reveals an unappreciated role for CD38 in bacterial-host cell interaction that can be pharmacologically exploited by activation of the LXR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Matalonga
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Glaria
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Mariana Bresque
- Metabolic Diseases and Aging Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Escande
- Metabolic Diseases and Aging Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - José María Carbó
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Kerstin Kiefer
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Channelopathies, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Ruben Vicente
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Channelopathies, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Theresa E León
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Susana Beceiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" de Madrid and Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina CSIC-Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria (CSIC-ULPGC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mónica Pascual-García
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Joan Serret
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology Unit, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Lucía Sanjurjo
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Samantha Morón-Ros
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Antoni Riera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Sonia Paytubi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Antonio Juarez
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Fernando Sotillo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Lennart Lindbom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Carme Caelles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Jaime Sancho
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra" (IPBLN), CSIC, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" de Madrid and Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina CSIC-Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria (CSIC-ULPGC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Eduardo N Chini
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Anesthesiology and Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Nuclear Receptor Group, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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50
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Gkikas D, Tsampoula M, Politis PK. Nuclear receptors in neural stem/progenitor cell homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4097-4120. [PMID: 28638936 PMCID: PMC11107725 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, embryonic and adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) generate the enormous variety and huge numbers of neuronal and glial cells that provide structural and functional support in the brain and spinal cord. Over the last decades, nuclear receptors and their natural ligands have emerged as critical regulators of NSC homeostasis during embryonic development and adult life. Furthermore, substantial progress has been achieved towards elucidating the molecular mechanisms of nuclear receptors action in proliferative and differentiation capacities of NSCs. Aberrant expression or function of nuclear receptors in NSCs also contributes to the pathogenesis of various nervous system diseases. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory roles of steroid, non-steroid, and orphan nuclear receptors in NSC fate decisions. These studies establish nuclear receptors as key therapeutic targets in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Tsampoula
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
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